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Microbiology Exam 1 Review8/23/2004What are the 6 steps i the i!ectioprocess"

1# eco$ter2# etry3# sprea%4# m$ltiplicatio %amage

6# o$tcomeWhat is peetratio" Example" Whe the microbe eters a% gets past theepitheli$m# '()"

What is igress" Example" Whe the microbe eters the bo%y b$t m$st stillpass thro$gh epitheli$m" *wallowig+

Whe %oes the sprea% o! the microbeocc$r"

Whe the microbe s$ccess!$lly beat %ow the bo%ie%e!eses#

What 3 thigs %oes the sprea% o! amicrobe %epe% o"

1# morphology o! the host2# morphology o! the microbe3# time

,ow %oes a microbe become i!ectio$s" M$ltiplyWhat %oes the host %o i respose to

the microbes m$ltiplicatio#

- most cases aother type o! %e!ese mechaism is

iitiate% .ex lymphocytes# )he microbe m$st be ablto overcome this %e!ese mechaism to s$ccess!$llybecome i!ecto$s#

What are the 3 ways the microbes$rvives the hosts iitiate% %e!esemechaisms whe tryig to m$ltiply"

1# evol$tio2# protective coats3# release a toxi

)/ Release o! a toxi by a microbe isthe most commo respose#

alse release o! toxis are rare most m$st

m$ltiply to become i!ectio$s#'hapter 2 Rea%ig

)o what gro$p %o acteria !$gi a%protooa belog to"

5rotists

,ow %o bacteria repro%$ce" iary ssio

,ow %o vir$ses repro%$ce" )he m$st be locate% withi a host cell where they%isassemble ma7e copies a% reassemble as a ewgeeratio#

What is the shape o! a bacteri$m%etermie% by"

)he rigi% cell wall#

What are the three classicatios o!bacteria by shape" What is the shape o!each"

1# cocci spherical2# bacilli ro%3# spirochaetes helical

What is the bacteri$m classicatiowhe it ca have may %i9eretshapes"

5leomorphic

What is the rage o! bacterial sie" #2 micrometers to & micrometers:*t$%y table 2#1 a% 2#2What are the two classicatio o!bacteri$m by gram staiig" What coloris each"

1# gram;positive p$rple2# gram;egative pi7

remember the omoic""""""":Which type o! bacteri$m is mores$sceptible to peicilli"

)E ,-? positive have to ta7e peicilli

@re vir$ses or bacteria visible with alight microscope"

bacteria

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Ao vir$ses or bacteria have both R=@a% A=@ preset"

acteria

Ao vir$ses or bacteria have rigi% cells" acteriaWhat are whip;li7e lamets which actas propellers a% g$i%e the bacteriatowar% $tritioal a% other so$rces"

lagell$m

What are the s$b$its o! a sigle

protei that ma7e $p a Bagella calle%"

Bagelli

What are mbriae a% pili" ,airli7e extesios !rom the cell s$r!ace similar toBagell$m b$t smaller#

What type o! bacteria have pili" .hitgram staiig

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What are 3 examples o! cytoplasmicicl$sios" .probably ot importat

1# polymetaphosphate2# polysacchari%e3# ; hy%roxyb$tyrate

What two gei$s o! bacteria !ormspores"

1# baccilis2# clostri%i$m

Whe %o these bacteria spor$late" Whe $triets are scare#,ow metabolically active are spores" -ert may lie %ormat !or years

Whe %o spores become metabolicallyactive agai" Whe the $triets that were %eprive% are agai atappropriate levels !or metabolism to occ$r#What is the cliical relevace o! spores" *teriliatio is ecessary to 7ill them %isi!ectio is

ot eo$gh %$e to their ability to s$rvive i extremecirc$mstaces#

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3# obligate aaerobes4# microaerophiles

Aescribe the A=@ o! bacteria -t has a sigle A=@ stra% a% attache% to the cellmembrae o! the orgaism#

What type o! A=@ replicatio %obacteria $%ergo"

*emicoservate

What %oes semicoservaitive replicatio

mea"

Each %a$ghter bacteria has oe stra% o! A=@ !rom

the paret cell a% oe ewly sythesie% stra%#What is the mai eyme that me%iatesA=@ replicatio"

A=@;%epe%at A=@ polymerase

What is a chage i the base seD$eceo! A=@"

M$tatio

Aescribe each o! the 3 types o!m$tatios"

1# base s$bstit$tio m$tatio a base waschage% i the stra%

2# !rame shi!t m$tatio a base was a%%e% or%elete%#

3# isertio m$tatio a piece o! !oreig A=@was iserte% ito the A=@

What are the two types o! base

s$bstit$tio m$tatios"

1# missese m$tatio the m$tatio co%es !or

aother amio aci%#2# osese m$tatio the m$tatio co%es !or a

stop co%o a% the rest o! the A=@ a%ca$ses the premat$re termiatio o! proteisythesis#

