evropis qqveynebis sakonstitucio ssasamarTloebis ... da Tavisuflebebze SemoRebuli garkveuli...

evropis qqveynebis sakonstitucio ssasamarTloebis

gadawyvetilebebi aadamianis ZZiriTaduflebebTan dda TTavisuflebebTan

dakavSirebiT

Tbilisi2004

2

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali

redaqciaSi Semosuli masalebi ar recenzirdeba da gamoxatavs mxolod avtorTa

Sexedulebebs. akrZalulia aq moyvanili masalebis gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba

komerciuli mizniT, asociaciis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe

aiwyo da dakabadonda

saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciaSi

krilovis q. 15

Tbilisi 0102, saqarTvelo

(+995 32) 936101

tiraJi 500 cali

© 2004 saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia

ISBN 99940-804-6-6

wigni gamoica saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciaSi

aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosa (USAID) da

merilendis universitetis IRIS Center-is finansuri

mxardaWeriT(xelSekruleba # 114-C-00-01-00136-00).

gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvnis maT avtorebs da

SesaZloa ar emTxveodes USAID-is Tvalsazriss.

Targmani: TTaammaarr mmaammuukkeellaaSSvviilliirruussuuddaann ttuuSSuurrii

koreqtorebi: TTaammaarr TTaarrxxnniiSSvviilliixxaaTTuunnaa yyvviirraallaaSSvviillii

gamocemaze pasuxismgebeli: qqeeTTeevvaann xxuucciiSSvviillii

s a r C e v i

wwiinnaassiittyyvvaaoobbaa 44

kkaannoonniiss wwiinnaaSSee TTaannaasswwoorroobbaa 55Tanasworoba aasakobrivi nniSniT; 5Tanasworoba ssqesis nniSniT; 13Tanasworoba eerovnuli dda eeTnikuri wwarmomavlobis nniSniT; 23Tanasworoba eenobrivi nniSniT; 33Tanasworoba sseqsualuri oorientaciis nniSniT; 39

Tanasworoba mmoqalaqeobis nniSniT. 53

ssiiccooccxxlliiss uufflleebbaa 6633

wwaammeebbiiss aakkrrZZaallvvaa 8888

TTaavviissuufflleebbiiss ddaa ppiirraaddii uussaaffrrTTxxooeebbiiss uufflleebbaa 110011

RRiirrsseebbiiss uufflleebbaa 113333

ssaammaarrTTlliiaannii ssaassaammaarrTTlloo 115599

ggaammooxxaattvviiss TTaavviissuufflleebbaa 119900

SSeekkrreebbiiss TTaavviissuufflleebbaa 223300

ggaaeerrTTiiaanneebbiiss TTaavviissuufflleebbaa 224433

ggaaffiiccvviiss uufflleebbaa 227744

ggaannaaTTlleebbiiss uufflleebbaa 228833

aarrCCeevvnneebbSSii mmoonnaawwiilleeoobbiiss uufflleebbaa 330044

TTaavvSSeessaaffrriiss uufflleebbaa 332288

SSrroommiiss TTaavviissuufflleebbaa 334466

4

w i n a s i t y v a o b a

winamdebare gamocema moicavs evropis qveynebis sakonstitucio kontrolisumaRlesi organoebis gadawyvetilebebidan amonakrebs adamianis uflebebTan daZiriTad TavisuflebebTan dakavSirebiT. qarTul enaze igi pirvelad ibeWdeba.

wignis gamocema ramdenime garemoebis Tanxvedram ganapiroba: pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom 2004 wlis manZilze saqarTvelos

konstituciam mravali mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganicada da, amasTan, araerTxeliqna gacxadebuli xelisuflebis mier konstituciis fuZemdebluri principebiscvlilebis ganzraxva. Sesabamisad, migvaCnia, rom evropis qveynebis ZiriTadikonstituciuri principebis gadmocema gansakuTrebiT did mniSvnelobas iZens,vinaidan iqmneba SesaZlebloba, kanonmdebelma da mkiTxvelma konstituciurireforma swored evropul samarTlebriv principebs miusadagos.

amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom gamocemaSi Tavmoyrilia amonaridebi ara mxolodtradiciuli, dasavleT evropis qveynebis sakonstitucio sasamarTloebisgadawyvetilebebidan, aramed, agreTve, aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis,yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebis sakonstitucio sasamarTloebisgadawyvetilebebidanac, romlebsac saqarTvelosTan msgavsi warsuli akavSirebT.amrigad, aRniSnuli qveynebis sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebis ganviTarebisSecnoba ara marto sainteresoa, aramed saSualebas iZleva, gaziarebuli iyos isprincipebi da gamocdileba, romlebic ganviTarebis procesSi Camoyalibda.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom dResdReobiT saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobisaraerT sferoSi mimdinareobs reforma, romelsac Tan axlavs xSirisakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, samarTlebrivi sistemis stabilurobisSenarCunebis interesi moiTxovs, TvalsawierSi iyos moqceuli adamianisuflebaTa samarTlis fuZemdebluri principebi, romlebic sworedwarmodgenil gadawyvetilebebSia gamoxatuli. aucileblad unda aRiniSnosisic, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlo xSirad politikuri balansisuzrunvelmyoflis rolsac TamaSobs aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo dasasamarTlo xelisuflebaTa Soris. Sesabamisad, evropuli qveynebissakonstitucio sasamarTloebis damokidebulebaTa gacnoba da gaziarebamniSvnelovania xelisuflebaTa Soris balansis dacvisaTvis.

garda amisa, mxedvelobaSi unda iyos miRebuli, rom saqarTvelossaxelmwifos ganviTarebis prioritetad dasaxulia evropul sivrcesTanharmonizacia. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ki swored evropuli civilizaciismonapovaria _ ama Tu im formiT damaxasiaTebeli evropis yvela qveynisaTvis _rac erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria imisaTvis, raTa mis ganviTarebasa daxelSewyobaze izrunos saqarTvelos saxelmwifom.

swored amis gamo, migvaCnia, rom aRniSnuli qveynebis umaRlesisakonstitucio kontrolis organoebis gadawyvetilebaTa gacnoba dagaTvaliswineba udavod xels Seuwyobs evropul sivrceSi saqarTvelosintegraciis miznis ganxorcielebas.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, es wigni gansakuTrebiTsaintereso wyaros warmoadgens kanonmdeblebis, sajaro politikasTandakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebis mimRebebis, konstituciuri samarTlisspecialistebisa da samarTlis studentebisaTvis.

ana doliZe

TavmjdomaresaqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia

kkaannoonniiss wwiinnaaSSeeTTaannaasswwoorroobbaa

TTaannaasswwoorroobbaa aassaakkoobbrriivvii nniiSSnniiTT

latviasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

20-05-2003

umaRlesi gganaTlebis SSesaxeb kkanonis 227.4 mmuxlisa dda 228.2 mmuxlisteqstis ““... ssanam ppiri mmiaRwevs 665 wwlis aasaks” dda ssamecniero ssaqmi-

anobis SSesaxeb kkanonis 229.5 mmuxlis kkonstituciis ((Satversme) 991-ee dda106-ee mmuxlebTan SSesabamisobis SSesaxeb

samecniero saqmianobis Sesaxeb kanonis gasaCivrebuli debulebaiTvaliswinebs, rom administraciuli Tanamdebobebi (direqtori,direqtoris moadgile da samecniero struqturuli erTeulismmarTveli) saxelmwifo samecniero institutSi da arCeviT kole-gialur samecniero institutebSi SeiZleba daikavon pirebma,romelTac ar SesrulebiaT 65 weli. umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxebkanonis gasaCivrebuli debulebebi iTvaliswinebs, rom “profesoris,asocirebuli profesoris, docentis Tanamdebobebi da adminis-traciuli Tanamdebobebi (reqtori, proreqtori da dekani)umaRlesi ganaTlebis institutebSi SeiZleba daikavos pirma, sanamigi miaRwevs 65 wlis asaks” da “profesorebi airCevian eqvsi wliT, amkanonis 33-e muxlis Sesabamisad, Ria konkursis wesiT da reqtoriarCeul pirTan gaaformebs SromiT xelSekrulebas mTliani eqvsiwliT an, Tu piri miaRwevs 65 wels am eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi, SromiTkontraqts im dromde, sanam piri gaxdeba 65 wlis.”

yvela momCivanma miaRwia 65 wels. isini amtkiceben, romgasaCivrebuli debulebebi arRvevs konstituciis (Satversme) 106-emuxliT gaTvaliswinebul garantiebs, riTac dawesda diskriminaci-uli SezRudvebi maT uflebaze _ Tavisuflad airCion saqmianoba dasamuSao adgili. maTi uflebebi SeizRuda ara maTi unarisa da kvali-fikaciis gamo (rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs 106-e muxli), aramed maTiasakis safuZvelze. maT ar daukargavT arc unari da arc kvalifikacia.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom konstituciis 106-e muxlSi saqmi-anobisa da samuSao adgilis Tavisufleba niSnavs, pirvel rigSi,yvela piris samuSao bazarze Tanabar daSvebas da, meore mxriv,

5

kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba

saxelmwifosaTvis akrZalvas _ daawesos SemzRudavi kriteriumebi:mas SeuZlia, daadginos moTxovnebi, romelic dakavSirebuliaTanamdebobiT dakisrebuli valdebulebebis SesrulebisaTvisaucilebel unarsa da kvalifikaciasTan.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonisada samecniero saqmianobis Sesaxeb kanonis gasaCivrebuli debulebebiuaryofdnen im pirebis uflebas, romelTac miaRwies 65 wlis asaks,daekavebinaT zemoaRniSnuli Tanamdebobebi sxvebis TanasworsafuZvelze. Sesabamisad, es pirebi ar sargeblobdnen samuSaobazarze Tanabari daSvebiT, romelic garantirebulia konstituciis106-e muxliT.

konstituciis 106-e muxlis SezRudvebi unda:gaTvaliswinebuli iiyos kkanoniT;Seesabamebodes kkanonier mmizans, rromelic ggaaCndasaxelmwifos aam SSezRudvis SSemoRebisas; Seesabamebodes pproporciulobis pprincips.

vinaidan gasaCivrebul debulebas Seicavda parlamentis (Saeima)mier proceduris Sesabamisad miRebuli da ZalaSi Sesuli kanonebi,sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom ar iyo sadavo, rom SezRudvebi sworedkanoniT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

sasamarTlom ar gaiziara mosazreba, rom SezRudvis kanoniermizans warmoadgenda mecnierebis ganviTareba da modernizaciademokratiuli saxelmwifo struqturis dasacavad. Tumca, vinaidanganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saTanado done saxelmwifos warmatebu-li ganviTarebis ganuyofeli nawilia, sasamarTlom daadgina, romgasaCivrebuli SezRudvebis mizani iyo sazogadoebrivikeTildReobis uzrunvelyofa.

imisaTvis, raTa ganisazRvros gasaCivrebul debulebebSiSezRudvebis proporciuloba kanonier mizanTan mimarTebiT, esSezRudvebi unda Sefasdes demokratiul sazogadoebaSi maTisaWiroebis safuZvelze. mocemul SemTxvevaSi unda ganvixiloT,SesaZlebelia Tu ara kanonmdeblis mier arCeuli gziT kanonieri miz-nis miRweva; es mizani SeiZleba Tu ara miRweul iqnes sxvasaSualebebiT, romlebic naklebad SezRudavs individebis uflebeb-sa da kanonier interesebs; da sazogadoebis sargebeli iqneba Tu araufro didi, vidre individebis uflebebis dakargva da kanonieriinteresebis ziani.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom SeuZlebelia uumaRlesi gganaTlebisa ddamecnierebis xxarisxiani gganviTareba, rrodesac ssamecniero aan aakademi-uri TTanamdebobis ggadamwyveti kkriteriumi aaris aasaki dda aara pprofe-siuli SSesaZlebloba. unda gauqmdes SezRudvebi imis safuZvelze,rom gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi avtomaturad mcirdeba asakTan

6

evropis qveynebis sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebi...

erTad. gasaCivrebuli debulebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli mxolodasakobrivi SezRudva ar SeiZleba iyos sakmarisi zogadi kriteriumizogierTi profesiis, Tanamdebobisa da saqmianobis akrZalvisTvis.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom SeuZlebeli iyo saxelmwifos miznis –umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebis miRweva mxolodasakis safuZvelze im pirTa wris SezRudviT, romelTac SeiZlebadaikavon Tanamdebobebi, rogorc es moxda gasaCivrebuldebulebebSi. axalgazrda specialistebis dasaqmebis uzrunvelsay-ofad kanonmdebels SeeZlo sxva, naklebad mtkivneuli saSualebisgamoyeneba, rac ar SezRudavda pirebis ZiriTad uflebebs (rogori-caa, magaliTad, im pirebis arCeva SedarebiT mokle periodiT, rom-lebmac miaRwies zemoaRniSnul asaks.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kanonebi unda Seicavdes kvalifikaci-is ufro zust kriteriumebs saxelmwifo samecniero dawesebulebe-bis administraciuli TanamdebobebisaTvis, agreTve, profesorebisada docentebis postisaTvis, raTa uzrunvelyofiliyogamWvirvaloba da Sesaferisi moTxovnebisaTvis xelSewyoba. [ENG-LAT-A-106] konstituciis 106-e muxli iTvaliswinebs, rom ZiriTadikriteriumi gasaCivrebul debulebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli akademi-uri da administraciuli TanamdebobebisaTvis aris unari da kvali-fikacia da ara asaki. Sesabamisad, gasaCivrebuli debulebebiTgaTvaliswinebuli asakobrivi SezRudvebi konstituciis 106-emuxliT [ENG-LAT-A-106] garantirebul ZiriTad uflebasTanmimarTebiT ar Seesabameboda proporciulobis princips.

sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis27-e muxlis pirveli winadadeba da 28-e muxlis meore punqtis sityve-bi “an im drois ganmavlobaSi, sanam piri miaRwevs 65 wlis asaks” dasamecniero saqmianobis Sesaxeb kanonis 29.5 muxlis pirveliwinadadeba ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis 106-e muxls [ENG-LAT-A-106] da baTilia am gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebis dRidan.

niderlandebiumaRlesi sasamarTlo

08-05-1998

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 2:252-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuliSezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis kerZo kompaniis sazedamxedvelosabWos wevrad arCevis asakobrivi zRvari _ 72 weli _ ar warmoadgensgaumarTlebel diskriminacias asakis safuZvelze 1966 wlis samo-qalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb paqtis (ICCPR) 26-e muxlisSesabamisad.

7


parlamentma daaskvna, rom ar gascilebia keTilgonivrulobissazRvrebs da, rom arsebobda obieqturi da mizanSewonilisafuZveli samoqalaqo kodeqsis 2:252 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuliasakis safuZvelze diskriminaciis gasamarTleblad. rodesac esSezRudva dawesebulia kanonieri miznis misaRwevad da SeiZlebaCaiTvalos am miznis miRwevis saTanado saSualebad, ICCPR-is 26-emuxlis Sesabamisad, ar arsebobs gaumarTlebeli diskriminaciaasakis niadagze. Tumca, ukanasknel periodis movlenebma (racgamoixata kanonis miRebiT, romelic krZalavs samsaxurSi dasaqme-bisa da arCevis dros asakis safuZvelze diskriminacias)gamoaaSkarava, rom socialuri klimati Seicvala savaWro kodeqsis50b (Zveli) muxlis da samoqalaqo kodeqsis 2:252 muxlis miRebisSemdeg; am cvlilebis Sedegad asakis safuZvelze gansxvaveba, sava-raudod, ufro metad CaiTvleba gaumarTleblad, vidre es moxdebo-da warsulSi. ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom asakobrivi SezRudvisCamoyalibeba, romelTa zemoTac aRar SeiZleba garkveuliTanamdebobebis dakaveba, aRar Seesabameba mravalricxovani sazoga-doebis kanonis koncefcias. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, zemoaRniSnuliganviTareba ar niSnavs, rom sadavo sakanonmdeblo debulebebmadakarges gamarTleba. Tundac liberalurad ganimartos ECHR-ispirveli oqmis pirvel muxlSi avtonomiuri termini «possessions»,mocemul dros Znelia imis dadgena, sakasacio procesis drosmiiCneven Tu ara, rom momCivans gaaCnia ufleba, romelic SeiZlebaCaiTvalos qonebad mocemuli debulebis mniSvnelobisaTvis(magaliTad, European Court of Human Rights 23 February 1995, Series A,no. 306-B, gv. 46, §53 da European Court of Human Rights 20 November1995, Series A, no. 332, gv. 21, §31; Bulletin 1995/3).

ruseTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

26-01-2000

ramdenime moqalaqis saCivrisa da kazanis saolqo sasamarTlosTxovnis Semdeg sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Seiswavla, iyo Tu arakonstituciuri kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa da umaRlesi ganaTlebisSemdeg profesiuli swavlebis Sesaxeb federaluri kanoniszogierTi debuleba. am kanonis Tanaxmad, umaRlesi ganaTlebis sax-elmwifo da municipalur dawesebulebebSi profesoris TanamdebobaSeiZleba miiRon mxolod 65 wlamde. Tumca, umaRlesisaganmanaTleblo institutebis akademiis sabWos winadadebiT, req-torma SeiZleba gaagrZelos asakobrivi SezRudva profesoris

8


Tanamdebobis dakavebis Sesaxeb 70 wlamde. sakonstituciosasamarTlom aRniSna, rom gasaCivrebul debulebasTan erTad,romelic daafuZna precedentulma sasamarTlom, ubralod faqti,rom pirma miaRwia dadgenil asakobriv zRvars, sakmarisi mizeziamaTTvis, rom datovon gansaxilveli Tanamdeboba da ar aris aucile-beli sxva moTxovnis gaTvaliswineba, maT Soris, mocemuli pirissaqmianoba Tanamdebobrivi movaleobebis Sesrulebisas, maTiakademiuri kvalifikacia, janmrTelobis mdgomareoba an profe-siuli da pirovnuli niSnebi. amave dros, konstitucia iTvaliswinebsdasaqmebis Tavisuflebas da yoveli piris uflebas, gamoiyenossamuSao unari da airCios saqmianobisa da dasaqmebis tipi. es sakon-stitucio debulebebi individebs ar aniWebs uflebas, miiRongansakuTrebuli samuSao an daikavon raime konkretuli Tanamdeboba.profesiuli urTierTobebis sferoSi muSaobis TavisuflebaZiriTadad aisaxeba dasaqmebis saxelSekrulebo bunebaSi. moqalaqesada damqiravebels Soris dadebuli SromiTi xelSekrulebissaSualebiT regulirdeba dasaqmebis sakiTxi mocemulprofesiasTan, saqmianobasTan, TanamdebobebTan an specialurkvalifikaciasTan mimarTebiT. amave dros, muSaobis TavisuflebaiTvaliswinebs, rom yvelas aqvs garantirebuli SesaZlebloba, daam-yaros profesiuli urTierToba sakuTari muSaobis unarisgamoyenebiT.

Tanasworobis konstituciuri principi ar niSnavs, rom parla-ments ar SeuZlia SemoiRos gansakuTrebuli regulireba garkveulisamuSaos dakompleqtebis moTxovnebTan dakavSirebiT, rodesacaseTi gansxvavebani obieqturobiTaa gamowveuli da gamarTlebulida konstituciurad gamarTlebul miznebsa da moTxovnebs emsaxure-ba. 1958 wlis IMO-s #111 konvenciis Tanaxmad, gansxvavebani, gamon-aklisebi an upiratesobani dasaqmebisa da muSaobis sferoSi, rom-lebic efuZneba konkretuli samuSaos moTxovnebs, ar CaiTvlebadiskriminaciad.

Sesabamisad, garkveuli Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad asakobrivicenzis daweseba dasaSvebia, Tu es SezRudva ganpirobebuliaSesasrulebeli samuSaos gansakuTrebuli niSnebiTa da bunebiT.amave dros, garantirebuli unda iyos Tanasworobis konstituciuriprincipis pativiscema, rac gamoricxavs sxvadasxva moTxovnisgaumarTlebel SemoRebas im pirebTan mimarTebiT, romlebicasruleben identur funqciebs. sxvagvarad asakobrivi zRvris dawe-seba gamoiwvevs asakis safuZvelze diskriminacias.

marTalia, parlamentma daawesa asakobrivi zRvari profesorisTanamdebobis dasakaveblad, Tumca, imavdroulad, mas igive zRvariar daukanonebia sxva saswavlo da profesoris TanamdebobebisaTvis.

9


Sesabamisad, 65 wlis miRweva, TavisTavad, ar iwvevs aseTi tipis saqmi-anobis efeqturad ganxorcielebis SezRudvas.

kanonmdebeli ar miiCnevs oficialur samoqalaqo Tanamdebobadprofesoris Tanamdebobas saxelmwifo umaRles saganmanaTlebloinstitutebSi. parlaments ar daukavSirebia am Tanamdebobidangamomdinare garantiebi da sxva damatebiTi SeRavaTebi saxelmwifomosamsaxurisaTvis miniWebuli garantiebisa da damatebiTiSeRavaTebisaTvis da ganzraxuli hqonda, aenazRaurebina maT ufle-bebsa da Tavisuflebebze SemoRebuli garkveuli SezRudvebiTTanasworobis principisTvis miyenebuli ziani.

parlamenti uflebamosilia, daadginos saTanado RonisZiebebiumaRlesi ganaTlebis institutebSi kadrebis marTvis gansaaxle-blad da am Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad _ yvelaze kvalificiuri daimedis momcemi kadrebis mozidvis mizniT. konstitucia pirdapir ariTvaliswinebs umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo institutebis avtono-mias, magram igi umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo institutebis muSaobissaZirkveli da erT-erTi im principTagania, romelzec dafuZnebuliasaxelmwifos saganmanaTleblo politika.

umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo institutebis avtonomiis mtkicebagulisxmobs, rom, rodesac wydeba sakiTxi _ 65 wlis zemoT pirmaSeiZleba daikavos Tu ara profesoris Tanamdeboba _ institutismmarTvelebisa da maTi kolegiuri organos mosazreba iqnebagadamwyveti faqtori. arsebuli samarTlebrivi meqanizmi, romlisTanaxmadac, umaRlesi ganaTlebis institutebis akademiuri sabWoprofesoris Tanamdebobaze pirs irCevs faruli kenWisyriT,iTvaliswinebs am sakiTxis gadaWris demokratiul saSualebebs.asakobrivi kriteriumis daweseba, rogorc damateba amurTierTobaze, saxelmwifos gaumarTlebeli CarevaasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi dasaqmebasTan mimarTebiT, rasacmohyveba SromiTi xelSekrulebebis Tavisuflebasa da avtonomi-urobaze ukanono SezRudva. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina,rom gasaCivrebuli debulebebi arakonstituciuri iyo.

yofili iiugoslaviis rrespublika - mmakedoniasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

19-09-2001

reziume:sasamarTlom daadgina gasaCivrebuli saojaxo aqtis 60.1 muxlis

arakonstituciuroba, romlis Sesabamisadac arakanonier bavSvsSeuZlia saCivris wardgena misi mamis vinaobis dasadgenad 21 wlis

10


asakamde. momCivnis azriT, aseTi debuleba zRudavda bavSvis ufle-bas mamobis dadgenis procesis dawyebis Sesaxeb maSin, rodesac pirs,romelic iTxovda mamobas, gaaCnda SeuzRudavi ufleba, wamoewyoaseTi procedurebi bavSvis asakis miuxedavad. momCivani acxadebda,rom es debuleba ar Seesabameboda Tanasworobis konstituciurprincips.

sasamarTlom, gaiTvaliswina ra ojaxis aqtis mTliani Sinaarsi,daadgina, rom mSoblebs gaaCniaT sarCelis wardgenis SeuzRudaviufleba maT dedobas an mamobasTan dakavSirebiT bavSvis asakismiuxedavad. misi mosazrebis ganmartebisas sasamarTlomgaiTvaliswina saojaxo aqtiT regulirebuli urTierTobebimTlianobaSi: Tanasworobis principi, bavSvis interesebis dacvis daojaxis dacvis principi. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saojaxourTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba moicavda specialursamarTlebriv kategorias, sadac ojaxis wevrebs Soris uflebebi damovaleobebi batonobs. es elementebia: araqonebrivi xasiaTisuflebebi da movaleobebi (loialoba, daxmareba, pativiscema),qonebrivi xasiaTis uflebebi da movaleobani (meuRleebs SorisurTierTrCenis ufleba, agreTve, mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris) dauflebebi da movaleobani meuRleebs Soris da mSoblebsa daSvilebs Soris.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kanoni adgens garkveuli uflebebismisaRebad proceduris dawyebis an Sewyvetis asakobriv zRvars. amit-om am konkretul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom daadgina, romdebuleba arakonstituciuria. misi mosazreba daefuZna im faqts,rom kanoni uflebas aZlevda mSoblebs, waredginaT saCivari maTimamobis an dedobis dasadgenad bavSvis asakis miuxedavad maSin, rode-sac bavSvs ar hqonda aseTi SeuzRudavi ufleba. sasamarTlom miiCnia,rom aseTi diferenciacia ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis me-9muxliT gaTvaliswinebul Tanasworobis princips.

ukrainasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

18-04-2000parlamentSi uuflebamosili aadamianis uuflebebis wwarmomadgenlis

Sesaxeb kkanonis 55.2. mmuxlis kkonstituciuroba ((asakobrivi mmoTxovna)

xalxis warmomadgenlebi acxadebdnen, rom adamianis uflebebissakiTxze parlamentSi (Verkhovna Rada) uflebamosili pirisaTvisasakobrivi zRvris daweseba ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis zogierTdebulebas, vinaidan konstituciis 101-e muxli ar iTvaliswinebs

11


raime asakobriv zRvars moqalaqeebisaTvis, romlebmacparlamentSi unda daikavon adamianis uflebebis sferoSi ufle-bamosili warmomadgenlis vakanturi adgili. konstitucia arSeicavs sityvas “moTxovna.” amis nacvlad igi adgens garkveul sak-valifikacio moTxovnebs sajaro samsaxuris TanamdebobebiskandidatebisaTvis. es moqmedebs xalxis warmomadgenlebis, profe-siuli mosamarTleebisa da sakonstitucio sasamarTlosmosamarTleebis mimarT. konstitucia adgens garkveul sakvali-fikacio moTxovnebs prezidentobis kandidatebisaTvisac. xSiradsajaro mosamsaxureebis garkveuli kategoriisaTvis sakvalifika-cio moTxovnebi Camoyalibebulia Sesabamis kanonebSi,gansakuTrebiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, umaRlesisaarbitraJo sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis, iusticiis umaRlesisabWos wevrebisa da centraluri saarCevno komitetiswevrebisaTvis. sakvalifikacio moTxovnebi nakarnaxeviazemoaRniSnuli Tanamdebobebis pirebis saqmianobis tipiTa dabunebiT, amitom ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom zRudavs moqalaqeebisuflebas, Tanabrad hqondeT sajaro samsaxuris dakavebisSesaZlebloba.

konstituciisa da sxva kanonebis mier sakvalifikaciomoTxovnebis Camoyalibeba ar arRvevs Tanasworobis konstituciurprincips, vinaidan yvela moqalaqe uflebamosilia, daikavoszemoaRniSnuli Tanamdebobebi specifikuri sakvalifikaciomoTxovnebis Sesabamisad.

gaiTvaliswina ra adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebze parlamentSiuflebamosili warmomadgenlis saqmianobis gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba, romlis mizanicaa sakonstitucio uflebebisa daTavisuflebebis Sesrulebis saparlamento kontrolis ganxor-cieleba, parlaments aqvs ufleba, daadginos sakvalifikaciomoTxovnebi am Tanamdebobis kandidatebisaTvis. konstitucia amas arkrZalavs. sxva sakvalifikacio moTxovnebTan erTad unda arsebob-des gamocdileba da socialuri gamocdileba, romlis SeZenacSeiZleba mxolod garkveuli asakis miRwevis Semdeg.


02-06-1999

konstituciis 446-ee mmuxlSi ccvlilebis SSetanis SSesaxeb kkanonproe-qtis uukrainis kkonstituciis 1157-ee dda 1158-ee mmuxlebTan SSesabamisobisSesaxeb ssaqme ((konstituciis 446-ee mmuxlis ccvlilebis SSesaxeb ssaqme)

12


“ukrainis konstituciis 46-e muxlis Sesworebis Sesaxeb”kanonproeqtSi moqalaqeebis ufleba socialuri dacvis SesaxebdakavSirebulia garkveul asakTan, romelsac maT unda miaRwion;kerZod, pirebs gaaCniaT socialuri dacvis ufleba, rac moicavsgarantirebul asakobriv pensias _ 55 wlis asakidan qalebisaTvisda 60 wlidan kacebisaTvis. SeTavazebuli cvlilebebi zRudavspirTa uflebas moxucebulobaSi socialur dacvaze.konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb proeqti Seesabamebakonstituciis 158-e muxls, magram ar Seesabameba 157-e muxls,vinaidan igi gansazRvravs moqalaqeTa socialuri dacvis uflebasmoxucebulobis dros maTi asakis saSualebiT. moqalaqeTa uflebasocialur dacvaze ar aris damokidebuli maTs asakze, ra Tqmaunda, 46-e muxli ar Seicavs miTiTebas “asakze”. ra sakvirvelia,aRniSnuli ufleba garantirebulia yvela moqalaqisaTvis miuxe-davad maTi asakisa. amave muxlis Sesabamisad, moqalaqeebis uflebapensiis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebuli asakis miRwevazear aris damokidebuli, aramed mTlianad damokidebuliasocialuri saxelmwifos socialur valdebulebasa da ukrainaSisakanonmdeblo praqtikaze.

sibereSi moqalaqeebis socialuri dacvis ufleba Sedgeba aramxolod garantirebuli pensiisagan, aramed moicavs kanoniTgaTvaliswinebul sxva SeRavaTebsac. moqalaqesa da konstituciasSoris urTierTobis, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebisganuyoflobis kanonieri safuZvlis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesipirobaa konstituciis stabiluroba, romelic TavisTavadgansazRvrulia ZiriTadi kanonis samarTlebrivi bunebiT.konstituciaSi zedmetad dawvrilebiTi debulebebis Cadeba, romel-ic gamomdinareobs axlandeli kanonmdeblobidan, migviyvans xSiriSesworebebis aucileblobamde, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba ZiriTadikanonis stabilurobaze.

TTaannaasswwoorroobbaa ssqqeessiiss nniiSSnniiTT

avstriasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

08-03-2000

sasamarTloSi sarCeli waradgina CineTis moqalaqem, romelicdaibada venaSi 1997 wlis 29 seqtembers (warmoadgenda mama) da 1997wlis 18 noembers avstriaSi misi sacxovreblis dadgenis Sesaxeb

13


Txovna waradgina. Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma uaryo misi Txovna,radganac gancxadeba unda wardgeniliyo qveynis garedan, vinaidandedamisi federaciis teritoriaze Sevida mxolod turistuliviziT avstriis teritoriaze cxovrebis uflebis gareSe (ucxoelTaaqtis §14.2 - Fremdengesetz). amitom momCivans ar SeeZlo moeTxovaucxoelTa aqtis §23.2-iT garantirebuli ufleba, romlisTanaxmadac, bavSvebi maTi sicocxlis pirveli sami Tvis ganmavlobaSiTavisufldebian savizo moTxovnebidan, Tu maT dedas gaaCnia sacx-ovreblis ufleba an sargeblobs savizo moTxovnebisaganTavisuflebiT an dasaxlebis TavisuflebiT.

momCivani amtkicebda, rom dairRva konstituciiT garan-tirebuli piradi da ojaxis ufleba, agreTve, “qalebisa da kace-bis Tanasworobis ZiriTadi ufleba.” aqedan gamomdinare, igikiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda gamoyenebuli debulebis (§28.2)konstituciurobas. sasamarTlom ganaxorciela Sesabamisidebulebebis ex officio ganxilva da ganacxada, rom kanonmaSeiZleba migviyvanos mcirewlovanis dedis da mamis araTanabarmopyrobamde sqesis niadagze gansxvavebis gamo, romelsac argaaCnda obieqturi gamarTleba. federaluri mTavroba amt-kicebda, rom kanonis mizani iyo borotad TviTnebobis Tavidanacileba. ucxoelebis avstriaSi dabadebuli bavSvi ar arisavstriis moqalaqe, amitomac ar unda gaTavisufldes savizomoTxovnebisagan da ar unda CaiTvalos avstriaSi macxovre-blad, Tu orive mSobeli sxva qveynis moqalaqea da mxolod mamacxovrobs kanonierad sacxovrebeli nebarTviT. aseTi bavSvisZiriTadi sacxovreblis dadgenis Sesaxeb gancxadeba – imbavSvisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis dedasac gaaCnia cxovrebisnebarTva – unda daregistrirdes saimigracio kvotaSi,vinaidan mTlianad avstriis saimigracio sistema kvotazea dam-yarebuli. kanonis Secvla sistemis Zlier destabilizaciasgamoiwvevs.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mTavrobis argumentma damakmayofile-blad ver upasuxa sasamarTlos ZiriTad SekiTxvas araTanabari mopy-robis Sesaxeb, romelic gamoiwvia kanonis upirobo redaqciam.sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac bavSvzemxolod mamam unda izrunos dedis gardacvalebis, seriozuli avad-myofobis an sxva msgavs situaciebSi, rac safrTxes uqmnis bavSviskeTildReobas. vinaidan gansaxilveli debuleba ar iTvaliswinebsromelime am situaciis mxedvelobaSi miRebis SesaZleblobas, igiiwvevs araTanabar mopyrobas ucxoelebs Soris maTi sqesis niadagze.Sesabamisad, igi gauqmda (Tumca, gauqmebis ZalaSi Sesvla gadaidoerTi wliT).

14


azerbaijanisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

12-03-1999

im piris mier sacxovreblis uflebis dakargva, romelsac mis-jili aqvs Tavisuflebis aRkveTa eqvs Tveze meti xniT,ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis debulebebs. pirisaTvis, romelsacmisjili aqvs Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 6 Tveze meti xniT, sacxovreb-lis CamorTmevis sasjelis dakisreba gasaCivrebis uflebis gareSe,unda CaiTvalos qmedebad, romelic miayenebs mas materialur,moralur da fsiqologiur zians. uzenaesma sasamarTlom iTxovagansaxlebis kodeqsis 60.II.8 muxlis (romelic iTvaliswinebs, rompiri, visac misjili aqvs Tavisuflebis aRkveTa eqvs Tveze metixniT, kargavs sacxovreblis uflebas) Sesabamisobis dadasturebaekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb paqtis11.1 muxlTan. gansaxlebis kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs, rom pirisaTvisTavisuflebis aRkveTa eqvs Tveze meti periodiT aris misTvis sacx-ovreblis uflebis CamorTmevis safuZveli. Tumca, sisxlissamarTlis kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs pirisaTvis sacxovreb-lis CamorTmevas, rogorc ZiriTad an damatebiT sasjelis saxes.amrigad, gansaxlebis Sesaxeb kodeqsis 60.II.8 muxli SeiZlebaCaiTvalos debulebad, romelic arRvevs adamianis uflebebsa daTavisuflebebs.

gansaxlebis kodeqsis 60.II.9 muxlis Tanaxmad, pirebi, romlebsacar miuRweviaT 18 wlisaTvis, kacebi 50 wlis, xolo qalebi 45 wliszemoT, romelTac miusajes Tavisuflebis aRkveTa muSaobisvaldebulebiT, agreTve, isinic, romelTac Tavisuflebis aRkveTamiusajes gaufrTxilebeli danaSaulisaTvis, SeinarCuneben sacx-ovreblis sakuTrebas sasjelis vadis amowurvamde. Sesabamisad,kanonmdeblebi ar iyvnen Tanamimdevrulni da SezRudeskonstituciaSi Camoyalibebuli debulebebi da moqalaqeebis ufle-bebis da Tavisuflebebis Tanasworobis principi maSin, rodesacmoaxdines moqalaqeTa diferencireba maTi asakisa da CadenilidanaSaulis xasiaTis mixedviT. aseTi gansxvaveba (diferencireba)zRudavs moqalaqeTa sacxovreblis uflebas, romelsaciTvaliswinebs konstituciis 43-e muxli da ewinaaRmdegeba adami-anebisa da moqalaqeebis uflebebisa da TavisuflebebisTanasworobis princips (konstitucia, 25.I da 25.II muxlebi).

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo baTilad acxadebs gansaxlebis kod-eqsis 60.II.8 da 60.II.9 muxlebs.

15


belgiasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

20-01-1999

is faqti, rom TviTdasaqmebuli pirebis pensia 1997 wlis 1ivlisamde Semcirda 25%-iT (Tu isini arCeven pensiaze gasvlas adre– 60 wlis asakSi) maSin, rodesac qalebis pensia 60 wlis asakSi areqvemdebareboda raime SezRudvas, ar aris diskriminaciuli reJimi.

reziume: saqme Seexeba gardamaval periods, rodesac xdeboda qalebisa da

kacebis sapensio sqemebis harmonizacia. manamde TviTdasaqmebulipirebisaTvis sapensio asaki iyo: kacebisaTvis _ 65 weli, xoloqalebisaTvis – 60 weli. 1997 wlis 1 ivlisidan ZalaSi Sevida etapo-brivi cvlileba TviTdasaqmebulTa sapensio sqemaSi im mizniT, romTanabari uflebebi mieniWebina orive sqesisaTvis Tanabari sapensioasakis (65 weli) dawesebiT;

Tanabari reJimi SemoRebul iqneba 2009 wlis 1 ianvrisTvis imavegamonaklisiT pensiaSi adre gasulTaTvis – 5% Semcireba yovelwelze Tanabrad kacebisaTvis da qalebisaTvis. gardamaval periodSikacebs SeeZlebaT pensiaze gasvla 60 wlis asakSi, magram maTi pensiayovelwliurad 5%-iT Semcirdeba. amis sawinaaRmdegod, qalebi, rom-lebic pensiaze gadian 60 wlis asakSi, uwindeburad srul pensiasmiiReben. sasamarTlos sTxoves, gadawyvetileba gamoetana SromissasamarTlos mier wamoyenebul samarTlis sakiTxze, romelic ganix-ilavda im piris sarCels, romelmac Semcireba gaasaCivra, vinaidan esukanaskneli miiCnia konstituciis me-10 da me-11 muxlebiT garanti-rebuli Tanasworobisa da diskriminaciis dauSveblobis darRvevad.

