INDUS VALLEYINDUS VALLEYCIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION

HARAPPAN HARAPPAN CIVILZATIONCIVILZATION

HARAPPA HARAPPA

MOHENJO-DARO:MOHENJO-DARO:--35,000-40,000 RESIDENTS--35,000-40,000 RESIDENTS--OVER 700 WELLS--OVER 700 WELLS--“GREAT BATH”--“GREAT BATH”

HINDUISMHINDUISM

VishnuVishnu

The Dancing The Dancing ShivaShiva

Prambanan Temple, Prambanan Temple, Java, IndonesiaJava, Indonesia

Angokor Wat, Siem Riep,Angokor Wat, Siem Riep,CambodiaCambodia

BUDDHISMBUDDHISMSHAKYAMUNI BUDDHA (BORN SHAKYAMUNI BUDDHA (BORN SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMASIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA))

-- PRINCE OF SHAKYA CLAN-- PRINCE OF SHAKYA CLAN

-- PROPHESIED THAT HE WOULD BECOME EITHER-- PROPHESIED THAT HE WOULD BECOME EITHER

A “CHAKRAVARTION” (WORLD RULER) OR A A “CHAKRAVARTION” (WORLD RULER) OR A

“ “BUDDHABUDDHA” (FULLY ENLIGHTENED PERSON)” (FULLY ENLIGHTENED PERSON)

-- LEAVES PALACE AT AGE 29; AFTER SIX YEARS -- LEAVES PALACE AT AGE 29; AFTER SIX YEARS

OF STRUGGLE, HE ATTAINS ENLIGHTENMENTOF STRUGGLE, HE ATTAINS ENLIGHTENMENT

WHILE MEDITATION UNDER A PIPAL TREE WHILE MEDITATION UNDER A PIPAL TREE

(KNOWN AS THE BODHI TREE). HE THEN (KNOWN AS THE BODHI TREE). HE THEN

BEGINS TEACHING.BEGINS TEACHING.

BUDDHISMBUDDHISMFOUR NOBLE TRUTHSFOUR NOBLE TRUTHS::

-- LIFE IS SUFFERING-- LIFE IS SUFFERING

-- THE CAUSE OF SUFFERING IS IGNORANCE-- THE CAUSE OF SUFFERING IS IGNORANCE

-- IGNORANCE CAN BE OVERCOME-- IGNORANCE CAN BE OVERCOME

-- WAY TO OVERCOME IGNORANCE IS TO FOLLOW-- WAY TO OVERCOME IGNORANCE IS TO FOLLOW

THE THE 8-FOLD PATH8-FOLD PATH

BUDDHISMBUDDHISM8-FOLD PATH8-FOLD PATH::

-- RIGHT VIEW-- RIGHT VIEW

-- RIGHT RESOLVE-- RIGHT RESOLVE

-- RIGHT SPEECH-- RIGHT SPEECH

-- RIGHT ACTION-- RIGHT ACTION

-- RIGHT LIVELIHOOD-- RIGHT LIVELIHOOD

-- RIGHT EFFORT-- RIGHT EFFORT

-- RIGHT MINDFULNESS-- RIGHT MINDFULNESS

-- RIGHT CONCENTRATION-- RIGHT CONCENTRATION

CROWNED A CAPITAL ATCROWNED A CAPITAL ATSARNATH, WHERE BUDDHA SARNATH, WHERE BUDDHA WAS BELIEVED TO HAVE WAS BELIEVED TO HAVE PREACHED HIS FIRST PREACHED HIS FIRST SERMON, WHERE HE IS SAIDSERMON, WHERE HE IS SAIDTO HAVE FIRST “TURNEDTO HAVE FIRST “TURNEDTHE WHEEL OF LAW.”THE WHEEL OF LAW.”

BUDDHIST PRAYERBUDDHIST PRAYER

WHEELSWHEELS

GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI, INDIAGREAT STUPA OF SANCHI, INDIA

COMMISSIONED BY ASHOKA (ENLARGED c.100 BC)COMMISSIONED BY ASHOKA (ENLARGED c.100 BC)

STUPASTUPA::DOME-SHAPEDDOME-SHAPEDBUDDHIST PLACE OFBUDDHIST PLACE OFWORSHIP WORSHIP

WHEN THE BUDDHAWHEN THE BUDDHADIED, HE INSTRUCTEDDIED, HE INSTRUCTEDHIS DISCIPLES TO HIS DISCIPLES TO CREMATE HIS BODY CREMATE HIS BODY AND BUILD A AND BUILD A MEMORIAL MOUND, ORMEMORIAL MOUND, ORSTUPA, AT A STUPA, AT A CROSSROAD WHERECROSSROAD WHEREPEOPLE WOULD PEOPLE WOULD CONGREGATE.CONGREGATE.

