Latin 8 Name: _________________________ Flavius Eutropius Section: ________________________

EVTROPII BREVIARIVM HISTORIAE ROMANAE: LIBER PRIMVS

The Author:

Flavius Eutropius was an ancient Roman Historian who lived during the fourth century AD. He served as the Magister Memoriae at Constantinople, serving under the emperor Julian and later writing his Breviarium for the emperor Valens, who ruled from 364-378 AD.

The Work:

Using the Ab Urbe Condita of Livy as his primary source, Eutropius created his own historical text, the Breviarium Historiae Romanae, for the emperor Valens. In ten books, Eutropius catalogs the history of Roman civilization, from the founding of Rome by Romulus to the reign of Valens. The first book covers the Roman monarchy and the early years of the Republic through the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BC, including the story of Camillus, who was given the titles of “second Romulus” and “second founder of Rome.”

Our Goal:

Together, we will read through the first eight sections of the first book of Eutropius’ Breviarium, from the founding of the city to the expulsion of the kings. Our goal is to work through an authentic text, using commentary and class discussions to improve our translation skills and get a feel for what real Latin looks and feels like.

Table of Contents: 1. Romulus, Remus, and the Foundation of Rome. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.1

2a. The creation of the Senate and the population problem. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.2

2b. The “growth” of young Rome. The death of Romulus. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.2

3. Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.3

4. Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.4

5. Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.5

6. Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.6

7. Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.7

8a. Tarquinius Superbus; Rape of Lucretia. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.8

8b. The expulsion of the kings; the birth of the Republic. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.8

Latin 8 Name: __________________________ Eutropius I.1 Section: ________________________

1. Romulus, Remus, and the Foundation of Rome. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.1

1

2

3

4

5

Rōmānum imperium, quō neque ab exōrdiō ūllum ferē minus neque incrēmentīs totō orbe amplius

hūmāna potest memoria recordārī, ā Rōmulō exōrdium habet, quī Rhēae Silviae, Vestālis virginis, fīlius

et, quantum putātus est, Mārtis cum Remō frātre ūnō partū ēditus est. Is cum inter pāstōrēs

latrōcinārētur, decem et octō annōs nātus urbem exiguam in Palātīnō monte cōnstituit XI Kal. Maiās,

Olympiādis sextae annō tertiō, post Troiae excidium, annō trecentēsimō nōnāgēsimō quārtō.

1) imperium, -ī (n).: empire, power 3) quantum: (adv.) so much as quō: abl. of comparison (triggered by minus) and referring Martis: same case and function as Rheae Silviae back to imperium partus, partūs (m): birth neque…neque…: neither anything (minus)… edō, edere, edidī, editus: to bring forth, to bear nor anything (amplius) pāstor, pāstōris (m): shepherd exōrdium, -ī (n): beginning ferē: (adv.) nearly, almost 4) latrocinor, -ārī, -ātus sum: to be a thief (deponent) nātus, -a, -um: aged (with acc. of duration of time) incrēmentum, -ī (n): (pl. incrementa) growth, advancement; exiguus, -a, -um: small abl. of comparison (triggered by amplius) constituō, constituere, constituī, constitūtus: to found 2) recordor, -ārī, -ātus sum: to remember (deponent) 5) Olympiās, Olympiādis (f): an Olympiad, a period of four years between Olympic games, starting in 776 BCE excidium, -ī (n): destruction

TRANSLATIO NOTAEQVE

Latin 8 Name: __________________________ Eutropius I.2a Section: ________________________

2a. The creation of the Senate and the population problem. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.2

1

2

3

4

Conditā cīvitāte, quam ex nōmine suō Rōmam vocāvit, haec ferē ēgit. Multitūdinem fīnitimōrum in

cīvitātem recēpit, centum ex seniōribus lēgit, quōrum cōnsiliō omnia ageret, quōs senātōrēs

nōmināvit propter senectūtem. Tum, cum uxōrēs ipse et populus suus nōn habērent, invītāvit ad

spectāculum lūdōrum vīcīnās urbī Rōmae nātiōnēs atque eārum virginēs rapuit.