Tavdapirvelad unda dadgindes, gasaCivrebuli reJimi gamomdinare-obda Tu ara sakanonmdeblo aqtidan da ara aRmasrulebeli aqtidan,vinaidan sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia moicavda mxolod kanonebis konsti-tuciurobas. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom gansxvavebuli reJimi daadginasakanonmdeblo organos mier damtkicebulma samefo dekretma, sakanon-mdeblo organom aiRo pasuxismgebloba gansaxilvel debulebaze,romelic Tavdapirvelad aRmasrulebelma xelisuflebam miiRo.

sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom ukanaskneli aTwleulebisganmavlobaSi, romelic mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli, arsebob-da gansxvaveba TviTdasaqmebuli qalebisa da kacebis karieras Soris,ramac SeiZleba obieqturad gaamarTlos maTi gansxvaveba sapensioasaks Soris. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom evropis kavSirmacgaiTvaliswina wevr saxelmwifoebSi qalebisa da kacebis sapensiosqemebSi gansxvaveba da daadgina droTa ganmavlobaSi am gansxvavebisaRmofxvris aucilebloba (Article 7.1.a of Council Directive 79/7/EEC of 19

16


December 1978 on the progressive implementation of the principle of equaltreatment for men and women in matters of social security and CJEC judg-ments De Vriendt and others (joined cases C-377/96 to C-384/96 of 30 April1998) and Wolfs (C-154/96 of 22 October 1998)).

sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom TviTdasaqmebul muSaTa sapensio sqemisSenarCunebas ar SeeZlo gaemarTlebina qalebsa da kacebs Soris gansx-vavebis SenarCuneba maT sapensio asakTan dakavSirebiT _gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac qalebis de facto diskriminacia samuSaosferoSi TandaTanobiT Semcirda. Tumca, man miiCnia, rom parlamentipasuxismgebeli iyo, ganesazRvra detalebi da saWiro ganrigi qalebisada kacebis pensiebTan dakavSirebiT Tanabari reJimis misaRwevad darom parlamenti ar iyo aramarTlzomieri, vinaidan axali kanonmde-bloba, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1997 wlis 1 ivliss, iTvaliswinebdaTviTdasaqmebul muSaTa pensiebis sqemis etapobriv adaptacias, raTaTanabari uflebebi mieniWebinaT qalebisa da kacebisaTvis.

germaniafederaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

24-01-1995

saxanZro brigadebSi savaldebulo samsaxuris SemoReba daSemcvleli mosakreblis daweseba kacebisaTvis arRvevs sqesissafuZvelze diskriminaciis akrZalvas.

specialuri gadasaxadebis daSvebis SesaZleblobis xarisxis prin-cipi gamoiyeneba agreTve gadasaxadebis mimarTac, romelsac mokrebsLänder.

zogierT germanul Länder–Si saxanZro brigadis Sesaxeb kanonebiiTvaliswinebs valdebulebas kacebisaTvis, imsaxuron aseTerTeulebSi. faqtobrivad, amis gakeTebas maT aravin aiZulebs,vinaidan yovelTvis iyo sakmarisi moxalise. zogierTi kanonisaxanZro brigadebis Sesaxeb kacebs avaldebulebs, gadaixadonmosakrebeli, Tu isini ar msaxuroben saxanZro brigadaSi.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom es debulebebiarRvevdnen sqesis safuZvelze diskriminaciis akrZalvas. miuTiTa raTavisave dadgenil precedentul samarTalze, sakonstituciosasamarTlom ganacxada, rom qalebisa da mamakacebis mimarT gansx-vavebuli reJimi dasaSvebia, Tu amis Tavidan arideba SeuZlebelia imsakiTxebis regulirebisaTvis, romlebic TavianTi bunebiT gavlenasaxdenen romelime sqesze. erTaderTi gamonaklisi Seexeba upiratesreJims romelime sqesisaTvis, raTa moxdes faqtobrivi araxelsayre-li mdgomareobis kompensireba.

17


ar arsebobs sakmarisi mizezi imisaTvis, rom qalebi saxanZrobrigadaSi samsaxurisgan gamoiricxon maTi fizikuri agebulebisgamo. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo afuZnebs mis motivacias soci-ologiur da samedicino monacemebze. saxanZro brigadaSisamsaxurTan dakavSirebiT kacebis winaaRmdeg diskriminacia ar arisgamarTlebuli qalebis faqtobrivi araxelsayreli mdgomareobiskompensaciiT, vinaidan misi mizania ara sqesTa Soris socialuridiferenciaciis gadalaxva, aramed misi dadgena specialur sferoSi.

sagangebo gadasaxadi, romelic ikrifeba saxelmwifos specialuriamocanebisaTvis da romelic dakisrebulia mxolod mosaxleobisgarkveul nawilze, misaRebia mxolod Zalian SezRudul pirobebSi.magaliTad, maTi mizani unda iyos tvirTis Tanasworobis dadgena imSemTxvevaSi, rodesac valdebuleba gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniTpirTa jgufze da ara is, am jgufis yvela wevri asrulebs Tu ara amvaldebulebas. gansaxilveli Semcvleli mosakrebeli am moTxovnasar Seesabameba, vinaidan faqtobrivad aravis aqvs valdebuleba, imsax-uros saxanZro brigadaSi. amitom fuli saxanZro brigadebisaTvisgadaxdil unda iqnes saerTo biujetidan.

niderlandebiuzenaesi sasamarTlo

20-10-1995

diakvnis kursebze qalis Caricxvaze uari ar warmoadgens damam-cirebel mopyrobas ECHR-is me-3 muxlis Sesabamisad. qalebsa dakacebs Soris diskriminaciis akrZalva ar gamoiyeneba saeklesiomsaxurebisaTvis mosamzadebel kursebze CaricxvasTan mimarTebiT.

reziume: am saqmis safuZveli iyo qalis gancxadeba diakvnis mosamzadebel

kursebze Caricxvis Sesaxeb hetrogenboSis eparqiaSi. qalma agreTveganacxada, rom surda diakvnad kurTxeva kursis dasrulebis Semdeg.mas Caricxvaze uari uTxres, vinaidan romanul kaTolikur eklesiaSimxolod kacebis kurTxeva SeiZleba mRvdlad. aqedan gamomdinare,nebismieri piri, romelsac diakvnad kurTxeva ar SeeZlo, arSeiZleboda kursebze Caricxuliyo.

qali procesSi iTxovda gadawyvetilebas, romelic episkopossmosTxovda misTvis nebarTvis micemas, Caebarebina eparqiis diakvanTamosamzadebel kursebze. saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom arSeiZleboda gaeziarebinaT qalis mier ECHR-s me-3 muxlze miTiTeba,vinaidan aRniSnuli debulebis mniSvnelobiT damamcirebel mopy-robas ar warmoadgenda mis Caricxvaze uaris Tqma mxolod imitom,

18


rom igi qali iyo. uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom amgadawyvetilebaSi ar iyo ECHR-is me-3 muxlis araswori interpre-tireba “damamcirebel mopyrobasTan” dakavSirebiT. uzenaesmasasamarTlom agreTve daadgina, rom me-3 muxlis gamoyeneba ar arisdamokidebuli imaze, rom piri grZnobda Tavs damcirebulad gansax-ilveli mopyrobis gamo. uzenaesma sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT,Tanabari SesaZleblobebis aqtidan udavod naTeli iyo, rom kanon-mdeblis ganzraxva, rodesac mouwodebda konstituciis me-6 muxliTgaTvaliswinebuli religiisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebis pativis-cemisaken saeklesio samsaxurebSi daSvebasa da momzadebasTandakavSirebiT, iyo sayovelTaod miRebuli gamonaklisi qalebsa dakacebs Soris diskriminaciis akrZalvaze.

poloneTisakonstitucio tribunali

31-03-2000

debulebebi, romlebic awesebs ufro dabal savaldebulo asaksqali maswavleblebis pensiaze gasvlisaTvis, vidre mamakacimaswavleblebisaTvis, arakonstituciuria. debulebebis mierSemoRebuli sxvagvari mopyroba CaiTvleba diskriminaciad sqesisniadagze.

reziume: tribunalma saqme Seiswavla ombudsmenis Suamdgomlobis

safuZvelze. ombudsmeni amtkicebda, rom Seswavlili debulebebiexeboda socialuri dazRvevis samarTals. arsebuliurTierTobis (kavSiris) Sedegad SromiTi urTierTobebi qalmaswavlebelTan mTavrdeba 5 wliT adre, vidre mamakacmaswavlebelTan. Sesabamisad, debulebebi arRvevs Tanasworobisada socialuri samarTlianobis wess. tribunalma aRniSna, romnaTelia, Zalis mqone kanonebs ar SeuZliaT gansxvavebulisamarTlebrivi reJimi daaweson qalebisa da kacebisaTvis, Tu esgansxvaveba ar aris dafuZnebuli keTilgonivrul, konstituciurmoTxovnebze. Tu aseT moTxovnebs ar efuZneba, maSin gansxvavebaaris diskriminacia da ewinaaRmdegeba Tanasworobis Sesaxeb kon-stituciur wess.

tribunalma xazi gausva, rom konstitucia krZalavs inter aliawesebs, romlebic axdens qalebisa da kacebis uflebebis diferen-cirebas “dasaqmebasa da dawinaurebasTan” dakavSirebiT. aseTiwesebi SemoRebulia gansaxilveli debulebebiT. tribunalmaaRniSna, rom maswavleblis statusi uzrunvelyofs dasaqmebis

19


uwyvetobas (certainty). Seswavlili debulebebis Sedegad, qalma maswavlebelma ara marto

unda Sewyvitos misi saqmianobis ganxorcieleba 5 wliT adre, aramedase unda moiqces maSinac, rodesac mamakaci maswavlebeli kvlav iRebssargebels saqmianobis uwyvetobis garantiebidan.

rumineTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

19-12-2001

gadawyvetileba ssaojaxo kkodeqsis 553-ee dda 554.2 mmuxlisdebulebebis aarakonstituciurobis TTaobaze ppretenziis SSesaxeb

saojaxo kodeqsis 54.2 muxlis debulebebi, romlis Tanaxmadac,mxolod savaraudo mamas aqvs ufleba, Seitanos sarCeli savaraudomamobis Sesaxeb, arakonstituciuria, vinaidan ignorirebuliadedisa da qorwinebaSi dabadebuli bavSvis kanonieri interesebianalogiuri uflebis ganxorcielebisas.

reziume:2001 wlis 28 marts alba iulias pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom

mimarTa gancxadebiT, romelSic kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda saojaxokodeqsis 53-e da 54-e muxlebis konstituciurobas. gancxadebisTanaxmad, gasaCivrebuli sakanonmdeblo debulebebiewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis 16.1.2, 26.2, 44.1 da 45.1 16.1 muxlebs.

saojaxo kodeqsis 53-e muxlis Tanaxmad, “qorwinebaSi dabadebulibavSvis mama aris dedis qmari. ganqorwinebis, qorwinebis gauqmebis anbaTilad gamocxadebis Semdeg dabadebuli bavSvis mama aris dedisyofili qmari, Tu bavSvi Caisaxa qorwinebis periodSi da daibada,sanam dedam gaaforma sxva qorwineba.”

53-e muxlis arakonstituciurobis sakiTxis gamokvlevisassasamarTlom miiCnia, rom igi ar ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis16.1.2, 26.2, 44.1 da 45.1 muxlebs.

saojaxo kodeqsis 54.2 muxli iTvaliswinebs, rom sarCelimamobasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba Seitanos mxolod qmarma. mis mierdawyebuli sarCelis gagrZeleba SeuZliaT mis memkvidreebs.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom arakonstituciurobis sarCeli exebo-da ojaxisa da piradi uflebis sakiTxs da, agreTve, RCHR-is me-8muxliT dacul uflebas.

1994 wlis 27 oqtombris gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze kruni da sxvebiniderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Kroon and others v. the Netherlands (Bulletin1994/3 [ECH-1994-3-016]) adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom

20


gadawyvita, rom RCHR-is me-8 muxls ewinaaRmdegeboda erovnulikanonis mier dawesebuli akrZalva, romlis Tanaxmadac, daqorwineb-ul qals SeuZlia qmars uTxras uari savaraudo mamobaze im bavSvismimarT, romelic maTi qorwinebis dros Caisaxa.

amitom sasamarTlom aucileblad miiCnia, ganexila misi preceden-tuli samarTali saojaxo kodeqsis 54.2 muxlis ara-konstituciurobasTan dakavSirebiT, vinaidan man miiCnia, rom [kode-qsis] teqsti ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis 16.1, 26, 44.1 da 45.muxlebs.

Sesabamisad, saojaxo kodeqsis 54.2 muxlis pirobebi savaraudomamis uflebebis Sesaxeb, rom Seitanos sarCeli misi mamobisdadgenasTan dakavSirebiT da dedisa da qorwinebaSi dabadebulibavSvis gamoricxva, arRvevs konstituciis 16.1 muxlSiCamoyalibebul Tanasworobis princips. is faqti, rom bavSvis sava-raudo mamasa da dedas, TiToeuls aqvs piradi da gancalkevebuli(sakuTari) motivi mamobis prezumfciis gabaTilebasTan da-kavSirebiT, ar amarTlebs gasaCivrebuli teqstis diskriminaciulSedegebs.

konkretuli motivebi SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli, magram saerTologika Sedgeba imis uzrunvelyofisagan, rom simarTle imarjvebssicrueze da imave mizeziT gadawyvetilebebic identuri unda iyos.sasamarTlom agreTve aRniSna, rom saojaxo kodeqsis 54.2 muxliarRvevda meuRleebs Soris Tanasworobis Sesaxeb konstituciis 44.1muxls, vinaidan ar iTvaliswinebda dedis uflebas, Seetana sarCelisavaraudo mamobis gasasaCivreblad.

rac Seexeba piradi, ojaxuri da kerZo cxovrebis Sesaxeb konsti-tuciis 26.1 muxls, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom debulebebi mamobisgasaCivrebis mizniT savaraudo mamis uflebis Sesaxeb ar asaxavdasakonstitucio debulebis pirveli punqtis moTxovnebs. man agreTvedaadgina, rom gansaxilveli teqsti arRvevda konstituciis 26.2muxls, vinaidan ar iTvaliswinebda bavSvis uflebas, Seetana sarCelisavaraudo mamobis gasaCivrebis mizniT. Sesabamisad, aRiniSna, rom amuflebis bavSvisaTvis miniWeba, rac iqneboda yvela pirisaTvis kon-stituciuri TviTgamorkvevis uflebis gamoxatuleba, ar daarRvevsarc sxva adamianebis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs da arc sajaropolitikasa da morals.

dabolos, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saojaxo kodeqsis 45.1muxli arRvevda konstituciis 45.1 muxls, romelic iTvaliswinebdabavSvebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis dacvisa da daxmarebis spe-cialur sistemas maTi uflebebis ganxorcielebisas.

21


espaneTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

pirveli palata23-07-1996

sqesobrivi diskriminacia (espaneTis konstituciis me-14 muxli) arSemoifargleba piris mimarT araxelsayrel mopyrobaSi sqesisniadagze, aramed, aseve, vrceldeba msxverplis sqesTan pirdapir danaTlad dakavSirebuli mizezebis an garemoebebis kombinaciazec.

rodesac damqiravebeli amtkicebs, rom adgili hqonda formalurdiskriminaciul gaTavisuflebas, rac dafarulia sakontraqtoxelSekrulebebis SewyvetiT da arRvevs daqiravebulis ZiriTadTavisuflebebs, mas akisria valdebuleba, daamtkicos, rom samsaxuri-dan gaSveba ganpirobebulia marTlzomieri mizezebiT, romlebic araaris dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevis ganzraxvasTan.

momCivani, romelic gaaTavisufles samsaxurSi ganmeorebiTgaumarTlebeli gamoucxadeblobisa da orsulobis dros arapunq-tualurobis gamo, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda sxvadasxvasasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic mxars uWerda(amarTlebda) misi damqiraveblis qmedebas da miiCnevda, rom igi sqe-sobrivi diskriminaciis msxverpli iyo Tanasworobis principisdarRvevis safuZvelze (espaneTis konstituciis me-14 muxli).

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom orsuli qalis mimarTaraxelsayreli mopyroba, vinaidan es SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolodqalis mimarT, warmoadgens sqesobriv diskriminacias espaneTis konsti-tuciis me-14 muxlis Sesabamisad. man agreTve aRniSna, rom formalu-rad diskriminaciuli gaTavisuflebis yvela SemTxvevaSi, romelicrealurad SeniRbulia sakontraqto urTierTobis gawyvetiT daarRvevs daqiravebulis ZiriTad uflebas, ar aris sakmarisi mxolodimis mtkiceba, rom gaTavisufleba diskriminaciuli iyo. arseboba undadadasturdes iribi (arapirdapiri) mtkicebulebebiT, romlebmac undawarmoSvas eWvi aseTi mtkicebis sasargeblod. mxolod maSin, rodesacarsebobs aseTi arapirdapiri mtkicebuleba, damqiravebels ekisrebavaldebuleba, daamtkicos, rom kontraqtis gawyvetis Sesaxebgadawyvetilebis gamomwvevi faqtebi samsaxuridan gaTavisufle-bisaTvis kanonieri safuZveli iyo. Sesabamisad, isini marTlzomieradSeiZleba CaiTvalos faqtebad, romlebic aranairad ar ukavSirdebaZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevis motivs.

gansaxilvel saqmeSi, gaiTvaliswina ra garemoebebi, sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlom miiCnia _ is faqti, rom daqiravebulma (muSakma)ver SeZlo samsaxurSi gamoucxadeblobis gamarTleba saTanadosamedicino cnobis wardgeniT da man dauyovnebliv ar acnoba damqi-

22


ravebels Tavisi uZlurebis Sesaxeb, udavod warmoadgenda sakmarissafuZvels imis mtkicebisaTvis, rom SromiTi xelSekrulebisgawyvetis mizezi ar yofila misi orsuloba. ZiriTadi uflebisSezRudva da yvelaze mkacri disciplinuri sanqciis gamoyenebamoxda mxolod da mxolod sawarmos interesebis dacvis mizniT.

TTaannaasswwoorroobbaa eerroovvnnuullii aann eeTTnniikkuurriiwwaarrmmoommaavvlloobbiiss nniiSSnniiTT

belgiasaapelacio sasamarTlo

18-04-2001

federalur parlaments, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo belgiaSiucxoeli muSebis dasaqmebis maregulirebeli moTxovnebisSemoRebaze, ar daurRvevia Tanasworobisa da diskriminaciisdauSveblobis principi (konstituciis me-10 da me-11 muxlebi), rode-sac samuSao bazarze daSvebis pirobad gaxada damqiraveblis mierdasaqmebis nebarTvis miReba da muSis mier muSaobis nebarTvis miReba.debulebebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac, samefo xelisuflebas SeeZlogamonaklisebis daSveba, ganimarteboda imgvarad, rom saxelmwifoxelisufleba gamoricxavda im ucxoelebis kategoriebs,romelTaTvisac maTi erovnulobis statusis gamo ar SeiZlebodanebarTvis moTxovna belgiaSi muSaobis dasawyebad. am gamonaklisiTgansakuTrebiT sargeblobdnen evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebismoqalaqeebi da belgiaSi ltolvilad aRiarebuli pirebi.

reziume:1999 wlis 30 aprilis kanonma ucxoeli muSebis dasaqmebis Sesaxeb

Camoayaliba ucxoeli muSebis dasaqmebis axali samarTlebrivi CarCo.parlamentma miiRo es kanoni CarCo-kanonis principis gamoyenebiT,raTa aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas SeZleboda swrafad gamoeyenebi-na saTanado debulebebi gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebisa dadasaqmebis bazris tendenciebis mimarT.

1999 wlis 30 aprils arakomerciulma “moZraobam rasizmis, anti-semitizmisa da qsenofobiis winaaRmdeg” (Mouvement contre le racisme,l'antisémitisme et la xénophobie) daayena sakiTxi kanonis gauqmebisSesaxeb imis safuZvelze, rom parlamenti Caeria regionebis pasuxis-mgeblobis sferoSi da ugulebelyo konstituciuri wesebiTanasworobisa da diskriminaciis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb (konsti-tuciis me-10 da me-11 muxlebi).

23


sasamarTlom daadgina, rom federaluri sakanonmdeblo organouflebamosili iyo, Camoeyalibebina ucxoeli muSebis muSaobisdebulebebi. ra Tqma unda, mas gaaCnda kompetencia, daedginaucxoeTis moqalaqeebis belgiaSi muSaobis moTxovnebi. aseTimoTxovnebi SeiZleba yofiliyo belgiaSi ucxoeli muSebis daSvebisSesaxeb da, Tu ucxoelebi qveyanaSi Semodiodnen muSaobis surviliT,damqiravebels hqonoda dasaqmebis nebarTva.

Tanasworobisa da diskriminaciis dauSveblobis wesebis dacvissakiTxze sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kanoni iTvaliswinebda erTnairreJims ucxoeli muSebisaTvis, romlebic gansxvavdebodnenstatusiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT. evrokavSiris wevr-saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebi da belgiaSi ltolvilad aRiarebulipirebi warmoadgendnen Sesabamis or mdgomareobas. am ori kategori-is mimarT kanonis debulebebi TiTqos arRvevda belgiissaerTaSoriso valdebulebebs, romlebic gamoricxavdnen belgiisSromiT bazarze daSvebaze uaris Tqmas.

meore kategorias ganekuTvnebodnen is ucxoeli moqalaqeebi,romelTa ufleba muSaobis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZlebodadamokidebuli yofiliyo nebarTvis aRebaze. sasamarTlom ar gaauqmakanoni, magram arCia misi kvalificiuri uaryofa (rogorcmiTiTebulia gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilSi) dasasamarTlos ufleba ganmarta, rogorc valdebuleba, romgansakuTrebuli kategoriis muSebs mianiWos privilegiebi maTierovnebis an statusis safuZvelze. man aRniSna, rom travauxpréparatoires iTvaliswinebda am ganmartebas. sasamarTlom ar miiCniadiskriminaciulad momCivnis mier wamoyenebuli sxva gansxvavebani.misi azriT, sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebi, romlebic SeexebodaqveyanaSi samuSaod Semomaval muSebs da ewinaaRmdegeboda im ucx-oeli muSebis Semosvlas, romelTa momaval damqiravebels armiumarTavs an jer ar miuRia nebarTva, iyo gamarTlebuli da pro-porciuli. es mizani Seesabameboda mTlianad kanonis mizans, romel-ic iTvaliswinebda axali muSebis daSvebas mxolod maSin, rodesacbelgiis SromiT bazars SeeZlo maTi miReba.

parlamentma agreTve gaafarTova muSaobis nebarTvaze uaris anCamorTmevis gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba, oRond mxolod belgiaSikanonierad mcxovrebi muSebisaTvis. sasamarTlos azriT,keTilgonivruli iyo im ucxoeli muSebis gamoricxva, romlebicbelgiaSi ukanonod cxovrobdnen. ucxoelTa belgiaSi daSvebis dacxovrebis politikis safuZveli Seiryeoda, Tu erTnairi moTxovnebiimoqmedebda kanonierad da ukanonod mcxovrebi ucxoeli muSebismimarT. gasaCivrebis akrZalva ucxoeli muSebisaTvis, romlebickanonierad cxovrobdnen sazRvargareT da surdaT belgiaSi muSaobis

24


dawyeba, gamarTlebuli iyo imave safuZvelze. dabolos, sasamarTlomsaWirod ar CaTvala, ganexila, gamoiyeneboda Tu ara am SemTxvevaSiECHR-is me-6 muxli da aRniSna, rom “1999 wlis 30 aprilis ucxoelimuSebis dasaqmebis Sesaxeb kanonis miznebisaTvis kompetenturixelisuflis” gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba gasaCivrdes maTi gauqmebismoTxovniT an gasaCivrdes Conseil d'Etat-Si (saxelmwifo sabWoSi) maTiaRsrulebis SeCerebis moTxovniT. dazaralebulma ucxoelma andamqiravebelma SeiZleba yovelTvis gaasaCivros samuSao nebarTvazeuaris Tqma an misi ukan gamoiTxova damoukidebeli tribunalis winaSe.

bosnia-hhercogovinasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

15-12-2000

zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, kerZo mesakuTres, romelic gadawyvetsgayidos an gacvalos Tavisi sakuTreba, Cveulebriv ar SeuZlia ambinaze an qonebaze uflebis dacva, Tu gayidva ar SeiZleba Sefasdes“aranebayoflobiT garigebad”, romlis namdvilobac aRiarebuliakanoniT.

1995 wlis 10 agvistos momCivanma q-nma s.z-m dado sakuTrebisgacvlis kontraqti baton b.v-sTan priJedorSi. am kontraqtisSesabamisad, batonma b.v-m Tavisi qoneba _ registraciis #2308/1 202kvadratuli metris farTobiT _ romelic ganlagebuli iyo xorvati-is kunZul brakze, gadasca momCivans misi qonebis sanacvlod, romlisregistraciis nomeri iyo # 10/118 459 kvadratuli metris farTobiTda mdebareobda priJedorSi.

1996 wlis 8 marts momCivanma wamoiwyo procesi priJedorismunicipaluri sasamarTlos winaSe da iTxovda gacvlis kontraqtisgauqmebas. igi amtkicebda, rom kontraqti gaaforma muqariT da arwarmoadgenda misi mxridan nebayoflobiT aqts. 1996 wlis 27 dekem-bers municipalurma sasamarTlom gadawyvita momCivnis saCivrisuaryofa; momCivans ubrZana priJedoris saxlis datoveba ojaxTanerTad, misi gadacema batoni b.v-saTvis 15 dRis vadaSi da daemuqraZaladobrivi gamosaxlebiT. momCivanma gadawyvetileba gaasaCivrabania lukas umaRles sasamarTloSi, romelmac 1997 wlis 25 seqtem-bris gadawyvetilebaSi miiCnia, rom gacvlis kontraqti namdviliiyo valdebulebebis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad da uaryo s.z-s apela-cia. momCivanma gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba sprsk-is respublikisuzenaes sasamarTloSi, romelmac 1999 wlis 26 maiss uaryo saCivari.

1999 wlis 21 oqtombers momCivanma saCivari waradgina bosnia-hercogovinas sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi sprsk-is respublikis

25


uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg. momCivani amt-kicebda, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba, agreTve, pirveli dameore instanciis sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebi, efuZnebodamaterialuri samarTlis araswor gamoyenebas im faqtis gamo, romomis pirobebi, romelSic man gacvlis xelSekruleba dado, agreTve,xorvatiuli umciresobisadmi kuTvnilebis gamo, priJedorSisirTuleebi ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli. garda amisa, igi amtkicebdaadamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis zogierTi debulebisdarRvevas zemoaRniSnuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis mier,romelTac daadastures xelSekrulebis namdviloba.

1999 wlis 15 noembers momCivanma sTxova sakonstituciosasamarTlos droebiT SeeCerebina municipaluri sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebis aRsruleba. 1999 3 dekembers sasamarTlom saproce-duro wesebis 75-e muxlis Sesabamisad, gamoitana ganCinebagasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb imissafuZvelze, rom mas SeiZleba gamousworebeli saziano Sedegebimohyoloda momCivnisaTvis.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom sprsk-is respublikisuzenaesi sasamarTlos, bania lukas umaRlesi sasamarTlosa dapriJedoris municipaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi wamowevd-nen sakiTxebs bosnia-hercogovinas konstituciis II muxlis, ECHR-isme-8 muxlis da ECHR-is I oqmis pirveli muxlis Sesabamisad, romlebicbosnia-hercogovinis konstituciis II.2 muxlis mixedviT warmoadgensbosnia-hercogovinis samarTlis nawils da sxva normatiul aqtebTanSedarebiT upiratesi Zala gaaCniaT.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom binisa da sakuTrebisuflebis dacvis dakargva xdeba mxolod maSin, rodesac adgili aqvsuZravi qonebis gayidvas, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos “nebayoflobiTgarigebad” da romlis namdvilobac aRiarebulia kanonis mier.sasamarTlos msjelobis Tanaxmad, gayidvis nebayoflobiTi xasiaTiSeiZleba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadges bevr SemTxvevaSi: Tu es moxdasaCqarod an gamyidveli iyo Zlieri zewolis qveS an seriozulsafrTxeSi. mocemul saqmeSi aravin amtkicebda, rom batoni b.v.momCivans emuqreboda an sxvagvarad aiZula igi, gaeformebina masTanxelSekruleba. Tumca, arsebobda sxva garemoebebi, romlebic sakon-stitucio sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos momCivansa dabaton b.v-s Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis Sefasebisas. sasamarTlomSeniSna, rom saxli, romelic momCivanma gadacvala, iyo adgili, sadacigi cxovrobda mTeli cxovreba da romlis mimarTac mas hqondagansakuTrebuli miziduloba. Cveulebriv garemoebebSi igi albaT armoisurvebda saxlis datovebas, raTa sacxovreblad wasuliyodaSorebul adgilas, romelTanac ar gaaCnda raime gansakuTrebuli

26


kavSiri. ufro metic, Canda, rom brakSi saxls mniSvnelovnad dabalifasi hqonda, vidre saxls priJedorSi da gacvlis xelSekrulebamomCivnisaTvis araxelsayreli iyo ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac.yvela am garemoebis gamo kontraqti ar aris normaluri garigeba,romelic ganxorcieldeboda Cveulebriv garemoebebSi. ufro metic,vinaidan garigeba Sedga omis pirobebSi, sasamarTlos eWvi ar epareba,rom batonma b.v-m icoda momCivnis mowyvladi da rTuli mdgomareobada swored es iyo imis mizezi, rom momCivani binis gacvlaze daTanxmda.sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom bosnia-hercogovinaSi mSvidobis Sesaxebzogadi CarCo xelSekrulebisa da bosnia-hercogovinas konstituciis(romelic SeTanxmebis me-4 danarTia) mizani iyo eTnikuri wmendiswinaaRmdeg brZola, romelsac adgili hqonda omis dros. amitombosnia-hercogovinis konstituciis II.5 muxlis erTi mniSvnelovanimizani, inter alia, iyo ltolvilTa da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTadabruneba maTi warmoSobis adgilze da maT Zvel saxlebSi.

saqmis yuradRebiT ganxilvis Semdeg sakonstitucio sasamarTlomdadasturebulad miiCnia, rom momCivanma gacvlis xelSekruleba misimowyvladi mdgomareobis gavleniT dado, vinaidan igi eTnikuriumciresobis warmomadgeneli iyo, xolo im dros bosnia-hercogov-inas umetes nawilSi eTnikuri wmenda mimdinareobda. amitomsasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom aseT garemoebebSi kontraqtis ganxor-cieleba ar Seesabameboda ECHR-is me-8 muxlis Sesabamisad misisaxlis pativiscemis uflebas, bosnia-hercogovinas konstituciisII.3.v muxls da ECHR-is pirveli oqmis Sesabamisad sakuTrebis ufle-bas da bosnia-hercogovinas konstituciis III.3.l muxls.

estoneTiuzenaesi sasamarTlo

sakonstitucio ganxilvis palata03-05-2001

momCivans, qalbaton arendis, surda saxelis Secvla arendi elitavon volskiT. Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma uari ganucxada Txovnaze.qalbatonma arendim gaasaCivra ministris gadawyvetileba talinisadministraciul sasamarTloSi da ganacxada, rom surda Tavisiojaxis gvaris SenarCuneba. sasamarTlom gaauqma gasaCivrebuligadawyvetileba da uzenaes sasamarTlos warudgina peticia saojaxosamarTlis Sesaxeb aqtis 140.1 muxlis konstituciurobis Taobaze. ammuxlis Sesabamisad, 1934 wlis gvarebis Sesaxeb aqtis debulebebigamoiyeneba saxelis Secvlisas.

gvarebis Sesaxeb aqti iTvaliswinebda, inter alia, rom araestonuri

27


gvaris moTxovna ar SeiZleboda, Tu piri iyo estonuri warmomavlo-bis an hqonda estonuri gvari. administraciulma sasamarTlommiiCnia, rom gvarebis Sesaxeb aqtis es debuleba diskriminaciuli iyoestonuri warmomavlobis mqone pirebis mimarT maTi eTnikurobissafuZvelze da arRvevda konstituciis me-12 muxls.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos sakonstitucio ganxilvis palatam aRniSna,rom saojaxo samarTlis aqtis 140.1 muxli ar Seicavs wesebs saxelebisSecvlasTan dakavSirebiT da, Sesabamisad, ar arRvevs individebisZiriTad Tavisuflebebs. es muxli mxolod miuTiTebs gvarebisSesaxeb aqtis saTanado debulebebze, maT Soris, aqtis me-11 muxlze,romelic dakavSirebulia am saqmesTan. uzenaesma sasamarTlomganacxada, rom gvaris Secvlis ufleba SeiZleba moxvdes konstituci-is zogierTi debulebis dacvis sferoSi _ magaliTad, konstituciis26-e muxli (piradi da saojaxo cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba),konstituciis me-19 muxli (TviTganviTarebis Tavisuflebis ufleba)da a.S. vinaidan qalbatoni arendi acxadebda administraciulisasamarTlos winaSe, rom mas surda qaliSvilobis gvaris damateba missaxelze, uzenaesma sasamarTlom yuradRebis koncentrireba moaxdinapiradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebaze. uzenaesmasasamarTlom miiCnia, rom gvarebis Sesaxeb aqtis me-11 muxlis mizaniiyo estonuri warmomavlobis (identity) dacva.

konstituciis preambulis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo uzrunvely-ofs estoneli eris da kulturis dacvas samaradJamod. sasamarTlomaRiara erovnuli warmomavlobis (identity) dacvis mniSvneloba kon-stituciis Seqmnis dros, Tumca, iqve aRniSna, rom erovnuli warmo-mavlobis (identity) dacvis mizeziT gvarebis Secla ar unda dayovndes.am daskvnas mxars uWerda evropuli qveynebis praqtikis analizi,romelic warmoadgina adamianis uflebebis evropulma sasamarTlomsaqmeSi _ sterna fineTis winaaRmdeg (Stjerna v. Finland (Bulletin 1994/3[ECH-1994-3-019]). uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom gvarebisSesaxeb aqtis me-11 muxlis akrZalva araproporciuli iyo daarRvevda konstituciis 26-e muxls.

uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom gvarebis Sesaxeb aqtis me-11muxli diskriminaciuli iyo araestonelebis mimarT, romelTacestonuri gvari hqondaT. aqti ukrZalavda aseT pirebs gvarebisSecvlas araestonuri gvarebiT maSin, rodesac araestonels, romel-sac hqonda araestonuri gvari, SeeZlo misi Secvla sxva araestonurigvariT. es gansxvaveba gaumarTlebelia da arRvevs konstituciis 12.1muxls. sakonstitucio ganxilvis palatam gvarebis Sesaxeb aqtis me-11 muxli baTilad gamoacxada.

28


litvasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

21-10-1999

konstituciis me-14 muxlis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo ena iqnebalitvuri. es niSnavs, rom litvuri savaldebuloa mxolod litvissajaro (oficialur) cxovrebaSi. litvis respublikis moqalaqis pas-porti aris oficialuri dokumenti, romelic adasturebssamarTlebriv kavSirs individsa da saxelmwifos Soris, e.i. pirismoqalaqeobas. is faqti, rom moqalaqeobis sakiTxi miekuTvnebasajaro sferos, niSnavs, rom pasportSi individis saxeli da gvariunda daiweros saxelmwifo enaze.

reziume: 1991 wlis 31 ianvars litvis respublikis uzenaesma sabWom (axla

Seimas) daadgina, rom aralitveli pirebis saxelebi da gvarebi daiw-ereba litvuri asoebiT, rac aisaxa litvis respublikis pasportebSisaxelebisa da gvarebis marTlweris Sesaxeb dadgenilebaSi (“dadge-nileba”). momCivani – vilniusis regionaluri sasamarTlo _ kiTxvisniSnis qveS ayenebda aRniSnuli debulebis litvis respublikiskonstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxs da acxadebda, rom igiarRvevda piradi cxovrebis uflebas, Tanasworobis princips daerovnuli umciresobebis uflebebs. sakonstitucio sasamarTlomganacxada, rom saxelmwifo enis savaldebulo gamoyenebis sferoalitvis sajaro (oficialuri) cxovreba. amrigad, ar aris savaldebu-lo litvuri enis gamoyeneba kerZo cxovrebaSi, sadac pirebi maT mierarCeul enas iyeneben. dadgenileba ar aregulirebs kerZo cxovrebas,aramed, ubralod, adgens, Tu rogor daiwereba litvis respublikispasportebSi saxelebi da gvarebi.

debuleba iTvaliswinebs, rom litvis respublikis moqalaqispasportSi individebis saxelebi da gvarebi daiwereba litvuriasoebiT maTi gamoTqmis Sesabamisad. sakonstitucio sasamarTlomagreTve aRniSna, rom debuleba gamoiyeneba yvela moqalaqis mimarTgamonaklisebis gareSe, maTi erovnebis an sxva niSnebis miuxedavad.individis garda sxva aravinaa uflebamosili, gadawyvitos misierovnuli kuTvnileba, amitom dauSvebelia saxelmwifo enisgamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT gamonaklisebis dadgena pirovnebiserovnulobis gaTvaliswinebiT. individs arc piris erovnulobissafuZvelze aqvs ufleba moiTxovos, rom saxelmwifo enis statusi-dan gamomdinare mis mimarT wesebi ar iqnas gamoyenebuli.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom dadgenileba areg-ulirebs erovnuli sazogadoebebis urTierTobebis sxvadasxva bunebas,amrigad, man daadgina, rom dadgenileba Seesabameba konstitucias.