Aescribe the 4 ways the tras!er o!geetic i!ormatio ca occ$r"

1# coG$gatio2# tras%$ctio3# tras!ormatio4# traspositio

What is the cliical importace o! thetras!er o! geetic i!ormatio#

)his is how bacteria pass o atibiotic resistace#

*t$%y g$re 3#6

What is recombiatio" Recombiatio is whe tras!erre% A=@ by oe o!the above metho%s is itegrate% ito the host A=@#

Aescribe the 2 types o! recombiatio" 1# ,omologo$s Recombiatio two stra%s thahave extesive homologo$s regios exchagepieces .ie %$rig mitosis

2# o;homologo$s Recombiatio littlehomology exists#

Aescribe plasmi%s Extrachromosomal A=@ that are capable o!replicatig i%epe%et o! the recipiet A=@#

:::- what type o! gram staie%bacteria %o plasmi%s exist"

oth

)/ oly oe plasmi% occ$rs withi a

cell"

alse

Aescribe the two types o! plasmi%s" 1# trasmissible the A=@ !ragmet have atras!er gee a% ca be tras!erre% bycoG$ctio#

2# o;tramissible the A=@ !ragmet %o othave a tras!er gee a% m$st accompayaother plasmi% with a tras!er gee ior%erto be tras!erre%#

::What are plasma;co%e% bacteria" acteria that have a plasmi%#::What are & attrib$tes o! plasma co%e% 1# atibiotic resistace

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bacteria" 2# pro%$ctio o! colicis3# resistace to heavy metals icl$%ig ,g#4# pili help with a%herece to epithelial cells exotoxis

What are pieces o! A=@ that moverea%ily !rom oe site to aother"

)rasposos

:,ow are trasposos %i9eret !rom

plasmi%s"

)he ca ot replicate i%epe%etly o! the recipiet

A=@#:What is a special !eat$re o!trasposos"

Whe they are tras!erre% it is a copy o! thetraposo that is tras!erre%# )he origial trasposoremais i the recipiet A=@#

What is the articial icorporatio o!oe or more gees ito the geome o! aew host cell by vario$s geeticrecombiatio techiD$es"

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membrae str$ct$res#What is a hopaoi%" @ str$ct$re locate% withi the lipi% bilayer that is

maily ma%e o! cholesterol#Why are hopaoi%s importat" )he are importat !or membrae stability#::What are the 4 !$ctios o! a plasmamembrae"

1# separatio o! a cell !rom its eviromet2# selectively permeable barrier .active traspor

a% passive %i9$sio

3# locatio o! cr$cial metabolicprocesses.secretio o! eymes eergypro%$ctio sythesis o! cell wall compoets

4# reactio to s$rro$%ig $sig receptors

:What are gra$les o! orgaic oriorgaic material that are stoc7pile% bythe cell !or !$t$re $se"

-cl$sio bo%ies

::What 2 thigs %o ribosomeKs cosisto!"

1# R=@2# proteis

What is the !$ctio o! a ribosome" 5rotei sythesisAo e$r7aryotes or pro7aryotes havelarger ribosomes"

E$7aryotes

,ow may *ve%b$rg $its o! ribosomesare there i pro7aryotes" E$7aryotes"

1# F0*2# 80*

.=ote E$7aryotes have larger ribosomes a% moreo! them++++

:What is the shape o! a $cleio%" -t is irreg$lar shape%++)/ a $cleoi% is ot membrae bo$%# )r$e:What is a characteristic o! a $cleoi% ia growig cell"

)he $cleoi% has proGectios %$e to the activetrascriptio o! the A=@#

:)/ )he A=@ i a pro7aryotic cell iscirc$lar a% %o$ble stra%e%"

)r$e

)/ the A=@ i a pro7aryotic cell isrealitively straight"

alse loope% a% coile% extesively

:What is the !$ctio o! a $cleoi%protei"

-t probably ai%s i !ol%ig

)/ =$cleoi%s are the same thig as ahistoe"

alse

:What is a %elimite% $cleoi%" @ %elimite% $cleoi% is !o$% i some geera o!bacteria a% it cotais a membrae#

@re plasmi%s reD$ire% !or growth a%repro%$ctio"

=o

What is the cliical !$ctio o! aplasmi%"

)he carry %r$g resistace i!ormatio with them#

:What are the !o$r !$ctios o! a cellwall"

provi%es shape o! cell

protects !rom osmotic lysis cotrib$tes to pathogeicity

protect cell !rom toxic s$bstaces

Which type o! bacteria .gram;staiighas the more complex cell wall"

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,ow may plasma membraes %oes si%e chai

:What is the > si%e chai" > atige+:What %oes the lipi% @ protei %o" 1# stabilies the o$ter membrae