1) condō, condere, condidī, conditus: to found (a city) vocāvit: same subject as previous sentence ferē: (adv.) in general multitūdō, multitūdinis (f): large number (of people) finitimus, -a, -um: neighboring 2) centum (hominēs): indeclinable (here, accusative)

cōnsilium, cōnsiliī (n): advice (what use of the ablative?) quōs senātōrēs: double accusative (dir. obj. of nomināvit)

3) cum… habērent: cum causal

4) spectāculum, -ī (n): related to what verb? vicinus, -ā, -um: neighboring, close to (what case follows?) virgō, virginis (f): maiden, young girl

TRANSLATIO NOTAEQVE

Latin 8 Name: __________________________ Eutropius I.2b Section: ________________________

2b. The “growth” of young Rome. The death of Romulus. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.2

1

2

3

4

Commōtīs bellīs propter raptārum iniūriam Caenīnēnsēs vīcit, Antemnātēs, Crustumīnōs, Sabīnōs,

Fīdēnātēs, Vēientēs. Haec omnia oppida urbem cingunt. Et cum ortā subitō tempestāte nōn

compāruisset, annō rēgnī trīcēsimō septimō ad deōs trānsīsse crēditus est et cōnsecrātus. Deinde

Rōmae per quīnōs diēs senātōrēs imperāvērunt et hīs rēgnantibus annus ūnus complētus est.

1) commoveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtus: to stir up iniūria, -ae (f): injustice (to what is Eutropius referring?) Caeninensēs … Veientēs: tribes neighboring Rome 2) cingō, cingere, cinxī, cinctus: to surround orior, orīrī, ortus sum: to arise tempestās, tempestātis (f): storm cum… compāruisset: what kind of clause?

3) compareō, -ēre, -uī: to be seen trīcēsimus septimus, -a, -um: an ordinal number transīsse: syncopated form of transīvisse cōnsecrō (1): to deify (supply the est)

4) per quīnōs diēs: for periods of five days hīs rēgnantibus: case and use? compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētus: to complete

TRANSLATIO NOTAEQVE

Latin 8 Name: __________________________ Eutropius I.3 Section: ________________________

3. Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.3

1

2

3

4

5

Posteā Numa Pompilius rēx creātus est, quī bellum quidem nūllum gessit, sed nōn minus cīvitātī

quam Rōmulus prōfuit. Nam et lēgēs Rōmānīs mōrēsque cōnstituit, quī cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum

iam latrōnēs ac sēmibarbarī putābantur, et annum dēscrīpsit in decem mēnsēs prius sine aliquā

supputātiōne cōnfūsum, et īnfīnīta Rōmae sacra ac templa constituit. Morbō dēcessit quadrāgēsimō

et tertiō imperiī annō.

1) creō (1): to elect, appoint quidem: (adv) indeed nōn minus…quam: no less (Numa prōfuit civitātī) than (Romulus prōfuit civitātī)

2) prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī: to benefit (+ dative) quī: the antecedent is Romanīs cōnsuētūdō, cōnsuētūdinis (f): habit (abl. of cause)

3) latrō, latrōnis (m): thief putō (1): to consider (supply the subject Romanī)

dēscribō, dēscribere, dēscripsī, dēscriptus: to write down (here, to divide) prius: (adv.) earlier

4) supputātiō, supputātiōnis (f): computation confūsus, -a, -um: jumbled, disorganized īnfīnītus, -a, -um: innumerable, countless sacra, sacrōrum (n. pl.): religious rites morbō decessit: how did he die?

TRANSLATIO NOTAEQVE

Latin 8 Name: __________________________ Eutropius I.4 Section: ________________________

4. Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.4

1

2

3

4

Huic successit Tullus Hostīlius. Hic bella reparāvit, Albānōs vīcit, quī ab urbe Rōmā duodecimō

mīliāriō sunt, Vēientēs et Fīdēnātēs, quōrum aliī sextō mīliāriō absunt ab urbe Rōmā, aliī octāvō

decimō, bellō superāvit, urbem ampliāvit, adiectō Caeliō monte. Cum trīgintā et duōs annōs

regnāsset, fulmine ictus cum domō suā ārsit.