29


sloveniasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

28-01-1999

konstituciiT, adgilobrivi italiuri da ungruli erovnulierTobebi da misi wevrebi sargebloben uflebiT, Tavisufladgamoiyenon maTi erovnuli simboloebi. Sesabamisad, maT SeuZliaTgamoiyenon italielebisa da ungrelebis simboloebi, rogorcsakuTari, imis miuxedavad, es simboloebi italiisa da ungreTis sax-elmwifo simboloebis identuria, Tu ara. sloveniis respublikisgerbis, erovnuli droSisa da saxelmwifo himnis Sesaxeb da sloveni-is erovnuli droSis Sesaxeb aqtis Sesabamisad, oficialurSemTxvevebSi adgilobrivma erovnulma erTobebma da maTma warmo-madgenlebma erovnuli simboloebi unda gamoiyenon mxolodsloveniis respublikis simboloebTan erTad da Tanac imgvarad, romupiratesoba am ukanasknels hqondes. aRniSnuli kanonis debulebe-bi, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi sloveniisrespublikis simboloebTan erTad gamoiyeneba italiuri daungruli erovnuli erTobebis droSa da erovnul (sloveniur)himnTan erTad SeiZleba aJRerdes am erTobebis himnic, ar arisarakonstituciuri.

reziume: erovnulma sabWom sTxova sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, konsti-

tuciis gaTvaliswinebiT gadaewyvita, adgilobrivi italiuri daungruli erovnuli erTobebis simboloebi SeiZleba iyos Tu ara sxvasaxelmwifoebis simboloebis msgavsi. momCivani asaCivrebda sloveni-is respublikis gerbis, erovnuli droSisa da saxelmwifo himnis dasloveniis erovnuli droSis Sesaxeb aqtis (SemdgomSi aqti) debule-bebs, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi erovnuldroSasTan SeiZleba gamofenil iqnes italiuri an ungrulierovnuli erTobebis droSebi da sloveniis erovnul himnTan erTaddaukran am erovnuli erTobebis himnic.

erovnuli erTobis droSa gamoifineba iq, sadac cxovrobenitaliuri da ungruli erovnuli erTobebi, (sloveniis respub-likis) erovnul dResaswaulebze, glovis dRes, romelsacgansazRvravs mTavroba, saxelmwifosaTvis mniSvnelovan sajaroceremoniebze, adgilobrivi erTobebis dResaswaulebze, TudroSis gamoyeneba ar ewinaaRmdegeba aqts (mux. 13.2 da 14.3).erovnuli himni SeiZleba daukran am erTobis mier mowyobil cere-moniazec (aqtis 21.2 muxli). italiuri da ungruli erovnulierTobebis simboloebis buneba da forma ar aris daregulirebulikanoniT, Tumca, momCivani amtkicebs, rom aqtma, sul mcire, unda

30


gansazRvros, rom es simboloebi italiisa da ungreTis sax-elmwifoebis simboloebis identuri ar iyos.

konstitucia icavs adgilobriv italiur da ungrul erovnulerTobebs da mis wevrebs ori saSualebiT: pirvel rigSi igiiTvaliswinebs yvelasaTvis da, Sesabamisad, am individebisaTvisacTanaswor uflebebs da ZiriTad Tavisuflebebs erovnulikuTvnilebis miuxedavad (konstituciis 14.1 muxli). agreTve, igianiWebs calkeul wevrebs da maT erovnul erTobebs zogierT spe-cialur uflebas (konstituciis 64-e muxli). am institucionaluriCarCos mizania maTi erovnuli kuTvnilebis SenarCuneba dasocialur cxovrebaSi orive adgilobrivi erovnuli erTobis damaTi wevrebis Tanaswori monawileoba. am konteqstSi konstituciaiTvaliswinebs, rom orive adgilobriv erovnul erTobasa da maTwevrebs aqvT erovnuli simboloebis gamoyenebis ufleba (konsti-tuciis 64-e muxli).

termini “maTi sakuTari erovnuli simboloebi” ukve gulisxmobs,rom igi exeba im erebis simboloebs, romelTa nawilsac warmoadgenenitaliuri da ungruli erovnuli erTobebi, anu italiisa daungreTis erebis simboloebi. magram italiuri da ungruli erebiganviTarda istoriulad da ar unda iyos damokidebuli vinmesarCevanze. es erovnuli somboloebi Camoyalibda italieli daungreli erebis istoriis ganmavlobaSi. adgilobrivi italiuri daungruli erovnuli erTobebi da maTi warmomadgenlebi ufle-bamosilni arian, konstituciis Sesabamisad, gamoiyenon italiuri daungruli erovnuli simboloebi rogorc sakuTari, miuxedavad imfaqtisa, rom isini SeiZleba italiisa da ungreTis saxelmwifoebiserovnuli simboloebis identuri iyos. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tukonstitucia pirdapir akrZalavda, rom maTi simboloebi sxva sax-elmwifoebis simboloebis msgavsi ar yofiliyo, maSin konstituciis64-e muxlis sxvagvari ganmarteba SeiZleboda.

aqtidan gamomdinare, simboloebi, romlebsac adgilobrivierovnuli erTo bebi da maTi wevrebi rogorc sakuTar erovnul sim-boloebs, ise iyeneben, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes oficialurSemTxvevebSi mxolod sloveniis respublikis simboloebTan erTadda imgvarad, rom upiratesoba am ukanasknels hqondes.

im SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebTan mimarTebiTacgamoiyeneba gasaCivrebuli me-13, me-14 da 21-e muxlebi,gasaCivrebuli debulebebis teqstidan gamomdinare, adgilobriverovnul umciresobaTa simboloebi gamoiyeneba mxolod sloveniisrespublikis simboloebTan erTad. amis gamo sityva “agreTve”gamoiyeneba samive debulebaSi. gasaCivrebuli sakanonmdeblodebulebebi gamoricxavs adgilobrivi erovnuli erTobebis droSis

31


gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas saxelmwifo vizitebis dros – sloveniisrespublikis umaRlesi pirebis vizitebi sazRvargareT an vice versawarmodgenebisa da sajaro Tavyrilobebis (Sekrebebis) dros,romelSic warmodgenilia an monawileobs sloveniis respublika.amrigad, momCivnis mtkiceba, rom adgilobrivi erovnuli erTobebiTdasaxlebul teritoriaze SesaZloa moxdes, rom “sloveniis armiamarSirebs italiis (an ungreTis) droSis qveS da mReris italiis (anungreTis) himns,” ar aris marTali.

aqtis me-6 muxlidan gamomdinareobs, rom sxva oficialurSemTxvevebSi, romelic araa gaTvaliswinebuli aqtiT, adgilobrivierovnuli erTobebis simboloebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnesmxolod sloveniis respublikis simboloebTan erTad. am debulebisSesabamisad, sloveniis respublikis gerbi da droSa unda ganTavsdessapatio adgilas, rodesac ukraven an ganTavsebulia sloveniiserovnul droSasTan erTad, italiuri an ungruli erovnulierTobebis droSasTan erTad, adgilobrivi erTobebis droSasTanerTad, samxedro an ucxoeTis droSasTan an sxva simboloebTanerTad, Tu aqti ar iTvaliswinebs sxvagvarad. debulebis sityvieriganmartebidan gamomdinareobs, rom es ar exeba im SemTxvevebs, rode-sac saxelmwifo an sxva simboloebi gamoiyeneba araoficialurad. Tudebuleba ganimarteba amgvarad, ganmartebis sxva dadgenilimeTodebic ar aris winaaRmdegobaSi. araoficialur SemTxvevebSisaxelmwifo simboloebis farglebi Camoyalibebulia aqtis sxvadebulebebSi. maT Soris, yvelaze mniSvnelovania me-7 muxli. aqti araregulirebs sxva simboloebis gamoyenebas araoficialurSemTxvevebSi. (arg. a contrario from Article 1).

meore mxriv, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom oficialur SemTxvevebSisxva erovnuli simboloebis damoukidebeli gamoyeneba ar xvdebaaqtis regulirebis sferoSi, magram aseTi interpretacia agreTveniSnavs, rom, magaliTad, sloveniis respublikisaTvis mniSvnelovanisazogadoebrivi warmodgenebis dros, humanitarul, samxedro an sxvaSemTxvevebSi, romlebSic warmodgenilia sloveniis respublika anromelSic igi monawileobs, SesaZlebelia ucxo saxelmwifoTa sim-boloebis gamoyeneba, Tu ar aris aucilebeli sloveniis respublikisdroSis gamoyeneba.

aseTi ganmarteba ar Seesabameba saxelmwifo simboloebis pativis-cemis valdebulebas, rac Camoyalibebuli Cveulebaa civilizebulsazogadoebaSi. Sesabamisad, me-6 muxli SeiZleba ganimartos, romkrZalavs sxva simboloebis damoukideblad gamoyenebas oficialurSemTxvevebSi. oficialuri SemTxvevebia, agreTve, romlebSic monaw-ileoben adgilobrivi erovnuli erTobebi an monawileoben maTi adg-ilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis saSualebiT, rogorc

32


sajaro samarTlis erTeulebi. ufro metic, erovnuli erTobebiswarmomadgenlebma sakonstitucio sasamarTlos winaSe procesis mim-dinareobisas daadastures, rom adgilobriv erovnul erTobebsesmodaT sakanonmdeblo regulireba aRwerili formiT da maTerovnul simboloebs am wesis Sesabamisad iyenebdnen.

TTaannaasswwoorroobbaa eennoobbrriivvii nniiSSnniiTT

belgiasaarbitraJo sasamarTlo

31-05-2001

sasamarTlom unda ganixilos eupenSi, germanulenovani regioniscentrSi momuSave ramdenime mosamarTlis mier Setanili saCivari1999 wlis 7 maisis kanonis gauqmebis (anulirebis) Sesaxeb, romelmacSesworebebi Seitana samosamarTlo kodeqsis debulebebSimosamarTleTa administraciuli sistemis Sesaxeb. momCivnebi amt-kicebdnen, rom gasaCivrebul kanonSi ar iyo debulebebi erovnulidisciplinuri sabWos germanulenovani danayofis Sesaxeb. maTmiaCndaT, rom germanulenovani mosamarTlis winaaRmdeg procesisdawyebisas, Tu igi iTxovda procesis germanulad Catarebas,mTliani procesis germanulad Casatareblad mxolod erTi germanu-lenovani mosamarTlis daswreba sakmarisi ar iyo. maT Tavi diskrim-inebulad miiCnies frangulenovan da holandiurenovanmosamarTleebTan SedarebiT, romelTac SeeZloT gamosuliyvnendisciplinuri komitetis winaSe, sadac yvelas esmoda maTi ena.sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom reJimis gansxvaveba dafuZnebuli iyoobieqtur garemoebaze _ enaze.

man agreTve ganacxada, rom debuleba keTilgonivruladgamarTlebuli iyo imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom germanulenovanimosamarTleebis ricxvi, romelTac SeeZloT daekmayofilebinaTerovnul disciplinur sabWoSi arCevis pirobebi, SezRuduligaxldaT; es garemoeba aRniSnuli iyo kanonis mosamzadebeldokumentebSi.

sasamarTlom agreTve daadgina, SeeZloT Tu ara erovnuli disci-plinuri sabWos wevrebs germanulenovani mosamarTleebis gageba daganxilva saTanadod. am konteqstSi man mxedvelobaSi miiRo Semdegifaqtebi: kanonis Tanaxmad, eupenis regionis mosamarTleebsmoeTxovebodaT, daemtkicebinaT xarisxis sertifikatiT, romsamarTlis xarisxi miiRes frangulad Catarebuli gamocdiT, an

33


daedasturebinaT frangulis codna; germanulenovan mosamarTlesSeeZlo eTxova procesis Catareba germanulad da aseT SemTxvevaSisaWiroebis dros gamoiyenebdnen mTargmnelebs/Tarjimnebs.sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom maRali instanciebis sasamarTloebTan(Conseil d'État, saarbitraJo sasamarTlo da sakasacio sasamarTlo)dakavSirebuli kanonebi gansazRvravda germanulis codnis Sesaxebanalogiur moTxovnebs an aseT moTxovnebs saerTod ar Seicavda.

aRniSnul debulebebs arasdros SeuSlia xeli mosamarT-leebisaTvis, rom advokatis gamosvla moesminaT germanulad,SeeswavlaT wardgenili germanuli dokumentebi an gancxadebebi angadawyvetileba gamoetanaT germanulad, rodesac kanoni amasmoiTxovda. momCivanma mosamarTleebma germanulenovani mosamarT-leebis mdgomareoba, romelTa winaaRmdegac disciplinuri procesimimdinareobs, Seadares imaT mdgomareobas, romelTa winaaRmdegacaRZruli iyo sisxlis samarTlis saqme. sasamarTlos pasuxi amkonteqstSi iyo is, rom ar arsebobda gansxvaveba ori saxis processSoris: kanonmdeblobis Seqmnisas gaiTvaliswines, rom zogjerSeuZlebeli iyo iseTi sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos Seqmna,romelic gadawyvetilebas gamoitanda germanulad. aseT Sem-TxvevebSi procesi tardeboda frangulad da SesaZlebeli iyoTarjimnebis gamoyeneba erT-erTi mxaris Txovnis SemTxvevaSi anuSualod sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT.

saarbitraJo sasamarTlos winaSe mimdinare procesSi CarTulmamxarem _ germanulenovani erTobis mTavrobam _ Tavis mxriv ganacxa-da, rom irRveoda Tanasworobisa da diskriminaciis dauSveblobiskonstituciuri principebi (konstituciis me-10 da me-11 muxlebi)ECHR-is me-6 muxlis gaTvaliswinebiT. adamianis uflebaTa evrop-uli sasamarTlos mier 1999 wlis 8 dekembers pelegrinis saqmeze(Pellegrin judgment) gamotanil gadawyvetilebaze miTiTebiT,saarbitraJo sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mosamarTleebisaTvisCamoyalibebuli disciplinuri sistema ar xvdeboda ECHR-is me-6muxlis farglebSi. Tumca, es garemoeba imas ar niSnavda, rom disci-plinur sakiTxebTan ar SeiZleboda zogierTi garantiis gamoyeneba,magaliTad, mosamarTleTa miukerZoeblobis principi. Tumca, esprincipi ar darRveula, vinaidan ar arsebobda sakmarisi mtkice-buleba imis dasadastureblad, rom erovnuli disciplinuri sabWosgermanulenovani mosamarTle SeZlebda gavlenis moxdenas yvelaetapze. vinaidan sabWos wevrebs, romlebic sakmarisad gamarTuladver flobdnen germanul enas, SeeZloT Tarjimnis momsaxurebiTsargebloba, saSualeba hqondaT, pirdapiri kavSiri hqonodaTprocesTan dakavSirebul dokumentebTan da SeeswavlaT masalebi(saqme). sasamarTlom uaryo saCivari.

34



22-12-1994

sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia ganaCeni gamoitanos konstituciisavtorTa gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb (B. 2.3 da B.3.5). ECHR-is pirvelioqmis me-3 muxli iTvaliswinebs xmis micemisa da arCevis uflebas,magram mxolod iseTi asambleis arCevnebisaTvis, romelic axor-cielebs sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebas amomrCevelTanmimarTebiT an kandidatebisaTvis, romlebmac miuTiTes am muxlze(B.4.6 to B.4.8, B.4.15 and B.4.16). samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebe-bis Sesaxeb samoqalaqo paqtis 27-e muxli Seexeba eTnikuri,religiuri da lingvisturi umciresobebis dacvas da ukrZalavswevr-saxelmwifoebs, inter alia, uari uTxras am pirebs kulturulcxovrebaze aRniSnuli jgufis wevrebis sazogadoebaSi.

Tanasworobis da diskriminaciis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb konstitu-ciuri wesebi, romlebsac moicavs samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebe-bis Sesaxeb paqtis 27-e muxli, ar irRveva sakanonmdeblo debulebiT,romelic flemiSis regionis frangulenovan mosaxleobas aRar aZlevsfranguli erTobis sabWoSi arCevis uflebas; am ukanasknels ar gaaCniasakanonmdeblo Zalaufleba aRniSnul macxovreblebze, magram arCamourTmevia maTTvis kulturuli cxovrebis ufleba maTi jgufiswevrebis sazogadoebaSi an kulturuli garTobis saSualebebi,romelzec pasuxismgebelia franguli sazogadoeba (B.4.12 to B.4.14).

adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis precedentulisamarTlis gaTvaliswinebiT (Mathieu-Morin and Clerfayt case, Series A no.113, para. 57,Special Bulletin ECHR [ECH-1987-S-001]) da, agreTve, imismxedvelobaSi miRebiT, rom arCeuli warmomadgenlebis mier dadebulifici imave mniSvnelobisaa maTTvisac, vinc am process xelmZRvanelobsda maTTvisac, vinc fics debs, konstituciis me-15 muxlis Sesabamisad,specialuri kanoniT dawesebuli valdebuleba holandiurad ficisdadebis Taobaze, flemiSis sabWos yvela wevrisaTvis, maT Soris, fran-gulad mosaubre wevrebisaTvisac, aradiskriminaciuli xasiaTisaa. esvaldebuleba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos samoqalaqo da politikuriuflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis 27-e muxliTgaTvaliswinebuli uflebis aramarTlzomier SezRudvad; es muxliiTvaliswinebs yvela piris mier misi jgufis wevrebis sazogadoebaSisakuTari enis gamoyenebis uflebas.

sxva sakanonmdeblo sabWoebSi gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva sistemebiasaxavs maT specialur xasiaTs (B.4.18 to B.4.24). briusel-hal-vil-vordis saarCevno ubnis Seqmna, romelic moicavs or sxvadasxvaregionSi ganlagebul erTobebs (flemiSis regioni da briuselis-

35


dedaqalaqis regioni) federaluri palatebis da evropis parlamen-tis arCevnebis miznebisaTvis, gamoiwvia saerTo kompromisismiRwevis aucileblobam da belgiis respublikaSi sxvadasxvaerTobisa da regionis interesebis arsebiTi balansis dacvam. ammizanma SeiZleba gaamarTlos gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobdaamomrCevelsa da kandidats Soris briusel-hal-vilvordSi da sxvaregionebSi, Tuki ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi marTlzomieradSeiZleba CaiTvalos proporciulad (B.5.5 to B. 5.10).

reziume: es gadawyvetileba Seexeba saCivars sxvadasxva debulebebis gauqme-

bis Taobaze; gasaCivrebuli debulebebi aregulirebs federaciis(warmomadgenelTa palata da senati) da federaluri erTeulebis(erTobebisa da regionebis sabWoebi) saparlamento asambleaTaarCevnebs. erT-erTi saCivari iyo is, rom senatis pirdapiriarCevnebisaTvis ar aris specialuri saarCevno ubani germanulenovanimosaxleobisaTvis, rogorc es xdeba holandiurenovani da frangulen-ovani regionebisaTvis. konstitucia iTvaliswinebs, rom holandieliamomrCeveli irCevs 25 senators, xolo frangi amomrCeveli _ 15-s; samierTobis (flemiSis, frangulenovani da germanulenovani) sabWoebma dadamoukideblad arCeulma senatorebma unda daasaxelon fiqsirebuliraodenobis senatorebi. saCivris im nawilTan dakavSirebiT, romdairRva Tanasworobisa da diskriminaciis dauSveblobis principebi,sasamarTlom aRniSna: Tavad konstitucia aregulirebs pirdapirarCeuli senatorebis dasaxelebas da [sasamarTlos] ar SeuZliagadawyvetileba gamoitanos saCivarze, romliTac mas mouwevs konsti-tuciix avtorebis arCevanis Sefaseba. igive pasuxi gaeca saCivars,romelic Seexeboda warmomadgenelTa palatis Semadgenlobas.

fizikurma pirebma, rogorc frangulenovani amomrCevlis parla-mentis wevrebma, waradgines sxva saCivari kanonmdeblobiswinaaRmdeg, romlis Tanaxmadac, hal-vilvordis administraciuliraionis (flemiSis regionis nawili) frangulenovan mosaxleobasaRar SeuZlia warmodgenili iyos franguli erTobis sabWoSi. fran-guli erTobis sabWos dekretebs ar gaaCnia samarTlebrivad savalde-bulo xasiaTi holandiurad mosaubre regionSi. Tavdapirvelad,ganisazRvra ra ECHR-is pirveli oqmis me-3 muxlis farglebi,sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom rogorc holandiurenovan, aseve, frangu-lenovan macxovreblebs aqvT monawileobis ufleba sakanonmdebloasambleis arCevnebSi, romelic maTzea pasuxismgebeli da arc erTjgufs ar SeuZlia xmis micema sakanonmdeblo asambleis arCevnebSi,romelic araa maTze pasuxismgebeli.

am kuTxiT ar arsebobs diskriminacia, erTi mxriv, hal-vilvordSifrangulenovan mosaxleobas da, meore mxriv, hal-vilvordis

36


holandiurenovan mosaxleobas Soris, briusel-dedaqalaqisholandiurenovan mosaxleobasa da briusel-dedaqalaqis frangu-lenovan mosaxleobas Soris. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom ar darRveulaTanasworobisa da diskriminaciis dauSveblobis principi, rogorcamas iTvaliswinebs samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis SesaxebsaerTaSoriso paqtis 27-e muxli am gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebulisasamarTlos mier aRniSnuli debulebis ganmartebis gaTvalis-winebiT.

amave konteqstSi sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom flemiSis sabWoswevrebze, maT Soris, frangulenovan wevrebzec, dakisrebuliholandiuri ficis valdebuleba ar arRvevda ECHR-is pirveli oqmisme-3 muxliT da paqtis 27-e muxliT dacul Tanasworobisa da diskrim-inaciis dauSveblobis principebs. rac Seexeba saCivars, rom erTianisaarCevno ubnis Seqmna, romelic moicavs or regions (briusel-hal-vilvordi (mdebareobs orenovan briusel-dedaqalaqis regionSi) daerTenovani flemiSis regioni), arRvevda Tanasworobisa da diskrim-inaciis dauSveblobis konstituciur wesebs, vinaidan igi awesebs gan-sxvavebas amomrCevelsa da kandidatebs Soris erTsa da imave enobrivregionsa an provinciaSi. zogierTi maTganis sasamarTlo RonisZiebasgamarTlebulad miiCnevs;

gamarTlebis safuZvlebia: saerTo kompromisis dacvis saWiroeba,risi saSualebiTac Catarda institucionaluri reformebi belgiaSi;da is faqtis, rom adamianis ZiriTad uflebebSi Careva ar yofila ara-proporciuli. gasaCivrebuli debulebebi arc araproporciuladarRveven yoveli piris Tavisuflebas, xma miscen kandidats arCevanismixedviT da kenWi iyaron arCevnebze da arc amcireben da auqmebenindividis saarCevno uflebis arss. es arc imas niSnavs, rom zogamomrCevels naklebi gavlena aqvs kandidatis dasaxelebisas, vidresxvebs an erT kandidats upiratesoba aqvs meoresTan SedarebiT. nive-lesa da luvanis raionebis briusel-hal-vilvordis saarCevno ubanSigaerTianebaze uari SeiZleba aixsnas (gamarTldes) im faqtiT, romyvela gansxvavebuli erToba, romlebsac gaaCniaT specialuri sta-tusi administraciuli miznebisaTvis enis gamoyenebasTandakavSirebiT, ganlagebulia hal-vilvordis raionSi.


16-12-1999

ukrainuli, rogorc saxelmwifo ena, savaldebulo urTierTobisenaa ukrainis mTel teritoriaze ukrainis saxelmwifo organoebis

37


da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebisaTvis maTi ufle-bamosilebis ganxorcielebisas (aqtebis, muSaobis, dokumentebis daa.S. ena), agreTve, cxovrebis oficialur sferoSi kanonis Sesabamisad(konstituciis 10.5 muxli). oficialur enasTan erTadaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis adgilobriv organoebs, yirimisavtonomiuri respublikis organoebs da adgilobriviTviTmmarTvelobis organoebs SeuZliaT rusuli enis da erovnuliumciresobebis sxva enebis gamoyeneba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.

ganaTlebis ena ukrainis winasaskolo, zogad, profesiul da sax-elmwifo, aseve, komerciul umaRles saswavleblebSi aris ukrain-uli. oficialur enasTan erTad SeiZleba gamoiyenon da iswavle-bodes erovnuli umciresobebis ena saxelmwifo da saerTosaganmanaTleblo institutebSi konstituciis 53.5 muxlis debule-bebis Sesabamisad.

xalxis warmomadgenlebma wamoWres sakiTxi konstituciis me-10muxlis debulebebis formalurad ganmartebis Taobaze, romelicdakavSirebulia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebis da maTiTanamSromlebis mier oficialuri enis gamoyenebasTan, agreTve,ukrainuli enis gamoyenebasTan saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi.

termini “saxelmwifo ena” aRniSnavs enas, romelic airCia sax-elmwifom, rogorc savaldebulo urTierTobis saSualeba sazoga-doebis cxovrebis oficialur sferoSi. konstituciis me-10 muxlisTanaxmad, ukrainuli aris oficialuri ena. preambulis Tanaxmad, essruliad Seefereba ukraineli eris rols saxelmwifos formirebaSi;ukraineli eri istoriulad cxovrobda ukrainis teritoriaze, war-moadgenda ukrainis mosaxleobis absolutur umravlesobas da sax-elmwifos misca saxeli. oficialuri enis koncefcia “konstituci-uri wesrigis” komponentia, romelic ufro didia Tavisi SinaarsiTada farglebiT. meore komponentia erovnuli simboloebis koncef-cia. ukrainaSi konstituciuri wesrigis gansazRvrisa da Secvlisufleba ekuTvnis xalxs (konstituciis 5.3 muxli). sazogadoebrivisferoebi, sadac gamoiyeneba oficialuri ena, aris is sferoebi,sadac sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebissamsaxurebi, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sxva uwyebebi da adgilo-brivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi axorcieleben Tavis ufle-bamosilebas (muSaobis, aqtebis, ofisis samuSaos da dokumentebis, amorganoebs da samsaxurebs Soris urTierTobis da a.S. ena).

sxva sferoebi, romlebic konstituciis me-10 muxlis me-5 nawilisada 92.1.4 muxlis Sesabamisad gansazRvrulia kanoniT, SeiZlebaagreTve dakavSirebuli iyos oficialuri enis gamoyenebasTan. amasgarda, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulia ukrainuli da sxva enebisgamoyeneba saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo institutebSi. konsti-

38


tuciis 92.1.4 muxlis Sesabamisad, enis gamoyenebis procedurebiganisazRvreba mxolod kanoniT. ukrainuli enis kargad codna ofi-cialuri Tanamdebobebis dakavebis savaldebulo moTxovnaa (konsti-tuciis 103-e, 127-e da 148-e muxlebi). sakonstitucio samarTlissafuZvelze, ukrainuli enis gamoyeneba oficialur enad, savaldebu-loa. konstituciis 10.3 muxlis Sesabamisad, rusuli da ukrainiserovnuli umciresobebis sxva enebis Tavisufali ganviTareba,gamoyeneba da dacva garantirebulia. konstituciis 24.2 muxlisSesabamisad, dauSvebelia privilegiebis miniWeba an SezRudvebisdaweseba enis safuZvelze.

TTaannaasswwoorroobbaa sseeqqssuuaalluurrii oorriieennttaacciiiiss nniiSSnniiTT

ungreTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

04-09-2002

aucilebelia, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi debuleba araZiriTadiuflebebis diferencirebis (gansxvavebis) Sesaxeb ar gamoiyenebodesgaumarTleblad, anu ar iyos mikerZoebuli xasiaTis da ar daarRviosadamianis ganuyofeli Rirseba. heteroseqsualuri da homoseqsu-aluri orientacia Tanabrad ekuTvnis adamianis Rirsebis arss;Sesabamisad, gansakuTrebuli gamarTleba aucilebelia maTierTmaneTisagan gancalkevebisa da mocemuli pirebis RirsebazearaTanasworad mopyrobisaTvis. konstituciis 67.1 muxlidan [ENG-HUN-A-67] gamomdinare, valdebuleba, rom saxelmwifom daicvasbavSvi, ar aris sakmarisad Zlieri konstituciuri gamarTleba SemdegSemTxvevaSi: bavSvebis janmrTeli seqsualuri ganviTarebismozrdilebis gavlenisagan damcavi sisxlissamarTlebrivdebulebebSi daculi asaki gansazRvrulia sxvadasxvagvarad imissafuZvelze, seqsualuri qmedeba ganxorcielda erTi sqesis Tusxvadasxva sqesis pirebs Soris.

ex post facto normis ganxilvis Sesaxeb gancxadebisa da sasamarTlosmier wamowyebuli ganxilvis ganmavlobaSi, sakonstituciosasamarTlom gaauqma homoseqsualizmis Sesaxeb debulebebiungreTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi (ussk), romlebic SeexebodaerTi sqesis adamianebs Soris seqsualur kavSirs (danaSaulebi pirisTanxmobiT arabunebrivi seqsualuri kavSiris damyarebis Sesaxeb dapiris Tanxmobis gareSe pirTan arabunebrivi seqsualuri kavSiris

39


damyarebis Sesaxeb). sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis debulebebisSesabamisad, 18 wlis zemoT piri amyarebs arabunebriv seqsualurkavSirs, rodesac igi seqsualur kavSirSi Sedis imave sqesis 14-18wlis pirTan misi TanxmobiT an Tanxmobis gareSe. Tumca 14-18 wlispirebisaTvis danaSaulad ar iTvleba seqsualuri kavSiris damyarebaerTmaneTTan, miuxedavad imisa, isini erTi sqesisani arian, Tu ara.

ungreTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi iyenebs erT mosazrebasdanaSaulis Cadenis da misi dasjis mimarT, Tumca, gancalkevebulisamarTlebrivi debulebebiT, rodesac saqme exeba pirTan seqsu-aluri kavSiris damyarebas misi survilis sawinaaRmdegod.danaSaulis saxelwodebaa “danaSauli sircxvilis winaaRmdeg (ussk,mux. 198), rodesac damnaSave da msxverpli sxvadasxva sqesis adami-anebi arian; danaSauls ewodeba “arabunebriv seqsualur aqtSi Cabmaam piris survilis sawinaaRmdegod” (ussk, mux. 200), rodesacdamnaSave da msxverpli erTi sqesisani arian. kanonmdebeli ganasx-vavebs or danaSauls imiT, rom danaSauli sircxvilis winaaRmdegdasjadia mxolod piradi saCivris safuZvelze maSin, rodesacarabunebriv seqsualur kavSirSi Cabma piris survilis winaaRmdegdasjadia momCivnis survilis miuxedavad (ussk, mux/ 209).

samarTlebrivi istoriis dawvrilebiTi gamokvlevisa daSedarebis Semdeg sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Seiswavla evropuliforumis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi da gansaxilveli debulebigamoacxada arakonstituciurad. sakonstitucio sasamarTlosTanaxmad, ussk-s 199-e muxli ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis 70/A.1muxls [ENG-HUN-A-70/A] imis safuZvelze, rom misi [199-e muxlis]gamarTleba ar SeiZleba obieqturi faqtebis safuZvelze da,Sesabamisad, axdens mikerZoebul gansxvavebas 18 wlis zemoT pirebisseqsualuri orientaciis safuZvelze, Tu isini seqsualur kavSirsamyareben 14-18 wlis pirebTan maTi TanxmobiT.

1. ussk-s 199-e muxlis konstituciurobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ar daumyarebia e.w.aucileblobis testze, aramed gamoiyena racionalurobis testi,romelic agreTve gamoiyena 203.3 muxlis sakonstitucio ganxil-visas, romlis Tanaxmadac, “arabunebrivi” seqsualuri kavSiris dam-yareba erTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs Soris ukanonoa (Bulletin 1999/3[HUN-1999-3-005]).

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesabamisad, ussk-s 199-e muxlisSemTxvevaSi iqmneba SedarebiTi jgufi 18 wlis zemoT pirebisagan,romlebic seqsualur kavSirs amyareben ufro arasrulwlovanebTan14 wlis zemoT, maTi TanxmobiT. ussk-s 199-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gansx-vaveba am jgufis SigniT xdeba gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi mxolod damxolod 18 wlis zemoT pirebis seqsualuri orientaciis safuZvelze.

40


kanonmdebeli miuTiTebs, rom ussk-s 199-e muxlis danaSaulismizania, axalgazrdebis janmrTeli seqsualuri ganviTareba. konsti-tuciis 67.1 muxlis safuZvelze [ENG-HUN-A-67] saxelmwifos gaaCniavaldebuleba, daicvas am asakobrivi jgufis yvela warmomadgeneli,uzrunvelyos maTi saTanado fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da moraluriganviTareba. maTi janmrTeli seqsualuri ganviTareba aseve xvdeba amdacvis qveS. ussk-s 199-e muxlis Sesabamisad, 14-18 wlis jgufiswevris _ gogonas an biWis _ seqsualuri orientacia konkretulSemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaxdes saxelmwifos Carevis mizezi sisxlissamarTlis saSualebiT, Tu igi amyarebs seqsualur kavSirsmozrdilTan.

heteroseqsualuri da homoseqsualuri orientacia TanabradmiekuTvneba adamianis Rirsebis arss da, Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovanigamarTlebaa saWiro maTi erTmaneTisagan gansasxvaveblad da am pire-bis Rirsebis araTanabrad mopyrobisaTvis. aseTi gamarTlebaa,magaliTad, homoseqsualuri orientaciis gansxvaveba qorwinebisuflebis miniWebisas (Bulletin 1995/1 [HUN-1995-1-002]).

socialuri garemo udavod ganamtkicebs SesaZlo heteroseqsu-alur da homoseqsualur ganviTarebas. gansxvavebaze SeiZlebamiTiTeba agreTve mozardi gogonasa da biWis pirad ganviTarebaSic.istoriulad am gansxvavebebis Sedegi iyo – inter alia – sisxlissamarTlis gansxvavebuli reJimi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris seqsu-aluri kavSiris Sesaxeb evropis umetes qveyanaSi.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesabamisad, es gansxvavebani war-moadgens keTilgonivrul da obieqtur gansxvavebassaxelmwifosaTvis, rom gansazRvros daculi asaki gansxvavebulad.

2. agreTve, konstituciis konstituciis 70/A.1 mmuxlis ddarRvevisgamo ssakonstitucio ssasamarTlom mmiiCnia, rrom uussk-ss mme-2200 mmuxlic aarakon-stituciuria. kkanonmdebels aar hhqonda mmarTlzomieri ggamarTleba, rrom ggan-sxvavebul ddanaSaulebad mmieCnia danaSauli sircxvilis winaaRmdeg daarabunebriv seqsualur aqtSi Cabma am piris survilissawinaaRmdegod, mxolod damnaSavis seqsualuri orientaciissafuZvelze.

rac Seexeba danaSaulis dasjasa da Cadenas, frazebi “arabunebrivseqsualur aqtSi Cabma am piris survilis sawinaaRmdegod”, rogorcganmartebulia 200.1 muxlSi, da “danaSauli sircxvilis winaaRmdeg”,rogorc gaTvaliswinebulia 198.1 muxlSi, zustad igiveobrivia.garda amisa, maT aqvT erTnairi damamZimebeli garemoebebi da sas-jelebi. gansxvaveba aRniSnul sisxlissamarTlebriv debulebebsSoris dafuZnebulia mxolod damnaSavis seqsualur orientaciaze.sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ver daadgina aseTi gansxvavebismarTlzomieri da obieqturi safuZveli.

41


sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom diskriminacias iwvevdakidev erTi gansxvaveba; kerZod, is, rom damnaSave sircxviliswinaaRmdeg danaSaulisaTvis isjeboda mxolod msxverplis saCivrisSemTxvevaSi maSin, rodesac damnaSave (arabunebriv seqsualur aqtSiCabma am piris survilis sawinaaRmdegod) dasjas eqvemdebareba,miuxedavad msxverplis survilisa.

iZulebiTi seqsualuri aqtebis dasjadobis kerZo braldebissaqmed ganxilvis mizania msxverplis piradi cxovrebis dacva.sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis kompetenciaa, gadawyvitos, ra ufromniSvnelovania _ msxverplis piradi cxovrebis dacva Tu damnaSavisdasja.

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba gadawyvetilebas miiRebs sazoga-doebis interesebis (saxelmwifos valdebuleba, dasajosdamnaSaveebi) da kerZo interesebis (msxverplis piradi cxovrebispativiscema) Sefasebis Semdeg. sircxvilis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis dapiris survilis sawinaaRmdegod arabunebriv seqsualur aqtSi Cabmismsxverplni qmnian erT mTlian jgufs. msxverplis TvalTaxedvidan,mxolod SemTxveviTobaa, igi gaxdeba Tu ara heteroseqsuali Tuhomoseqsuali damnaSavis msxverpli; misi piradi cxovrebis dacvismosazrebebidan gamomdinare, damnaSavis seqsualur arCevans ar aqvsmniSvneloba. seqsualuri danaSaulebis msxverplTa mTliani jgufisSigniT msxverplTa Soris gansxvaveba xdeba mikerZoebulad da amTvalsazrisiT arakonstituciuria.

ufro metic, damnaSavesTan mimarTebiT diskriminaciulia isfaqti, rom sircxvilis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis dasja xdeba kerZosaCivris safuZvelze, xolo arabunebriv seqsualur kavSirSi Cabmisdasja xdeba msxverplis survilis miuxedavad. ar aris gamarTlebuligansxvavebis daweseba heteroseqsualuri da homoseqsualuriZaladobis erTnairad dasjad damnaSaveebs Soris, romlisTanaxmadac, pirvel SemTxvevaSi msxverplis neba mxedvelobaSimiiReba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ igi miuRebelia.

gaerTianebuli ssamefosaapelacio sasamarTlo

05-11-2002

aRmoCnda, rom kanoni naklebad icavda homoseqsual partniorebs,vidre heteroseqsual partniorebs. Sesabamisad, iyo diskriminaci-uli da ewinaaRmdegeboda ECHR-is me-14 muxls ([ENG-ECH-0-14] Article14 ECHR). diskriminacias hqonda didi konstituciuri mniSvnelobada ECHR-is me-14 muxls gaaCnia farTo sazRvrebi; kanonmdebels

42


gaaCnia ganmartebis viwro farglebi, rodesac saqme exeba diskrimi-naciis sakiTxebs. ar arsebobda diskriminaciuli politikisgasamarTlebeli safuZveli. seqsualuri orientaciis safuZvelzediskriminacia axla ukve iseTive dauSvebelia, rogorc ECHR-is me-14muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvlebis SemTxvevaSi.

m-ma, binis gardacvlili moqiravnis homoseqsualma partniorma,gaasaCivra sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, rom mas SeeZlo mieRomxolod dazRveuli arenda da ara sakanonmdeblo arenda 1977 wlisqiravnobis aqtis Sesabamisad; gadawyvetileba efuZneboda lordTapalatis gadawyvetilebas saqmeze Fitzpatrick v. Sterling HousingAssociation Ltd. fitcpatrikis gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, marTaliagardacvlilis homoseqsuali partniori SeiZleba CaTvliliyo gar-dacvlilis ojaxis wevrad qiravnobis aqtis Sesabamisad (da, amg-varad, uflebamosili iqneboda, moeTxova dazRveuli arenda), igi armiiCneoda “meuRled” aqtis Sesabamisad (da, amrigad, sakanonmdebloarendidan gamomdinare, ufro did dacvas ver miiRebda).gadawyvetileba niSnavda, rom gardacvlilis heteroseqsualdauqorwinebel partniors hqonda ukeTesi dacva, vidre homoseqsu-al partniors imave mdgomareobaSi. m-ma mimarTa saapelaciosasamarTlos.

mTavari sakiTxi iyo, SeeZlo Tu ara m-s, dayrdnoboda ECHR-is me-14 muxls. vinaidan ECHR-is me-14 muxli gamoiyeneba adamianis ufle-bebis evropuli konvenciis sxva materialur debulebebTan erTad,sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom SeiZleba gamoeyenebinaT ECHR-is me-14muxlis farTo ganmarteba. Tu sasamarTlo darwmundeboda, rom saqmexvdeboda adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb konvenciis sxva muxlisfarglebSi, maSin gamoiyeneboda me-14 muxli. sasamarTlom gaiziarafarTo ganmarteba, vinaidan batoni m-is uflebebi xvdeboda ECHR-isme-8 muxlis farglebSi ([ENG-ECH-0-8] Article 8 ECHR) da, Sesabamisad,baton m-s SeeZlo dayrdnoboda ECHR-is me-14 muxls.

ECHR-is me-14 muxlTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi unda daisvasSemdegi oTxi SekiTxva:

1. faqtebi xvdeba Tu ara adamianis uflebebis evropuli konvenci-is erTi an meti materialuri muxlebis sferoSi;

2. Tu asea, momCivnis am uflebasTan mimarTebiT iyo Tu ara gansx-vavebuli mopyroba sxva pirebTan SedarebiT?

3. arCeuli kompatatorebi iyvnen Tu ara momCivnis mdgomareobaSianalogiur garemoebaSi?

4. Tu asea, gansxvavebas hqonda Tu ara obieqturi da marTlzomierigamarTleba, anu gaaCnda Tu ara mas kanonieri mizani da iyo Tu aragansxvavebuli mopyroba misaRwevi miznis proporciuli.

dadginda ra, rom faqtebi xvdeboda adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb

43


evropuli konvenciis erTi an meti uflebis farglebSi da meore damesame SekiTxvaze pasuxi dadebiTi iyo, sasamarTlom ganagrZo meoTxeSekiTxvis ganxilva: arsebobda Tu ara obieqturi da marTlzomierigasamarTlebeli garemoeba gardacvlili moqiravnis homoseqsualida heteroseqsuali partniorebis diskriminaciisaTvis.

mopasuxe eyrdnoboda or arguments imis mtkicebisas, rom arse-bobda marTlzomieri da obieqturi gamarTleba:

1. aseTi gansxvaveba xvdeboda saxelmwifos Sefasebis kanoniersferoSi, rom ganesazRvra gansaxlebis politika;

2. homoseqsuali da heteroseqsuali wyvilebis gansxvavebulimopyroba kanonieri da marTlzomieri iyo da amas moiTxovda konven-cia da evropis sasamarTlo (ECJ).