2# acts as a e%otoxi:What %oes the core phospholipi%s %o" 'otrib$tes to the egative charge o! the cell

membrae::What %oes the >;atige %o" 5rotectio !rom host++

What are caps$les compose% o!" 5olysaccari%es:)/ 'aps$les are well orgaie% a%easy to remove#

alse caps$les are well orgaie% a% hardtoremove#

)/ *lime layers are ot orgaie% a%easy to remove#

)r$e

Why are glycocalyx importat i%etistry"

)hey are a compoet o! *trep m$tas#

What are glycocalyx ma%e o!" 'hais o! polysacchari%es#::What are the seve !$ctios o!compoets o$tsi%e the cell"

protection!rom host %e!eses

protectio !rom harsh evirometal

co%itios

attachmentto s$r!aces protectio !rom viral i!ectio or pre%atio by

bacteria

protectio !rom chemicals i eviromet

motilityo! gli%ig bacteria

5rotectio agaist osmotic stress#

What is the !$ctio o! mbrae" 'ell$lar a%hesio,ow %o Bagell$m %i9er !rom

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What is the %i9erece betweetras!ormatio a% tras%$ctio"

)ras!ormatio $se% A=@ bi%ig proteis o the cemembrae to brig a7e% A=@ ito the cell#

)ras%$ctio occ$rs whe a vir$s attaches itsel! to abacteria a% iserts A=@ ito the bacterial cell#

What is a bacteria that has beeiva%e% by a vir$s"

acterophage

'hapter 4 Rea%ig

::What are the 3 mai !eat$res o!vir$ses" 1# sie small2# geome A=@ or R=@ b$t ever both3# metabolically iactive o$tsi%e o! host#

:Why are vir$ses metabolically iactiveo$tsi%e o! a host"

)hey %o ot cotai ribosomes !or metabolic activity

:What is the str$ct$re o! a vir$s" @ $clic aci% with a protei coat#:What is the ame o! the protei shello the vir$s"

'apsi%

What is the ame o! the $clic aci% a%capsi% as a $it"

=$cleocapsi%

:,ow %o vir$ses !orm" )he b$% o9 o! a plasma membrae i most cases#,owever they ca also b$% o9 the membrae o! a

$cle$s or e%oplasmic retic$l$m#:What is the capsi% compose% o!" Repeatig $its o! protei molec$les#:What are the str$ct$ral $its o! acapsi% calle%"

'apsomeres

:Whe a vir$s is evelope% i a coatigthe s$b$its o! the evelope are calle%what"

5eplomeres

What type o! $cleic aci% is a vir$s" A=@ or R=@ .ot bothWhat is the str$ct$re o! the $cleic aci%i a vir$s compose% o! R=@"

sigle or %o$ble stra%e%

liear or circ$lar

What is the str$ct$re o! the $cleic aci%i a vir$s compose% o! A=@"

@ll have a sigle stra% .wrog accor%ig to

chart 4#1:What is the maGor b$l7 o! a vir$s" 5roteiWhat is the !$ctio o! viral s$r!aceproteis"

,as a aJity !or receptors o s$septable cells#

:@re vir$ses compose% o! ay lipi%s orcarbs"

es most are !o$% oly i the evelope#

:What are the 3 types o! symmetry!o$% i vir$ses"

1# icosahe%ral symmetry 20 si%e%2# helical symmetry3# 'omplex symmetry

:What are the 6 types o! A=@ vir$ses" 1# ,erpesvir$es2# poxvir$ses3# 5arvovir$ses

4# @%eovir$ses papillomavir$ses6# ,epa%avir$ses

:What are the F types o! R=@ vir$ses" 1# >rthomyxovir$ses2# 5aramyxovir$ses3# )ogavir$ses4# Retrovir$ses Rhab%ovir$ses6# reovir$sesF# picoravir$ses

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:Aescribe papovavirses# small

icosahe%ral

pro%$ce t$mors i vivo

:Aescribe papillomavir$s cotais h$ma serotypes which ca$se beig

s7i t$mo$rs or warts#

-volve% i geital a% oral cacers

:Aescribe 5olymavir$s rom rats a% mo7eys

(se% as carcioge i st$%ies

:Aescribe @%eovir$ses -sohe%ral

@ssociate% with respiratory a% eye i!ectios

i h$mas#

-solate% !rom a%eoi% tiss$e which gives riseto ame

:Aescribe ,erpesvir$ses ?iral ca$se o! oral i!ectios i h$mas

Rec$rret

Catet

isohe%ral

:Aescribe 5oxvir$ses Carges vir$ses to i!ect h$mas or aimals:Aescribe parvovir$ses -cosahe%ral