IN FACT, SEVERAL IN FACT, SEVERAL KINGS DEMANDEDKINGS DEMANDEDRELICS, SO HIS ASHESRELICS, SO HIS ASHESWERE DIVIDED INTO 8WERE DIVIDED INTO 8PORTIONS, EACHPORTIONS, EACHENSHRINED IN ITS OWNENSHRINED IN ITS OWNSTUPA.STUPA.

IN ORDER TO BRINGIN ORDER TO BRINGTHE BUDDHA’STHE BUDDHA’SPRESENCE INTO THEPRESENCE INTO THEMIDST OF HISMIDST OF HISCITZENRY, ASHOKA CITZENRY, ASHOKA OPENED THEOPENED THEORIGINAL 8 STUPASORIGINAL 8 STUPASAND REDISTRIBUTEDAND REDISTRIBUTEDTHE ASHES AMONG ATHE ASHES AMONG AGREAT NUMBER OF GREAT NUMBER OF SIMPLE, BRICK-FACEDSIMPLE, BRICK-FACEDSTUPAS (LEGENDSSTUPAS (LEGENDSCLAIM 84,000). ONE OFCLAIM 84,000). ONE OFTHESE ORIGINALTHESE ORIGINALSIMPLE BRICK STUPASSIMPLE BRICK STUPASWAS AT SANCHI.WAS AT SANCHI.

GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI: TORANAS (GATES) GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI: TORANAS (GATES)

THE BUDDHA: NOTTHE BUDDHA: NOTSHOWN IN HISSHOWN IN HISPHYSICAL FORM.PHYSICAL FORM.RATHER, HIS RATHER, HIS PRESENCE IMPLIEDPRESENCE IMPLIEDBY AN EMPTY BY AN EMPTY SPACE ON THE SPACE ON THE HORSE’S BACK, ANDHORSE’S BACK, ANDA SERVANT A SERVANT HOLDING A HOLDING A PARASOL WITH PARASOL WITH WHICH TO SHELTERWHICH TO SHELTERTHE RIDER FROM THE RIDER FROM THE SUN.THE SUN.

The Buddha’s presence impliedThe Buddha’s presence impliedbut not shownbut not shown

Parasol to shield Parasol to shield the Buddha the Buddha

GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI: TORANAS (GATES) GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI: TORANAS (GATES)

THE BUDDHA: NOTTHE BUDDHA: NOTSHOWN IN HISSHOWN IN HISPHYSICAL FORM.PHYSICAL FORM.

CONSIDERED ATCONSIDERED ATTHAT TIME THAT TIME IMPROPER TO IMPROPER TO SHOW HIM IN HISSHOW HIM IN HISPHYSICAL FORMPHYSICAL FORMSINCE, IN THE SINCE, IN THE PROCESS OF PROCESS OF ATTAINING ATTAINING ENLIGHTENMENT,ENLIGHTENMENT,HE WOULD ACHIEVEHE WOULD ACHIEVETRANSCENDENCE TRANSCENDENCE AND SHED HIS AND SHED HIS PHYSICAL BODY.PHYSICAL BODY.

SCENES FROM THE LIFE OF THE BUDDHASCENES FROM THE LIFE OF THE BUDDHA (c. 2(c. 2ndnd CENTURY AD; from GANDHARA) CENTURY AD; from GANDHARA)

THE MIRACLE OF THETHE MIRACLE OF THEENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT

DEATH OF THE DEATH OF THE BUDDHABUDDHA

SANGHATI: MONK’SSANGHATI: MONK’S ROBE; DRAPED OVER ROBE; DRAPED OVER ONE SHOULDERONE SHOULDER

HALO: SYMBOL OFHALO: SYMBOL OF DIVINITY DIVINITY

LAKSHANA: 32 MAJOR LAKSHANA: 32 MAJOR DISTINGUISHING DISTINGUISHING MARKS ON HIS BODY,MARKS ON HIS BODY,INCLUDING IMPRESSIONINCLUDING IMPRESSIONOF A WHEEL (CHAKRA)OF A WHEEL (CHAKRA)ON PALMS OF HANDS,ON PALMS OF HANDS,SOLES OF FEETSOLES OF FEET

USHNISHA (KNOB ONUSHNISHA (KNOB ON HEAD): A SYMBOL OFHEAD): A SYMBOL OF HIS ENLIGHTENMENTHIS ENLIGHTENMENT

LAKSHANALAKSHANA

LAKSHANALAKSHANA

LONG EARS: SYMBOL LONG EARS: SYMBOL OF COMPASSION; OF COMPASSION;