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom parlamentis nebis mimarT pativisce-maze dayrdnoba ar SeiZleboda. [ENG-ECH-0-14] rodesac saqme SeexebaECHR-is me-14 muxls da adgili aqvs diskriminacias, diskriminatorivaldebulia, amtkicos, rom diskriminacia gamarTlebuli iyo. esmoiTxovs pozitiur arguments; Sefasebis Tavisuflebaze dayrdnobaar iyo sakmarisi. amasTan, marTalia, kanonmdebels gaaCnia SedarebiTfarTo Sefasebis Tavisufleba socialuri an ekonomikuri sakiTxebisgadawyvetisas, rogoricaa dasaxlebis politika, SefasebisTavisufleba iqneba bevrad ufro viwro, rodesac saqme Seexeba kon-stituciurad mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. diskriminacias ki gaaCniadidi konstitiuciuri mniSvneloba.

sasamarTlom agreTve daadgina, rom ar arsebobda am diskrimi-naciis marTlzomieri gamarTleba. Tu kanonmdeblis mizani iyoheteroseqsuali ojaxebis cxovrebis dacva, ar iyo misaRebi, romam miznis miRweva xdeboda xelis SeSliT imaTTvis, visac arSeeZlo an ar surda aseTi urTierTobis damyareba. mizani arSeiZleba iyos binis mesakuTris interesebis dacva da sabinaobazarze moqnilobis xelSewyoba, vinaidan parlamentma gaavrcelasruli sakanonmdeblo dacva dauqorwinebel heteroseqsualpartniorebze, romlebic qmnidnen ufro did jgufs, vidrehomoseqsuali partniorebi.

sasamarTlom agreTve uaryo mopasuxis miTiTebani evropulisasamarTlosa (ECJ) da adamianis uflebebis evropulisasamarTlos precedentul samarTalze. evrokavSiris samarTaliar krZalavs seqsualur diskriminacias iseT farglebSi, rogorcECHR-is me-14 muxli. momCivnis mier miTiTebuli evropissasamarTlos saqmeebi Seexeboda diskriminacias sqesis da ara seq-sualuri orientaciis safuZvelze. vinaidan saqme Seexeboda adami-anis uflebebis evropul konvencias, sasamarTlom konvencia undaganixilos, rogorc cocxali dokumenti. 2002 wels seqsualuri

44


orientacia iTvleboda diskriminaciis dauSvebel safuZvladimave doneze, rogorc ECHR-is me-14 muxlis teqstiTgaTvaliswinebuli magaliTebi.

gamoiyena ra 1998 wlis adamianis uflebebis aqtis me-3 muxlisimplementaciis wesebi, rom SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi kanoni undaganimartos adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciisTanaxmad, sasamarTlom daadgina _ qiravnobis Sesaxeb aqtis debule-bebi unda ganimartos imgvarad, rom Seesabamebodes adamianis ufle-bebis evropul konvencias. gamomdinare aqedan, rodesac aqtiiTvaliswinebs, rom “piri, romelic cxovrobda TavdapirvelmoqiravnesTan erTad, rogorc misi coli an qmari, CaiTvlebaTavdapirveli moqiravnis meuRled. es sityvebi unda ganimartos,rogorc: piri, romelic cxovrobda Tavdapirvel moqiravnesTan,TiTqos isini iyvnen coli da qmari”.


21-06-2002

konstituciaSi araferi ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom kanonmdeblismizani iyo bavSvebisa da mozrdilebis dacva zogadad, aseve, naadreviseqsualuri cxovrebisagan (miuxedavad misi heteroseqsualuri anhomoseqsualuri xasiaTisa) da seqsualuri eqspluataciisagan.samarTlebrivi debuleba, romelic krZalavs seqsualur kavSirs 19wlis zemoT mamakacsa da 14-18 wlis biWs Soris, aris TviTneburixasiaTis da, Sesabamisad, arakonstituciuri.

reziume:insburkis saapelacio umaRlesma sasamarTlom (Oberlandesgericht

Innsbruck) waradgina meore gancxadeba sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi,raTa ganexila sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis (Strafgesetzbuch) §209,amtkicebda ra, rom es debuleba ewinaaRmdegeboda kanonis winaSeTanasworobis princips da ECHR-is me-8 muxls. sisxlis samarTliskodeqsis §209-is Tanaxmad, homoseqsualuri kavSiri axalgazrdebsSoris ar iyo dasjadi, sanam romelime ar miaRwevda 19 wlis asaks, risSemdegac igi dasjadi xdeboda da kvlav gaTavisufldeboda sas-jelisagan, rodesac meore partniori miaRwevda 18 wels. Sesabamisad,debuleba iTvaliswinebda kanonis winaSe araTanabar reJimsindividebisaTvis.

garda amisa, saapelacio umaRlesi sasamarTlo acxadebda,rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis §209-is msgavsi debulebebiaRar xvdeboda erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sefasebis

45


Tavisuflebis sferoSi. Rirebulebebis Secvlam, romelsac adg-ili hqonda evropaSi ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi, migviy-vana homoseqsulizmis mimarT loialobamde, rac aisaxa adamian-is uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebissamarTlebrivi ganviTarebis zogierT standartSi. gaiziara raaRniSnuli msjeloba (mosazreba) kanonis winaSe TanasworimopyrobasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom gansax-ilveli debuleba iwvevs dasjad da dausjel homoseqsualurkontaqts mamrobiT mozard partniorebs Soris. homoseqsu-aluri kavSiri 19 wlis zemoT aRar iyo dasjadi; aseTi kontaqtiar iyo dasjadi, rodesac partniorebs Soris asakobrivi sxvaobaiyo 1 welze meti. seqsualuri kavSirebi ar iyo dasjadi maSinac,rodesac partniorebs Soris asakobrivi sxvaoba iyo weliwadnax-evari, magram dasjadi xdeboda, rodesac ufrosi aRwevda 19wlis asaks. es kavSiri dasjadi aRar iyo maSinve, rodesacumcrosi partniori xdeboda 18 wlis. xangrZlivoba, rodesacaseTi kavSiri dasjadi iyo kanonis Sesabamisad (sami weli da 11Tve), mTlianad damokidebuli iyo [partniorebs] Soris asako-briv gansxvavebaze. sasamarTlom gaumarTleblad miiCnia, romsisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 209-e muxli gamoiyeneboda homose-qsuali mamakaci partniorebis mimarT maSin, rodesac sxva droses urTierToba ar iyo dasjadi. ra Tqma unda, kanonmdeblismizani ar iyo, daesaja homoseqsuali partniorebi 14 wliszemoT, aseve, partniorebi, romelTa Soris asakobrivi sxvaobaiyo 1 welze meti, magram 5 welze naklebi. Sesabamisad, kanoniswinaSe araTanabar mdgomareobas iwvevda is, rom es urTierTobadasjadi xdeboda, rodesac ufrosi partniori miaRwevda 19wlis asaks, sanam umcrosi ar gaxdeboda 18 wlis. sasamarTlomgaauqma es debuleba, Tumca, daawesa dro, romlisganmavlobaSic igi unda Sesworebuliyo.

damatebiTi iinformacia: es iyo sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis @§209-is mesame ganxilva. 1989

wels sasamarTlom uaryo saCivari, romelic amtkicebda, rom amdebulebidan gamomdinare, gansxvaveba qal da mamakac homoseqsualpartniorebs Soris arakonstituciuri iyo. 2001 wels sasamarTlomuaryo insburkis saapelacio umaRlesi sasamarTlos saCivari proce-durul safuZvelze da daeyrdno 1989 (res iudicata) wels gamotaniligadawyvetilebis argumentebs. ar iyo aucilebeli, rom sasamarTlosepasuxa kiTxvaze, mocemuli debuleba agreTve ewinaaRmdegeboda Tuara ECHR-is me-8 muxls. Tumca, am muxlTan dakavSirebuli ramdenimesaqme adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos ganxilvismolodinSia.

46



13-03-1995

erTsa da imave sqesis pirebisaTvis qorwinebis ardaSveba ar war-moadgens negatiur diskriminacias sqesis safuZvelze. Tumca, oripiris xangrZlivma kavSirma SeiZleba warmoSvas iseTi Rirebulebebi,rom mas SeeZlos samarTlebrivi aRiarebis moTxovna. amitom is faqti,rom saTanado samarTlebrivi reglamentebi aRiarebs qorwinebisgareSe partniorobas mxolod maSin, rodesac qali da mamakacicxovroben erTad saerTo binaSi da qmnian erTian emociur daekonomiur kavSirs, ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias.

reziume: momCivanma iTxova qorwinebis, ojaxisa da meurveobis Sesaxeb 1952

wlis kanonis 10.1 muxlis konstituciurobis ganxilva, romlisSesabamisadac, “srulwlovan qalsa da mamakacs SeuZliaT daqorwine-ba.” momCivanma agreTve iTxova 1959 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsis imdebulebebis gadaxedva, romlebic aregulirebda Tanamcxovrebipirebis finansur damokidebulebas da gansazRvravda partniorebssaojaxo partniorobis miznebisaTvis, rogorc “kaci da qali, rom-lebic cxovroben erTad saerTo sacxovrebelSi da qmnian emociur daekonomikur kavSirs qorwinebis gareSe”. momCivnis azriT, gansaxil-veli ori samarTlebrivi debuleba axdenda diskriminacias sqesissafuZvelze, vinaidan ar rTavda erTi sqesis adamianebs daqorwinebisnebas da ar aRiarebda maT ojaxur partniorobas.

procesi sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daiwyo im ideiT, romungrul kulturasa da samarTalSi qorwineba tradiciulad arismamakacisa da qalis kavSiri. qorwinebis cnebisaTvis ar aris savalde-bulo moTxovna bavSvebis Casaxvisa da gaCenis SesaZlebloba, magramidea, rom partniorebi sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenlebi unda iyv-nen, gamomdinareobs qorwinebis Tavdapirveli da tipiuridaniSnulebidan. konstitucia icavs qorwinebis instituts agreTveim faqtTan mimarTebiTac, rom igi xels uwyobs ojaxebis SeqmnassaerTo bavSvebiT. swored amitomaa, rom konstituciis me-15 muxlierTdroulad miuTiTebs dacvis or subieqtze: “ungreTis respubli-ka icavs qorwinebisa da ojaxis institutebs.” qalebisa da mamakacebisTanasworobas azri aqvs mxolod maSin, Tu vaRiarebT qalsa damamakacs Soris arsebul bunebriv gansxvavebas da Tanasworoba ganx-orcieldeba amasTan mimarTebiT.

konstitucia mxolod iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva sqesis pirebisqorwinebis pirobebis Tanaswori regulirebis moTxovnas, rac gamor-icxavs erTi sqesis pirebis qorwinebis samarTlebriv SesaZleblobas.

47


zemoaRniSnulis analogiur safuZvelze, sakonstitucio sasa-marTlo mivida daskvnamde, rom gasaCivrebuli debuleba ar iwvevsdiskriminacias arc sqesisa da pirobebis safuZvelze da, Sesabamisad,ar arRvevs konstituciis 70/A muxls.

gasaCivrebuli debulebebi ar SeiZleba davakavSiroT konsti-tuciis 66.1 muxlTan; am debulebebs araferi aqvs saerTo qalisa damamakacis TanasworobasTan. saojaxo uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonisdebulebebi Tanabrad ukrZalavs qalebsa da kacebs maTive sqesisadamianebze daqorwinebas. rac Seexeba partniorobas qorwinebisgareT, erTaderTi samarTlebrivi ganmarteba mocemulia samoqalaqokodeqsis 578/G muxlSi. am ganmartebis Sesabamisad, “partniorebisaojaxo partniorobaSi arian kaci da qali, romlebic cxovrobenerTad saerTo sacxovrebelSi da qmnian emociur da ekonomikurkavSirs qorwinebis gareSe”. faqtia, rom saojaxo partnioroba arse-bobs qalsa da mamakacs Soris da sazogadoebrivi azris Tanaxmadac,aRniSnuli cneba ase ganimarteba. magram saojaxo partniorobisaRiarebas bevrad mokle istoria aqvs, vidre ojaxs.

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi saojaxo partniorobis aRiareba daiwyes1950-ian wlebSi da aseTi urTierTobebis inkorporirebamniSvnelovan samarTlebriv dokumentebSi moxda 1961-1977 wlebSi.erTi sqesis pirebis Tanacxovreba, rac Zalian hgavs saojaxo part-niorobis partniorTa Tanacxovrebas da iTvaliswinebs saerTo sacx-ovrebels (meurneobas), agreTve, emociur, ekonomiur da seqsualurpartniorobas da mesame pirebTan urTierTobis yvela aspeqtiserTad gaZRolas, moiTxovs (Tumca, naklebi xarisxiT) samarTlebriviaRiarebas, rogorc es moxda 50-ian wlebSi saojaxo partniorobisaRiarebiT.

partniorebis an naTesavebis seqsi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani iyos,rodesac saqme exeba saerTo bavSvs an sxva pirTan qorwinebas. Tumca,rodesac es mosazreba ar gamoiyeneba, saojaxo partniorobidan erTisqesis pirebis gamoricxva, romlebic cxovroben erTad da qmnianerTian emociur da ekonomikur kavSirs, TviTneburia da, Sesabamisad,amcirebs adamianis Rirsebas.

samoqalaqo kodeqsSi mocemulia saojaxo partniorebis samar-Tlebrivi ganmarteba. amis konstituciuroba ar SeiZlebaganisazRvros TavisTavad, aramed damokidebulia imaze, erTsa daimave situaciaSi myof pirebs Soris uflebebisa da movaleobebisganawileba xdeba Tu ara imgvarad, rom adamianis Rirseba daculiiyos Tanabrad. es niSnavs pirebis Tanabar mopyrobas da maTi azrisSefasebas Tanabari sifrTxiliT, yuradRebiT da samarTlianad.kanonmdebels SeuZlia Seqmnas situacia, romelic Seesabameba kon-stitucias, Tumca, xelSeuxeblad datovos moqmedi saojaxo part-

48


niorobis ganmarteba. amrigad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom argamoitana gadawyvetileba samoqalaqo kodeqsis 578/G.1 muxlis kon-stituciurobis Sesaxeb, aramed amis nacvlad Sewyvita procesi 1996wlis 1 martamde.

Sveicariafederaluri sasamarTlo

sajaro samarTlis meore palata25-08-2000

sxvadasxva erovnebis lesboseli wyvilis ufleba, ganaxorcielonmaTi urTierToba SveicariaSi. ECHR-is me-8 muxli ECHR-is me-14muxlTan erTad; federaluri konstituciis me-8, 13.1, me-14 da 36-emuxlebi (Tanaswori mopyroba, piradi cxovrebis dacva, daqorwinebisda ojaxis Seqmnis, ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudvis safuZvlebi); ucx-oelebis sacxovrebeli adgilisa da dasaxlebis Sesaxeb federaluriaqti (LSEE). erTi sqesis partniorebis Tanacxovreba ar aris qor-wineba arc ECHR-is me-8 muxlis da arc federaluri kodeqsis 13.1muxlis Sesabamisad. miuxedavad amisa, ucxoeli partniorebisaTvissacxovrebelze uarma SeiZleba zogjer daarRvios piradi cxovrebaimgvarad, rom SeizRudos kantonis xelisuflebis ufleba, miiRosgadawyvetileba LSEE-is me-4 muxlis Sesabamisad (recital 4c; preceden-tis Sesworeba). sasamarTlom ganixila ori momCivnis mier wardge-nili saapelacio saCivari, romlebic cxovrobdnen erTad 6 wlisganmavlobaSi da daadgina, rom nebarTvaze uaris Sedegad piradcxovrebaSi Careva gamarTlebuli iyo ECHR-is me-8 muxlis da feder-aluri konstituciis 36-e muxlis Sesabamisad.

reziume: 1994 wels axal zelandiaSi mogzaurobisas qalbatonma p-m

(Sveicariis moqalaqe) gaicno qalbatoni s, axali zelandiisa dagaerTianebuli samefos moqalaqe. maTi Sexvedris Sedegi iyo homose-qsualuri urTierTobebis damyareba. 1995 wlis TebervalSi p.dabrunda SveicariaSi Cinuri masaJis swavlis dasamTavreblad da s.estumra mas 1995 wlis maisidan ivlisamde. swavlis damTavrebisSemdeg p. wavida qrisCercSi (axali zelandia) da cxovrobda s-sTan 20Tvis ganmavlobaSi. profesiuli da piradi mizezebis gamo p. dabrun-da SveicariaSi 1997 wlis aprilSi da daiwyo eqimad muSaoba. s. regu-larulad Camodioda SveicariaSi mis sanaxavad. 1998 wels ciurixiskantonis saimigracio samsaxurma uari uTxra s-s SveicariaSiSemosvlis nebarTvasa da cxovrebis nebarTvaze, rac mas saSualebasmiscemda, ecxovra p-sTan momgebiani saqmianobis dawyebis gareSe.

49


ciurixis kantonis saxelmwifo sabWo da administraciuli tri-bunali daeTanxmnen am gadawyvetilebas. administraciulisamarTlis saCivarSi p. da s. sTxovdnen federalur sasamarTlos kan-tonis gadawyvetilebebis gauqmebas da s-saTvis cxovrebis nebarTvismicemas. saCivari uaryves.

samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb aqti ar iTvaliswinebs adminis-traciuli samarTlis saCivars saimigracio kontrolis sferoSi,romlis uflebasac ar awesebs federaluri samarTali. ucxoelebissacxovrebeli adgilisa da dasaxlebis Sesaxeb federaluri aqtis(LSEE) me-4 muxlis Sesabamisad, xelisufleba Tavisufladgadawyvets sacxovreblis nebarTvis miniWebis sakiTxs kanonisa dasxva saxelmwifoebTan dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Tanaxmad. aqedangamomdinare, aucilebeli iyo imis garkveva, ECHR-is me-8 muxlianiWebda Tu ara momCivnebs aseTi nebarTvis miRebis uflebas. ECHR-is me-8 muxli da federaluri konstituciis me-13 muxliiTvaliswinebs yvelasaTvis piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis pativisce-mas. es debulebebi SeiZleba gamoiyenos ucxoelma SveicariasTanmimarTebiT, romelsac aqvs sacxovrebeli adgili da dasaxlebisufleba. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad, ECHR-isme-8 muxli ar gamoiyeneba erTi sqesis partniorebis mimarT.

federalurma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom homoseqsualuriwyvilebis mdgomareoba ukanasknel wlebSi Seicvala. Sesabamisad,aucilebeli iyo axali gamokvleva. maSin, rodesac termini “ojaxuricxovreba” gamoiyeneba mxolod heteroseqsuali wyvilebis mimarT,termini “piradi cxovreba” moicavs im situaciebsac, rodesac erTisqesis partniorebs surT erTad cxovreba. vinaidan es saqmeSeexeboda lesboselebis wyvils, romelic, miuxedavad uamravisirTulisa, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi erTad cxovrobda,SveicariaSi cxovrebaze uari warmoadgenda maT pirad cxovrebaSiCarevas. ECHR-is me-8 muxlis da federaluri konstituciis me-13muxli sacxovrebeli uflebis miniWebisas LSEE-s me-4 muxlisSesabamisad zRudavda xelisuflebis moqmedebis Tavisuflebas dasaWiroebda ECHR-is 8.2 muxlTan Sesabamisobis Seswavlas.

sacxovreblis miniWebaze uars naTeli da sakmarisi safuZvelihqonda ucxoelebis sacxovrebeli adgilisa da dasaxlebis Sesaxebfederalur aqtSi. igi aris erT-erTi RonisZieba, raTa Tavidan iqnesacilebuli ucxoelTa araproporciuli zrda da SenarCundesSveicariis mosaxleobisa da ucxoelebis balansirebuli proporcia.amasTan, igi aris ufro metad xelsayreli ucxoeli muSebisa da rezi-dentebis integraciisaTvis. proporciulobis sakiTxi ufro rTuliaRmoCnda. rasakvirvelia, SveicariaSi cxovreba momCivnebssTavazobda bevr SesaZleblobas profesiuli da piradi

50


mizezebisaTvis, magram miuxedavad CamoTvlili sirTuleebisa, maTmainc SesZles erTad cxovreba warsuli ramdenime wlisganmavlobaSi. ar upasuxa ra mizanSewonilobis sakiTxs, federalur-ma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom arsebiTi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,sacxovrebel nebarTvaze uari Seesabameboda ECHR-is 8.2 muxls.


05-07-2002saSinao ssaqmeebis ssaxelmwifo mmdivani zz-iis wwinaaRmdeg

homoseqsualis gasaxleba im qveyanaSi, sadac iseTi seqsualuricxovrebiT cxovreba, rogorc mas surda, socialuri da sakanonmde-blo zewolis qveS mouxdeboda, aucileblad ar warmoadgens homose-qsualis uflebis darRvevas ECHR-is me-3 da me-8 muxlebisSesabamisad. es yovelive, saqmis faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT,sasamarTlos gadasawyvetia.

reziume:z-s homoseqsualuri urTierTobebi hqonda zimbabveSi. zimbabves

kanonmdebloba homoseqsualizms kanongareSe acxadebs. igi CamovidagaerTianebul samefoSi. Sinagan saqmeTa mdivans surda misi gasaxleba.z-ma moiTxova TavSesafari. es Txovna uaryves. z amtkicebda, romSinagani saqmeebis mdivnis mier misi dabruneba daarRvevda mis ufle-bebs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis Sesabamisad. es gaiziaraimigraciis saapelacio tribunalma, romelmac ganacxada: adamianisuflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina saCivarze #15070/89,Modinos v. Cyprus (modisoni kviprosis winaaRmdeg), rom TviT homoseq-sualizmis amkrZalavi debulebebis arseboba arRvevda piris piradicxovrebis uflebas maSinac ki, rodesac isini ar gamoiyeneboda.saapelacio sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom es iyo modisonis saqmis aras-wori ganmarteba. tribunals agreTve unda gamoekvlia, arsebobda Tuara sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebis albaToba da ratomda ra pirobebSi SeeZlo zimbabves xelisuflebas sisxlis samarTlissaqmis aRZvra z-is piradi cxovrebis Sesaxeb.

orive mxare cdilobda sasamarTlos darwmunebas, raTa saimigra-cio tribunalisaTvis zogadi xasiaTis mimarTuleba mieca. z. acx-adebda, rom piris pirad seqsualur cxovrebaze nebismieri zewolawarmoadgenda ECHR-is me-3 muxliT akrZalul qmedebas da rom z-isgasaxleba qveyanaSi, sadac mas ase moepyrobodnen, TavisTavad iyo z-is uflebebis darRveva. adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlommiuTiTa, rom piris gancalkeveba ojaxisagan da misi gasaxleba sxva

51


qveyanaSi Cveulebriv ar Seicavs araadamianur an damamcirebel mopy-robas, romelic absoluturad akrZalulia. sasamarTlom miiCnia,rom Tu igi ar Seicavda damamcirebel an araadamianur mopyrobas,maSin homoseqsuali partnioris dacileba partniorisagan ar iqnebo-da araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyroba. sasamarTlom armiiCnia, rom daniSnulebis saxelmwifoSi mxolod im kanonebis arse-boba, romlebic krZalavda seqsualuri urTierTobis konkretulsaxeobas mozrdilebs Soris, TavisTavad iwvevda gamsaxlebeli sax-elmwifos mier ECHR-is me-3 muxlis darRvevas, Tu es saxelmwifoapirebda im piris gasaxleba, visac surda seqsualuri moTxovnilebisdakmayofileba akrZaluli formiT.

z-ma gaakeTa alternatiuli gancxadeba ECHR-is me-8 muxlisTanaxmad. man ganacxada, rom nebismieri gancxadeba, romelicarTmevda vinmes normaluri cxovrebis uflebas mis seqsualurarCevanTan mimarTebiT, arRvevda mis Rirsebas da praqtikulad arSeiZleboda gamarTlebuliyo. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom vinaidanECHR-is me-3 muxlis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo mosazrebebis gamogasaxleba ar iyo (an Zalian iSviaTad iyo) gamarTlebuli, msgavsiSinaarsis saCivris ganxilva umjobesi iqneboda ECHR-is me-3 muxliskonteqstSi. aSkarad igulisxmeboda, rom ECHR-is me-8 muxliSeicavda ECHR-is 8.2 muxlis mosazrebebs. iseTi saqmeebis qvejgufisSeqmna, sadac ECHR-is 8.2 muxli gamoiyeneboda, ar iyo saukeTesosaSualeba daniSnulebis qveyanaSi ECHR-is me-8 muxlis saSinelidarRvevebis gadasaWrelad.

Sinagan saqmeTa mdivanma ganacxada, rom nebismieri gasaxlebis Sedegisakmarisi ar iqneba imisaTvis, rom gamsaxlebeli saxelmwifos pasuxis-mgeblobis sakiTxi daayenos. sasamarTlom uaryo es mosazreba daganacxada, rom yvela mizezobrivi kavSiri da adamianis uflebebissakiTxi yovelTvis mgrZnobiare iyo da araswori iqneboda saqmezeabstraqtuli gadawyvetilebis gamotana. aseve, sasamarTlom uaryo z-is gancxadeba, rom araviTar saimigracio politikis mosazrebas arSeeZlo piris gasaxlebis gamarTleba iseT qveyanaSi, sadac misi seqsu-aluri cxovrebis gamoxatuleba zrdasrul partniorTan piradicxovrebisas kanongareSe iqneboda. sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom esrTuli sfero iyo. mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda saxelmwifoebi, romlebmacmiiRes kanonebi da akrZales ojaxis Seqmna an ojaxis dafinanseba, TuerTze meti Svili hyavdaT, magaliTad, kanonebi, romlebic krZalavsqorwinebas sxvadasxva rasis pirebs Soris an kanonebi, romlebic Zalianaraxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi ayenebs maT, visac erTze meti SvilihyavT. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom samarTali unda ganviTardes prece-dentul samarTalze dayrdnobiT da konkretuli saqmis faqtebisgaTvaliswinebiT da ara abstraqtulad wesebze miTiTebiT.

52


TTaannaasswwoorroobbaa mmooqqaallaaqqeeoobbiiss nniiSSnniiTT


19-06-2000

federalur kanonmdebels udavod SeuZlia daadginos asakobrivizRvari, romelic umravlesobis asakze naklebia, rodesac adgensmesame saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebis uflebas ojaxis [qveyanaSi]Semoyvanis Sesaxeb. Tumca, kanoni, romelic iTvaliswinebs ojaxisSemoyvanis uflebas mxolod meuRleebisTvis da 14 wlis qvemoTasakis mcirewlovani bavSvebisaTvis, ar SeiZleba obieqturadgamarTlebulad CaiTvalos da, Sesabamisad, arRvevs Tanaswori mopy-robis princips ucxoelebs Soris.

reziume: TurqeTis moqalaqes, romelic iyo 14 wlis da erTi Tvis, uari

uTxres sacxovreblis dadgenaze, erTi mxriv, ucxoelTa Sesaxeb aqtis(Fremdengesetz) §21.3-Si dadgenili asakobrivi zRvris gamo da, meoremxriv imitom, rom mas ar SeeZlo saarsebo minimumis mopoveba. manSeitana saCivari sasamarTloSi gamoyenebuli kanonis arakonstituci-urobis Sesaxeb da misi warmomadgeneli iyo mama. sasamarTlom daiwyoex officio ganxilva da miiCnia, rom gasaCivrebuli kanoni warmoadgendaaraTanabar mopyrobas 14 wlamde da mis zemoT arasrulwlovanTamimarT da misi obieqturi gamarTleba ar SeiZleboda.

federaluri mTavroba icavda asakobriv zRvars da amtkicebda, rommcirewlovnebs 14 wlis zemoT, 14 wlis qvemoT arasrulwlovnebisagangansxvavebiT, aqvT sxva perspeqtiva avstriaSi Sesvlisas. aseTi aras-rulwlovnebi, Cveulebriv, avstriaSi modian samuSaod. amrigad, aseTijgufi naklebad aris damokidebuli mSoblebze da, Sesabamisad, ojax-uri kavSirebic SedarebiT naklebad mWidroa. mTavrobam daaskvna, rommSoblebs, romelTac surT ojaxis erTianoba, Svilebi undaCamoiyvanon SeZlebisdagvarad adre da ar elodon, sanam maTi Svili 14wlis gaxdeba. sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma mTavrobis mosazrebas daganacxada, rom arasrulwlovnebi 14 wlis zemoT kvlav mSoblebzearian damokidebulni. maT, rogorc wesi, ar SeuZliaT saarsebo minimu-mis gamomuSaveba da arc damoukidebelni arian. mTavrobam daadgina,rom sxva samarTlebrivi wesebic ewinaaRmdegeboda mTavrobismosazrebas. skolaSi savaldebulo daswrebis Sesaxeb kanonis(Schulpflichtgesetz 1985) Tanaxmad, zogadsavaldebulo skolaSi daswre-ba iwyeba 1 seqtembers mas Semdeg, rac mcirewlovani miaRwevs 6 wlisasaks da grZeldeba 9 wlis ganmavlobaSi. mcirewlovanTa da bavSvebis

53


dasaqmebis Sesaxeb samarTlebrivi wesebi (Bundesgesetz über dieBeschäftigung von Kindern und Jugendlichen 1987) ar rTavs nebas (mxolodmcire gamonaklisebiT), rom bavSvebs miscen nebismieri saxis samuSao.es wesebi Seexeba 15 wlamde asakis bavSvebs.

vinaidan kanoni iTvaliswinebda ucxoelebis araTanabar mopy-robas, sasamarTlom igi gaauqma. gauqmebis ZalaSi Sesvla gadaidonaxevari wliT.


11-03-1998

sagangebo daxmarebaze ufleba dakavSirebulia umuSevarTadazRvevis fondSi Senatanebze. sagangebo daxmareba aris ECHR-ispirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis miznebisaTvis materialuri ufleba.

umuSevrobis dazRvevis aqtis Sesabamisi debulebebi, romlebiciTvaliswinebs gansxvavebul reJims avstriis moqalaqeebisa(zogierTi aramoqalaqis CaTvliT) da araavstrielebis jgufisaTvissagangebo daxmarebis uflebasTan mimarTebiT, ar emyareba obieqturda marTlzomier safuZvels. Sesabamisad, es debulebebi diskrimi-naciulia da ewinaaRmdegeba ECHR-is me-14 muxls ECHR-is pirvelioqmis pirvel muxlTan erTad.

umuSevrobis dazRvevis aqtis (Arbeitslosenversicherungsgesetz) 33-emuxli iTvaliswinebs sagangebo daxmarebas pirebisaTvis, romlebmacamowures umuSevrobis daxmareba an dekretuli daxmarebebi. 33.2.amuxli sxva sakanonmdeblo pirobebTan erTad iTvaliswinebs, romsagangebo daxmarebis misaRebad piri unda iyos avstriis moqalaqe.34.3 muxlSi CamoTvlili iyo ucxoelTa is jgufebi, romlebzecvrceldeboda avstrielebis msgavsi reJimi; 34.4 muxli iTva-liswinebda sagangebo daxmarebas ucxoelTa sxva jgufebisaTvismxolod erTxel 52 kviris ganmavlobaSi. maTi sagangebo daxmarebaSezRuduli iyo, Tumca, es jgufi ixdida Senatanebs umuSevarTafondSi avstriis moqalaqeebis msgavsad. aseTi gansxvaveba arakonsti-tuciuri iyo ECHR-is me-14 muxlis Sesabamisad, romelic moiTxovda,rom konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiT da TavisuflebebiTsargebloba unda iyos aradiskriminaciuli xasiaTis. vinaidan ECHR-is me-14 muxls ar gaaCnia damoukidebeli arseboba (aramed avsebs kon-venciis da oqmebis sxva materialur debulebebs), gansaxilvelidebulebebi unda moxvdes erTi an meti debulebebis farglebSi.

uaryo ra mTavrobis mosazreba, rom sagangebo daxmareba ar undaCaiTvalos sadazRvevo daxmarebad (aramed, es aris mTavrobis mier

54


gaWirvebaSi myofi pirebis daxmareba), sasamarTlom daadgina Semdegi:aSkaraa, rom sagangebo daxmareba Seicavs saqvelmoqmedo fondebisxarjze daxmarebis komponentebs. magram masze ufleba warmoiSobaumuSevrobis fondSi SenatanebiT. umuSevrobis dazRveviT garanti-rebuli daxmarebebi ifareba ZiriTadad am SenatanebiT. amrigad,sagangebo daxmareba xvdeba ECHR-is pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlisfarglebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba ECHR-isme-14 muxli ECHR-is pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlTan erTad.

gadauxvia ra Tavisive precedentul samarTlidan, sakonstituciosasamarTlo daeTanxma adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosmosazrebas (ix. Gaygusuz v. Austria - gaugusus avstriis winaaRmdeg;1996 wlis 16 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, Reports of Judgments andDecisions 1996-IV), rom sagangebo daxmareba aris materialuri ufle-ba ECHR-is pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis Sesabamisad.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentulisamarTlis Sesabamisad, gansxvavebuli reJimi diskriminaciuliaECHR-is me-14 muxlis miznebisaTvis, Tu mas ar gaaCnia “obieqturi damarTlzomieri gamarTleba”, rac niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs “propor-ciulobis marTlzomieri urTierToba gamoyenebul saSualebebsa damisaRwev mizans Soris.”

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia monaxos gansxvavebulireJimebis gamoyenebis gamarTleba. Sesabamisad, man gaauqma debule-bebi araTanabari reJimis Sesaxeb. vinaidan debulebebis arakonsti-tuciuroba efuZneba konvenciis darRvevas, sasamarTlom uari Tqva,daedgina vada maTi gauqmebisaTvis.

damatebiTi iinformacia: saqmeze _ ~gaugusus avstriis winaaRmdeg~_ adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebasTandakavSirebiT, avstriis kanonmdeblebma ukve moamzades umuSevrobisdazRvevis aqtSi cvlilebebis proeqti. sakonstitucio sasamarTlosmier zemoaRniSnuli debulebebis gauqmebam aiZula kanonmdeblebi,ganexorcielebinaT proeqti ufro adre, vidre igegmeboda.


29-06-1995

Tanasworobis principi, romelic savaldebuloa sakanonmdebloda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisaTvis, moicavs ucxoelebs Sorisdiskriminaciis srul akrZalvas; samarTalma SeiZlebagaiTvaliswinos gansxvavebuli reJimi sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSimxolod maSin, Tu es gansxvaveba gamarTlebulia da saTanado.

55


reziume: avstriaSi arsebul sakonstitucio sivrceSi kanonis winaSe

Tanasworobis ufleba daculia yvela moqalaqisaTvis (1867 wlis 21dekembris ZiriTadi kanoni moqalaqeebis zogadi uflebebis Sesaxebda 1929 wlis konstitucia). 1973 wels rasobrivi diskriminaciisyvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciis Sesabamisad, gamoicakanoni, romelsac konstituciis Tanabari Zala aqvs. sasamarTlosazriT, aRniSnuli aqti federaluri konstituciis regulirebiswesebTan mimarTebiT, savaldebulod miiCnevs, rom ucxoelebismimarT kanoni iTvaliswinebdes Tanabar mopyrobas. aqedan gamomd-inare, kanoni SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes, rom saimigracio politikamdaadginos sacxovrebeli nebarTvebis zRvari wlis ganmavlobaSi.

konstituciis Sesabamisad, sacxovrebeli nebarTvis gacemazeuaris Sesaxeb administraciuli gadawyvetilebis sabolooba imissafuZvelze, rom dadgenili kvota ukve Sevsebuli iyo, SeiZlebaSeexebodes situacias gadawyvetilebis dros. mocemul SemTxvevaSi,ucxoelma moqalaqem Seitana saCivari administraciuligadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg, romelmac uari uTxra sacxovrebelnebarTvaze kvotis Sevsebis mizeziT. ucxoeli amtkicebda, rom misikonstituciuri ufleba dairRva arakonstituciuri kanonis daukanono reglamentis gamoyenebiT. sasamarTlom uaryo gancxadebasubsidiis miRebis Taobaze.

CexeTis rrespublikasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

mesame palata06-06-2002

mxolod is faqti, rom piri ucxoeTis moqalaqea, ar aris sakmarisimis dasakaveblad. es faqti qmnis abstraqtul, potenciur, Tumca, araspecifikur safrTxes, rasac adasturebs SemTxvevebi, romelTaaRmofxvra SesaZlebelia piris zedamxedvelobis qveS ayvanis Semdeg.

sakonstitucio saCivarSi momCivani asaCivrebda saboloogadawyvetilebas dakavebis Sesaxeb da acxadebda, rom igi arRvevdamis ZiriTad uflebebs. Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi regionulmasasamarTlom ganixila gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis mizezebi.momCivani braldebuli iyo miTvisebaSi. prokuroris TxovnissafuZvelze, raionuli sasamarTlos mosamarTlem gadawyvita,braldebulisaTvis preventiuli da aRmkveTi RonisZiebisSefardeba. momCivanma gaasaCivra es gadawyvetileba. saapelaciosasamarTlos Sesabamisad, ar arsebobda dakavebis gamamarTlebeli

56


faqtebi. Tumca, momCivani germaniis moqalaqe iyo da preventiulidakavebis mizezebi sakmarisad miiCnies. gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb ram-denime warumatebeli gancxadebis Semdeg momCivani gaaTavisuflesTavdebiT. saapelacio sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, dakavebis safuZvelikvlav arsebobs.

konstituciuri sarCeli marTlzomierad miiCnies. sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia Caerios Cveulebrivi sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi dakavebis sakiTxebTandakavSirebiT, Tu Cveulebrivi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba dakave-bis Sesaxeb ar efuZneba samarTlebriv msjelobas an piris dakavebissafuZvlebi ukiduresad ewinaaRmdegeba respublikis konstituciurwesrigs an saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs konstituciis me-10muxlis Sesabamisad (III. US 18/96, file 6).

momCivnis winaswari dakavebis Sefardebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebasmxars uWerda zogadi (braldebuli piri ucxoeli iyo da ar hqondamudmivi misamarTi CexeTis respublikaSi) da hipoTeturi xasiaTis(mas, savaraudod, hqonda ojaxuri kavSirebi sazRvargareT) faqtebi.zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rommomCivans SeeZlo samarTlebrivad daetovebina CexeTis respublika.es daskvnebi zogadia, arakonkretuli da, Sesabamisad, dakavebisaTvisarasakmaris safuZvels warmoadgenen. sakonstitucio sasamarTlommanamde ganmarta, rom “proceduruli TvalsazrisiT, sajaro xelisu-flebis gadawyvetilebebis saTanado da amomwuravi gamarTlebismoTxovna aris erT-erTi arsebiTi piroba, romlis Sesrulebacaucilebelia, raTa gadawyvetileba konstitucias Seesabamebodes” (I.US 303/01, jer ar gamoqveynebula). sakonstitucio sasamarTlosazriT, momCivnis saqmeSi mocemuli mizezebi ar iyo sakmarisi. aucile-belia gansakuTrebul safrTxeze miTiTeba faqtebze dayrdnobiT (II.US 347/96, file 9). is faqti, rom momCivans nebismier wuTs SeeZloCexeTis respublikis datoveba, ar warmoadgenda sakmaris mizezsmomCivnisaTvis aRmkveTi zedamxedvelobis SefardebisaTvis.

konstitucia icavs gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebas da, am uflebisgamo, piris zedamxedvelobaSi ayvanis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebissafuZvlebi ar SeiZleba nagulisxmevad miiCnion damatebiTi mtkice-bulebis gareSe (I. US 645/99, file 18). gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebaSimoyvanili mizezebi ar efuZneboda faqtebs, romlebic konstituciu-rad gaamarTlebda momCivnis dakavebas, xolo CveulebrivisasamarTlos prezumfcia ar akmayofilebda dakavebis safuZvlebzemiTiTebis aucileblobis moTxovnas (III. US 188/96, file 16). amdaskvnisaTvis mniSvnelovani ar iyo raionuli sasamarTlos gancx-adeba, rom gadawyvetileba momCivnis dakavebis Sesaxeb miiRogamoZiebis sawyis etapze. aseTma gadawyvetilebam ar SeiZleba

57


Secvalos faqtebi, romlebic qmnian preventiuli dakavebissafuZvels. am mosazrebis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovaniaim SemTxvevebSi, rodesac pirveli instanciis sasamarTlosdaskvnebisagan gansxvavebiT, saapelacio sasamarTlo miiCnevs, romdakavebis mizezebi ar arsebobda.