o$% i three places .stool bloo% a%

syovial tiss$es o! rhe$matoi% arthritispatiets#

:Aescribe ,epa%avir$ses *mall

*pherical

'a$se hepatitis liver i!ectios liver cacer

-mportat i %etistry %$e their trasmissio

via saliva a% bloo%#:Aescribe 5icoravir$ses *mallest o! R=@ vir$ses

Carge gro$p )hree types o! eterovir$ses .olivir$ses

echovir$ses a% coxsac7ievir$ses

Resi%e a% m$ltiply i the g$t

asymptomatically:Aescribe >rthmyxovir$ses )$b$lar $cleocapsi% a% a lipoprotei

evelope

-B$ea @

:Aescribe 5aramyxovir$ses Carge

5leomorphic evelope% R=@ vir$ses

'otais measles m$mps paraiB$ea a%

respiratory sycytial vir$ses:Aescribe retrovir$ses Carge

*pherical

(iD$e geome

(iD$e eyme

(iD$e mo%e o! replicatio

3 s$b%ivisios .letivir$ses .hiv ocovir$ses

a% sp$mavir$ses:What is a viroi% )hey are the smallest 7ow agets o! %isease#:)/ viroi%s are pathogeic to h$mas" alse they are pathogeic to plats#

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:What are the F geeral steps i thereplicatio cycle o! all vir$ses"

1# a%sorptio2# peetratio3# $coatig a% eclipse4# trascriptio sythesis o! viral compoets6# assemblyF# release o! virios

:What is the $coatig or eclipse stage" )his is the perio% betwee i!ectio a thepro%$ctio o! a ew virio#:Aescribe @%sorptio# attachmet o! the vir$s particle to the specic

receptors o! the host cell plasma membrae

cell m$st have receptors !or vir$s !or rmattachmet to occ$r

:Aescribe peetratio/$pta7e# )he process by which the vir$s or its geome

eters the host cell cytoplasm:What are the 3 mechaism o!peetratio"

E%ocytosis ta7e ito cell

$sio %irect !$sio o! evelope ito plasma

membrae

)raslocatio pass %irectly thro$gh plasma

membrae:What type o! vir$s ca $%ergotraslocatio"

)hose vir$ses that %o ot have a evelope#

:Aescribe $coatig/eclipse# perio% a!ter peetratio i which o itact

i!ectio$s vir$s ca be %etecte%

egis with $coatig o! the evelope#

@llows mra to be trascribe%#

Aescribe trascriptio the vir$s mra co%es !or the sythesis !o

eymes ecessary to complete the process !o$coatig itsel!

:What are the two types o! viral

proteis"

orm )wo types .str$ct$ral a% ostr$ct$ral

What are str$ct$ral compoets" 5roteis that ma7e $p the vir$s particle itsel!#What are o;str$ct$ral compoets" Eymes reD$ire% !or vir$s geome replicatio:Aescribe assembly# accomplishe% by icorporatio o! viral $cleic aci%

ito p$tative capsomeres:Aescribe the 2 metho%s o! release# May occ$r either thro$gh gra%$al b$%%ig i the

case o! evelope% vir$ses or by s$%%e r$pt$re#Aee prios# @re $iD$e elemets i at$re a% they are the

agets o! a gro$p o! chroic %iseases#Cist the maGor !eat$res o! prios# 1# either vir$ses or viroi%s

2# o A=@/R=@3# ative 5R5' illess 5R5*'4# alpha heli i 5R5' beta sheet i 5R5*' ability to sel! replicate b$t have log

ic$batio times#6# ca$se scrapieF# highly resiliet8# trasmitable# trasmissio !rom istr$mets reporte%#

8/2F/2004 Cect$re?ir$ses/cell$lar orgaism have themost complex str$ct$re"

'ell$lar orgaisms

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:What are viral evelopes ma%e o!" Cipi% a% carbohy%rate:Where are these lipi%s a%carbohy%rates that ma7e $p evelopes%erive% !rom"

,ost membraes

:What is a peplomere" @ extesio or spi7e !rom the evelope o! a vir$s":What are viral eymes" Eymes that are observe% i some vir$ses withi o

alog with the capsi%#

:What are the 3 most importat criteria!or classi!yig vir$ses" 1# morphology2# $cleic aci% properties3# geetic relate%ess

What type o! vir$s is i!ectio$s toh$mas"

?ery %iverse# )here is a represetative !rom eachclassicatio o! vir$s that is i!ecto$s to mammals# is impossible to classi!y a gro$p o! vir$ses asi!ectio$s ca$se it varies !rom vir$s to vir$s#

,ow %oes sigle stra%e% R=@replicate"

)raslatio

,ow %oes ,-? get i the host geome" 1# brigs eymes .reverse trascriptase2# copy to egative sese A=@3# ma7es %o$ble stra%e% A=@

4# itegrates ito host chromosome 7iss yo$r ass goo%bye i chromosome $til thecell %ies6# will ma7e mR=@ a% activate proteis# mR=@ is positive sese is also pac7age%as geome o! ,-? goig to other cells

'hapter & Rea%igWhat is the term !or a microorgaismthat is capable o! ca$sig %isease"

5athoge

What is a opport$istic orgaism" -t is a orgaism that is ot a pathoge $less the

bo%ies %e!eses are wea7ee%# -t ta7es theopport$ity to become pathogeic#

,ow are opport$istic microbestrasmitte% ito the bo%y"