1) succedō, succedere, successī, successus: to succeed, follow (+ dative) reparō (1): to renew, bring back Albānī, -ōrum: the people of Alba Longa (founded by?)

2) mīliārium, -ī (n): milestone (used to denote distance from the city of Rome) Vāientēs et Fīdēnātēs: the tribes of Veiī and Fidenae, neighboring tribes to the north of Rome

aliī…aliī…: some…others…

3) ampliō (1): to enlarge adiectō Caeliō monte: what case are all of these words?

4) regnāsset: syncopated form of regnāvisset ārdeō, ārdēre, ārsī, ārsus: to burn

TRANSLATIO NOTAEQVE

Latin 8 Name: __________________________ Eutropius I.1-4 Section: _________________________

Eutropius I.1-4 Vocabulary

Word in Text Section Dictionary Entry English

imperium I.1 imperium, imperiī (n) empire, power

Latin 8 Name: __________________________ Eutropius I.5 Section: ________________________

5. Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.5

1

2

3

4

Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae ex filiā nepōs, suscēpit imperium. Contrā

Latīnōs dīmicāvit, Aventīnum montem cīvitātī adiēcit et Jāniculum, apud ōstium

Tiberis cīvitātem suprā mare sextō decimō mīliāriō ab urbe Rōmā

condidit. Vīcēsimō et quārtō annō imperiī morbō periit.

1) nepōs, nepōtis (m): grandson

2) dīmicō (1): to fight, struggle Aventīnum et Janiculum: Aventine and Janiculum hills ōstium, ōstiī (n): mouth (of a river)

3) apud ōstium Tiberis civitātem: Quid est nomen civitātī? suprā mare: on the coast

4) vicēsimus, -a, -um: twentieth periit: 3rd singular perfect active indicative of pereō

TRANSLATIO NOTAEQVE

Latin 8 Name: __________________________ Eutropius I.6 Section: ________________________

6. Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.6

1

2

3

4

5

Deinde rēgnum Prīscus Tarquinius accēpit. Hic numerum senātōrum duplicāvit, circum Rōmae

aedificāvit, lūdōs Rōmānōs īnstituit, quī ad nostram memoriam permanent. Vīcit idem etiam

Sabīnōs et nōn parum agrōrum sublātum īsdem urbis Rōmae territōriō iūnxit, prīmusque

triumphāns urbem intrāvit. Mūrōs fēcit et cloācās, Capitōlium inchoāvit. Trīcēsimō octāvō imperiī

annō per Ancī fīliōs occīsus est, rēgis eius, cui ipse successerat.

1) duplicō (1): to double circus, circī (m): race track (circus)

2) aedificō (1): to build idem, eadem, idem: the same 3) parum: (adv.) not a little (here, acting like a noun) tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātus: to steal (with which other word in the sentence does it agree?)

īsdem: ablative of separation, triggered by sublātum iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctus: to join (to something)

4) triumphō (1): to triumph (parade through the streets) inchoō (1): to begin 5) per fīliōs: ā fīliīs occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus: to kill, murder

TRANSLATIO NOTAEQVE

Latin 8 Name: __________________________ Eutropius I.7 Section: ________________________

7. Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.7

1

2

3

4

5

6

Post hunc Servius Tullius suscēpit imperium, genitus ex nōbilī fēminā, captīvā tamen et ancillā. Hic

quoque Sabīnōs subēgit, montēs trēs, Quirīnālem, Vīminālem, Ēsquilīnum, urbī adiūnxit, fossās

circum mūrum dūxit. Prīmus omnium cēnsum ōrdināvit, quī adhūc per orbem terrārum incognitus

erat. Sub eō Rōma omnibus in cēnsum dēlātīs habuit capita LXXXIII mīlia cīvium Rōmānōrum cum

hīs, quī in agrīs erant. Occīsus est scelere generī suī Tarquiniī Superbī, fīliī eius rēgis, cui ipse

successerat, et fīliae, quam Tarquinius habēbat uxōrem.