29-11-2001

miuxedavad imisa, rom Sekrebis Tavisufleba aris erT-erTiumniSvnelovanesi samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, igi SeuzRudavi araa. raTqma unda, misi SezRudva SesaZlebelia sxvaTa uflebebisa daTavisuflebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Sekrebis Tavisuflebis uflebisSesaxeb aqtis debulebebi, romlebic, agreTve, aregulirebsmSvidobian Sekrebebs da iTvaliswinebs, rom Sekrebis organizatoriSeiZleba iyos mxolod ungreTis moqalaqe an visac gaaCnia sacxovre-beli adgili an dasaxlebis ufleba ungreTSi da moiTxovs, rom orga-nizatorebma dagegmili Sexvedris (mitingis) Sesaxeb acnobon [ufle-bamosil pirebs], ar arRveven Sekrebis Tavisuflebis konstituciuruflebas.

momCivnebma iTxoves Sekrebis Tavisuflebis uflebis Sesaxeb aqtisdebulebebis konstituciurobis ganxilva. pirveli, isini amtkicebd-nen, rom aqti agreTve moicavs mSvidobian Sekrebebsac da,Sesabamisad, policias SeuZlia borotad gamoiyenos SekrebebisakrZalvis da daSlis uflebamosileba. sakonstitucio sasamarTlommiiCnia, rom Tu policia gaumarTleblad akrZalavs an daSlisSekrebas, dazaralebul pirs gaaCnia ufleba, moiTxovos policiismier xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebisagan dacvis saSualeba.

meore, momCivnebi agreTve asaCivrebdnen aqtis debulebebs,romelTa Tanaxmadac, Sekrebis Tavisuflebam ar unda daarRvios sxvaadamianebis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. momCivanTa azriT, esdebuleba metismetad bundovania, raTa SezRudos iseTimniSvnelovani ZiriTadi ufleba, rogoricaa Sekrebis Tavisufleba;Sesabamisad, arRvevda samarTlebrivi garkveulobis princips.sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom arsebobs mTeli rigi samarTlebrividebulebebisa, romlebic unda gamoiyenon xelisuflebis warmomad-genlebma ZiriTadi adamianis uflebebis SezRudvisas. erT-erTiaseTi debulebaa konstituciis 8..2 muxli, romlis Sesabamisadac,wesebi ZiriTadi uflebebis da valdebulebebis Sesaxeb undaganisazRvros kanoniT, romelsac ar SeuZlia SezRudos uflebis

58


arsebiTi Sinaarsi. garda amisa, aRiniSna, rom am saqmeSi policiamunda Seasrulos sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi, rodesac ganix-ilavs Sekrebis akrZalvis an daSlis sakiTxs sxva pirebis uflebebisada Tavisuflebebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

Sekrebis Tavisuflebis uflebis Sesaxeb kanonis kidev erTigasaCivrebuli debuleba iyo me-5 muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac,Sekrebis organizatori SeiZleba iyos mxolod ungreTis moqalaqe anvisac gaaCnia sacxovrebeli adgili an dasaxlebis ufleba ungreTSi.momCivnebs gaumarTleblad miaCniaT, rom aqti ucxoelebs, sacxovre-beli an dasaxlebis nebarTvis gareSe, ukrZalavs Sekrebis organize-bas ungreTSi. Tumca, sasamarTlom gansaxilveli debuleba ar miiCniaarakonstituciurad. sasamarTlos azriT, am gansxvavebis mizani isiyo, rom Sekrebis organizeba moexdina pirs, romelmac icisungreTis samarTlebrivi sistema da wesebi mSvidobiani demonstra-ciebis Sesaxeb, agreTve, vinc SeiZleba pasuxismgebeli yofiliyoSekrebis dros damdgar zianze. dabolos, momCivnebmagaumarTleblad miiCnies, rom aqti moiTxovs dagegmili mitingisSesaxeb winaswari cnobis wardgenas, vinaidan aseTi gziT kanonmdebe-li krZalavs spontanur Sekrebebs. sasamarTlom daikava pozicia, romaqti moiTxovs Ria cis qveS, sazogadoebriv adgilebSi dagegmiliSexvedrebis Sesaxeb moxsenebis gakeTebas. amis mizezi isaa, rommSvidobiani Sekrebis uflebis ganxorcieleba dakavSirebulia sxvaZiriTad uflebasTan – gadaadgilebis TavisuflebasTan (konsti-tuciis 58-e muxli). Sekrebis Tavisuflebis uflebis ganxorcielebisZiriTadi adgilia quCebi, moednebi da a.S. dagegmili mitingisTariRisa da adgilis policiisaTvis moxseneba aucilebelia, raTaxelisuflebam icodes, rom viRac gegmavs Sekrebis Catarebas Ria cisqveS sazogadoebriv adgilas.

rac Seexeba momCivanTa arguments, rom Setyobinebis gareSeSekrebis Catarebis akrZalva ar aris Sekrebis uflebis proporciuliSezRudva, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom dagegmili Sekrebis SesaxebSeutyobinebloba SeiZleba warmoadgendes gaufrTxileblobas,magram, agreTve, SeiZleba iyos Sekrebis uflebis borotadgamoyenebis pirveli nabiji. dagegmili Sekrebis Sesaxeb informire-bis gareSe xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia ganixilos, dagegmili SekrebaarasaTanadod daarRvevs Tu ara transportis moZraobas ansasamarTloebisa da parlamentis saqmianobas Seuqmnis Tu ara seri-ozul safrTxes. Tu SesaZlebelia Sekrebis Catareba sxva adgilas dasxva dros da ara iq, sadac dagegmilia, Setyobineba usargebloa.garda amisa, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom policiis uflebamosileba,daSalos Sekreba, romlis Sesaxebac Setyobineba ar gakeTebula, arniSnavs, rom policia yovelTvis gamoiyenebs am uflebas.

59


erTma mosamarTlem, romelsac sami mosamarTlec daeTanxma,gamosca gansxvavebuli mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, SekrebisTavisufleba adamianis da ara mxolod moqalaqis uflebaa. amitom amaqtis me-5 muxli, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom mxolod ungreTismoqalaqesa da mas, visac aqvs cxovrebis an dasaxlebis nebarTva,SeuZlia Sekrebis organizeba ungreTSi, arRvevs Sekrebis ZiriTaduflebas. gansxvavebuli mosazreba xazs usvams, rom “Sekrebis” cneba,romelsac iyenebs aqti, Zalian bundovania da, amitom SesaZlebeliapoliciam gamoiyenos Zala saamisod sakmarisi mizezis ararsebobisdrosac.

mosamarTle kurokelim gansxvavebul mosazrebaSi aRniSna, rom ararsebobs konfliqti Sekrebis Tavisuflebasa da gadaadgilebisTavisuflebas Soris. es ukanaskneli ar niSnavs, rom sajaro mitingismonawileebs ufleba aqvT, gamoiyenon konkretuli marSruti.Sekrebis Tavisufleba xandaxan ewinaaRmdegeba Seuferxebeli trans-portirebis interesebs. mosamarTle kurokelim uaryo, romSemdgomi samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba sakmarisia policiis mierZalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg. rodesac ganix-ilaven, ZaliT daSalon Tu ara Sekreba, policiam mxedvelobaSi undamiiRos is, arRvevs Tu ara Sekreba sxvaTa uflebebsa daTavisuflebebs an warmoadgens Tu ara igi aseTi uflebebisdarRvevis naTel da arsebul safrTxes. policiam ar unda gamoiyenosZala, sanam ar Seecdeba monawileebis darwmunebas, rom daasrulonSekreba. es mniSvnelovania, vinaidan Sekrebis Tavisufleba adamianisTviTgamoxatvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani uflebaa.

lixtenSteinisaxelmwifo sabWo

25-10-2000

maSin, rodesac aRar arsebobs samarTlebrivad daculi interesi atstake, sakonstitucio saCivris wardgenis mizezic aRar aris.erTaderTi gamonaklisi am wesidan aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac sakon-stitucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos saCivari ZiriTadTavisuflebebze dayrdnobiT mxolod maSin, rodesacsamarTlebrivad daculi interesi aRar arsebobs. moqmedisamarTlebrivad daculi interesis wesidan gamonaklisis nebisdarTvisas, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seasrulos “kon-stituciuri gzamkvlevis” funqciebi. amitom sazogadoebisinteresebSia, rom sasamarTlom ganixilos faqtebi, romlebic exebaZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis savaraudo darRvevas maSinac ki, Tu

60


momCivans aRar gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli, samarTlebrivad daculiinteresi at stake. saCivrebi, romlebic Seexeba ltolvilTa bavSvebs,romlebic ekuTvnian sxva kulturul da enobriv jgufebs, epyrobianaraTanabrad Cveulebriv saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi inte-grirebasTan mimarTebiT, SesaZlebelia, rom saxelmwifo sasa-marTlom arasdros gamoitanos gadawyvetileba aseTi araTanabarimopyrobis konstituciurobaze, vinaidan sanam igi ase moiqceva,msxverpli an datovebs qveyanas, an moxdeba misi integrirebaCveulebriv klasSi.

ECHR-is pirveli oqmis me-2 muxlis Sesabamisad, ganaTlebisufleba ar niSnavs, rom bavSvi uflebamosilia adgilze konkre-tul saxelmwifo skolaSi. udavo obieqturi mizezebis gamoltolvilma bavSvebma sxva bavSvebis msgavsad, romlebicsaubroben sxva enaze, unda miiRon specialuri ganaTleba imisuzrunvelsayofad, rom isini daeuflon germanul enas sakmarisadkargad, raTa Seewyon Cveulebriv ganaTlebas. erT welzexangrZlivi specialuri ganaTleba xalxisaTvis, romlebicsaWiroeben daxmarebas, ar arRvevs ECHR-is pirveli oqmis me-2muxlis Sesabamisad ganaTlebis uflebas. Tu ltolvilebi darw-munebulni arian, rom TavianT qveyanaSi male dabrundebian, aseTSemTxvevaSi specialuri ganaTleba, romelic grZeldeba ufrodid xans ltolvilTa bavSvebisaTvis, vidre sxva, ucxo enazemosaubre bavSvebisaTvis, CaiTvleba prima facie diskriminaciulad,vinaidan, Tu maT SeuZliaT saxlSi dabruneba uaxloes momavalSi,arsebobs uamravi obieqturi mizezi maTTvis specialuriganaTlebis gagrZelebisaTvis ufro xangrZlivi periodiT daCveulebriv saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi ramdenime TviT an kviriTintegrirebis gareSe.

Praeter legem reglamentebi (reglamentebi im sferoebis Sesaxeb,romlebic srulad araa regulirebuli kanoniT) Seesabameba konsti-tucias erTi pirobiT, rom isini ar aris ZiriTadi, mniSvnelovani,arsebiTi da winaaRmdegobrivi. praeter legem administraciulpraqtikas (romelic Sedgeba daculi kosovodan ltolvilTabavSvebis ganaTlebisagan specialur klasebSi ufro didi xniT,vidre es aucilebelia maTi integrirebisaTvis Cveulebriv saSualoganaTlebis sistemaSi) ar aqvs samarTlebrivi safuZveli. igi SeexebamgrZnobiare da winaaRmdegobis albaTobis mqone sferos. amitom igiarakonstituciuria.

reziume:ltolvili mSoblebis Svils uari uTxres Cveulebriv adgilobriv

dawyebiT skolaSi Sesvlaze. skolaSi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb reglamentisTanaxmad, imigrantma bavSvebma, romlebmac sakmarisad kargad ar ician

61


germanuli ena, unda gaiaron specialuri intensiuri kursi araumetes erTi wlisa. ltolvilTa Sesaxeb aqtis Tanaxmad,saganmanaTleblo institutebma Seqmnes aseTi intensiuri kursebi,rogorc kosovodan ltolvili bavSvebis droebiTi dacvis saSualeba,Tumca, ar Seasrules maqsimum erTwliani periodis moTxovna.marTalia, momCivans misces adgili saSualo skolaSi, saxelmwifosasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba saqmeze da momCivans darTogasaCivrebis neba, magram gaauqma gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba imissafuZvelze, rom igi ar efuZneboda (emyareboda) kanons.


19-05-2003

ucxoelTa Sesaxeb aqtis debuleba, romelic iTvaliswinebs ufroxelsayrel pirobebs im ucxoelTa dasaxlebis Sesaxeb, romlebicpoloneTSi modian ojaxTan SesaerTeblad, aseve, [poloneTSi] yofnisSedarebiT mokle periods, romlis Semdegac, pirs SeuZlia cxovrebisuflebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis wardgena, ar ewinaaRmdegebaTanasworobisa da socialuri samarTlianobis konstituciurprincipebs.

debuleba, romelic iTvaliswinebs mxolod ucxoelisaTvis gancx-adebis wardgenis uflebas ojaxis gaerTianebis mizniT da poloneTismoqalaqes ar aZlevs aseT uflebas, qmnis polonur-ucxouriojaxisaTvis samarTlebriv reJims, romelic naklebad xelsayrelia,vidre ucxoeli ojaxebisaTvis. amitom, debuleba ar Seesabamebaojaxis dacvis konstituciur princips.

kanonmdebels Tavisuflad SeuZlia kanonis sasazRvromoZraobasTan dakavSirebul cvlilebebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanada Secvla. Sesabamisad, mas SeuZlia SezRudos an Secvalos debule-bebi poloneTSi sacxovrebel nebarTvasTan dakavSirebiT.

tribunalma Seiswavla ombudsmenis mier wardgenili saCivari. ojaxis dacvis konstituciuri principisa da saxelmwifos poli-

tikis gaTvaliswinebiT, kanonmdebels SeuZlia mianiWos ufro xel-sayreli uflebebi ucxoelTa kategorias, romelic poloneTSimodis ojaxTan SeerTebis mizniT. gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi, kanonmde-blis mier Camoyalibebuli gansxvaveba e.i. ojaxis gaerTianeba,Seesabameba gansxvavebis standartebs da konstituciuradgamarTlebulia.

ojaxis gaerTianebis idea xels uwyobs pirobebs, romlebicganapirobeben erTiani ojaxis arsebobas poloneTis teritoriaze.

62


gancxadebis wardgenis ufleba unda SeeZloT ucxoelebs dapoloneTis moqalaqeebs, rac Seesabameba sakanonmdeblo moTxovnebs.

ucxoelTa Sesaxeb aqtis debuleba, romelic poloneTismoqalaqeebs ar aZlevs uflebas, waradginon gancxadebaucxoelisaTvis poloneTSi dasaxlebis nebarTvis Sesaxeb ojaxisgaerTianebis mizniT, ewinaaRmdegeba Tanaswori mopyrobis konsti-tuciur princips.

ucxoelTa Sesaxeb aqtis debuleba, romelic iTvaliswinebs nakle-bad xelsayrel pirobebs, vidre amas iTvaliswinebda aqtiSesworebebis Setanamde sacxovrebeli nebarTvis misaRebad,Seesabameba moqalaqis saxelmwifosadmi ndobis princips da sax-elmwifos mier miRebul samarTals.

kanonis uzenaesobis morCili demokratiuli saxelmwifos prin-cipi akisrebs kanonmdebels valdebulebas, gansazRvros saTanadovacatio legis, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac awesebs ufro mkacrmoTxovnebs poloneTSi sacxovrebeli nebarTvis misaRebad. gansax-ilvel SemTxvevaSi, Sesagueblad dawesebuli Svidkviriani periodi,gardamaval debulebebTan erTad, saSualebas aZlevda dainterese-bul mxareebs, daecvaT maTi interesebi da uflebebi, romlebic maTwina debulebebis safuZvelze SeiZines.

ssiiccooccxxlliiss uufflleebbaa

ungreTi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

28-04-2003

evTanaziis SemTxvevaSi, piradi Rirsebis ufleba ar warmoadgenssicocxlis uflebis ganuyofel nawils, aramed piriqiT, erT-erTisarseboba SesaZloa niSnavdes imas, rom meore ufleba TavidanveSezRudulia. miuxedavad piradi Rirsebisa da sicocxlis uflebebiskategoriuli xasiaTisa, ganukurnebeli pacientis mierTviTmkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gansazRvra ar war-moadgens mis absolutur uflebas. TviTgamorkvevis uflebaSesaZloa SeizRudos ZiriTadi uflebis zogadi testisa da konsti-tuciis me-8Gmuxlis me-2 punqtis safuZvelze.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aseve xazi gausva im faqts, romsamarTlebrivi regulirebis sferoSi pacientis TviTgamorkvevisuflebis ganxorcielebis konstituciur da arakonstituciur reg-ulirebas Soris zRvari sabolood ar aris dadgenili. codnis dones,

63

sicocxlis ufleba

konkretuli institutebis mdgomareobas, maT ganviTarebasa da ram-denime sxva faqtors SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos am sakiTxTandakavSirebiT sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier miRebulgadawyvetilebaze.

janmrTelobis Sesaxeb kanonis me-15 muxlis Tanaxmad, pacientsaqvs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. amave kanonis me-20 muxli ki aRniSnuliuflebis ganxorcielebas zRudavs.

pacients, romelsac Seswevs gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari,ufleba aqvs, uari ganacxados samedicino mkurnalobaze garda imSemTxvevebisa, rodesac igi safrTxes uqmnis sxvaTa sicocxlesa dafizikur xelSeuxeblobas. avadmyofobis xasiaTisa da misi SedegisgaTvaliswinebiT, pacients ufleba aqvs, uari ganacxados sicocxlisSenarCunebasa da sicocxlisTvis aucilebel RonisZiebebze mxolodim SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi daavadebulia ganukurnebeli seniT,romelTanac Tanamedrove medicina uZluria da gamoiwvevs pacientissikvdils xanmokle periodSi.

pacientis uari samedicino mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebiTgamarTlebulad CaiTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac samieqimisagan Semdgari komisia gasinjavs pacients da werilobiTdaadasturebs, rom moTxovna efuZneba pacientis gaazrebulgadawyvetilebas. pacientis gadawyvetileba ZalaSi Seva mxolodmaSin, Tuki es ukanaskneli ori mowmis TandaswrebiT daadasturebssurvils, ar miiRos mkurnaloba samedicino komisiis mier moxsenebismomzadebidan me-3 dRes. rodesac pacienti uars acxadebs eqimTakomisiis mier mis Semowmebaze, misi survili, ar miiRos samedicinomkurnaloba, ar SeiZleba iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. mTavrobis dadge-nileba 117/1998 moicavs sakiTxis Semdgom mowesrigebasa dagarkveuli saxis samedicino mkurnalobaze uaris TqmasTandakavSirebul wesebs.

momCivnebi acxadebdnen, rom pacientis ufleba pirad Rirsebaze,romelic garantirebulia konstituciis 54-e muxlis 1-li punqtiT[ENG-HUN-A-54] moicavda aseve TviTgamorkvevis uflebas, romlisnawilsac, Tavis mxriv, evTanazia warmoadgenda. momCivnebi acxadebd-nen, rom janmrTelobis kanoniTa da mTavrobis dadgenilebiTgansazRvruli SezRudvebi araproporciuli da, Sesabamisad, arakon-stituciuri iyo. momCivnebi aseve aRniSnavdnen, rom aqtiurievTanaziis akrZalva Seusabamo iyo konstituciasTan. ufro metic,momCivnebis mtkicebiT, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar moicavdaevTanazias, ar gansazRvravda specialurad im SemTxvevebs, romlebicTviTmkvlelobis ganxorcielebaSi moicavs daxmarebas daerTmaneTisagan ar ganasxvavebda TviTmkvlelobaSi daxmarebasa damkvlelobas.

64


sakonstitucio sasamarTlom srulad uaryo momCivnebis argu-mentacia da sakiTxisadmi midgoma.

gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRosaerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi organizaciebis, ucxoeTissasamarTloebisa da sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis praqtika iseve,rogorc ucxoeTSi moqmedi da saerTaSoriso regulirebis normebi,romlebic saCivarSi aRniSnul sakiTxebs awesrigebs.


08-10-2002

policiis Sesaxeb kanonSi CamoTvlili is garemoebebi, romelTadrosac nebadarTulia cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyeneba,Seesabameba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT gansazRvrulpirobebs da, aseve, sicocxlis uflebas, romelic konstituciis 38-emuxliT aris uzrunvelyofili [ENG-POL-A-38]. imaze Civili, romCamonaTvali - Tu romeli garemoebebis arsebobisas arisSesaZlebeli cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyeneba – ar uzrunvelyofspolicielis sicocxlis dacvas im xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac es uzrun-velyofilia nebismieri pirisaTvis, ar aris gamarTlebuli.

tribunalma ganixila saqme, romelic mas warudgina policielTadamoukidebeli profkavSirebis erovnuli aRsrulebis komitetma.

sadavo debulebebis Tanaxmad, policiels ufleba aqvs,gamoiyenos cecxlsasroli iaraRi, rodesac policiis SesaxebkanoniT gansazRvruli uSualo iZulebis RonisZiebebi ar aris sak-marisi an, rodesac maTi gatareba Seqmnil konkretul situaciaSi arxerxdeba. cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyeneba nebadarTulia mxolodCamoTvlil situaciebSi. ganmcxadebeli acxadebda, rom kanonmde-bloba amgvarad zRudavs policiis Zalebis mier cecxlsasroliiaraRis gamoyenebas, rac Seusabamoa adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTadTavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciaSi Camoyalibebul garantiebTan,romelic, ganmcxadeblis azriT, `nebas rTavs yovel adamians,waarTvas sxvas sicocxle~, rodesac mis mimarT gamoiyeneba Zala.

tribunalma aRniSna, rom konvenciaSi mocemul debulebaTaSinaarsi naTlad warmoaCens, rom igi ar `uSvebs~ an `eTanxmeba~ pirissicocxlis xelyofas. konvenciis debulebebSi ar aris CamoTvliliis situaciebi, rodesac sicocxlis xelyofa ar arRvevs konvencias immizeziT, rom es gamarTlebulia konkretuli garemoebebiT.sxvagvari ganmarteba winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda xsenebuldebulebaTa amomwurav ganmartebasa da logikasTan.

65

sicocxlis ufleba


14-12-1994

xelSekrulebis monawile saxelmwifos gadawyvetilebam, ganaxor-cielos ucxoelis eqstradicia, SesaZloa warmoSvas garkveuli prob-lemebi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlTanmimarTebiT da, Sesabamisad, daayenos saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobissakiTxi im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki arsebobs imis dasabuTeba, rom, Tuki ucx-oeli dabrundeba konkretul saxelmwifoSi, mas aSkarad daemuqrebawamebis, araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis safrTxe. winamde-bare iuridiuli doqtrina gamoiyeneba kanonis analogiis saxiTuflebis mimarT, romelic uzrunvelyofilia konstituciaSi evrop-uli konvenciis me-6 oqmis 1-li muxliT, federaciis konstituciis 85-e muxlTan erTobliobaSi da exeba sikvdiliT dasjas. Sesabamisad,administraciulma gadawyvetilebam SesaZloa daarRvios gansaxil-veli fundamenturi ufleba. winamdebare saqmeSi sakonstituciosasamarTlom SeaCera im administraciuli gadawyvetilebis ganxor-cieleba, romelic iqna gasaCivrebuli da romelSic administraciuliorgano acxadebda, rom piri, romelic uars ambobda saxelmwifo sam-saxurze yofil `iugoslaviis federaciul respublikaSi~, SesaZle-belia yofiliyo deportirebuli. ganmcxadebeli – albanelierovnebis mqone piri kosovodan, romelic aris iugoslaviis moqalaqe– amtkicebda, rom mas emuqreboda wamebisa da sikvdiliT dasjisaSkara safrTxe. administraciulma organoebma ar ganixiles ganmcx-adeblis mier wardgenili mtkicebulebebi da ar daakmayofiles misisaCivari avstriaSi yofili iugoslaviis respublikis mier miwodebu-li informaciis safuZvelze. aSkara proceduruli xarvezebis gamoganmcxadeblis fundamenturi ufleba iqna darRveuli. xelisu-flebis administraciul organoebs unda ganexilaT, emuqreboda Tuara ganmcxadebels deportaciis SemTxvevaSi wamebis, araadamianuri andamamcirebeli qmedebis Sedegad sikvdilis aSkara safrTxe –aucilebeli ar iyo konkretulad sikvdiliT dasja.

bulgareTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

21-11-1997

Tavdacva, romelic mimarTulia Selaxuli uflebis dacvisaken,rasakvirvelia, gamarTlebulia, magram ise ar unda ganimartos, romgadaWarbebuli ziani miadges uflebis xelmyofs.

66


mokle SSinaarsi:parlamentis wevrTa jgufma gaasaCivra sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsSi cvlilebebis Semtani kanonis 1-li nawilis Sesabamisobasamoqalaqo da politikur paqtTan, romlis wevric aris bulgareTi.sasamarTlom daadgina, rom 12.3.1, 12.3.2 da 12.3.3 muxlebis debulebe-bi Semdeg sityvebze miTiTebiT: `sasoflo qoneba Tu sawarmoosaSualebebi~, da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi cvlilebebis Semtanikanonis 1.1 nawilis muxlebi 12.3.4 da me-12.3.5 ewinaaRmdegeboda kon-stitucias da uaryo sarCeli sxva nawilebSi. miTiTebuli teqstisTanaxmad, miuxedavad dacvis saxeobisa da saSiSroebisa, ar undamoxdes Tavdacvis farglebis gadameteba da unda gamoiyenon imSemTxvevaSi, Tuki:

Tavdamsxmelebi aarian oorni aan oorze mmetni;Tavdamsxmeli SSeiaraRebulia;Tavdamsxmelma mmimarTa ZZaladobas aan SSeaRwia ssacxovrebelsaxlSi, ssasoflo ssameurneo ddaniSnulebis ssakuTrebaSian ssawarmoSi;Tavdasxma xxdeba ttransportSi, TTviTmfrinavSi,gemze aan mmatarebelSi;Tavdasxma xxorcieldeba RRamis gganmavlobaSi;ar aarsebobs aaraviTari ssxva ssaSualebaTavdasxmis mmosagerieblad.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Tavdacva, romelicganxorcielebulia im mizniT, rom dacul iqnes ufleba, romlisxelyofac xorcieldeba, ar unda moicavdes uflebas, gadaWarbebuliziani miayeno Tavdamsxmels. rodesac pirovneba Tavad axorcielebsdanaSaulebriv Tavdasxmas, igi sargeblobs konstituciiT garanti-rebuli uflebebiTa da dacviT.

sasamarTlos mier konstituciasTan Seusabamod gamocxadebulidebulebiT, nebadarTulia Tavdasxmis acileba ise, rom ziani miadgesTavdamsxmels da amgvarad scdeba aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebs.xsenebuli debulebebi ar moicavs moTxovnas, rom Tavdacva propor-ciuli unda iyos Tavdasxmis xasiaTsa da saSiSroebasTan. im pirs, vincTavs icavs, SeuZlia gadawyvitos, Tu ra saxis ziani miayenosTavdamsxmels Tavisi interesebis dasacavad, romelTac xelyofaemuqreba. es debulebebi calkeul SemTxvevaSi amarTlebs Cadenilmkvlelobas an mkvlelobis mcdelobas da, Sesabamisad, scdebaTavdacvis farglebs. amgvarad, isini zegavlenas axdenen da ziansayeneben sicocxlis uflebas, romelic fundamentur konstituciuruflebas warmoadgens.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gamoTqma `Tavdamsxmelma mimarTaZaladobas an SeaRwia sacxovrebel saxlSi...~ Seesabameba samoqalaqo

67

sicocxlis ufleba

da politikuri uflebebis paqtis me-6 muxlis 1-l punqts. aseTSemTxvevebSi Tavdasxma arRvevs iseT fundamentur uflebas, rogor-icaa sacxovreblis daurRvevloba da garantirebulia konstituciis33-e muxliT. rodesac erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori konstituciuriufleba – Tavdamsxmelis ufleba sicocxleze da sacxovreblisdaurRvevloba – Tavdamsxmelis sicocxlis uflebas ar undamieniWos upiratesoba. amitomac miuxedavad Tavdacvis xasiaTisa dasaSiSroebisa, CaiTvala, rom Tavdacva ar scdeba aucilebel far-glebs, rodesac xdeba danaSaulebriv SeRweva sacxovrebel saxlSi.sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 12.3.6 muxli gamoxatavs TavdacvisxasiaTs im saqmeebSi, sadac piris mier danaSaulebriv Tavdasxmas vermoigeriebs sxvagvarad, Tu ar iqneboda gamoiyenebda im xerxs, romel-sac am pirma mimarTa.

safrangeTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

27-06-2001

kanonTan dakavSirebiT, romelic fexmZimobis SewyvetisaTvissamarTlebriv vadas zrdida 10-dan 12 kviramde (fexmZimobis dawye-bidan), sakonstitucio sasamarTlom uaryo pretenziebi, romelTaTanaxmadac, xsenebuli kanonebi xelyofda adamianTa pativiscemisprincips misi sicocxlis dawyebidanve, arRvevda pirovnebisRirsebisa da yvela formis damamcirebeli mopyrobisagan dacvisuflebas da sazogadoebrivi jandacvis samsaxurebis xelmZRvanelTasindisis Tavisuflebas.

mokle SSinaarsi:sakonstitucio sabWom uaryo saCivari, romelic warmoadgina

samocze metma senatorma da exeboda kanons fexmZimobis TviTneburSewyvetasa da kontraceptivebs da daadgina, rom fexmZimobisSewyvetisaTvis nebadarTuli samarTlebrivi vadis 10-dan 12 kviramdegazrda (fexmZimobis dawyebidan) im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac qalsfexmZimobasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli problemebi aqvs, Seesabamebakonstitucias. kerZod, sasamarTlom uaryo pretenziebi, romlebicefuZneboda sicocxlis dawyebidanve adamianis pativiscemis principisxelyofas, pirovnebis Rirsebisa da yvela formis damamcirebeli mopy-robisagan dacvis uflebis darRvevas, sazogadoebrivi jandacvis sam-saxurebis xelmZRvanelTa sindisis Tavisuflebis Selaxvas. kanonmde-belma balansi daadgina konstituciaSi dasaxelebul yvela faqtorsSoris, maT Soris, igulisxmeba im qalTa piradi Tavisufleba, romleb-sac SeeqmnaT garkveuli problemebi fexmZimobasTan dakavSirebiT.

68


safrangeTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

27-07-1994

bioeTikasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetileba ayalibebs yvelaformis damonebisa da damcirebisagan pirovnebis Rirsebis dacvisprincips. parlamentma daadgina zemoxsenebul or kanonSi da gaam-yara principTa mTeli wyebiT, maT Soris, sicocxlis dawyebisTanaveadamianis pativiscemisa da misi xelSeuxeblobis principebiT, rom-lis Tanaxmadac, adamiani ar aris sagani. amitomac debulebebi, rom-lebic exeba adamianis organoebis an nivTierebebis gamoyenebas dasamedicino saSualebiT STamomavlobis gamravlebas, aseve,winasamSobiaro diagnozs, Seesabameba konstitucias. kanonmdeblobaar amaxvilebs yuradRebas fertilizebuli embrionebis uvadod dac-vasa da gansakuTrebul garemoebebze, xolo Sefasebis sakiTxSisakonstitucio sabWos parlamentisagan gansxvavebuli ufle-bamosilebebi gaaCnia. rac Seexeba debulebebs fertilizebuliembrionebis gadanergvasa da xelovnur garemoSi maTi SenaxvisSesaxeb, dadginda, rom isini konstitucias Seesabameba.


21-07-1997

zogadi kanonis 103.2 muxli da braleulobis principi ar dairRveva,Tuki germaniis demokratiuli respublikis saxalxo armiis sazRvrisdacvis jarebis yofili generlebi msjavrdebulebi iqnebian sisxlissamarTalwarmoebis Sedegad, romelic aRZrulia germaniaTaSorissazRvarze gaqceulTa mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT.

momCivnebi _ germaniis demokratiuli respublikis saxalxo armiissazRvris dacvis jarebis yvela yofili generali _ msjavrdebuliqnen 1996 wlis 10 seqtembers mkvlelobisaTvis an mkvlelobismcdelobisaTvis, ramdenime saqmeSi ki _ mkvlelobaSi xelisSewyobisaTvis. maT miesajaT patimroba 3 welsa 3 Tvidan 6 welsa da 6Tvemde. msjavrdebas safuZvlad daedo 1980-1989 wlebSi germa-niaTaSoris sazRvarze gaqceulTa mkvlelobis 15 individualurisaqme. 10 adamiani daiRupa naRmebis afeTqebisa da sazRvris dacvisjarebis mier srolis Sedegad, rodesac gaqceulebi cdilobdnensazRvarze damontaJebuli damcavi mowyobilobebis gverdis avlas. 5sxva saqmeSi gaqceulebma naRmebis namsxvrevebiT gamowveuliseriozuli Wrilobebi miiRes.

69

sicocxlis ufleba

1997 wlis 30 aprilis gadawyvetilebiT, federalurma sasa-marTlom ukuagdo sasjelTan dakavSirebuli saCivari. momCivnebmasaCivari Seitanes sisxlis samarTlis da federaluri sasa-marTloebis mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebebTan dakavSirebiT.kerZod, isini acxadebdnen pretenzias Tanasworobis principis(konstituciis 3.1 muxli), kanonis uzenaesobisa (konstituciis 20.3muxli) da kanonis ukuqceviTi Zalis principebis (konstituciis 103.2muxli) darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT.

federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos me-2 palatis me-2kolegiam arsebiT ganxilvaze dauSveblad gamoacxada sakonsti-tucio sarCeli. sarCelis miuReblobis motivad sasamarTlomganacxada: federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos iurisdiqciisTanaxmad, sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis struqtura, faqtebisa dagaremoebebis mokvleva da Sefaseba, sisxlis samarTlis materialurida procesualuri kanonmdeblobis interpretacia, konkretulSemTxvevebSi maTi gamoyeneba Sedis kompetenturi sisxlis samarTlissasamarTloebis kompetenciaSi da ar warmoadgens sakonstituciosasamarTlos ganxilvis sagans. federaluri sasamarTlo saqmeSierTveba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saerTo sasamarTloebiarRveven konstituciur samarTals.

federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SezRudva, romelicexeba saqmeTa ganxilvis kompetencias, aseve moicavs sisxlissamarTlis sasamarTloebis mier im ucxouri samarTlebrivi sistemisganmartebasa da gamoyenebas, romelzec germaniis federaciulrespublikaSi moqmedi sistemis Tanaxmad, damokidebulia sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldeba. Sesabamisad, federaluri sakonstituciosasamarTlo ver ganixilavs im sakiTxs, Tu ramdenad sworadganmartavdnen da iyenebdnen sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebigermaniis demokratiuli respublikis kanonmdeblobis debulebebs.

winamdebare saqmeSi sasamarTloebi SeTanxmdnen, rom sisxlissamarTlis kanonmdeblobis ganmartebisas gamoiyenebdnen germaniisfederaciuli respublikis kanonmdeblobis debulebebs, romlebicesadageba aRniSnul saqmeebs. momCivnebis pretenziebi exeboda maTmonawileobas germaniaTaSoris sazRvris gadakveTis an gadakveTismcdelobisas germaniis federaciul respublikaSi gadamsvlelTamkvlelobis waqezebaSi, arapirdapir monawileobasa anTanamonawileobaSi. sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebis gadawyve-tileba, rom ganmcxadeblebi danaSaulebisaTvis unda daisajongermaniis federaciuli respublikis sisxlis samarTlis kano-nmdeblobiT, radganac es ukanaskneli ufro humanuri iyo, argamocxadda arakonstituciurad. konstituciis 103.2 muxli ardarRveula im faqtis gamo, rom sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebma

70


germaniis demokratiul respublikaSi moqmedi praqtikisagangansxvavebiT uaryves im danaSaulebisaTvis gamamarTlebelisafuZvlis arseboba, romlebic adamianTa mkvlelobas exeboda. gdr-Si moqmed praqtikas, romelic germaniaTaSoris sazRvarzegadamsvlel pirTa mkvlelobas amarTlebda, Tundac gdr-issasazRvro kanonmdeblobis gverdis avliT, ar aqvs aranairikonstituciuri gamarTleba.

movaleobis mkacri dacvis Sesaxeb konstituciis 103.2 muxliSeusabamo xdeba, rodesac saxelmwifo xelisufali gansazRvravssxvadasxva danaSaulis samarTlebriv elementebs umniSvnelovanesdanaSaulTa sferoSi (magaliTad, adamianis ganzrax mkvleloba),gamoricxavs pasuxismgeblobas garkveul SemTxvevebSi werilobiTinormebis gverdis avliT da aseT danaSaulebs xels uwyobs. amgvarad,igi uxeSad arRvevs saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mieruniversalurad aRiarebul adamianis uflebas.

sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad,momCivnebi regularulad ucvlidnen formas Tavdacvis erovnulisabWos mier gamocemul brZanebebs sazRvris dacvis mowyobilobaTagafarToebasa da maT daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebis miercecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. amgvarad, isinimniSvnelovnad uwyobdnen xels sazRvris dacvis reJimisganmtkicebas da axalisebdnen momsaxure jariskacebs, xeli SeeSalaTgadamkveTTaTvis nebismieri saSualebiT – Tundac cecxlsasroliiaraRis gamoyenebiTa da sazRvris gadamkveTTa mkvlelobiT.

federaciulma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rommomCivnebis xelSewyobiT sazRvris gadamkveTTa sicocxlemsxverplad Seewira oficialur institutebs, radgan maTibrZanebiT, sazRvris damcvelebs “nebismier fasad” unda SeeSalaTxeli pirebisaTvis sazRvris gadakveTaSi. TviT gdr-is mieraRiarebuli fundamenturi uflebis amgvari xelyofa politikurimiznebis ganuxrelad realizebisaTvis warmoadgenda yvelazeseriozul danaSauls. bolos, momCivanTa msjavrdeba ar arRvevdabraldebis princips. federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlosiurisdiqciis Tanaxmad, gdr-is mesazRvres SeeZlo gaeanalizebinaSeqmnili situacia da misTvis gasagebi gaxda, Tu ratom dasajessazRvris gadamkveTTa mkvlelobisaTvis. amitomac sisxlissamarTlis sasamarTloebi konstituciis farglebSi moqmedebdnen,rodesac miiCnies, rom momCivnebs esmodaT Seqmnili situacia,radganac isini maRali Tanamdebobis mxedarTmTavrebi iyvnen.xsenebulidan gamomdinare, sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos miergamoTqmuli mosazrebebi gamarTlebuli da konstituciuri iyo.