)hey are $s$ally a part o! the bo%ies ormal Bora#

What is the D$atitative meas$re o!pathogeicity"

?ir$lece

:What two thigs is vir$lece relate%to"

1# toxigeic potetial2# ivasiveess

:What two ways is vir$lece meas$re%a% how are they specie%"

1# leathal %ose .CA&0 &0N leathal %ose is the$mber o! microorgaisms ee%e% to 7ill hal!the hosts#

2# i!ecto$s %ose .-A&0 &0N i!ectio$s %ose i

the $mber o! microorgaisms ee%e% toi!ect hal! the hosts#

What are comm$icable %iseases" -!ectios that sprea% !rom host to host#What is a cotagio$s %isease" @ highly comm$icable %isease#:What is a i!ectio that is costatlypreset at a low level i a specicpop$latio"

E%emic

What is a i!ectio that occ$rs m$chmore !reD$etly tha $s$al"

Epi%emic

:What is a i!ectio that is sprea% 5a%emic

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worl% wi%e":Aescribe the !o$r stages o! a ac$tei!ectio"

1# ic$batio perio% the perio% !rom acD$isitioo! the orgaism to the rst symptoms#

2# pro%romal perio% the appearace o! the rstsymptoms .ie !ever

3# ac$te specic illess )he characteristic sigo! the %isease are evi%et#

4# recovery perio% the illess s$bsi%es a% thepatiet ret$rs to health %$rig the alphase#

What is a iapparet or s$bcliicali!ectio#

@ i!ectio that the %isease is ot beigsymptomatic b$t the perso is a carrier#

What happes i! the bo%y ever !$llyexp$ges the vir$s"

)he patiet becomes a chroic carrier#

What is the state a!ter whichreactivatio o! the growth o! theorgaism a% rec$rrece o! symptomsmay occ$r at a later stage"

Catet stage

:What are the 4 maGor steps i bacterial

pathogeicity"

1# trasmissio

2# a%herece to host s$r!aces3# ivasiveess4# toxigeicity

:What type o! origi are i!ectios thatare acD$ire% by trasmissio !romexteral so$rces"

Exogeo$s

:What type o! origi are those i!ectiosthat behave as opport$isticpathoges"

E%ogeo$s isi%e the bo%y

:Aescribe the 3 metho%s o!trasmissio"

1# ihalatio airbore ro$te2# igestio !rom !oo% a% water3# ioc$latio evasive

:What are the !o$r importat portals o!etry !or pathoges"

1# s7i2# respiratory tract3# gastroitestioal tract4# geito$riary tract

:What is the rst step i i!ectio" @%herece to the host#:,ow %o the microbes a%here" *ome have %evelope% a%herece mechaisms#What i! a microbe %oes ot have theability to a%here to the host"

-t will ot be i!ectio$s

:What %oes ivasiveess %epe% o" *ecretio o! eymes#:What are 4 examples o! theseeymes"

colaease/hyal$roi%ase

coag$lase

imm$oglob$li @ C$coci%is

:What %o collagease a%hyal$roi%ase %o"

)hey %egra%e itercell$lar s$bstaces that alloweasy sprea% o! the bacteria#

:What %oes coag$lase %o" @ccelerates the pro%$ctio o! a clot that protects thevir$s#

:What %oes -g@ %o" Aegra%es protective -g@ atibo%ies o m$cosals$r!aces allowig a%herece to epithelial cells#

:What %o le$coci%is %o" )hey %estroy both e$trophilic le$cocytes a%macrophages#

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:What are the metho%s by which vir$sespro%$ce %isease i a host"

5athogeisis o! vir$ses

:,ow is the etry mechaism %i9eret!rom that o! bacterial pathogeisis"

=o %i9erece

ihalatio

igestio

ioc$latio

:What three thigs ca$se a breach i

s7i itegrity"

1# acci%etal abrasios or ee%le stic7 iG$ries

2# arthropo% vectors3# %eep ioc$latio ito the s$bc$taeo$s tiss$e

a% m$scle:What are the 4 at$ral %e!esemechaisms o! the mo$th a% thegastroitestial tract"

1# %esD$amatio o! epitheli$m2# presece o! saliva a% m$co$s layers3# mechaical movemets i mo$th a%

peristalsis#4# imm$e mechaisms

:What are the %e!ese mechaisms thatoperate% to prevet viral etry thro$ghthe respiratory tract"

1# secretio o! m$co$s by goblet cells2# -g@ preset i repiratory secretios3# alveolar phagocytic cells

:,ow %o vir$ses gai access to the

respiratory tract"

)hey ee% to be primarily aerosol or partic$late i

!orm#:What are the 3 ways host !actors caiB$ece viral etry thro$gh thegeito$riary tract"

1# at$ral m$cosal %esD$amatio2# vagial secretios a% cerical m$c$s#3# itermittet B$shig actio o! $rie

:)/ ?ir$ses are completely %evoi% o!orgaelles o! trasport"