1) gignō, gignere, genuī, genitus: to bear, (pass.) be born

2) ancilla, ancillae (f): hand maiden, servant girl subigō, subigere, subēgī, subāctus: to conquer 3) fossa, fossae (f): ditch ōrdinō (1): to order, arrange cēnsus, cēnsūs (m): census adhūc: (adv.) to this point

4) incognitus, -a, -um: unknown dēferō, dēferre, dētulī, dēlātus: to record, register 5) scelus, sceleris (n): wicked crime gener, generī (m): son-in-law 6) uxōrem: in apposition with quam

TRANSLATIO NOTAEQVE

Latin 8 Name: __________________________ Eutropius I.8a Section: ________________________

8a. Tarquinius Superbus; The Rape of Lucretia. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.8a

1

2

3

4

5

6

L. Tarquinius Superbus, septimus atque ultimus rēgum, Volscōs, quae gēns ad Campāniam euntibus nōn

longē ab urbe est, vīcit, Gabiōs cīvitātem et Suessam Pōmētiam subēgit, cum Tuscīs pācem fēcit et

templum Jovis in Capitōliō aedificāvit. Posteā Ardeam oppugnāns, in octāvō decimō mīliāriō ab urbe

Rōmā positam cīvitātem, imperium perdidit. Nam cum fīlius eius, et ipse Tarquinius iūnior,

nōbilissimam fēminam Lucrētiam eandemque pudīcissimam, Collātīnī uxōrem, stuprāsset eaque dē

iniūriā marītō et patrī et amīcīs questa fuisset, in omnium cōnspectū sē occīdit.

1) ultimus, ultima, ultimum: last, final Volscī, Volscōrum (m. pl): the Volsci, a tribe south of Rome euntibus: dat. pl. of the PAP of eō: “for those going”

2) Gabiī, Suessa Pometia, Tuscī: cities in ancient Italy subigō, subigere, subēgī, subāctus: to conquer 3) oppugnāns: translate with “while” 4) positam civitātem: in apposition to Ardeam

perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditus: to destroy Tarquinius iūnior: Sextus Tarquinius, the son of Superbus 5) eandem: acc. fem. sg. of idem pudīcus, pudīca, pudīcum: chaste Collātīnī: L. Tarquinius Collatinus, one of the first consuls stuprō (1): to dishonor (stuprāsset = stuprāvisset) 6) queror, querī, questus sum: to complain cōnspectus, cōnspectūs (m): view, sight

TRANSLATIO NOTAEQVE

Latin 8 Name: __________________________ Eutropius I.8b Section: ________________________

8b. The expulsion of the kings and the birth of the Republic. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae I.8b

1

2

3

4

5

Propter quam causam Brūtus, parēns et ipse Tarquiniī, populum concitāvit et Tarquiniō adēmit

imperium. Mox exercitus quoque eum, quī cīvitātem Ardeam cum ipsō rēge oppugnābat, relīquit;

veniēnsque ad urbem rēx portīs clausīs exclūsus est, cumque imperāsset annōs quattuor et vīgintī cum

uxōre et līberīs suīs fūgit. Ita Rōmae rēgnātum est per septem rēgēs annīs ducentīs quadrāgintā tribus,

cum adhūc Roma, ubi plūrimum, vix usque ad quintum decimum mīliārium possidēret.

1) quam: connecting relative; treat it like hanc Brūtus: Lucius Junius Brutus, one of the first consuls of Rome parēns, parentis (m): relative; Brutus was the nephew of Tarquinius Superbus concitō (1): to stir up adimō, adimere, adēmī, ademptus: to take away

2) quī: the antecedent is exercitus, not eum 3) veniēns: translate as if it were “ubi vēnit”

imperāsset: syncopated form – what would the full form be? 4) rēgnātum est: impersonal construction (Roma regnata est) annīs ducentīs quadrāgintā tribus: cf: annōs…trēs 5) cum…possidēret: cum concessive ubi plūrimum: “where it was largest” usque ad: all the way to possideō, possidēre, possēdī, possessus: to extend (expressing the size of Rome)

TRANSLATIO NOTAEQVE

Latin 8 Name: __________________________ Eutropius I.5-8 Section: _________________________

Eutropius I.5-8 Vocabulary

Word in Text Section Dictionary Entry English

nepōs I.5 nepōs, nepōtis (m) grandson