71

sicocxlis ufleba


23-11-1998

kanoni ar CaiTvleba arakonstituciurad, Tuki igi SesaZlebelsxdis fexmZimobis Sewyvetas, rodesac qali krizisul mdgomareobaSiimyofeba. kanonmdebeli aRar atarebs monitorings, Tu ramdenadseriozulia qalis mdgomareoba konstituciiT gansazRvrulkrizisTan SedarebiT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi amave drosicavs nayofis sicocxles. kanonmdebeli unda aregulirebdeskrizisis mdgomareobis cnebis gansazRvrebas parlamentis miergamocemuli aqtiT.

mokle mmimoxilva:ganmcxadebelTa jgufi asaCivrebda nayofis sicocxlis dacvis

Sesaxeb 1992 wlis LXXIX kanonis (SemdgomSi kanoni abortis Sesaxeb)konstituciasTan Seusabamobas. momCivnebi asaCivrebdnen, romabortis Sesaxeb kanonis zogierTi debuleba da mTlianad kanoniarakonstituciuri iyo. sicocxlis mxardamWerebi moiTxovdnensasamarTlosagan imis dadgenas, warmoadgenda Tu ara nayofisamarTlebriv pirs misi Casaxvis momentidan. sakonstituciosasamarTlom uaryo saCivrebi Tavis #64/1991 (XII.17)gadawyvetilebaze dayrdnobiT, romelSic man aRniSna, rom mas arSeuZlia gansazRvros, warmoadgens Tu ara nayofi adamianskonstituciis gagebiT. amis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba unda gamoetanaparlaments. es gadawyvetileba emyareboda im principebsa dasaxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebs, romlebic gansazRvruli iyosasamarTlos wina gadawyvetilebiT da exeboda abortebs.

gadawyvetilebaSi #64/1991 (XII.17) sasamarTlom gaauqmajanmrTelobis ministris im droisaTvis ZalaSi myofi direqtivaformalur safuZvelze: sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina,rom fundamenturi uflebebi unda regulirdebodes parlamentismier gamocemuli kanonis safuZvelze da amitomac sasamarTlomarsebiT ganxilvaze Tavi Seikava, ganesazRvra abortisregulirebasTan dakavSirebuli wesebis konstituciasTanSesabamisobis sakiTxi. Tumca, sasamarTlom CamoayalibasaxelmZRvanelo principebi momaval kanonTan dakavSirebiTabortis Sesaxeb. am saxelmZRvanelo principebis safuZvelze,parlamentma miiRo 1992 wlis kanoni abortis Sesaxeb, romlisTanaxmadac, nayofi ar sargeblobda samarTlebrivi dacviTCasaxvis momentidan da, aqedan gamomdinare, iZleoda abortisuflebas fexmZimobis pirvel TveebSi. mimdinare gadawyvetilebaSisasamarTlom ganixila abortis Sesaxeb kanonis 6.1 muxlis

72


konstituciasTan Sesabamisoba, romelic iZleoda abortisuflebas pirveli 12 kviris ganmavlobaSi im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki qalikrizisul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda da sasamarTlomac aseveganixila saCivrebi nayofis samarTlebriv statussa da sicocxlisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT. abortis Sesaxeb kanonis 12.6 muxlisTanaxmad, krizisuli situacia niSnavs, rom fexmZime qali SeiZlebaaRmoCndes mwvave sulier, fizikur an socialur mdgomareobaSi,rac safrTxes uqmnis nayofis janmrTelad ganviTarebas.imisaTvis, raTa dadasturdes krizisuli situaciis arseboba,fexmZime qalma xeli unda moaweros abortTan dakavSirebulmoTxovnas.

momCivanTa azriT, nayofi arasakmarisad aris daculi kanoniTabortis Sesaxeb, radganac aravis SeuZlia nayofis azris gamoxatvada im procesze Tvalis devneba, romlis saSualebiTacganisazRvreba, akmayofilebs Tu ara fexmZime qalis mdgomareobakanonSi gansazRvrul kriteriumebs. ungreTSi amJamad moqmedipraqtikis Tanaxmad, nayofis interesebis garantirebis sakiTxi araris farTo sazogadoebis msjelobis sagani.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos unda gaeca pasuxi kiTxvaze,asrulebda Tu ara saxelmwifo abortis Sesaxeb kanonis amoqmedebiTmoTxovnebs, romlebic mas avaldebulebs, daicvas nayofissicocxle qalis uflebis sapirispirod, rac gulisxmobs misipativisa da imis arCevanis uflebas, Tu rodis aris is krizisulisituacia, rodesac nebadarTulia qalisaTvis abortis gakeTeba.krizisuli situaciis cneba bundovania. es aris argumenti, romelicixreba qalis arCevanis uflebisaken da, amave dros, ewinaaRmdegebadaubadebeli bavSvis sicocxlis dacvas. kanonis Sesabamisad, abortinebadarTulia, raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda mogveCvenos,nayofis interesebidan gamomdinare. sasamarTlos daskvniT,xsenebuli arRvevs naTeli da gasagebi kanonis princips, radganacmizezi, romelic abortis gakeTebis nebarTvas iZleva,ewinaaRmdegeba Tavis Tavs. amitomac Cndeba kiTxva: aris Tu araarakonstituciuri fexmZimobis Sewyvetis mizezad qalis krizisulisituaciis arseboba.

abortis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad, aborti efuZneba mxolod qalisSefasebas, rom igi imyofeba krizisul situaciaSi yovelgvaridadasturebisa Tu mizezebis arsebobis Semowmebis gareSe. aRniSnulixorcieldeba qalis piradi cxovrebis uflebis dacvis motiviT. amsaqmesTan dakavSirebiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganacxada, romkanonma SezRuda qalis arCevanisa da Rirsebis ufleba imiT, rommoiTxova qalisagan abortis gamamarTlebeli mizezebisdadastureba. abortis Sesaxeb kanonis amJamad ZalaSi myofi

73

sicocxlis ufleba

Sesabamisi debulebebi praqtikulad Seesabameba qalis arCevanisuflebas, magram ver akmayofilebs saxelmwifoze dakisrebulvaldebulebas adamianis sicocxlis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT. aqedangamomdinare, konstituciuri balansi qalis Rirsebis uflebasa dasaxelmwifos valdebulebas Soris darRveulia. abortis Sesaxebkanonis aRniSnuli debuleba arakonstituciuria, radganac balansiar aris dadgenili qalis fundamentur uflebasa da saxelmwifoskonstituciur valdebulebas Soris.

Tavis samotivacio nawilSi sasamarTlom aseve CamoayalibasaxelmZRvanelo principebi parlamentisaTvis. sasamarTloamtkicebs, rom arsebobs ori SesaZlo gza, romliTac saxelmwifosSeuZlia nayofis sicocxlis uflebis dacva. pirveli SesaZlo gzamdgomareobs imaSi, rom abortis Sesaxeb kanoni ar Seicvalos, aramedmasSi Sesworeba Sevides, romliTac disbalansis nacvlad Seva iseTidebulebebi, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba nayofis sicocxlisuflebis dacvisaken (magaliTad, fexmZime qalTan TanamSromloba,fexmZime qalis uzrunvelyofa fizikuri, socialuri da finansuridaxmarebiT). meore SesaZlebeli gza mdgomareobs krizisulisituaciis cnebis dadgenaSi, abortis kvalificirebisTvis SesaZloda tipiuri miznebis gansazRvriT.

italiasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

27-06-1996

sikvdiliT dasja da sasjeli, romelic ewinaaRmdegebahumanurobis principebs, akrZalulia konstituciis 27-e muxliT. esgansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis akrZalva yovelTvis gamoiyenebodaitaliaSi Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis ganviTarebis xanaSi,magram irRveoda reaqciisa da Zaladobis Semotevis periodebSi. esunda ganixilos sicocxlis fundamenturi uflebis dasayrdeniprincipis logikur Sedegad, romelic warmoadgens upirveles dadaurRvevel uflebas da rac aRiarebulia konstituciis me-2muxlSi. sicocxlis uflebis upirobo xasiaTi da sikvdiliT dasjisakrZalva pirdapir ukavSirdeba xelisuflebis organoebisvaldebulebas, CaerTos saerTaSoriso mravalmxriv samarTlebrivdaxmarebaSi, kerZod ki, eqstradiciasTan dakavSirebulxelSekrulebebSi. rogorc sasamarTlom daadgina, italiiskonstitucias ewinaaRmdegeba nebismieri daxmareba iseTi sasjelebisaRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa dakisrebac ar SeiZlebaitaliaSi raime saxis danaSaulisaTvis.

74


mokle mmimoxilva:sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sisxlis samarTlis

saproceso kodeqsis 698-e da #225 kanonis (romSi 1983 wlis 13oqtombers italiasa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Sorisxelmowerili eqstradiciis xelSekrulebis ratificireba daganxorcieleba) IX muxlebi ar Seesabameboda konstitucias(ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis me-2 da 27-e muxlebs).konstituciurobis sakiTxi saqmeSi wamoiWra lacios regionaluriadministraciuli sasamarTlos mier im samarTalwarmoebis dros,romelic aRZra b-nma veneciam iusticiis ministris winaaRmdeg. b-nveneciaze gacemuli iyo brZaneba floridis sasamarTlos mierpirveli kategoriis mkvlelobaSi braldebasTan dakavSirebiT,romlisTvisac floridis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebda sikvdiliTdasjas. administraciulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom, upirvelesyovlisa, unda ganxiluliyo konstituciis me-2 muxlTanSesabamisoba, romelic yvela uflebaze uwinaresad sicocxlisuflebas icavda da romelic sakonstitucio sasamarTlos #54/1979gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze upiratesad gamocxadda.

amave dros administraciulma sasamarTlom daadgina, romkonstituciis 27-e muxli, romelic krZalavs italiaSi sikvdiliTdasjis Sefardebas, ewinaaRmdegeba eqstradiciis kanonis im punqts,romelic iusticiis ministrs aZlevs diskreciul uflebas,bundovani kriteriumebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi miiRosgadawyvetileba. aris Tu ara damajerebeli da myari eqstradiciismomTxovni saxelmwifos mier micemuli garantia. am SemTxvevaSi esdamokidebuli iyo imaze, SeeZlo Tu ara garantiebis mimcem organos,zewola moexdina kompetentur samarTlebriv organoze, raTa maTmier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi da gadawyvetilebebiSesabamisobaSi yofiliyo italiis konstituciasTan. admin-istraciuli sasamarTlos azriT, SeerTebuli Statebiskonstituciis me-6 muxlze dayrdnoba am SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleboda,radganac eqstradiciis xelSekruleba ar avaldebulebdafederalur mTavrobas, gaeca konkretuli garantiebi, romlebic,nebismier SemTxvevaSi, zians miayenebdnen individualurisaxelmwifoebis damoukideblobas. administraciulma sasamarTlomaseve daadgina, rom gansaxilveli debulebebi arRvevs italiiskonstituciis me-3 da me-11 muxlebs. sakonstitucio sasamarTlomzemoT mocemul principebze dayrdnobiT daadgina, rom namdviladdairRva konstituciis me-2 da 27-e muxlebi. procedura, romelicuzrunvelyofili iyo sisxlis samarTlis saprocesokanonmdeblobis 698(2)-e muxliT, emyareboda ormag gadasinjvassasamarTlosa da iusticiis ministris mier. garkvevas saWiroebda,

75

sicocxlis ufleba

ramdenad adekvaturi iyo eqstradiciis momTxovni saxelmwifos miersikvdiliT dasjasTan dakavSirebiT warmodgenili garantiebi imisuzrunvelsayofad, rom sikvdiliT ar daisjebodnen gadacemulipirebi miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdebloba amas iTvaliswinebda anes kanoni ar iqneboda gamoyenebuli gansaxilvel saqmeSi.

italiis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, sikvdiliT dasjis akrZalvaiyo upirobo da konstituciiT gansazRvruli, xolo miTiTebadebulebaze `adekvaturi garantiebi~ momTxovni saxelmwifos mier,ar Seesabameboda konstitucias. sicocxlis dacva saWiroebdaabsolutur garantiebs.

aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba dayrdnoba arcmarTlmsajulebis garantiebze da arc SeerTebuli Statebiskonstituciis me-6 muxlis interpretaciaze. winamdebare saqmeSiumniSvnelovanes sakiTxs warmoadgenda is, rom sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kodeqsiT uzrunvelyofili meqanizmi da implementaciiskanoni ar Seesabameboda zemoxsenebul konstituciur debulebebs.


16-06-1995

sicocxlis uflebis dacva, romelic uzrunvelyofilia adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-2 muxliT, ar aris imdenadyovlismomcveli, rom dauSveblad gamoacxados fexmZimobis Sewyveta.

winamdebare samarTalwarmoebaSi konkretuli sazogadoebaamtkicebda, rom saxelmwifom ar unda aanazRauros is xarjebi,romlebic dakavSirebulia fexmZimobis SewyvetasTan specialurklinikebSi da rom janmrTelobis dazRvevis fondebis sabWom undaakrZalos fexmZimobis Sewyvetis dafinanseba. sazogadoebaamtkicebda, rom wesebi, romlebic aregulirebda fexmZimobisSewyvetas, ewinaaRmdegeboda evropuli konvenciis me-2 muxliTgarantirebul sicocxlis uflebas. saapelacio sasamarTlomdaaskvna, rom sazogadoebis mier warmodgenil argumentacias vergaiTvaliswinebda, radganac evropuli konvenciis zemoxsenebulidebuleba ar vrceldeba ganviTarebadi adamianis sicocxlis e.i.Canasaxis sicocxlis uflebaze. sazogadoebis mier Setanilisakasacio sarCelis dros uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom, racar unda myari yofiliyo is argumentebi, romlebic saapelaciosasamarTlom warmoadgina mis mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebisaTvis,sazogadoebis saCivari ar SeiZleba iqnes miRebuli.

uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sicocxlis uflebis dacva,

76


romelic uzrunvelyofilia konvenciis me-2 muxliT, ar vrceldebaim doneze, rom aukrZalos konvenciis xelmomwer saxelmwifoebsiseTi sakanonmdeblo debulebebis amoqmedeba, romlebic nebasmiscemdnen garkveul pirobebSi fexmZimobis Sewyvetas.

poloneTisakonstitucio ttribunali

28/05/1997

abortis nebarTvis gacema fexmZime qalis mZime ekonomikuri ansocialuri mdgomareobis gamo, arRvevs proporciulobiskonstituciiT garantirebul princips. am debulebiT, nebadarTuliaaborti, rodesac fexmZime qali imyofeba rTul ekonomikur Tusocialur mdgomareobaSi, e.i. igi amarTlebs aborts da amitomacmiCneul unda iqnes, rogorc nebarTva zogadad akrZalul qmedebaTaganxorcielebaze. daubadebeli bavSvi daculia misi Casaxvis momenti-dan da nebismieri qmedeba, romelic mimarTulia misi sicocxlis xely-ofisaken, maT Soris, abortis ganxorcieleba, zogadad akrZalulia.

kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, momavali dedis `rTuli ekonomikurimdgomareoba~ warmoadgens aucilebel pirobas abortis gansaxor-cieleblad. Tuki es sakmarisia abortis gasamarTleblad, tri-bunalis azriT, igi unda niSnavdes, rom daubadebeli da dabadebulibavSvis sicocxle kanonmdeblis mier sxvagvarad aris Sefasebuli.

garda imisa, rom zemoxsenebuli debuleba arRvevs proporciulo-bis princips, kanonmdebeli aseve ar iyenebs sxva konstituciurwesebs, romlebic savaldebuloa am tipis konfliqtur SemTxvevebSi.kerZod, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki kanonmdebeli gaamarTlebs qmedebebs,romlebic arRvevs konkretul konstituciur Rirebulebas, igivaldebulia, aRweros is pirobebi da garemoebebi, romelTa arsebo-bis SemTxvevaSic darRveva nebadarTulia adekvaturi saSualebiT.tribunalis azriT, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebelma arSeasrula xsenebuli piroba.

portugaliasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

17-04-1998

ramdenadac sakonstitucio sasamarTlo pasuxismgebelia,erovnuli referendumis Catarebamde ganixilos misi konstituci-uroba da kanoniereba, man aseve unda uzrunvelyos, rom referen-

77

sicocxlis ufleba

dumis sagani arsebiTad konstituciuri iyos: imis gadawyveta, ref-erendumis sagani kanonieria Tu ara, warmoadgens referendumiskonstituciurobis sakiTxis ganxilvis nawils. ra Tqma unda,umravlesobis principi unda Sejerdes konstituciurobisprincipTan.

konstituciis 24.1 muxlis Tanaxmad, adamianis sicocxlexelSeuvalia. ganaCeni sakiTxs sam etapad wyvets. abortis dekrimi-nalizaciis sakiTxi unda ganixilos, rogorc sisxlis samarTlebrivisistemis sagani: sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis organos SeuZliagadawyvitos, gamoacxados Tu ara abortis gakeTeba sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjadad maSin, rodesac sicocxle in utero war-moadgens samarTlebriv sakuTrebas (amgvarad, moicavdes potenciurkonfliqts Sesabamisi qalis sxva uflebebTan) da igi ar aris daculisicocxlis uflebiT, romelic mocemulia konstituciis 24.1muxliT. amave dros, arsebobs meoregvari midgoma, rom yvelapirisaTvis sicocxlis uflebis uzrunvelyofasTan erTad, 24.1muxli aseve vrceldeba dedis (obieqtur) saSvilosnoSi myofganviTarebad sicocxleze (in utero sicocxleze). aqedan gamomdinare,arsebobs sicocxlis dacvis konstituciuri valdebuleba. Tumca,adamianis embrionis dacva ar SeiZleba iyos iseTive arsebiTi (da arcSeiZleba iqnes uzrunvelyofili imave meTodebiT), rogorc sic-ocxlis subieqturi ufleba, romelic yvela individualur pirsdabadebidan gaaCnia. mimdinare sakanonmdeblo procesi unda uzrun-velyofdes adamianis sicocxles saSvilosnoSi. amave dros,iTvaliswinebdes sxvadasxva interesebs da abalansebdessamarTlebrivi sakuTrebis konstituciur dacvas sxva uflebaTa daRirebulebaTa sapirispirod interesTa Sefasebis principissafuZvelze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, balansis dadgenam adamianisembrionis dacvasa da qalis sxva uflebebs, maT Soris, personaluriganviTarebis uflebas Soris (avtonomiurobis, piradiTviTgamorkvevis da sakuTari bedis gadawyvetis WrilSi),gansakuTrebiT im uflebasTan, romelic gulisxmobs dedobas,rogorc gaazrebul arCevans, SeiZleba gaamarTlos pirvel 10kviraSi fexmZimobis Sewyvetis dekriminalizaciis sakanonmdebloarCevani.

konstituciurad dacul sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli nebis-mieri konfliqti SeiZleba gadawydes kanonmdeblis mier, saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi ki, arsebobs konstituciasTan Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblofarglebi, raTa gairkves, sisxlissamarTlebriv danaSaulad iqnes Tuara miCneuli fexmZimobis ganzrax Sewyveta. mesame, im SemTxvevaSic,Tuki aborti ganixileba, rogorc arakanonieri qmedeba, es argulisxmobs, rom referendumze dasmul kiTxvaze pozitiuri pasuxi

78


arakonstituciuri iqneba, radganac konstituciuri samarTlisTanaxmad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi kontroli unda iyos kulturul,ekonomikur, socialur da janmrTelobis RonisZiebaTa saboloosaSualeba da ara am saSualebebis Semcvleli. amitomac, radgan kon-stitucia ar moiTxovs abortis miCnevas sisxlissamarTlebrivdanaSaulad, arsebobs sakonstitucio sakanonmdeblo saSualeba imisdasadgenad, iqnes Tu ara dakisrebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi sanq-ciebi qalis arCevanis Sedegad fexmZimobis ganzrax SewyvetasTanmimarTebiT pirveli 10 kviris ganmavlobaSi, rogorc es ganisazRvragansaxilveli referendumis proeqtSi.

aseve mniSvnelovania imis ganxilva, rom ekonomiurad uzrunvely-ofil qals, survilis SemTxvevaSi, abortis gakeTeba dausjeladSeuZlia evropis nebismier klinikaSi maSin, rodesac Rarib qalba-tonebs, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom isini valdebulni arian, gaikeTonaborti, emuqrebaT aramarto ukanono samedicino mkurnalobasTan,aramed sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebuliriski.. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlom gansazRvra ramdenimesamarTlebrivi RonisZieba da formaluri pirobebi, romlebicmxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli, Tuki referendumis pasuxi iqnebadadebiTi. magaliTad, moTxovna, romelic gulisxmobs, rom Tu qalssurs abortis gakeTeba, unda gaiaros konsultacia, maT Soris, per-sonaluri interviu specialur sakonsultacio samsaxurTan da masunda mieces dro, raTa gadaxedos Tavis gadawyvetilebas.

konstituciis 115.8 muxlis Tanaxmad, (1997 wlis cvlilebebisSesabamisad) respublikis prezidentma unda warmoadginos respub-likis asambleis an mTavrobis mier gadacemuli referendumTandakavSirebuli winadadebebi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos winaSewinaswari gadamowmebisaTvis, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTi kon-stituciuroba da kanoniereba. respublikis asambleis mier prezi-dentisadmi wardgenil rezoluciaSi dasmulia kiTxva, romelzecpasuxi unda gasces erovnulma referendumma da igi SemdegnairadaaCamoyalibebuli: `eTanxmebiT Tu ara, rom fexmZimobis ganzraxSewyveta aRar unda CaiTvalos sisxlissamarTlebriv danaSaulad imSemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi ganxorcielebulia qalis arCevaniTfexmZimobis pirveli 10 kviris ganmavlobaSi samarTlebrivad dadge-nil samedicino dawesebulebaSi?~

1989 wlis gadasinjvis Semdgom portugaliis konstituciaSiSevida debuleba erovnul referendumTan dakavSirebiT. 115-emuxlis Tanaxmad, respublikis prezidents ufleba aqvs, kiTxviTmimarTos eleqtorats, raTa am ukanasknelma gamoxatos Tavisisurvili pirdapiri gziT referendumSi, romlis Sedegsac kanonisZala eqneba. 1997 wlis konstituciurma cvlilebebma sakonstitucio

79

sicocxlis ufleba

sasamarTlos winaSe dasva erovnuli, regionuli Tu adgilobrivireferendumebis Catarebis kanonierebis ganxilvis konstituciuro-bis winaswar Sefasebis amocana.

winamdebare saqmeSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyve-tileba imasTan dakavSirebiT, arakonstituciuri iyo Tu ara referen-dumis sagani – anu referendumSi dasmul kiTxvaze ori savaraudopasuxidan romelime moiTxovda Tu ara iseT kanonmdeblobas, romelicSeewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciur principebs an debulebebs.

Tavis saboloo gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom konstituciasTanSesabamisad da kanonierad gamoacxada referendumi Semdeg safuZ-vlebze dayrdnobiT:

1. rreferendumTan ddakavSirebuli wwinadadeba ddamtkicda kkompeten-turi oorganos mmier;

2. rreferendumis ssagans wwarmoadgenda mmniSvnelovani ssakiTxi,romelic SSedioda eeris iinteresebSi dda uunda ggadawyvetiliyo rrespub-likis aasambleis mmier kkanonmdeblobis mmiRebis ggziT;

3. wwinamdebare ssaqmeSi rreferendumis ssagani aar sscildeboda rrefer-endumis zzogad ffarglebs;

4. iis ffaqti, rrom rreferendumSi ggansaxilvel ssakiTxTandakavSirebiT uunda mmiRebuliyo kkanoni, rromelic iisev SSemuSavebisprocesSi iiyo ((Sesabamisi kkanonproeqti wwardgenili iiyokenWisyrisaTvis aasambleaSi zzogadi ddebatebis ssaxiT), aar uuSlidaxels, ees ssakiTxi aaseve ggamxdariyo rreferendumis ssagani;

5. rreferendumi eexeboda mmxolod eerT kkonkretul ssakiTxs, ddasmulierTi kkiTxvis ssaSualebiT rraime ssxva kkvalificirebis, SSesavlis aanaxsna-gganmartebiTi kkomentaris ggareSe dda, SSesabamisad, mmaszeSesaZlebeli iiyo ddadebiTi aan uuaryofiTi ppasuxis ggacema;

6. ddasmuli kkiTxva SSeesabameboda oobieqturobis, ggarkveulobisa ddasizustis kkriteriumebs;

7. rreferendumTan ddakavSirebuli wwinadadeba SSeesabameboda iimdroisaTvis ZZalaSi mmyof oorganuli kkanonis mmoTxovnebs rre-ferendumis SSesaxeb;

8. iis ffaqti, rrom mmxolod eerovnul tteritoriaze rregistrirebulamomrCevels SSeeZlo rreferendumSi mmonawileobis mmiReba,Seesabameboda ssaarCevno mmoTxovnebs;

9. ssakonstitucio ssasamarTlos ggaaCnda iiurisdiqcia, ggadaewyvitais ssakiTxi, aayenebda TTu aara rreferendumSi ddasmuli kkiTxvaamomrCevels iiseTi ddilemis wwinaSe, rrom eerT-eerTi ppasuxiwinaaRmdegobaSi mmodioda kkonstituciasTan;

10. kkiTxvaze ggacemuli aarc ddadebiTi dda aarc uuaryofiTi ppasuxi aaravaldebulebda mmTavrobas, mmieRo aarakonstituciuri ggada-wyvetileba.

80



12-11-1996

eqstradiciasTan dakavSirebuli normis konstituciasTanarsebiTi Seusabamoba unda Sefasdes sakamaTo normis arsebobisdroisaTvis ZalaSi myofi konstituciuri teqstis WrilSi.faqtobrivad, portugaliis konstitucia krZalavs eqstradicias,rodesac Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis SesaZloa pirs miesajossikvdiliT dasja eqstradiciis momTxovni saxelmwifoskanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad. radganac konstitucia krZalavseqstradicias im danaSaulebisaTvis, romlebic eqstradiciismomTxovni sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad,samarTlebrivad isjeba sikvdiliT, konstituciasTan Seusabamoanebismieri garantia, romelsac warmoadgens eqstradiciis momTxovnisaxelmwifo imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom igi Secvlis an Tavs SeikavebssikvdiliT dasjis sisruleSi moyvanisagan.

portugaliaSi eqstradiciis absoluturi akrZalva imdanaSaulebisaTvis, romlebisTvisac dawesebulia sikvdiliTdasja, momdinareobs 1976 wlis konstituciidan. makao warmoadgensspecialuri statusis mqone portugaliis mier marTvad aziurteritorias, sadac portugaliis konstituciis debulebebi,romlebic ukavSirdeba fundamentur uflebebs, pirdapirgamoiyeneba da sadac calkeuli samarTlebrivi normebi, romlebicdamtkicebulia portugaliis sakanonmdeblo organoebis mierrogorc 1976 wlis konstituciis miRebamde, aseve, misi miRebisSemdgom, amJamadac ZalaSia. amgvarad, mimdinare kanoni (romelicSeicvala portugaliaSi axali kanonmdeblobiT mravalmxriviurTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb sisxlissamarTlebriv sakiTxebSi),romelic iZleoda eqstradiciis nebarTvas im danaSaulebTanmimarTebiT, romlebic isjeboda sikvdiliT an samudamopatimrobiT, magram eqstradiciis momTxovni saxelmwifowarmoadgenda sasjelis Secvlis garantiebs, makaoSi kvlav ZalaSirCeboda. miuxedavad amisa, winamdebare norma maincarakonstituciurad miiCnies sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier imsaCivrebis safuZvelze, romlebic Setanil iqna makaos umaRlesisasamarTlos 3 gadawyvetilebis sawinaaRmdegod, romlebicnebarTvas iZleodnen eqstradiciaze CineTis saxalxorespublikaSi.

gansaxilveli ganaCeni gamomdinareobs konstituciurobisabstraqtuli gadasinjvidan, romelic aRiZra SemdgomSigaerTianebuli ori sarCelis safuZvelze da romelTagan pirveli

81

sicocxlis ufleba

Setanil iqna respublikis asambleis wevrTa jgufis mier, xolomeore _ generaluri prokuraturis mier (es ukanaskneli analogiuriganaCenebis gameorebas emyareboda). apelantTa locus standi sakiTxisgarkvevis Semdgom sasamarTlom arsebiT ganxilvaze kvlav gaimeoramis mierve dadgenili precedentuli samarTali da gansaxilvelinorma gamoacxada arakonstituciurad saerTo samarTlebrivivaldebulebis dakisrebis SedegiT.

damatebiTi iinformacia:debuleba, romelic eqstradicias exeba, gansazRvrulia konsti-

tuciis 33.3 muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZleba eqstradicia impirisa, romlis mier Cadenili danaSaulisTvis eqstradiciismomTxovni saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiT dawesebulia sikvdiliTdasja.


04-07-1995

portugaliis konstituciis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZleba eqstradicia imdanaSaulisaTvis, romlisTvisac dawesebulia sikvdiliT dasja`eqstradiciis momTxovni saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiT~. aRniSnuliakrZalva momdinareobs sicocxlis uflebis absoluturi dacvidan.momTxovni saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli moTxovna unda ganix-ilos konstituciisa da Cadenili danaSaulisa da misi CadenisTvisdakisrebuli sasjelis WrilSi, rogorc arsebiTi, aseve procedu-ruli TvalsazrisiT orive saxelmwifoSi moqmedi erovnuli kanon-mdeblobis sistemis Tanaxmad. sityvebi konstituciaSi _ `momTxovnisaxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad~ _ miuTiTebs am momTxovnsaxelmwifoSi ZalaSi myof erovnul kanonmdeblobaze, anu sisxlissamarTlis kanonmdeblobaze, romelic abstraqtulad moicavssikvdiliT dasjis SesaZleblobas da meqanizmebs. es ukanaskneliimperatiulad miekuTvneba sisxlis samarTlebriv kanonmdeblobasada proceduras, saidanac unda gamomdinareobdes, rom sikvdiliTdasja dauSvebelia, radganac misi gamoyeneba arc erT SemTxvevaSi arSeiZleba.

mokle mmimoxilva:ganmcxadebeli, romelic dakavebul iqna makaoSi (portugaliis

mmarTvelobis qveS myofi teritoria, romelsac gaaCnia specialuristatusi, magram, romelSic portugaliis konstituciis is debule-bebi, romlebic exeba fundamentur uflebebs, pirdapir gamoiyeneba),iZebneboda CineTis saxalxo respublikis policiis organoebis mier

82


Tavisi saqmros ganzrax mkvlelobisaTvis. makaos umaRlesmasasamarTlom daakmayofila uSiSroebis saministros mier wardge-nili eqstradiciis moTxovna imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom CineTis sax-alxo respublikam aiRo valdebuleba (CineTis uSiSroebis samin-istros saxiT, romelic mowodebul iqna qsinhua-pres saagentos mier.aRniSnul saagentos makaoSi kvazi diplomatiuri funqciebi gaaCnia),ar daesaja eWvmitanili sikvdiliT an samudamo patimrobiTYan gadae-ca igi mesame saxelmwifosaTvis. makaos sasamarTlos Tanaxmad,xsenebuli dapirebebi saerTaSoriso xasiaTis valdebulebebi gaxdada gaaCnda CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobisZala. Tavis saboloo gadawyvetilebaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlomdaadgina, rom gansaxilveli samarTlebrivi norma ar Seesabamebodakonstitucias (arRvevda konstituciis 33.3 muxls), radganaciZleoda eqstradiciis nebarTvas im danaSaulisaTvis, romlisTvisacmomTxovni saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyosikvdiliT dasja da aq usafuZvlo iyo im garantiebze dayrdnoba,rom sasjeli Seicvleboda. sasamarTlos azriT, momTxovni sax-elmwifos mier warmodgenili garantiebi ufro maRla idga, vidrepolitikuri da diplomatiuri xasiaTis garantiebi da miuxedavadsaerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT maTi aucileblobisa, ar akisrebdnensamarTlebriv valdebulebas CineTis saxalxo respublikis sa-samarTloebs.


10-02-1999

danaSaulis Camdeni piris sikvdiliT dasja dauSvebelia, sanamkanoni ar uzrunvelyofs nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo uflebas.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganixila saqme, romelic gamsvlelsasamarTlosTan dakavSirebul sakanonmdeblo debulebebs exeboda.saqme ganxilul iqna moskovis saqalaqo sasamarTlosa da moqalaqeTamier wardgenili moTxovnis safuZvelze. sakonstituciosasamarTlom daadgina Semdegi: gamsvleli sasamarTlo Seiqmna 1993wlis 16 ivliss, gamoica federaluri kanoni cvlilebebisa dadamatebebis Sesaxeb. kanoni ZalaSi Sevida misi gamoqveynebisdRidanve, magram ruseTis 89 Semadgeneli nawilidan mxolod 9nawilSi amoqmedda. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 41-emuxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo saqmeebs ixilavs raionSi, sadacdanaSauli iqna Cadenili. rodesac SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu sadiqna Cadenili danaSauli, saqme im sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi xvdeba,

83

sicocxlis ufleba

sadac winaswari gamoZieba an mokvleva iqna dasrulebuli. sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 42-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saqmeebi, rom-lebic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo xvdeba ramdenime Tanabari instanciissasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi, ganixileba im sasamarTlos mier, rom-lis raionSic winaswari gamoZieba Tu mokvleva iqna dasrulebuli.ganmcxadeblebi miiCnevdnen, rom es SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes immizniT, raTa maT uari eTqvaT nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo ganxil-vaze, rogorc es gansazRvrulia konstituciis me-20 muxlSi impirebisaTvis, romlebic braldebulni arian iseTi danaSaulisCadenaSi, romlisTvisac gaTvaliswinebulia sikvdiliT dasja,radgan aseTi sasamarTloebi ar Seqmnila Sesabamis teritoriebze.xsenebuli da sxva samarTlebrivi debulebebi gamoyenebul iqnakonkretul saqmeebSi nafic msajulTa sasamarTloze uaris TqmisgasamarTleblad, rac uzrunvelyofilia konstituciis me-20 muxlSiim pirebisaTvis, romlebic braldebulni arian sikvdiliT dasjadidanaSaulebis CadenaSi.

konstituciis me-20.2 muxlis Tanaxmad, sikvdiliT dasjis gauqme-bamde federaluri kanonis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia gamonaklisissaxiT misi dakisreba pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuligansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulebisaTvis im piris mimarT, romelsacufleba gaaCnia nafic msajulTa sasamarTloze. xsenebulidebulebidan da konstituciis me-18 da 46.1 muxlebidan gamomdinare-obs, rom aseT saqmeebSi braldebulis ufleba, romelic ukavSirdebanafic msajulTa sasamarTlos, warmoadgens konkretul garantiasyvela pirisaTvis sicocxlis uflebaze (rogorc fundamenturi,gausxvisebeli ufleba, romliTac sargeblobs yvela dabadebidanve),romelic uzrunvelyofilia TviT konstituciiT.

konstituciis me-19 muxlis Tanaxmad, yvela adamiani Tanasworiakanonisa da mis safuZvelze Seqmnili sasamarTlos winaSe.Sesabamisad, nafic msajulTa sasamarTloze ufleba SesaZlebeliauzrunvelyofil iqnes Tanabar sawyisebze da Tanabari xarisxiTyvela pirisaTvis, vinc braldebulia seriozuli danaSaulisCadenaSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu sad iqna kerZod Cadenili danaSauli,romel sasamarTlos gaaCnia zogadi iurisdiqcia da romelsasamarTlos _ specialuri iurisdiqcia aseT saqmeebze da sxvaanalogiur garemoebebze.

kanonmdeblis gadawyvetilebis gamarTleba, ganaxorcielos naficmsajulTa sasamarTlo ruseTis federaciis mxolod 9 SemadgenelnawilSi wina konstituciis debulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT da organi-zaciuli, materialuri da teqnikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare,mdgomareobda imaSi, rom nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos sistemisdamkvidreba unda momxdariyo TandaTanobiT, radganac ganviTarda

84


da ganxorcielda sasamarTlo reforma. Tumca, aRniSnuli ar niSnavsimas, rom ar arsebobda yvela im pirisaTvis nafic msajulTasasamarTloze uflebis uzrunvelyofis saWiroeba, vinc braldebu-li iyo sikvdiliT dasjadi danaSaulis CadenisTvis im dromde, sanamSesabamisi kanonmdebloba ar iqneboda gamocemuli, anu sanam axalikonstitucia Sevidoda ZalaSi da uzrunvelyofda, rom uflebanafic msajulTa sasamarTloebze unda gavrcelebuliyo mTeli qvey-nis masStabiT.

gasaCivrebuli debulebebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad gan-sazRvravs nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos moqmedebas mxolod fed-eraciis 9 Semadgenel nawilSi, ar ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias.

axali konstituciis miRebiTa da sasamarTlo reformisganxorcielebiT, kanonmdebels moeTxova me-2 Tavis me-6 nawilis 1-li punqtis farglebSi (`saboloo da gardamavali debulebani~ dakonstituciis 20.2 muxli) uzrunveleyo federaciis mTel terito-riaze Sesaferisi saproceduro meqanizmisa da zemoxsenebul muxlSigansazRvruli uflebis amoqmedeba im pirebisaTvis, romlebicbraldebulni iyvnen seriozuli danaSaulebis CadenaSi. ukve 5 weligavida konstituciis miRebidan da kanonmdeblisaTvis es warmoad-genda damatebiT dros xsenebuli moTxovnis Sesasruleblad. Tumca,aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, araviTari cvlileba kanonmdeblobaSiar ganxorcielebula.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina Semdegi: im danaSaulSibraldebul pirebs, romelTaTvisac federaluri kanonmdeblobagamonaklisis saxiT sikvdiliT dasjas iTvaliswinebs, yvelaSemTxvevaSi unda gaaCndeT nafic msajulTa sasamarTloze efeq-turi ufleba. Sesabamisad, federalurma asambleam dauyovneblivunda Seitanos cvlileba kanonmdeblobaSi, raTa uzrunvelyos,rom federaciis teritoriaze yvela pirs, vinc braldebuliasikvdiliT dasjadi danaSaulis CadenaSi, SesaZlebloba hqondes,ganaxorcielos ufleba nafic msajulTa sasamarTloze. sanamZalaSi Seva kanoni, romelic uzrunvelyofs am uflebas federaci-is mTel teritoriaze, ar SeiZleba vinme daeqvemdebarossikvdiliT dasjas.