)r$e

:What are 4 examples o! how vir$sesare sprea%"

1# local sprea% o s7i2# lymphatic sprea%3# viraemia a% sprea% to orgas4# cetral ervo$s system a% peripheral erve

sprea%:What are localie% i!ectioscharacterie% by"

1# localie% at$re2# %irect viral she%%ig ito the exterior or l$me

:What is the seco% lie o! %e!ese ithe host a% whe %oes the vir$s reachit"

)he seco% lie o! %e!ese is phagocytic cells ormacrophages# )he vir$s reaches it with it overcomesthe epithelial barrier#

:Whe phagocytose% where is the vir$s%estroye%"

5hagolysosome#

:What are the 2 mai !$ctios o!lymph o%es"

1# lters o! extraeo$s microbes2# sites where imm$e resposes are geerate%

:What is the etry o! a vir$s ito thebloo% a% its s$bseD$et sprea%"

?iremia

:Aescribe primary a% seco%ary

viraema#

1# primary viraema is the rst episo%e where

most o! it is %issemiate% i mi$tes#2# seco%ary virema is whe it is see%e% ivario$s orgas a% a!ter replicatio eters thebloo% stream agai#

:@re vir$ses i the plasma or i bloo%cells"

?ir$ses ca be i plasma bloo% cells or both"

:What are the two areas wherecirc$latig vir$ses iva%e the '=* bylocaliig i their bloo% vessels"

1# meiges a% choroi%s plex$s2# brai a% spial cor%

:What are the two metho%s o! viral 1# cetripetal

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passage" 2# cetri!$gal:What are the !o$r possible ro$tes o!viral trasmissio i peripheral erves"

1# axo2# e%oe$ral cell .shwa cell3# coective tiss$e space betwee erves4# perie$ral lymphatics

:What are the two metho%s o! vir$s a%host cell iteractios"

1# permissive i!ectio2# o;permissive i!ectio

:What is a permissive i!ectio" @ i!ectio where there is sythesis o! viralcompoets#:What is a o;permissive i!ectio" @% i!ectio that res$lts i cell tras!ormatio o!te

with the itegratio o! viral A=@ ito the hostgeome#

:What are 4 ways a vir$s;i!ecte% cellmay %ie"

1# sh$t %ow o! host cell protei a% $clic aci%sythesis

2# cell lysis by the release o! progey viros#3# itracell$alar release o! lysosomal eymes4# %amage to cell membraes

:What are the 2 chages i the cellmembrae that ca occ$r %$e to vir$s"

1# haema%sorptio2# giat cell !ormatio

:What is haema%sorptio/ >cc$rs whe a commo evelope protei eables ai!ecte% cell to attract re% cells at its s$r!ace#

,ow %oes giat cell !ormatio occ$r" $sio o! cells to ma7e oe giat m$lti$cleate% cel)/ cell %eath is ot a ievitableaccompaimet o! viral replicatio"

)r$e

:What is a persistat i!ectio" @ i!ectio where viral replicatio is occ$rrig b$tot at the expese o! the cell#

:What are 4 !actors that !avorpersistece"

1# low pathogeicity o! the vir$s2# ie9ective host imm$e resposes3# o iter!ero pro%$ctio4# i!ectio o! lymphocytes a% macrophages

:What are the !o$r categories o! a

persistet i!ectio"

1# latet

2# chroic3# ocogeic4# slow

:What type o! persistat i!ectioocc$rs whe vir$ses persist i D$atityi the bo%y over a prologe% perio% o!time"

'hroic

:What type o! persistat i!ectios haveic$batios lastig moths are yearsa% $s$ally res$lt i %eath"

*low

:What occ$rs whe viral $cleic aci%sare itegrate% ito the host"

Catet

:What are persistet i!ectios i whichgeetic a% %evelopmetal !actors areimportat"

ocogeic

:What is the mai %i9erece betweechroic a% latet i!ectios"

'hroic i!ectios are coti$o$sly %etectable

:What 4 host !actors %etermie theo$tcome o! viral i!ectio"

1# imm$e stat$s2# geetic costit$tio3# age4# miscellaeo$s !actors .ie hormoal a%

$tritioal !actors

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:What are the 7ochKs post$lates" @ g$i%elie to eval$ate which microbe ca$ses aspecic %isease#

What are the & OochKs post$lates" 1# orgaism m$st be isolate% !rom every patietwith the %isease a% its %istrib$tio i thebo%y correspo% to that o! the lesiosobserve%

2# orgaism m$st be isolate% a% c$lt$re%

o$tsi%e the bo%y i p$re c$lt$re# .i vitro3# )he p$re orgaism m$st ca$se the %isease ihealthy s$sceptible aimals

4# the orgaism m$st be recovere% !rom theioc$lat% aimal

the atibo%y to the orgaism sho$l% be%etecte% i the patietKs ser$m#

8/30/2004What type o! microbes live at peacewith the h$ma bo%y"