HE HEARS THE CRIES HE HEARS THE CRIES OF ALL BEINGS AND OF ALL BEINGS AND

ANSWERS THEIR CALL ANSWERS THEIR CALL

URNA: TUFT URNA: TUFT OF HAIR OR OF HAIR OR

DOT DOT BETWEEN BETWEEN THE EYES THE EYES

SYMBOLIC OF GREATSYMBOLIC OF GREATWISDOM; RADIATES WISDOM; RADIATES BEAMS OF LIGHT THATBEAMS OF LIGHT THATENLIGHTEN THE WORLDENLIGHTEN THE WORLD(SOMETIMES CALLED A(SOMETIMES CALLED ATHIRD EYE).THIRD EYE).

LAKSHANALAKSHANA

““MUDRAS”MUDRAS”

MUDRAS: ABHAYA, MUDRAS: ABHAYA, MEANING “DO NOT MEANING “DO NOT FEAR.” SYMBOLIC FEAR.” SYMBOLIC

OF PROTECTION, OF PROTECTION, BLESSING, BLESSING,

AND REASSURANCE. AND REASSURANCE.

MUDRASMUDRAS

ABHAYAABHAYA

DHARMACHAKRADHARMACHAKRA

DHYANADHYANA

BHUMISPARSHABHUMISPARSHA

VARADA: CHARITYVARADA: CHARITY

VTARKA:VTARKA: INTELLECTUAL INTELLECTUAL DEBATEDEBATE

BODHISATTVASBODHISATTVAS: : THOSE WHOSE THOSE WHOSE ESSENCE IS WISDOM.ESSENCE IS WISDOM.

GREAT, SAINTLY GREAT, SAINTLY BEINGS WHO AREBEINGS WHO AREON THE VERGE OF ON THE VERGE OF ACHIEVING ACHIEVING BUDDHAHOODBUDDHAHOODBUT HAVE VOWED TOBUT HAVE VOWED TOHELP OTHERS ACHIEVEHELP OTHERS ACHIEVEBUDDHAHOOD BEFOREBUDDHAHOOD BEFORECROSSING OVERCROSSING OVERTHEMSELVESTHEMSELVES

BODHISATTVASBODHISATTVAS: AS: ASOPPOSED TO OPPOSED TO BUDDHAS, SHOWN BUDDHAS, SHOWN WEARING PRINCELY WEARING PRINCELY GARMENTS RATHER GARMENTS RATHER THAN A SIMPLE THAN A SIMPLE MONK’S ROBEMONK’S ROBE

CROWN CROWN

NECKLACE NECKLACE

BELT BELT

MONK’S ROBE MONK’S ROBE

BODHISATTVABODHISATTVA BUDDHABUDDHA

CROWN CROWN

NECKLACE NECKLACE

BELT BELT

BUDDHIST CAVE MONASTERIES AND TEMPLES (INDIA)BUDDHIST CAVE MONASTERIES AND TEMPLES (INDIA)

BHAJA (c. 100 BC)BHAJA (c. 100 BC)

--ROCK CUT SHRINES CUT --ROCK CUT SHRINES CUT INTO MOUTAINSIDES, EVENINTO MOUTAINSIDES, EVEN INCLUDING RESIDENTIALINCLUDING RESIDENTIAL AREAS FOR MONKS.AREAS FOR MONKS.--INSPIRATIONS MAY HAVE--INSPIRATIONS MAY HAVE INCLUDED:INCLUDED: THE BUDDHA HIMSELF THE BUDDHA HIMSELF WAS BELIEVED TO HAVEWAS BELIEVED TO HAVE MEDITATED IN A CAVEMEDITATED IN A CAVE CLIMATIC: COOL DURINGCLIMATIC: COOL DURING INDIA’S HOT SUMMER, DRYINDIA’S HOT SUMMER, DRY DURING RAINY SEASONDURING RAINY SEASON DURABILITYDURABILITY--SACRED HALLS ARE --SACRED HALLS ARE CALLED “CHAITYA;”CALLED “CHAITYA;” RESIDENCE HALLS ARERESIDENCE HALLS ARE CALLED “VIHARA.”CALLED “VIHARA.”

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BUDDHIST CAVE MONASTERIES AND TEMPLES (INDIA)BUDDHIST CAVE MONASTERIES AND TEMPLES (INDIA)

AJANTA (5AJANTA (5THTH CENTURY AD) CENTURY AD)