29-12-1999

sicocxlis xelSeuxebeli ufleba warmoadgens adamianisRirsebis uflebis ganuyofel nawils. rogorc adamianis fundamen-

85

sicocxlis ufleba

turi uflebebi, isini winaswar gansazRvraven sxva uflebaTa daTavisuflebaTa realizaciis SesaZleblobas da amitomacdauSvebelia maTi SezRudva an gauqmeba. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisdebulebebi, romlebic sikvdiliT dasjas iTvaliswinebs, SeusabamoakonstituciasTan.

saxalxo deputatebma mimarTes sakonstitucio sasamarTlossisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 24-e muxlis konstituciurobisSesaxeb, romelic exeba gamonaklisi sanqciis saxiT sikvdiliTdasjis dakisrebas im seriozuli danaSaulebis CadenisaTvis, rom-lebic kodeqsis specialur TavSia mocemuli. saxalxo advokatebiamtkicebdnen, rom sicocxlis ufleba, romelic uzrunvelyofiliakonstituciiT, aris absoluturi xasiaTis da konstituciis ganmar-tebis dros mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli naTladgansazRvruli Rrma pativiscema adamianis sicocxlisadmi, rogorcdemokratiuli sazogadoebis mSeneblobis fundamenturiprincipTagani, romelic imarTeba kanonis uzenaesobiT. amitomackonstituciis konteqstSi, sikvdiliT dasjis gamonaklisi sanqciissaxiT dakisreba ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc `adamianis uflebisTviTneburi warTmeva~.

konstitucia gansazRvravs adamians, mis sicocxlesa dajanmrTelobas, pativsa da Rirsebas, imunitetsa da usafrTxoebas,rogorc uzenaes socialur sikeTes (konstituciis 3.1 muxli) dauzrunvelyofs, rom adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dad-gena da dacva warmoadgendes saxelmwifos umTavres valdebule-bas (konstituciis 3.2 muxli). umTavres sakonstitucio debule-bas, romelic aRiarebs uflebas sicocxleze, warmoadgensdebuleba, romelic gansazRvravs, rom sicocxle aris ganuyofeli(konstituciis 27.2 muxli), xelSeuxebeli da daurRveveli (kon-stituciis 21-e muxli).

sicocxlis ufleba eniWeba adamians dabadebisTanave da daculiasaxelmwifos mier. konstitucia acxadebs, rom konstituciuriuflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, kerZod ki, sicocxlis ufleba, uzrun-velyofilia da ar SeiZleba gauqmdes (konstituciis 22.2 muxli),aseve, akrZalulia iseTi cvlilebebis an alternativebis Setana,romlebic gaauqmebs adamianisa da moqalaqeTa uflebebsa daTavisuflebebs (konstituciis 157.1 muxli). akrZalulia arsebuliuflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis farglebis Seviwroeba axalikanonebis gamocemiT an arsebul kanonebSi cvlilebebis SetaniT(konstituciis 22.3 muxli).

konstituciis 22.2 muxlis debulebebi avaldebulebs sax-elmwifos, uzrunvelyos konstituciuri uflebebi daTavisuflebebi, pirvel rigSi, sicocxlis ufleba, Tavi Seikavos

86


iseTi kanonis miRebisagan, romelsac SeuZlia migviyvanos konstitu-ciuri uflebis an Tavisuflebis, maT Soris, sicocxlis uflebisgauqmebamde. saxelmwifos mier adamianisTvis sicocxlis uflebisCamorTmeva sanqciis ganxorcielebiT, Tundac kanoniTgansazRvruli debulebebis farglebSi, ganixileba, rogorc sic-ocxlis xelSeuvali uflebis gauqmeba da amitomac ewinaaRmdegebakonstitucias. yovel pirs aqvs sakuTari pirovnebis TavisufaliganviTarebis ufleba im donemde, ra donemdec es ukanaskneli ararRvevs sxvaTa uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.

konstitucia sicocxlis ganuyofeli uflebiT uzrunvelyofsyovel adamians (konstituciis 27.1 muxli) da garantirebs amuflebis dacvas gauqmebisagan. amave dros, igi gansazRvravsdebulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, yovel pirs aqvs ufleba, daicvasrogorc Tavisi, ise sxva pirTa sicocxle da janmrTeloba ukanonoxelyofisagan (konstituciis 27.3 muxli). sisxlis samarTlis kode-qsma gansazRvra debulebebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba piris mierganxorcielebul qmedebebs Tavdacvis garemoebebSi imisaTvis,raTa dacul iqnes misi an sxva pirTa sicocxle da janmrTeloba,Tuki aRniSnulis ganxorcieleba nakarnaxevia mwvaveaucileblobiT, rac socialurad saSiSi agresiis neitralizebasgulisxmobs.

sicocxlis xelSeuxebeli uflebis konstituciuri mxar-daWera, iseve rogorc sxva uflebebisa, emyareba Semdeg fundamen-tur principebs: yvela gamonaklisi, romelic ukavSirdeba adami-anisa da moqalaqis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, dadgenil undaiqnes konstituciiT da ara kanonebiTa Tu sxva normatiuliaqtebiT. konstituciis 64.1 muxlis Tanaxmad, `adamianis damoqalaqis konstituciuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi arSeiZleba SeizRudos, garda im SemTxvevebisa, romlebic dadge-nilia konstituciiT~.

konstitucia ar Seicavs raime debulebas, romelic adgens, romsikvdiliT dasja aris gamonaklisi konstituciiT gansazRvrulisicocxlis xelSeuvali uflebidan. unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebulisikvdiliT dasjis Seusabamoba sasjelis miznebTan iseve, rogorcmarTlmsajulebis Secdomis SesaZlebloba. xsenebuli arSeesabameba adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa konstituciurgarantiebs (konstituciis 58-e muxli). sikvdiliT dasja aseveewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis 28-e muxls, romelic asaxavs evrop-uli konvenciis me-3 muxls, romlis Tanaxmadac, `ar SeiZleba vinmedaeqvemdebaros wamebas, saSinel, araadamianur Tu damamcirebelmopyrobas an sasjels.~

87

sicocxlis ufleba

wwaammeebbiiss aakkrrZZaallvvaa

latviasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

22-10-2002

,,sagamoZiebo iizolatoris SSinaganawesis” 559.1.6, 666 dda 668 ppunqtebisSesabamisoba kkonstituciis 889-ee, 995-ee dda 1111-ee mmuxlebTan

sagamoZiebo izolatoris Sinaganawesis Tanaxmad, patimrobaSimyofi da msjavrdebuli pirebi, romlebic sistematurad da uxeSadarRvevdnen sapatimros reJims, SeiZleba moTavsdnen karcerSi anhauptvaxtSi ara umetes 15 dRisa. Sinaganawesis Tanaxmad, dakavebul-ma pirma SeiZleba Tan iqonios mxolod piradi higienisaTvis aucile-beli nivTebi da is dokumentebi da Canawerebi, rac sisxlissamarTlis saqmes ukavSirdeba. dauSvebelia SuSis nawarmis, vita-minebis da uxmari tansacmlis, aseve, qaRaldis, kalmisa da wignebisqona.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom pirobebi, romelSic patimarikarcerSi imyofeboda da faqti, rom mas ar SeeZlo gaesaCivrebina essasjeli, arRvevda pirovnebis konstituciiT garantirebul ufle-bebs.

sakonstitucio sarCelSi orma dakavebulma mosarCelem daayenasagamoZiebo izolatoris Sinaganawesis konstituciis 89-e, 95-e da111-e muxlebTan (saxelmwifos valdebuleba _ aRiaros da daicvasadamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi, aRmofxvras sastiki an damamcirebelimopyroba da daicvas adamianis janmrTeloba), adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlTan da evropis sasjelaRsrulebiTidawesebulebebis Sinaganawesis 37-e punqtTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxi(evropis sabWos rekomendacia, nomeri R(87) 3).

2001 wlis 9 maiss sapatimro dawesebulebebis departamentisufrosis mier damtkicebul sagamoZiebo izolatoris SinaganawesSimocemuli sapatimro reJimis Tanaxmad, patimrobaSi myofi pirebiSeiZleba moTavsebul iqnen karcerSi an hauptvaxtSi. rogorc wesi,praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba 15 dRiani maqsimaluri periodi.

rac Seexeba “karcerSi moTavsebas”, sasamarTlom aRniSna, romadgili ar hqonda adamianis sayovelTao uflebaTa darRvevas.uflebaTa Selaxvaze saubrisas yuradReba unda gamaxvilebuliyoZiriTadad im pirobebze, romelSic karcerSi myofi pirovneba imy-ofeboda da faqtze, Tu ramdenad safuZvliani iyo es sasjeli. unda

88


ganxiluliyo is sakiTxic, rom karcerSi moTavsebul patimars arhqonda am sasjelis gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba. garda amisa,sasamarTlos unda ganexila, iyo Tu ara SinaganawesiT sayovelTaouflebebis SezRudva kanonieri, proporciuli da emsaxureboda Tuara kanonier mizans.

sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom sayovelTao uflebebis SezRudvaSesaZlebelia kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi sxva pirovnebe-bis uflebebis, saxelmwifos demokratiuli struqturisa da sazoga-doebrivi usafrTxoebis, keTildReobisa da moralis dasacavad.magram sadavo normebSi mocemuli SezRudvebi ar iyo kanoniTgaTvaliswinebuli. sadavo normebi miRebul iqna iusticiis min-istris Sinaganawesis gardamavali debulebebis safuZvelze, amrigad,kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ar yofila.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sagamoZiebo izolatorisSinaganawesis sadavo normebi ar Seesabameboda konstituciis 64-e,89-e an 111-e muxlebs. sadavo normebi gadawyvetilebis gamoqveynebisdRidan baTilad da Zaladakargulad gamocxadda.

norvegiauzenaesi sasamarTlo

21-03-2003

pirovnebas, romelsac deportacias upirebdnen, saWiroinformaciis miwodebiT SeeZlo bolo moeRo im mdgomareobisaTvis,romelic, misi azriT, uflebaTa darRveva iyo. es mniSvnelovanifaqtia imis dasadgenad, deportaciis Sesaxeb brZaneba warmoadgendaTu ara adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlisdarRvevas.

A-s 1988 wels mieniWa norvegiaSi cxovrebisa da muSaobis ufleba.1994 is msjavrdebul iqna narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulisdamamZimebel garemoebaSi CadenisaTvis oTxi wliT TavisuflebisaRkveTiT. imave wels gaica misi deportaciis Sesaxeb brZaneba. A-smier mowodebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, iyo misi deportaciismcdeloba ugandaSi, romelmac A-s miRebaze uari ganacxada. masSemdeg, rac mopovebul iqna axali informacia misi ganadanwarmomavlobis Sesaxeb, 1997 da 1998 wlebSi saubari daiwyo swored amqveyanaSi deportaciaze, Tumca mis miRebaze aqac uari ganacxades.

amis Semdeg A-m Seitana sarCeli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg,romelsac imigraciis sabWo warmoadgenda. mosarCelis gancxadebiT,mdgomareoba, romelSic is imyofeboda, warmoadgenda adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevas, rac

89

wamebis akrZalva

krZalavs araadamianur da damamcirebel mopyrobas. igi iTxovdadeportaciis Sesaxeb brZanebis gauqmebas. raionulma sasamarTlomgadawyvetileba A-s sasargeblod miiRo, Tumca, saapelaciosasamarTlom raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saxelmwifossasargeblod gaauqma.

uzenaesma sasamarTlom ucvlelad datova saapelaciosasamarTlos gadawyvetileba. 1996 wlidan A patimrobidangaaTavisufles, Tumca, sakuTari momavali gaurkvevlad esaxeboda.A-s CamoerTva muSaobis ufleba da Tavs mxolod socialuridaxmarebebiT irCenda. mas arc daqorwinebis ufleba hqonda.uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom zemoaRniSnuli SezRudvebi,mTlianobaSi, iseTi masStabis ar iyo, rom adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevad miCneuliyo.

arsebobda utyuari sabuTi imis dasamtkiceblad, rom AwarmoSobiT ganadan iyo, rasac Tavad uaryofda. is faqti, romTviTon mosarCeles SeeZlo, bolo moeRo im mdgomareobisaTvis,romelic, misi azriT, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3muxlis darRvevas warmoadgenda, sasamarTlo msjelobisas didimniSvneloba eniWeboda imis gadasawyvetad, namdvilad hqonda Tu araadgili darRvevas. deportaciis Sesaxeb brZanebis gauqmebis anbaTilad cnobisaTvis ki sxva safuZveli ar arsebobda.

gaerTianebuli ssamefolordTa ppalata

saapelacio sasamarTlo30-07-2002

A da ssxvebi SSinagan ssaqmeTa ssaministros wwinaaRmdeg

antiteroristuli, danaSaulisa da uSiSroebis aqti 2001 (“aqti2001”), romelic SesaZlebels xdida saerTaSoriso terorizmSieWvmitanili ucxoelebis dakavebas sasamarTlos gareSe,ewinaaRmdegeboda 1998 wlis adamianis uflebaTa aqts (“HRA”).Sesabamisad, aqtis safuZvelze cxra ucxoelis dakaveba arakanonieriiyo, radgan maT mimarT gamoyenebuli Zalaufleba diskriminaciuliiyo da ewinaaRmdegeboda adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisme-14 muxls.

marTalia, gaerTianebuli samefos mTavrobam daadgina sagangebomdgomareobis arsebobis faqti da is, rom saerTaSoriso teroriste-bis dakavebis mizniT (romlebic realur safrTxes uqmnidnen qveynisusafrTxoebas), maT ufleba hqondaT, gadaexviaT konvenciis me-5

90


muxlidan, adamianis uflebaTa aqti moiTxovda, rom 2001 wlis aqtsSezRuduli interpretacia miscemoda.

2001 wlis aqti 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikaSi ganxorcielebu-li teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Semdeg iqna SemoRebuli. is SinagansaqmeTa saministros aniWebda uflebamosilebas, daedasturebina,rom pirovneba eWvmitanili iyo saerTaSoriso terorizmSi da imi-graciis Zalebis mier igi sasamarTlos gareSe daekavebinaT. am gziTSesaZlebeli iyo mxolod arabritanelebis dakaveba, vinaidan dakave-ba xorcieldeboda saimigracio kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad. Tumca,imisaTvis, rom gadalaxuliyo problema, romelic gamoiwvia adamian-is uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebam Cahalissaqmeze (gadawyvetileba #22414/93, romlis Tanaxmad, saimigraciouflebamosilebis safuZvelze piris dapatimreba konvenciis me-5muxlis 1-li punqtis Tanaxmad kanonierad CaiTvleboda mxolod imSemTxvevaSi, rodesac qmedeba ganxorcieldeboda am pirisdeportaciis mizniT), me-5 muxlTan mimarTebiT gaerTianebuli same-fos mTavrobas gakeTebuli hqonda gadaxvevis daTqma. mTavrobismier gakeTebuli gadaxveva ganisazRvra sityvier notaSi (note ver-bale), romelic waredgina evropis sabWos. adamianis uflebaTa aqtisTanaxmad, aucilebeli iyo, rom ministrs gaeca brZaneba gadaxvevisnebarTvasTan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnuli ganxorcielda imavedebulebebiT, romlebic gansazRvrul iqna sityvier notaSi.

2001 wlis aqti agreTve miuTiTebda, rom aqtis kanonierebis an missafuZvelze ganxorcielebuli dakavebis sakiTxis ganxilva undamomxdariyo imigraciis specialur saapelacio komisiaSi (SIAC) daara Cveulebriv sasamarTloebSi. es komisia uflebamosili iyo, mieRoda ganexila “daxuruli masalebi” (magaliTad, mtkicebuleba, romel-ic sazogadoebisaTvis, mosarCeleebisa Tu maTi iuridiuliwarmomadgenlebisaTvis ar aris xelmisawvdomi).

cxra mosarCelem ganacxada, rom maTi dakaveba da 2001 wlis aqtiarRvevda adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxls,radgan ar arsebobda sagangebo situacia, rac britaneli xalxis sic-ocxles safrTxes Seuqmnida. maTi mtkicebiT, adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvenciis arc erT xelmomwer qveyanas ar gadauxvevianakisri valdebulebebisagan teroristuli aqtebis gamo da sagange-bo mdgomareobis drosac ki am konkretul SemTxvevaSi gatarebuliRonisZiebebi aucilebel zRvars scildeboda. Semdgom maT ganacx-ades, rom gaerTianebuli samefos mTavrobam valdebulebebidangadaxveva moaxdina mxolod im moculobiT, rogorc es note verbale-Siiyo asaxuli da, amrigad, mxolod konvenciis me-5 muxlidangadauxvia. ase rom, 2001 wlis aqti ar Seesabameboda konvenciis me-3,me-6 da me-14 muxlebs.

91

wamebis akrZalva

komisiam daadgina, rom mTavroba ar tyuoda, roca daaskvna, romarsebobda sagangebo mdgomareoba, romelic qveynis usafrTxoebassaSiSroebis winaSe ayenebda. adamianis uflebaTa evropulmasasamarTlom gansazRvra, rom aseTi mdgomareoba arsebobs maSin,rodesac safrTxe eqmneba qveynis mTel mosaxleobas. gaerTianebulisamefo 11 seqtembris Semdeg aseTi safrTxis winaSe idga. xelisufle-ba ver daelodeboda, sanam mas mosalodneli Tavdasxmis Sesaxebacnobebdnen. igi mxolod amis Semdeg ver daiwyebda prevenciuliqmedebebis ganxorcielebas. Tuki saWiro zomebi ar iqnebodamiRebuli, Tavdasxmis realuri riski sakmarisi sababi iyo imisaTvis,raTa arsebuli situacia sagangebo mdgomareobad aRqmuliyo.

11 seqtembris movlenebis Semdeg gaerTianebuli samefoSeerTebuli Statebis Semdeg teroristebis mTavar samiznediTvleboda. cxadi iyo, rom msgavsi movlenebi inglisSi yovelgvarigafrTxilebis gareSe ganxorcieldeboda da eris sicocxlessafrTxis qveS daayenebda. sakiTxi, gadauxvies Tu ara adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis xelmomwerma sxva qveynebmakonvenciiT nakisr valdebulebebs, ar iyo arsebiTi mniSvnelobis _gaerTianebul samefos, evropis sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT,gacilebiT didi safrTxe emuqreboda maTi mxridan, vinc 11 seqtem-bris teraqtze pasuxismgeblobas iRebdnen.

komisia ar daeTanxma arguments, TiTqos ganxorcielebuliRonisZiebebi aucilebel zRvars scildeboda. is, rom ufro naklebintensiur RonisZiebebs igive gavlenis moxdena SeeZlo, ar iyoganmsazRvreli. komisiam uaryo argumenti, rom dakavebisas ZalianfarTo uflebebiT sargeblobdnen, radganac 2001 wlis aqtissafuZvelze, teroristis gansazRvrebamac farTo mniSvnelobaSeiZina. adamianis uflebaTa aqti viwro definicias moiTxovda. amukanasknelis Tanaxmad, mxolod al-qaidasTan asocirebuli pirebisdakaveba unda momxdariyo.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis 15.3 muxlsa da samo-qalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis 4.3 muxlSimocemuli diplomatiuri korespondenciebi miTiTebiTi xasiaTis iyoda ara _ aucilebeli. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisa dasamoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtiT nakisrigaerTianebuli samefos saerTaSoriso samarTlis valdebulebebisTanaxmad, gadaxveva gascda note verbale-is da, amrigad, mxolod kon-venciis me-5 muxlis farglebs.

mosarCeleebma ver warmoadgines me-3 da me-6 muxlis raimedarRveva, Tumca, komisiam aRmoaCina adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvenciis me-14 muxlis darRveva. 2001 wlis aqti ucxoelebis winaSediskriminaciuli xasiaTis iyo. saerTaSoriso terorizmSi

92


eWvmitanili britanelebi, am debulebebis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZlebodadaekavebinaT. msgavsi xasiaTis diskriminacia ar iyo racionaluri angamarTlebuli _ debuleba, romelic ministrs uflebamosils xdida,daekavebina eWvmitanili saerTaSoriso teroristebi, undagavrcelebuliyo yvela eWvmitanil saerTaSoriso teroristze,miuxedavad erovnebisa.

amrigad, komisiam miiRo mosarCeles saapelacio saCivari dadaadgina, rom 2001 wlis sadavo normebi ewinaaRmdegeboda adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-14 muxls.

fineTiuzenaesi administraciuli sasamarTlo

29-02-2000

ucxoelTa Sesaxeb aqtis 30-2 paragrafis Tanaxmad, ucxoelsSeiZleba mieces TavSesafari da cxovrebis nebarTva, Tuki rasobriv,religiur, erovnul niadagze, garkveuli socialuri jgufis wevro-bis an politikuri mosazrebisaTvis devnis safuZvliani SiSis gamo,is cxovrobs misi warmoSobis qveynis an im qveynis gareT, sadac isCveulebriv cxovrobda da ar surs, miiRos aRniSnuli qveynis dax-mareba. imave aqtis 31-e paragrafis mixedviT, fineTSi mcxovreb ucx-oelze SeiZleba gaices am qveyanaSi cxovrebis nebarTva, Tu issaWiroebs dacvas, vinaidan misi warmoSobis qveyanaSi an im qveyanaSi,sadac is Cveulebriv cxovrobda, mas emuqreba sikvdiliT dasja, wame-ba an sxva araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyroba, anda, Tu arSeuZlia iq dabruneba SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis an ekologiurikatastrofis gamo.

uzenaesma administraciulma sasamarTlom daadgina, romTavSesafris maZiebelTa mier, devnis safuZvlebis da daxmarebisTxovnisas, gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo am aqtis sakanonmde-blo masalebi da 1951 wlis konvenciisa da 1967 wlis (ltolvilTastatusis Sesaxeb) oqmis Tanaxmad, ltolvilis statusis dadgenisTaobaze gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisris mier gacemuliinstruqciebi. UNHCR mTavar principad ayalibebs, rom bundovanisituaciebis dros mosarCele SeiZleba upiratesi uflebiT sarge-blobdes.

mocemul saqmeSi ar miiCnies, rom TavSesafris maZiebeli sakuTarqveyanaSi devnis saSiSroebis winaSe idga. maSasadame, mas TavSesafarsver miscemdnen. Tumca, maSin, roca zogadad gaiTvaliswinesmosarCelis qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis kuTxiT arsebulimdgomareoba da garemoebebi, miiCnies, rom TavSesafris maZiebeli

93

wamebis akrZalva

idga araadamianuri da damamcirebeli mopyrobis safrTxis winaSe,anu is saWiroebda saerTaSoriso dacvas, rogorc es ucxoelTaSesaxeb aqtis 31 punqtSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

fineTiuzenaesi administraciuli sasamarTlo

04-02-1997

fineTis konstituciuri aqtis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia qveynidanucxoelis gandevna, Tu Sedegad mas sikvdiliT dasja, wameba an sxvadamamcirebeli mopyroba emuqreba. ucxoelTa Sesaxeb aqtisTanaxmad, roca ucxoelis gaZevebis sakiTxi ganixileba,gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes yvela Sesabamisi aqti da garemoeba.bavSvTa uflebebis Sesaxeb konvenciis Tanaxmad, yvela SemTxvevaSi,roca saqme bavSvs exeba, iqneba es sasamarTlo Tu administraciuliorganoebi, upiratesi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos bavSvis intere-sebs. monawile saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos, rom bavSvi Tavisinebis sawinaaRmdegod ar daaSoros mSoblebs garda im SemTxvevisa,roca kompetenturi organoebi, romlebic eqvemdebarebiansasamarTlo gadaxedvas, Sesabamis kanonmdeblobasa da procedure-bze dayrdnobiT daadgenen, rom es ganSoreba bavSvis interesebSiSedis. imigraciis direqtoratma gamosca gandevnis Sesaxeb brZanebaucxoelebze (deda “A”, mama “B”, ori arasrulwlovani “C” da “D”).amrigad, isini deportirebulni unda yofiliyvnen sakuTarqveyanaSi. uzenaes administraciul sasamarTloSi Setanil saapela-cio saCivarSi ucxoelebi moiTxovdnen direqtoratisgadawyvetilebis gauqmebas. “A” mZime posttravmul stresulmdgomareobaSi da seriozul depresiaSi imyofeboda. uzenaesmaadministraciulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom “A”–s gaZeveba damam-cirebeli garemoebis tolfasi iyo. saTanado faqtebisa da garemoe-bebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar arsebobda “A”–s qveynidan gaZevebis sak-marisi safuZveli. “A” da “B” mcirewlovan SvilebTan erTad erTojaxs warmoadgenda. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT ojaxur siaxloves,mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris arsebul urTierTobas, princips, romupiratesad bavSvis interesebi unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli da misinebis winaaRmdeg bavSvis mSoblebisagan moSoreba dauSvebelia,aseve, imas, rom “A”–s qveynidan deportacia ar SeiZleba, ~B”, “C” da“D”–s gaZevebac sadavo xdeboda. amrigad, uzenaesma adminis-traciulma sasamarTlom, oTxi xmiT erTis winaaRmdeg, direq-toratis gadawyvetileba gaauqma.

94



29-05-1996

espaneTis moqalaqe germaniaSi yofnisas teroristul aqtSimonawileobaSi daadanaSaules. espaneTma am pirovnebis eqstradiciamoiTxova. pirovnebam ganacxada, rom espaneTis policiam masze infor-macia mxolod imitom miiRo, rom man sxva pirovneba awama. braldebebipolitikuri xasiaTis iyo. amas garda, espaneTis cixeSi yofniT safrTxeeqmneboda mis janmrTelobas, radganac SidsiT iyo daavadebuli, xolocixeSi saTanado mkurnalobis kursiT ver iqneboda uzrunvelyofili.espanelma TavSesafari iTxova. germaniis sasamarTlom miiRogadawyvetileba misi eqstradiciis Sesaxeb. federalurma sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlom individualuri saCivari ar daakmayofila. manganacxada, rom sasamarTlom eqstradiciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebismiRebiT ar daarRvia TavSesafris miRebis Sesaxeb sayovelTao ufleba,radgan espanelis saqmianobas, risTvisac misi eqstradicia moiTxoves,ar SeiZleboda politikuri kvalifikacia miscemoda.

teroristul jgufSi monawileoba, raSic mas brali edeboda, arSeiZleboda ganxiluliyo, rogorc politikuri aqti mxolod imit-om, rom mas am jgufSi gaerTianebisas politikuri motivebiamoZravebda. teroristuli aqtis Camden pirovnebas CveulebrivTavSesafrisaTvis mimarTvis ufleba ar aqvs. gamonaklisiagansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi, pirovnebis gaZlierebuli devna, rocaarsebobs safuZveli, vifiqroT, rom yovelive es politikursafuZvelze xorcieldeba. federalurma sakonstitucio sasa-marTlom daadgina, rom sasamarTlos ar daurRvevia konstituciuriakrZalva piris iseT qveyanaSi eqstradiciis Sesaxeb, sadac sajarosaerTaSoriso samarTlis minimaluri standartebi sisxlissamarTlis devnisas ar aris daculi. saxelmwifo organoTa mier sxvapirovnebis uflebis darRvevis erTi faqti ar warmoadgens riskissafuZvels im pirovnebisTvis, romlis eqstradiciac unda moxdes.wamebis da araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobisa da dasjisSesaxeb evropuli konvenciis safuZvelze, wamebis winaaRmdegkomitetis angariSis gaTvaliswinebiT, federalurma sakonstituciosasamarTlom daaskvna, rom ar arsebobda garemoebebi, ris gamocespanels espaneTis cixeSi ise moepyrobodnen, rac misi eqstradiciissakiTxs eWvis qveS daayenebda. sabolood, federalurma sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlom ver aRmoaCina veraviTari faqti, rac safuZvelsmogvcemda gvefiqra, rom espaneTis sasamarTlo arakanonieri gziTSegrovebul mtkicebulebebs espanelis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenebda. esespaneTis kanonmdeblobiT dauSvebelia. mtkicebulebis gamoyeneba,

95

wamebis akrZalva

romelic espaneTis organoebis mier sxva piris wamebis Sedegad iyomopovebuli, saerTaSoriso samarTliT akrZaluli ar aris da arcZiriTadi kanonis minimaluri standartebis darRvevas warmoadgens.

lixtenSteinisaxelmwifo sabWo

23-05-1996

uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba amerikelimoqalaqe B-is TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxvadanaSaulisaTvis amerikaSi eqstradiciis Sesaxeb. am danaSaulTaTvismaqsimaluri patimrobis vada lixtenSteinis kanonmdeblobiT, sava-raudod, 10 wels Seadgenda.

amerikaSi gamoyenebuli kumulaciuri formis gamo, aRniSnulma sas-jelma Cadenil danaSaulebze erTobliobaSi 310 weli Seadgina.uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina, rom gamotanili ganaCeni ufromkacri ver iqneboda, vidre lixtenSteinSi arsebuli maqsimaluri sas-jeli, vinaidan B-is Tanamonawiles 10 welze naklebi miusajes. B-m kon-stituciuri sarCeli Seitana saxelmwifo sabWoSi da ganacxada, romadgili hqonda adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlisdarRvevas. uzenaesi sasamarTlosagan gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifosabWom miiCnia, rom realurad arsebobda safrTxe, gamotaniliganaCeni gacilebiT mkacri yofiliyo, vidre lixtenSteinSi arsebulimaqsimaluri sasjeli, radganac B-is Tanamonawiles, winaswari sapro-ceso SeTanxmebis Sedegad, 10 welze naklebi miusajes.

mosarCelis eqstradicia, im detalebis gareSe, ris TanaxmadacmisTvis gamotanili ganaCeni ar iqneboda gacilebiT mZime, vidrelixtenSteinSi arsebuli maqsimaluri sasjeli, adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevad iTvleboda. meoremxriv, adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias Seesabamebodaeqstradicia, romelic mTavrobam amerikis xelisuflebas werilissanacvlod SesTavaza. aRniSnul werilSi Camoyalibebuli iqnebodapirobebi, rom eqstradirebul pirovnebas maqsimum 12-wliani patim-roba Seefardeboda.

am pirobebis miuxedavad, saxelmwifo sabWom ar daakmayofila B-iskonstituciuri sarCeli im safuZvliT, rom mTavrobas da ara sax-elmwifo sabWos ekisreboda eqstradiciis pirobebis gansazRvrispasuxismgebloba. miuxedavad amisa, saxelmwifo sabWom acnobamTavrobas mis mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb, sadacaSkarad daafiqsira, rom B-is eqstradicia, Tuki amerikissasamarTloebs ar daekisreboda Sesabamisi valdebuleba maqsi-

96


maluri sasjelis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT, ewinaaRmdegeboda adamia-nis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxls.


01-10-1996

saapelacio samarTalwarmoebisas gansasjeli acxadebda, romamocnobis procedura da interviuebi imgvarad Catarda, rom xeliSewyoboda mtkicebulebebis ukanonod Segrovebas dagamamarTlebeli ganaCenis gamotanas. gansasjelis gancxadebebiefuZneboda faqts, rom ramdenime SemTxvevaSi amocnobis mizniTmxolod erT suraTs iyenebdnen da mowmeebs awamebdnen, xoloeWvmitanilebs gamoZiebis procesSi, sruli TanamSromlobis safa-surad, maqsimalurad mcire droSi pirdebodnen gaTavisuflebas.saapelacio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom es garemoebebi, Tavisi arsiT,arasakmarisi piroba iyo mtkicebulebis arakanonieradgamocxadebisaTvis. amocnobis procedurebisa da interviuebisarakanonierad miCnevisaTvis damatebiTi faqtebi iyo saWiro.

kasaciisas, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom saapelaciosasamarTlos mosazreba, TiTqos mowmeebis wameba informaciismopovebis mizniT arasakmarisi iyo mtkicebulebebis ukanonodcnobisaTvis, warmoadgenda kanonis, gansakuTrebiT ki, adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlisa da samoqalaqo da poli-tikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis me-7 muxlis araswor inter-pretacias. saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi mocemuli debulebebisTanaxmad, Tu mowmis Cveneba mopovebulia wamebis Sedegad, esTavisTavad niSnavs, rom arakanonierad mopovebuli nebismieri aseTigancxadeba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos mtkicebulebad. vinaidan saapela-cio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba moicavda mosamarTlisgadawyvetilebas, romlis Tanaxmadac dauSvebeli iyo mowmis gancxade-bebis mopoveba wamebis Sedegad, saapelacio saCivari ar dakmayofilda.


28-02-1994

mosarCele, patimari, asaCivrebda cixis administraciisgadawyvetilebas, cixis zedamxedvelis wesebis daumorCileblobisgamo misTvis disciplinuri sanqciis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. es wesebi

97

wamebis akrZalva

iTvaliswinebda gaCxrekis dros suliad SiSvel mdgomareobaSivarjiSebis gakeTebas. mosarCelis gancxadebiT, is araadamianuri dadamamcirebeli mopyrobis msxverpli iyo da, amas garda, irRveodamisi piradi xelSeuvalobis ufleba. sakonstitucio sasamarTlomsaqmis garemoebebis Seswavlis Semdeg daadgina, rom pirveliuflebis darRvevas adgili ar hqonda, xolo piradi xelSeuvalobisufleba Selaxuli iyo. cixis administraciis qmedebis gamarTleba arSeiZleboda arc maSin, roca safrTxe eqmneboda cixis usafrTxoebasada wesrigs da arc maSin, roca patimari cdilobda saxifaTonivTebisa an nivTierebebis Setanas. amrigad, sasamarTlom daadgina,rom sadavo RonisZiebebi ar Seesabameboda konstituciis 18.1 muxliTgarantirebul piradi xelSeuvalobis uflebas.


05-06-1998

E iusticiis ddepartamentis, vvaudis oolqis ppoliciisa dda ssamxedroZalebis xxelmZRvanelis wwinaaRmdeg

obre pleinis cixeSi (kantonis olqi) patimar E-s cixisxelmZRvanelma marixuanas mowevisaTvis xuTdRiani sasjeli miusaja _samuSaos gareSe. is sasjelis daniSvnas ar SewinaaRmdegebia. ramdenimedRis Semdeg E-m saCivriT mimarTa iusticiis departamentis, vaudisolqis policiisa da samxedro Zalebis xelmZRvanels im pirobebisgamo, romelSic is karcerSi imyofeboda: iq iyo mxolod erTigaumWvirvale fanjara, romlis gaRebac SeuZlebeli iyo, arc ventila-cia muSaobda saTanadod. patimarma, agreTve, ganacxada, rom WurWlisgarecxva uxdeboda im wyliT, romelic sapirfareSoSi Cadioda.

mas Semdeg, rac departamentis Tavmjdomarem E-s moTxovna ar miiRo,man saapelacio saCivari Seitana federalur sasamarTloSigadawyvetilebis gauqmebis mizniT. federalurma sasamarTlomsaCivari ar daakmayofila da procedurebTan dakavSirebiT aRniSna,rom E-s gaaCnda aSkara praqtikuli interesi _ misi sarCeli miRebuliyoimisda miuxedavad, rom man es sasjeli ukve moixada. rac Seexeba saqmisarss, federaluri sasamarTlo daeyrdno adamianis uflebaTa evrop-uli konvenciis me-3 da samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTasaerTaSoriso paqtis me-7 muxlebs, aseve, gaeros 1984 wlis konvenciasda 1987 wlis evropis konvencias wamebis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb. man, amasgarda, gaiTvaliswina 1987 wels evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetismier miRebuli sapatimros wesebi. am wesebis ZiriTad mizans

98


Cveulebrivi dakavebis adgilebSi saTanado pirobebis Camoyalibebawarmoadgens. Tumca, miRebulia, rom mcirexniani sadamsjelo reJimigarkveulwilad mkacr pirobebsac iTvaliswinebdes. amis miuxedavad,msgavs SemTxvevebSi sapatimros xelmZRvaneloba ar unda gascdes imzRvars, rom mis mier Cadenili qmedeba ganixilebodes, rogorcaraadamianuri an damamcirebeli. konkretuli saqmis Sefasebisas yvelagaremoeba unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. marTalia, karcers mxoloderTi gaumWvirvale minis fanjara hqonda, magram E-s ar ganucxadebiapretenzia cudi ganaTebis gamo, Tumca, is ukmayofilo iyo arasaTanadosaventilacio sistemiT da acxadebda, rom mas awuxebda asfiqsia damousvenroba, Tavis tkivilebi, Tavbrusxveva, uWirda sunTqva.

sapatimros xelmZRvanelobam federalur sasamarTloSi aRniSna,rom wamebis da araadamianuri an damamcirebeli qmedebis an dasjissawinaaRmdego evropuli komiteti 1996 wels ewvia sapatimros da mispirvel vizitTan SedarebiT sagrZnobi progresi SeniSna. Tumca, zogadixasiaTis dakvirveba saapelacio saCivris miRebaze uarisaTvis sakmarisisafuZveli ar aris. rodesac patimari ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi erToTaxSia Caketili (rogorc am konkretul SemTxvevaSi iyo), unda moxdesoTaxis saTanado ganiaveba. miuxedavad imisa, rom karceris saventila-cio sistema nawilobriv mwyobridan iyo gamosuli, mis janmrTelobassafrTxes ar uqmnida. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauareseba ufrometad gamowveuli iyo ara haeris ukmarisobiT, aramed Caketil sivrceSiyofniT da imiT, rom igi eweoda sigarets.

Zalian mniSvnelovania isic, rom E-s aRmouCines saTanado samedi-cino daxmareba. cixis samedicino samsaxurs ecnoba, rom mas karcerSiupirebdnen Casmas, eqimma moinaxula is da daadastura, rom fiziku-rad da fsiqologiurad mzad iyo am sasjelis gadasatanad. realu-rad, mosarCeles ar mouTxovia samedicino daxmareba imis gamo, racawuxebda. rac Seexeba mis kameraSi arsebul sanitarul mdgomareobas,unda aRiniSnos, rom sadamsjelo reJimSi myof patimrebs SeuZliaTmiiRon Sxapi dReSi erTxel kamerisagan gancalkevebul adgilas,aseve, SeuZliaT darecxon WurWeli oTaxSi, sadac aris pirsabani dacxeli wyali. maSasadame, mosarCele ar eqvemdebareboda araadamia-nur an damamcirebeli mopyrobas.


03-09-1986

X cciurixis rraionis ssaxalxo bbralmdeblis ddepartamentisa ddaciurixis ssaolqos ssaxalxo bbralmdeblis ddepartamentis wwinaaRmdeg

ciurixis sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa Ziebaze pasuxismgebeli pire-

99

wamebis akrZalva

bi X-s brals sdebdnen ciurixSi bankze ganxorcielebul TavdasxmaSiY-Tan erTad monawileobaSi. Zarcvis Semdeg igi male daakaves. amdroisaTvis X wver-ulvaSs ar atarebda. winaswari dakavebis stadi-aze man wveri moizarda. xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita misTvis wverismoSoreba, raTa mowmeebs misi amocnoba SeZlebodaT. X amiswinaaRmdegi iyo. mas Semdeg, rac olqis saxalxo bralmdeblis depar-tamentma aRniSnuli moTxovna ar daakmayofila, man federalursasamarTlos mimarTa. mosarCelis azriT, irRveoda misi piradiTavisufleba, proporciulobis principi da adgili hqonda damam-cirebel mopyrobas. federalurma sasamarTlom moTxovna ar daak-mayofila. federaluri konstituciis mixedviT, ufleba piradTavisuflebaze ZiriTadi uflebaa, romelic ara marto gadaadg-ilebisa da Seuvalobis Tavisuflebas icavs, aramed yvela ZiriTaduflebasac, romlebic pirovnebis srulyofilebisaTvis aris saWiro.maTi SezRudva mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu arsebobsrealuri samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi, gamarTlebulia sazogadoe-brivi interesiT da Seesabameba proporciulobis princips. Tumca,misi sruli akrZalva da aRmofxvra yovlad dauSvebelia. feder-alurma sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila saapelacio saCivari.mosarCelis SemTxvevaSi saqme exeboda wveris iZulebiT gaparsvas,rac misi fizikuri xelSeuvalobis uflebis darRvevas niSnavda.

rodesac saqme konstituciuri uflebebis seriozul darRvevas exeba,federaluri sasamarTlo mxolod Zireulad Seiswavlis olqis kanonisinterpretaciisa da gamoyenebis sakiTxs. Tu is nakleb seriozulia,mxolod gamoZiebiT Semoifargleba da daadgens, sworad moxda Tu araolqis kanonis interpretireba da gamoyeneba. am etapze naTelia, romseriozul darRvevas adgili ar hqonia. wveris gaparsvasa da TavismTlianad gadaparsvas Soris sxvaobis povna advilia. iseve, rogorcSveicarieli mamakacebis umetesoba, mosarCelec didi xnis ganmavlobaSiatarebda gaparsul wvers. yovelive amas sakmarisi sakanonmdeblosafuZveli gaaCnia. ciurixis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSinaTladaa Camoyalibebuli debuleba eWvmitanilTa amocnobis proce-duris Sesaxeb. es procedura azrs dakargavs, Tu cota xnis win gazrdiliwveris gamo, dacvis qveS myofs dakarguli aqvs msgavseba im sufTadgaparsul pirovnebasTan, romelmac monawileoba miiRo ZarcvaSi. pro-porciulobis principi gamoiyeneba, Tu danaSaulis adgilze monawileTaSoris erTi pirovneba mainc niRbis gareSe imyofeboda da mowme misisuraTis naxvisas ganacxadebda, rom mosarCele SeiZleboda erT-erTiTavdamsxmelTagani yofiliyo. sabolood, wveris iZulebiT gaparsva arSeiZleba moviazroT, rogorc damamcirebeli mopyroba adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis farglebSi, gansakuTrebiTim SemTxvevaSi, roca TviT mosarCele didi xnis manZilze wvers ar

100


atarebda. vinaidan ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi emsaxureboda seriozuldanaSaulSi monawile piris gamorkvevas, iZulebis ZaliT gaparsva sru-liad gamarTlebulia da mocemul pirovnebasTan mimarTebiT arSeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc damamcirebeli mopyroba.