'ommes$al microbes

What are the commes$al microbepop$latio i o$r bo%y calle%"

=ormal bacteria Bora

What type o! microbe comprises themaGority o! commes$al orgaisms ithe at$ral Bora"

acteria

:What are other types o! commes$alorgaisms"

1# !$gi2# protooa

:Where %o more !$gi a% protooaexist"

- tropical eviromets

,ow o!te %oes the ormal Borachage"

'ostatly

@ccor%ig to the pro! how maybacteria are i the mo$th"

&00

'a commes$al microbes become

pathogeic"

es examples icl$%e strep ca%i%a yeast

i!ectios ect#-s there a way to tell a goo% bacteria!rom a ba% bacteria"

=o

:What ca ca$se a goo% bacteria tobecome a ba% bacteria"

1# $mber o! orgaisms2# locatio o! orgaisms

:What is the meas$re o! pathogeicity" ?ir$lece:What is ay compoet o! apathogeic microbe that cotrib$tes toits pathogeicity#

?ir$lece !actor

:What is helpig to % vir$lece!actors"

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bacteria to ma7e it a trasit !orm":What is tiss$e tropism" acteria pre!er to a%here to specic locatios or

str$ct$re i the bo%y#:What is the part o! the bacteria thata%heres to the host"

@%heri

:What is the locatio o the s$r!ace o!the host cell that the bacterial a%heri

attaches to"

Receptor

:- gram egative bacteria whatiteracts with glycolipi%s"

imbrae

:What part o! the bacterial cell s$r!aceiteracts with the host itegri"

-vasis o bacterial cell s$r!ace iteract with hostitegrisP

:Where %o gram postitive bacteria bi%" ibroecti:What is broecti" Epithelial cellsWhy m$st a bacteria be ivasive" )o overcome host %e!eses:What are three ways to s$rvive host%e!eses"

1# %e!e%ig agaist a complemet2# overcomig phagocytosis3# s$bvert the imm$e system

:What are 2 ways that a bacteria%e!e%s itsel! agaist its complemet"

1# mas7ig2# ihibitio

:What are the 4 ways that bacteria cas$bvert phagocytosis"

1# ihibitig phygocyte recr$itmet a%pro%$ctio

2# 7illig phagocytes3# escapig igestio4# s$rvivig isi%e phagocytes

:What are the & ways that a bacterias$bverts the imm$e respose"

1# -mm$os$ppresio2# *$peratiges .%ivertig lymphocyte !$ctio3# 'hagig atigeic coats4# 5roteolysis o! atibo%ies ?iral latecy

:What are the 3 thigs that ca happea res$lt o! %amage to a cell %$e totoxigeicity"

1# host cell %eath2# alteratio o! the metabolism o! host cells3# %amage %$e to host resposes

:What are two types o! cell %eath" 1# apoptosis2# lysis

:What are 2 examples o! %amage %$e tohost resposes"

1# iBammatio2# imm$e respose

'hapter 6 Rea%igAiagostic microbiology a% laboratory metho%s#

:What ivolves the st$%y o! specimesta7e !rom patiets s$specte% o! havigi!ectios"

Aiagostic microbiology

:What is the e% res$lt" @ report":What is the p$rpose o! the report"

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What are the 2 reasos we staispecimes"

1# vis$alie bacteria clearly2# categorie them accor%ig to staiig

properties#What is the most commoly $se% stai"

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microorgaism to a atimicrobialaget",ow sho$l% yo$ ta7e a p$s sample" @spiratio .with a ee%le:,ow sho$l% yo$ ta7e a m$co$ssample"

Ary swab

::What are the 4 mai types o!laboratory proce%$res !or the %iagosis

o! viral i!ectios"

1# %irect microscopic examiatio o! host tiss$es!or characteristic cytopathological chages

2# isolatio a% i%eticatio o! vir$s !romtiss$es secretios or ex$%ates3# %etectio o! vir$s;specic atibo%ies or

atiges i patietKs sera#4# molec$lar amplicatio metho%s !or rapi% vira

%iagosis#:What %oes a %iagosis o! recet virali!ectio %epe% o"

1# Aemostratio o! -gM atibo%ies2# Aemostratio o! a risig titre o! atibo%y#

::What are the 4 %iagosis metho%s !ora !$g$s"

1# Examiatio o! specimes by microscopy#2# c$lt$re a% i%eticatio o! the pathoge3# serological ivestigatios4# Molec$lar %iagostic metho%s#

/1/2004 .Cast %ay !or exam 1 i!o+ aeh+::Oow table ::Oow table What is a microbial pro%$ct orcompoet that ca iG$re aother cellor orgaism at low cocetratios"

)oxi

What are the two classicatios o!toxis"

1# e%otoxi2# exotoxi

Which toxi is oe that is excrete% bythe cell or expresse% o it membrae"

E%otoxi

Wher is the e%otoxi expresse%" C5* compoet o! the o$ter membrae o! gramegative bacteria"

What type o! bacteria ca ot pro%$cee%otoxis"

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2# shoc7What is the %etermiat i how thee%otoxi will e9ect the cell"

'ocetratio

:What type o! cocetratio o!e%otoxi lea%s to shoc7" @larmreactio"

,igh cocetratio Cow cocetratio

:What are the & types o! alarm

reactios o! e%otoxis"

1# !ever

2# activatio o! complemet3# activatio o! macrophages4# stim$latio o! lymphocytes icrease% atibo%y pro%$ctio

:What are 2 e9ects o! shoc7 o!e%otoxi"

1# hypotesio2# %issemiate% itravasc$lar coag$latio

:What is a example o! the shoc7e9ect"

*taph cocci i tampos#

What is the term !or the criteria !orattrib$tig a orgaism as the ca$se o!a %isease"

OochKs post$lates .Review them

@re these post$lates ever bro7e" es hiv !or example brea7s post$late 3#

=>)E E

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label o! the specime sho$l% cotai" o possible %iagosis

o c$rret atimicrobial therapy

o physicia i!ormatio

o type o! specime

)/ )imely trasport o! the specimet isimportat"

)r$e

What is a way o! trasportig a

specime that has specic ee%s"

*pecial me%ia

:)/ *pecial me%ia is $se% to trasportaaerobes"

alse *pecial treatmet m$st be give to thespecime

:)/! )he temperat$re o! a specime is3F %egrees '"

alse samples %i9er# )emperat$re cotrol may beecessary#

::What are & examples o! prelimiary or%eitive i%eticatio o! microbes"

o microscopy

o growth a% biochemical characteristics

o imm$ologic tests

o bacteriophage typig

o molec$lar metho%s

:What %oes the choice o! microscopy%epe% o"

)he type o! possible pathoge#

:What type o! microscopy wo$l% yo$$se !or syphilis"

Aar7 el% microscopy

What is o!te $se% i microscopy" *tais

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:What are two rapi% metho%s o!i%eticatio"

ma$al biochemical systems

mechaie%/a$tomate% systems

)/ bacteriophage testig is %oe at(MO'"

alse it is oly %oe at the 'A' a% a !ew other labs

:What is bacteriophage testig base%o"

*pecicity o! phage s$r!ace molec$les

:What type o! techiD$es are $se% !or

%etectio o! atiges/atibo%ies"

-mm$ologic techiD$es

)/ these ca be %oe $p to oe motha!ter the specime is ta7e#

)r$e b$t timig will e9ect the res$lts so it is a ba%i%ea#

What are some commo rapi%imm$ologic test 7its"

bactige

c$lt$rette gro$p a strep -A 7it

%irectige

goo ge

D$ic7?$e,#pylori est

stapha$rex

%irectige R*?

*$re'ell herpes )est

:What are 3 Molec$lar Metho%s a%@alysis o! Metabolic 5ro%$cts

1# compariso o! proteis2# $clic aci% base% %etectio metho%s3# gas liD$i% chromatography

:What 3 thigs are compare% whe%oig a compariso o! proteis"

1# physical properties2# eyme 7ietics3# reg$latory properties

:What are & $cleic aci% %etectiometho%s"

base compositio

hybri%iatio

base seD$ece

$cleic aci% probes

plasmi% gerpritig

:What ca A=@ probe techology be$se% o"

1# p$rie% A=@2# coloies3# cliical specimes

:What is base% o the observatio thatbacteria have several rR=@ geesscattere% aro$% their geome"

Ribotypig

:)/ Cocatio o! rR=@ gees are thesame !rom oe orgaism to aother

alse

,ow are the %i9ereces i the locatioo! rR=@ gees %etecte%"

by $sig rR=@ gee probes to probe geomic A=@that has bee cleave% with restrictio e%o$clease

:What metho% characteries bacteriabase% o $mber o! plasmi%s a% their

molec$lar weight"

5lasmi% gerpritig

:What are 3 thigs gas;liD$i% chrom;atography ca be $se% !or"

specic microbial metabolitescell$lar !atty aci%spro%$cts o! pyrolysis o! whole bacterial cells#

:,ow %oes gas;liD$i% chromatographywor7"

@ sample is ta7e !rom a bacteria a% iGecte% itothe chromatography system#

:Why %o we ee% to 7ow the patietsatimicrobial cotet"

or !$t$re treatmet plaig

:What is s$sceptibility testig" )estig the s$sceptibility o! a patiet to partic$laratimicrobial agets##

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:What is s$sceptibility testig also $se%!or"

-%eticatio o! a microbe#

:Why is s$sceptibility testig so $se!$l" )reatmet plaig:What are the two ways s$sceptibilitytestig is %oe"

o %il$tio s$sceptibility

o %i7;%i9$sio test .Oirby;ba$er metho%

Oow table Oow table

Oow table 6#4Review the boo7 a bit o ch 6 Q$estios i that sectio are lac7ig#