TTaavviissuufflleebbiissaa ddaa ppiirraaddiiuussaaffrrTTxxooeebbiiss uufflleebbaa


18-10-1995

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gamoitana ramdenime ganaCeni sas-jelis savaldebulo SeCerebasTan dakavSirebiT, sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, im pirebisaTvis, vinc daavade-bulni arian SidsiT. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom mouwoda kanon-mdebels, moeZebna gzebi imisaTvis, raTa Seejerebina erTmaneTTaniseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa, erTi mxriv, seriozulad daavadebulipirebisTvis sasjelis savaldebulo SeCereba, e.i. patimrobidangaTavisufleba da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis dacvis fundamenturimoTxovna. daavadebulTaTvis patimrobis moxsna gamonaklisia daaucileblobiT gamowveul droebiT RonisZiebas warmoadgens.

sakiTxis gadawyvetisas kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxvaRirebulebebs, rogoricaa sasjelis gamasworebeli mizani, cixeSimyofi adamianebis janmrTelobaze zrunva, aseve, sazogadoebis dacvadamnaSaveebisgan. amitom prioriteti ar unda mieniWos SidsiTdaavadebul msjavrdebulTaTvis sasjelis avtomaturad SeCerebas,radgan aseTi praqtikiT am pirebs uqmnian prezumfcias, rom maTimdgomareoba Seusabamoa cixis cxovrebasTan. amitom Tavi undaSeikavon imis Sefasebisagan, cixeSi Tavisuflebis SezRudva ra ziansayenebs patimris sicocxles.

kanonmdeblobis mkacri prezumfcia, rom SidsiTdaavadebulTaTvis cixeSi adekvaturi pirobebi ver Seiqmneba, niSnavsimas, rom SesaZlebelia kompromisis gakeTeba sicocxlis,usafrTxoebis, sakuTrebis, pirisa da sazogadoebis janmrTelobasada sasjelis damsjel xasiaTs Soris.

winamdebare gadawyvetileba acxadebs SidsiT daavadebuli pirismimarT sasjelis savaldebulo SeCerebas konstituciasTanSeusabamod, radgan xsenebuli moklebulia gonivrulobas imSemTxvevaSi, rodesac mosamarTle gadaamowmebs, rom cixeebs gaaCniaSesabamisi saSualebebi an xeli miuwvdebaT im saSualebebze, romelTa

101

Tavisuflebisa da piradi usafrTxoebis ufleba

meSveobiT sasjelis aRsrulebis garemoeba Seesabameba msjavrdebu-lis janmrTelobis mdgomareobas da arsebobs imis pirobebi, rom sas-jeli moxdil iqnes sxva patimrebisaTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe.


18-10-1994

konstituciis 30.1 muxli, romelic krZalavs ganusazRvreli andaukonkretebeli vadiT sasjelis an aRmkveTi RonisZiebisgamoyenebas, niSnavs, sasjeli dadgindes da ganisazRvros imgvarad,rom daculi iyos piris Tavisufleba da xelSeuxeblobis ufleba.`fardobiTad ganusazRvreli sasjelebi~, romlebic minimalur anmaqsimalur sazRvrebs awesebs, ar warmoadgens ganusazRvreli vadissasjelebs. gansaxilvel sagans warmoadgenda sisxlis samarTliskodeqsis debulebaTa konstituciuroba, romelic ayalibebs`fardobiTad ganusazRvrel sasjels~ loTebisa danarkomanebisTvis, an alkoholizmTan Tu narkotikebTandakavSirebuli danaSaulisaTvis (patimrobis sasjelis gamoyeneba).

1982 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi miTiTebuli `fardobiTadganusazRvreli~ sasjelis daniSnulebas warmoadgens damnaSavisbraleulobisa da gamosworebis principebis mxedvelobaSi miReba.minimaluri da maqsimaluri sazRvrebis dadgeniT sisxlis samarTliskodeqsi uzrunvelyofs damnaSaveTa socialur gamosworebas maTiadamianuri Rirsebis damcirebis gareSe.


08-07-2003

sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 150-e muxlSigansazRvrul garemoebaTa CamonaTvali, romelic TavisuflebisaRmkveTi RonisZiebis Sefardebisas unda iqnes mxedvelobaSimiRebuli, ar aris amomwuravi. aRmkveTi RonisZiebebis ganxilvisas,im danaSaulis simZime, romlis CadenaSic piri eWvmitanilia anbraldebuli, SesaZloa gaTvaliswinebul iqnes sxva garemoebebTanerTad.

ukrainis konstituciis Tanaxmad, piris dakaveba da cixeSimoTavseba SesaZloa ganxorcieldes sasamarTlo brZanebiT,romelSic aRmkveTi RonisZiebis gamoyenebis mizezebia asaxuli daxorcieldeba mxolod kanoniT dadgenil safuZvlebze da kanoniTgansazRvruli proceduris Sesabamisad (muxli 29.2). konstituciis

102


29.3 muxlis Sesabamisad, danaSaulis SeCerebis an aRkveTis mwvaveaucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, kanoniT uflebamosil organoebsSeuZliaT daapatimron piri droebiTi aRmkveTi RonisZiebis saxiT.

konstituciis xsenebuli debulebebis mixedviT, sisxlissamarTlis kodeqsi ayalibebs, rom aRmkveTi RonisZiebebis,magaliTad, patimrobis, ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sasamarTlobrZanebis Sesabamisad, romelic gansazRvravs mizezebs mxolod 148-e, 149-e, 150-e da 155-e muxliT dadgenili procedurisa dasafuZvlebis Sesabamisad. pirebis dapatimreba, rogorc droebiTixasiaTis aRmkveTi RonisZieba (149.2 muxli), arasasamarTlo xasiaTisproceduris Tanaxmad, sagamoZiebo organom unda ganaxorcielos imsafuZvlebisa da procedurebis Sesabamisad, romlebic kodeqsis 106-e, 106.1, 115-e da 165.2 muxlebSia mocemuli.

sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis 148-e, 149-e, 150-eda 155-e muxlebis analizi gvaCvenebs, rom 150-e muxli amomwuravadar ayalibebs safuZvlebsa da im garemoebebs, romlebicgasaTvaliswinebelia aRmkveTi RonisZiebis Sefardebisas yovelkonkretul SemTxvevaSi da yoveli saxis Tavisuflebis aRkveTisRonisZiebisaTvis (werilobiTi valdebuleba gausvlelobasTandakavSirebiT, patimroba da sxv.). sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kod-eqsis 150-e muxliT, aRmkveT RonisZiebaze gadawyvetilebis miRebisdros mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli im danaSaulis simZime, rom-lis CadenaSic piri aris eWvmitanili an braldebuli sxvagaremoebebTan erTad. 150-e muxli am yovelives konstituciasTanSesabamisobas uzrunvelyofs.


11-03-1999

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miiRo winaT miRebuli precedentis-agan gansxvavebuli gadawyvetileba da daeTanxma adamianis uflebaTaevropuli sasamarTlos samarTlebriv argumentebs. imisaTvis, raTaganisazRvros, aRekveTa Tu ara pirs Tavisufleba konvenciis me-5muxlis mniSvnelobiT, aucilebelia arsebuli situaciis ganxilva.amasTan, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli kriteriumTa mTeliwyeba, rogorebicaa gansaxilveli RonisZiebis saxeoba, xangrZlivoba,Sedegebi da ganxorcielebis manera. sxvaobas TavisuflebisaRkveTasa da SezRudvas Soris warmoadgens intensiuroba an xarisxida ara xasiaTi da arsi.

ucxoelTa saerTaSoriso zonaSi moTavseba moicavs TavisuflebisSezRudvas, Tumca, es SezRudva sxvagvarad vrceldeba impirebisTvis, romlebic deportacias eqvemdebarebian. aseTi saxis

103


dapatimrebas Tan axlavs Sesabamisi pirisaTvis uzrunvelyofiligarantiebi da dasaSvebia mxolod imisaTvis, raTa saxelmwifoebsmieceT SesaZlebloba, aRkveTon arakanonieri imigracia. aseTixasiaTis patimroba ar unda gagrZeldes zedmetad, sxvagvarad, iarse-bebs imis safrTxe, rom Tavisuflebis Cveulebrivi SezRudvagadaizrdeba saerTod Tavisuflebis aRkveTaSi (ix. saqme Amuur v.France 25/06/1996 ganaCeni, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-III,Bulletin 1996/2 [ECH-1996-2-011]).

administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis gadamwyvet sakiTxTandakavSirebuli faqtebis gaurkvevloba, romlebic exeba ucxoelebs,ucxoelTa Tanaswori mopyrobis wesebs arRvevs.

sam indoel moqalaqes venis aeroportSi avstriis teritoriazeSesvlaze uari ganucxades im mizeziT, rom maT ar gaaCndaT samogzau-ro dokumentebi. ucxoelTa Sesaxeb 33.1 muxlis Tanaxmad,(Fremdengesetz) maT mogzaurobis gagrZelebamde aeroportis tranz-itul zonaSi gaCereba mosTxoves. maT 22 dRe aeroportis tranzit-ul zonaSi, 6 dRe ki gancalkevebul satranzito adgilas(Sondertransitraum) unda gaetarebinaT, romelic konteinuri tipiskonstruqciaa da mdebareobs aeroportis Senobis gareT, amasTan,TviTmfrinavebsa da asafren bilikebTan siaxlovis gamo imyofebamkacri zedamxedvelobis qveS.

saCivrebi Setanil iqna sasamarTloSi, romelSic ganmcxadebeliamtkicebda, rom konstituciuri uflebebis sxva darRvevebTanerTad ganmcxadeblebis tranzitul zonaSi yofna arRvevda maTiTavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis uflebas (evropuli konvenciisme-5 muxli). sasamarTlo daeyrdno adre miRebul precedentulsamarTals, kidev ufro ganamtkica Tavisi mosazreba, rom ganmcxade-blebs aeroportis tranzitul zonaSi arc gadaadgilebisTavisufleba SezRudviaT da arc konstituciiT garantirebuliufleba CamorTmeviaT. maTi iq yofnis mizani ar iyo momCivnisTavisuflebis SezRudva, ubralod, isini ar unda SesuliyvnenavstriaSi.

momCivnebs nebismier dros SeeZloT avstriis datoveba daTavianTi mogzaurobis gagrZeleba. rac Seexeba momCivnebis gaCerebasgancalkevebul satranzito zonaSi, sasamarTlom aRniSna, romxelisuflebis organoebma ver moiZies is mniSvnelovani faqtebi,romelTa safuZvelzec momCivnebs aRekveTaT Tavisufleba adamianisuflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos zemoT xsenebuli precedentulisamarTlis Tanaxmad. aseTi ugulebelyofa da daudevroba warmoad-gens samarTalwarmoebis iseT defeqts, rom igi TavisTavad arRvevsucxoelTa Tanasworad mopyrobis uflebas. Sesabamisad,sasamarTlom uaryo administraciuli gadawyvetileba.

104



27-04-2001

policiis Sesaxeb kanonis 21.3 muxlis mixedviT, gamonaklisSemTxvevebSi policiels SeeZlo, dauyovnebliv daepatimrebinanebismieri piri sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gareSe araumetes 48saaTiani vadisa. administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis399.3 muxlis Tanaxmad, administraciuli danaSaulis CadenaSieWvmitanili piri SesaZloa dapatimrebul iqnes araumetes 24 saaTisa.

kanonis 21-e muxliT gansazRvruli vada, romelic ar undaaWarbebdes 48 saaTs, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobisTanaxmad, exeba pirebs, romlebmac danaSauli Caidines. adminis-traciuli samarTaldarRvevis gamo patimrobisas aucilebelia, romvadebi kodeqsis 399-e muxlTan Sejerdes.Uuzenaesma sasamarTlomTxovniT mimarTa sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, raTa ganemartaadministraciuli dakavebis vadebis Sesaxeb kanonis 21.3-e muxli.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom yvelas aqvsTavisuflebis ufleba (konstituciis 28-e muxli). misi SezRudvadasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es gansazRvruliakanoniT, dapatimrebis, dakavebisa Tu cixeSi moTavsebis saSualebiT.adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad,yvelas aqvs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis ufleba.

samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb paqtis 9.1 muxlisTanaxmad, yvelas aqvs Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis ufleba.dauSvebelia vinmes TviTneburad dakaveba an dapatimreba, gardakanoniT gansazRvruli SemTxvevebisa. kodeqsis me-2 principi dadas-turebulia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri asam-bleis mier da exeba nebismieri formiT dapatimrebul an cixeSimoTavsebul pirTa dacvas: `dakaveba an dapatimreba unda ganxor-cieldes kanonis Sesabamisad da mxolod kompetenturi organoebisaTu pirebis mier~. amave dros, konstituciuri da saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebi ar gamoricxavs Tavisuflebis SezRudvaskanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. sasamarTlo brZanebisgareSe piris dauyovnebliv dapatimreba gansazRvrulia kanoniT.

sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 148-e muxli gansazRvravssasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gareSe danaSaulis CadenaSi eWvmitanilipiris patimrobis safuZvlebs. am muxlis debuleba, rom `piris dakavebaar unda aRematebodes 48 saaTs, Seesabameba patimrobis Sesaxeb kanonis21-e muxls. administraciul samarTaldarRvevebis Sesaxeb kanonis 398-e da 399-e muxlebi awesrigebs administraciul patimrobasa da patim-robis vadebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. kodeqsis 398.1-e muxlisTanaxmad, administraciuli dakaveba, rac pirisaTvis Tavisuflebismcire xniT SezRudvas warmoadgens, gamoiyeneba gamonaklisSemTxvevebSi. aseTi RonisZiebebi aucilebelia administraciul

105


danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli saqmis jerovnad ganxorcielebisa angadawyvetilebis implementaciis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.

Tumca, kodeqsis 399.2 muxlis Tanaxmad, sasazRvro reJimis darRvevisSemTxvevaSi, piris 3-saaTiani dakavebis nacvlad, nebadarTulia piris24-saaTiani patimroba. Tu piris piradobis damadasturebeli doku-mentebi ar aris saxeze, SesaZlebelia 3-dRiani patimrobis SefardebasasamarTlo brZanebis safuZvelze. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom adminis-traciuli patimrobis vada sasamarTlo brZanebis gareSe arc erTSemTxvevaSi ar unda aWarbebdes 24 saaTs. es ugulebelyofs 48-saaTianvadas, romelic gansazRvrulia kanonis 21-e muxlSi. aqedan gamomdinare,rodesac policia iyenebs administraciuli xasiaTis patimrobas,romelic ar aRemateba 48 saaTs da gansazRvrulia kanonis 21-e muxlSi,aucilebelia, rom dakaveba Cveulebriv saqmeebSi Seesabamebodes daeyrdnobodes 3 an 24-saaTian wess kodeqsis 399-e muxlis Tanaxmad.

kviprosiuzenaesi sasamarTlo

15-04-1994

piris Tavisuflebaze konstituciurad daculi uflebiTdauSvebelia mtkicebulebis saxiT iseTi Cvenebis gamoyeneba, romel-ic eWvmitanilma arakanonieri patimrobis periodSi misca.

SeiaraRebuli Zarcvis gamoZiebis procesSi policiis Zalebis war-momadgenlebma SeaCeres TavianTi manqana da pirebs sTxoves, polici-is ganyofilebaSi dasakiTxad wahyolodnen, Tumca, ar hqoniaT sak-marisi mtkicebuleba, rac maT danaSaulze miuTiTebda. erT-erTmabraldebulma werilobiTi gancxadeba gaakeTa, romlis mowerazecuari ganucxades. xsenebuli gancxadeba dauSvebel mtkicebulebadiqna cnobili gamsvleli sasamarTlos mier, radganac igi mopovebuliqna piris Tavisuflebis uflebis darRvevis safuZvelze, romelicdaculia konstituciis me-11 da evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxlebiT.zemoxsenebul saqmeSi gamsvleli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebasuzenaesi sasamarTloc daeTanxma.


12-08-1998

policiis mmier aarakanonieri ddakavebis ddros ggamoTvlis mmniSvnelobapatimrobis nnebadarTuli mmaqsimaluri vvadisaTvis

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, rodesac eWvmitanili dapatimrebuliasisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisi debulebe-

106


bis safuZvelze an moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, an, rodesacpiris Tavisufleba SezRudulia kanonis moTxovnaTa sawinaaRmdegod(contra legem), patimrobis periodi gamoTvlil unda iqnes, rogorc24-saaTiani maqsimaluri vadis nawili, romelzec fundamenturiuflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb wesdebis 8.3 muxliiZleva nebarTvas, rom eWvmitanili patimrobaSi iqnes moTavsebuli,sanam igi sasamarTlos winaSe wardgeba.

1997 wlis 12 ivniss sisxlis samarTlis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT,momCivani Tavisi nebiT wardga policiis ganyofilebaSi im uwyebissapasuxod, romliTac mas iZaxebdnen Cvenebis misacemad. igi 10saaTidan da 20 wuTidan iZulebiT imyofeboda mosacdel oTaxSi,romelsac hqonda karebi, xolo gareT myofi piri iRebdagadawyvetilebas, vis hqonda oTaxis datovebis ufleba. mTlianidrois ganmavlobaSi mas policieli yaraulobda, romelmacSeatyobina, rom mas ar SeeZlo oTaxis datoveba. rogorcwerilobiTi Canawerebidan irkveva, 13 saaTsa da 10 wuTze mas braliwaeyena, xolo 14 saaTsa da 25 wuTze daapatimres sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis 75-e da 76-e muxlebisSesabamisad. igi sasamarTlos winaSe 1997 wlis 13 ivniss 13 saaTsa da6 wuTze wardga, anu daculi iyo sisxlis samarTlis saprocesokanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli 24-saaTiani vada (magram misifizikuri, da ara formaluri, dakavebidan 24 saaTze meti iyogasuli). raionuli sasamarTlos mosamarTlem SemdgomSi gascabrZaneba misi cixeSi moTavsebasTan dakavSirebiT. mogvianebiT,saolqo sasamarTloSi saCivris ganxilvisas, man konstituciuripretenziebi wamoWra aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis sawinaaRmdegod.igi asaCivrebda, rom cixeSi misi moTavseba ukanono iyo, radgansasamarTlos winaSe wardgenamde igi policiis mier 24 saaTze metixniT iyo dakavebuli, rac fundamenturi uflebebisa daTavisuflebebis Sesaxeb wesdebis 8.3 muxls arRvevda, romelicmoiTxovda, rom eWvmitanilebi dakavebulni yofiliyvnenaraumetes 24 saaTisa manamde, sanam isini wardgebodnensasamarTlos winaSe. saolqo sasamarTlom uaryo misi saCivari. amisSemdgom man aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis sawinaaRmdegod sakonsti-tucio saCivari warmoadgina.

saolqo sasamarTlo amtkicebda, rom momCivnis cixeSi moTavsebaSeesabameboda zemoxsenebuli wesdebis me-8 muxls. igi ar yofiladapatimrebuli sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobisSesabamisad 14 saaTsa da 25 wuTamde. moqmedi kanonis me-14 muxlisTanaxmad, am dromde mas ar yaraulobdnen (Tavisuflebis SezRudvisme-2 forma). oficialuri Canawerebic mianiSnebs imaze, rom igi ofi-cialurad patimrobaSi aiyvanes 14 saaTsa da 25 wuTamde. nebismierSemTxvevaSi, oficialur CanawerebSi ar iyo miTiTeba, rom igipoliciis Senobidan gasvlas moiTxovda. raionulma sasamarTlom

107


gadawyvita, rom mis dakavebamde ganvlili dro sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos pirisTavisuflebis uflebis SezRudvad sisxlis samarTlis saprocesokodeqsis 75-e da 76-e muxlebis Sesabamisad. amgvarad, igi arewinaaRmdegeba dakavebis 24-saaTian maqsimalur vadas, romelic wes-debis me-8.3 muxlSia gansazRvruli.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daakmayofila mosarCelis sarCeli.miuxedavad imisa, rom ganmcxadebeli ar yofila 1997 wlis 12 ivniss14 saaTsa da 25 wuTamde dapatimrebuli sisxlis samarTlis sapro-ceso kanonmdeblobis 75-e da 76-e muxlebis Sesabamisad, ar niSnavsmis pirad Tavisuflebas. faqtobrivad, Tavisufleba SeizRudakanonieri uflebamosilebis gareSe, fundamenturi uflebebisa daZiriTad TavisuflebaTa wesdebis 8.2 muxlis moTxovnaTasawinaaRmdegod, romlis Tanaxmadac, patimroba `unda efuZnebodesda ganxorcieldes kanoniT gansazRvruli procedurisSesabamisad~.

romelime piris Tavisuflebis SezRudva aseve exeba fundamenturuflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa Sesaxeb wesdebis me-8 muxls,romlis Tanaxmad, TavisuflebaSezRuduli piri sasamarTlos winaSeunda wardges 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. radganac igi mosacdel oTaxSiimyofeboda da am oTaxis datovebis SesaZlebloba ar hqonda, misipiradi Tavisufleba realurad SezRuduli iyo 1997 wlis 12 ivnisis10 saaTidan da 20 wuTidan. igi mosamarTlis winaSe meore dRes, 13saaTsa da 06 wuTze miiyvanes, rodesac maqsimaluri 24-saaTiani vadaukve gasuli iyo. Sesabamisad, mosarCele ganmcxadebeli cixeSi imy-ofeboda aseve wesdebis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad. mniSvneloba ar aqvs,rom ganmcxadebelma moiTxova mxolod Sesabamisi oTaxis datovebadaJinebuli moTxovnis gareSe, es ar amarTlebs misi piradiTavisuflebis SezRudvas. miuxedavad wesdebisa, me-8 muxlimiuTiTebs piradi Tavisuflebis aRkveTaze, SezRudva gansxvavebu-lia xarisxSi da ara iseTi xarisxiT, romelic 24-saaTiani vadisgamouyeneblobas gaamarTlebda, rac wesdebis 8.3 muxliTgansazRvrulia.

jvaredini mmiTiTeba:1996 wlis 28 noembers sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gamoaqveyna

ganaCeni, romelSic gadawyvita, rom dairRva wesdebis me-8.3 muxlianalogiur garemoebebSi. policiaSi eWvmitanili imyofeboda 24saaTze met xans. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom calkeuli sakanonmde-blo uflebamosileba, romlis Tanaxmadac, izRudeboda pirisTavisuflebis ufleba, ra mizeziTac ar unda yofiliyo igiSefardebuli, ar SeiZleboda gagrZelebuliyo maqsimalur 24-saaTian vadaze met xans. Sesabamisad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlomamis safuZvelze kanonis me-14 muxli wesdebis 8.3 muxlTanSeusabamod cno.

108


safrangeTisakonstitucio sabWo

11-08-1993

kanoni, rromelic ccvlida 93-2 of 04/01/1993 kanons dda ccvlilebebiSehqonda ssisxlis ssamarTlis ssaproceso kkodeqsSi

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom dagmo xsenebuli kanonis oridebuleba da ganacxada, rom policiis patimrobis qveS myofi pire-bis ufleba, gaemarTaT konsultacia advokatTan, dacvis uflebisganxorcielebas warmoadgenda. sakonstitucio sabWom aseve dagmodebuleba, romlis mixedviT, nebadarTuli iyo 13 wlamdemcirewlovnis policiis patimrobaSi moTavseba. man aRniSna, rom esdebuleba ewinaaRmdegeboda adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTaSesaxeb wesdebis me-9 muxls, romlis Tanaxmadac, yovelgvariukanono patimroba mkacrad unda daisajos kanonmdeblobisTanaxmad.

germaniafederaciuli sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

18-06-1997

Tuki `organizaciuli patimrobis~ Sesabamisad, sasjelis moxdas(romelic ar aris kanoniT uzrunvelyofili, magaliTad, msjavrde-buli piris droebiTi patimroba, romlisTvisac narkomanTa dakave-bis centrSi imJamad adgili ar aris) mivyavarT TavisuflebisaRkveTis gagrZelebamde, arakonstituciuria.

II. 1992 wels momCivans miusajes 45 TviT patimroba. garda amisa,nabrZanebi iqna misi narkomanTa dakavebis centrSi moTavseba. immomentSi, rodesac bolo instanciis sasamarTlos ganaCeni ZalaSiSevida, igi ukve 6 Tve imyofeboda patimrobaSi.

radganac narkomanTa dakavebis centrSi misi moTavsebaSeuZlebeli iyo, saboloo sasjelis Semdeg igi 3 TvisganmavlobaSi `organizaciul patimrobaSi~ imyofeboda. amisSemdeg man 25 Tve narkomanTa dakavebis centrSi gaatara, xolodarCenili 15 Tve _ cixeSi.

patimrobis vadis gamoangariSebisas, sapatimro sasjeli, romelic3 welsa da 9 Tves moicavda, Semcirda, raTa mxedvelobaSi yofiliyomiRebuli winaswari patimroba da sasjelis aRsruleba SemdegiTanmimdevrobiT: `winaswari patimroba~ (eqvsi Tve), `patimrobaorganizaciaSi~ (sami Tve) da 25 Tve narkomanTa dakavebis centrSi,mTlianobaSi ki 3 weli da 9 Tve maSin, rodesac sisxlis samarTlis

109


kodeqsis 67.4 muxli sasamarTlos mier Sefardebuli sasjelisaraumetes 2/3 Semcirebas iTvaliswinebs.

gamoTvlis meTodma gviCvena, rom 4-Tviani patimroba, romelic mansinamdvileSi moixada, mTlian sasjelSi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.mosarCelem warmoadgina sakonstitucio sarCeli sasjelisgamoTvlis meTodTan dakavSirebiT, romelic saolqo sasamarTlomganaxorciela. igi asaCivrebda, rom zemoxsenebuli arRvevda konsti-tuciis 2.2 da 104.1 muxlebs.

II. sakonstitucio sarCeli dakmayofilda nawilobriv. rac Seexeba`sxva tipis~ patimrobasTan dakavSirebul gamoTvlebs, rasac ganmcx-adebeli asaCivrebda, federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos me-2palatis me-2 kolegiam ar dauSva arsebiT ganxilvaze. sasamarTlomkonstituciiT uzrunvelyofili Tavisuflebis uflebasTanmimarTebiT daadgina, rom patimrobis, narkomanTaTvis gankuTvnilcentrSi moTavsebis brZanebis gacemis dros xelisuflebis organoe-bi ar moiTxovdnen gamoTvlis TanmimdevrobiT warmarTvisa anmsjavrdebuli pirisaTvis sasjelis gamoTvlis yvelaze xelsayrelimeTodis gaTvaliswinebas.

Tumca, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina konstituciisdarRveva sarCelis im nawilTan, romelic òrganizaciul patimrobasexeboda~. masTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom ganacxada:

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi gansazRvravs normebs, romlebicpatimrobasa da sxva RonisZiebebs Soris Tanmimdevrobas exeba.Sesabamisad, sxva RonisZiebebi win unda uswrebdes patimrobas.msjavrdebuli piri, romlis moTavsebac narkomanTaTvis gankuTvnilcentrSi SeuZlebelia gansazRvrul momentSi, garkveul periodsatarebs òrganizaciul patimrobaSi~. Tuki aRniSnuli normebisdarRvevas Tavisuflebis aRkveTis periodis gaxangrZlivebamdemivyavarT, konstituciis 2.2 da 104-e muxlebi moiTxovs, rom amSeusabamobis Sedegebi Sesaferisad ganeitraldes patimrobis vadisgamoTvlisas.

winamdebare saqmeSi gamoyenebuli gamoTvlis meTodi, romlisTanaxmad, òrganizaciul patimrobaSi~ araregularulad gatare-buli dro saboloo jamSi amcirebda narkomanTa dakavebiscentrSi piris mier gatarebul dros, mivyavarT misTvisTavisuflebis uflebis CamorTmevis gaxangrZlivebamde,risTvisac ar arsebobs samarTlebrivi safuZveli. amitom patim-robis vadis gamoTvlis es meTodi arRvevs mosarCelis erT-erTZiriTad uflebas. aRmasrulebelma xelisuflebam unda gamoas-woros mosarCelis mdgomareoba imgvarad, TiTqos igi Tavis drozeiyo moTavsebuli narkomanTa dakavebisaTvis gankuTvnil centrSi– anu sasamarTlos mier Sefardebuli sasjelis ZalaSiSesvlisTanave.

110


maltasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

17-01-2001

jovani ppsaila ggeneraluri aadvokatis wwinaaRmdeg

ganmcxadebeli aRniSnavda, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 522.2muxli ewinaaRmdegeboda evropuli konvenciis 5.1, 5.4 da maltis kon-stituciis 34.1 muxlebs. sadavo muxlis Tanaxmad, `sasamarTlosufleba aqvs gasces brZaneba, rom nebismieri piri, romelic uarsganacxadebs ficis dadebaze, daakavon, xolo mogvianebiT,patimrobaSi iqnes ayvanili aucilebeli an, sasamarTlos azriT,Sesabamisi vadiT, mowmeTa daumorCileblobisa da gansaxilvelisakiTxis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT. kanoni iZleoda garantiebs,romlebic mowmis mier dasmul SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis valde-bulebis Sesrulebas icavda. mosamarTleebs unda gamoeyenebinaTTavisufleba imis Sefasebisas, Sesrulda Tu ara es valdebulebamarTlmsajulebis jerovnad ganxorcielebis uzenaesi interesebismxedvelobaSi miRebis safuZvelze.

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar awesebs raime saxis SezRudvaspatimrobis periodze. es ki evropuli konvenciis 5.1 da konstituci-is 34-e muxlebs arRvevda. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo muxlisTanaxmad, SesaZlebelia agresiulad ganwyobili mowmis patimrobagagrZeldes sasamarTlo ganxilvis Semdegac ki. kodeqsis 522.2 muxliaseve Seusabamod iqna miCneuli evropuli konvenciis 5.4 muxlTan,radganac igi ar aZlevda mowmes SesaZleblobas, gaesaCivrebinasasamarTlos brZaneba da moeTxova misi gadasinjva.

ganmcxadebeli gamoZaxebul iqna, rogorc mowme sisxlissamarTalwarmoebis periodSi, romelic mkvlelobaSi braldebulimxaris mimarT aRiZra. mis mier ficis qveS werilobiTi Cvenebisas gan-mcxadebelma uari ganacxada, epasuxa prokuraturis warmomadgenlismier dasmul kiTxvaze, romliTac mas piris vinaobis gamJRavnebassTxovdnen. magistrantebis sasamarTlom gasca brZaneba misi dakave-bis Sesaxeb sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 522.2 muxlis Sesabamisad.ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom igi patimrobaSi imyofeboda 7 dRisganmavlobaSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom xazi gausva im faqts, romsasamarTlos gaaCnda yvela ufleba, ganexorcielebina kanonieriRonisZiebebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo kanonmdeblobiT damiznad isaxavda, rom agresiulad aRiarebul mowmes eTqva simarTleda araferi simarTlis garda.

mowmes ar gaaCnda araviTari ufleba, uari ganecxadebina pirisvinaobis gamJRavnebaze. es ar iyo is SemTxveva, rodesac mowmesSeeZlo, profesiuli saidumloebis privilegias dayrdnoboda.misi saCivari efuZneboda im dapirebas, romelic man informaci-

111


is momwodebels aRuTqva, rom ar gaamJRavnebda mis vinaobas.sadavo debulebis Tanaxmad, patimrobis mizans mowmis mier das-mul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis valdebulebis aRsruleba war-moadgenda.

patimroba iim mmizniT, rrom uuzrunvelyofili iiqnesvaldebulebaTa SSesruleba, dda aara iimitom, rrom ddawesdes ssasjeliaseTi vvaldebulebis SSeusruleblobisaTvis, aar SSeiZlebagamarTlebul iiqnes eevropuli kkonvenciis 55.1 mmuxliT. kanonigansazRvravda mowmeTa dapatimrebis kriteriumebs sisxlissamarTlis kodeqsis 522.2 muxliT da acxadebda, rom isiniefuZneboda ara dros, aramed mowmis midgomasa da garemoebebs,romelTa gamoc man TanamSromlobaze uari ganacxada. Tumca,sasamarTlom dauSva gamonaklisi debulebis im nawilSi, romelicmowmis dapatimrebis maqsimalur periods ar adgenda. mowmis valde-buleba, warmoadginos mtkicebuleba, unda arsebobdes mxolodsamarTalwarmoebis mimdinareobis periodSi. sasamarTlosamarTalwarmoebis dasrulebisas mowmis valdebuleba aRar arse-bobs da mis mtkicebulebas aRar gaaCnia mniSvneloba. sityvebs _`patimrobaSi yofna im vadiT, ra vadac aucilebelia an rogorc essasamarTlos miaCnia Sesaferisad~ _ raime sxva SezRudvis an ganmar-tebis gareSe, logikurad SeuZlia migviyvanos iseT situaciamde,rodesac mowme imyofeba cixeSi patimrobaSi miuxedavad imisa, romsasamarTlo samarTalwarmoeba damTavrda.

garda amisa, kanoni TavisTavad ar uzrunvelyofda mowmesapelaciis an patimrobis gasaCivrebis uflebiT sasamarTlos miermowmis dapatimrebis brZanebis gacemisa Tu patimrobis ganmavlobaSi.dadginda, rom evropuli konvenciis 5.4 muxli exeba yvela imSemTxvevas, sadac SesaZlebelia pirisaTvis Tavisuflebis uflebisCamorTmeva. konvenciis mizans warmoadgens pirisaTvis patimrobisgasaCivrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofa nebismier situaciaSi, TundacmaSin, rodesac misi dakaveba kanoniT gansazRvruli valdebulebisuzrunvelyofis mizniT sasamarTlos kanonieri brZanebisSeusruleblobidan momdinareobs.

saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvisufleba yvela SemTxvevaSi, anu gamarTlebulia Tu ara patimroba 5.1muxliT. amitom, miuxedavad imisa, rom patimroba adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis kuTxiT kanonierad CaiTvala, kon-venciis 5.4. muxli mainc unda iqnes mxedvelobaSi miRebuli. mopasuxeamtkicebda, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 137-e muxlisSesabamisad, magistrantebis sasamarTlos hqonda ufleba, ganexilasamarTlebrivi saCivari ukanono patimrobasTan dakavSirebiT. amit-omac agresiulad ganwyobili patimris winaswar patimrobaSimoTavseba sasamarTlo ganxilvas eqvemdebareboda. Tumca, sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlom miuTiTa adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

112


sasamarTlos mier T.W. v. Malta (App. Number 25644/94) 1999 wlis 29aprils gamotanil gadawyvetilebaze da ganacxada, rom gadasinjvaavtomatur xasiaTs unda atarebdes. garda amisa, 137-e muxlisSesabamisad, ganxorcielebuli mimarTvis konteqstSi da 353-e naw-ilis gaTvaliswinebiT, ver dadginda, rom gadasinjviT SesaZlebeliiyo patimrobis arsebiTi mxaris ganxilva. garda 48-saaTiani vadisgadacilebisa, mTavrobam ver miuTiTa iseT SemTxvevaze, rodesacsisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 237-e muxlze dayrdnobiT sisxlissamarTlis danaSaulis Cadenis eWvi kanonierad gasaCivrebuliyo angamarTlebuliyo.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom mowmis dakaveba immizniT, rom mas warmoedgina mtkicebuleba da pasuxi gaeca kiTxvebze,samarTlebriv RonisZiebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos marTlmsajulebisjerovnad ganxorcielebisTvis. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 522.2muxli ewinaaRmdegeboda piris fundamentur uflebebs, radganac igiar gansazRvravda, rom patimrobis periodi ar SeiZleba aWarbebdes imsasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebis xangrZlivobas, romelSicSesabamisi piri gamoZaxebuli iyo Cvenebis misacemad. garda amisa,kanonis es debuleba ar uzrunvelyofda sistemas, romlis Tanaxmad,sasamarTlos brZanebis gasaCivreba SesaZlebeli iqneboda.

am konkretul saqmeSi patimrobis periodi ar iyo sisxlissamarTlis kodeqsiT gansazRvruli farglebis disproporciuli.sasamarTlom ar mianiWa anazRaureba ganmcxadebels. sasamarTlosazriT, evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxlis pirveli oTxi punqtidanerT-erTis darRveva TavisTavad ar warmoadgens sakmaris safuZvelskompensaciis mikuTvnebisaTvis.

moldovasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

13-02-2001

sisxlis ssamarTlis ssaproceso kkodeqsis 882-ee dda 2223-ee mmuxlebis kkon-stituciuri ggadasinjva

sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 82-e muxli uzrunvely-ofs, rom iq, sadac es aucilebelia, SesaZloa gauqmdes aRmkveTiRonisZieba an Seicvalos SedarebiT naklebad mkacri RonisZiebiT,Tu amas saqmis garemoeba moiTxovs da xorcieldeba im piris mier,romelic warmarTavs sisxlissamarTlebriv gamoZiebas, sisxlissamarTlis saqmeze braldebulis an prokuroris, an sasamarTlosmier dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis saSualebiT. sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kodeqsis 223 muxlis Tanaxmad, saqmis ganxilvisganmavlobaSi sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, gadawyvetilebis

113


saSualebiT warmoadginos, Secvalos an gaauqmos aRmkveTiRonisZiebebi, romlebic Sefardebuli aqvs gansasjel pirs.

saapelacio sasamarTloSi mosmenisas prokurorma da dacvisadvokatma warmoadgines moTxovna uzenaesi sasamarTlos winaSe,raTa am ukanasknels winadadebiT miemarTa sakonstituciosasamarTlosaTvis. uzenaesma sasamarTlom saCivari Seitana sakon-stitucio sasamarTlos winaSe, romliTac sisxlis samarTlis sapro-ceso kanonmdeblobis 82-3-e da 223-e muxlebis konstituciurobisgadasinjvas moiTxovda. sadavo muxlebi aRmkveTi RonisZiebebisganxorcielebas aregulirebs. pirs, romelic warmarTavssisxlissamarTlebriv gamoZiebas, ar SeuZlia Sewyvitos an Secvalosprokuroris mier Sefardebuli aRmkveTi RonisZieba prokurorisTanxmobis gareSe.

aRmkveTi RonisZieba, romelic sasamarTlo brZanebis safuZvelzeiqna Sefardebuli, ar SeiZleba gauqmdes an Seicvalos prokuroris anim piris mier, romelic sisxlissamarTlebriv gamoZiebas warmarTavs.aRmkveTi RonisZieba dakavebis brZanebis saxiT SesaZloa gaauqmos anSecvalos mosamarTlem im piris mier Setanili SuamdgomlobissafuZvelze, romelic warmarTavs sisxlissamarTlebriv gamoZiebas,an prokuroris, eWvmitanilis, mopasuxis mier, dacvis advokatis aneWvmitanilis an mopasuxis samarTlebrivi warmomadgenlis mier.Suamdgomlobis ganxilvisas mosamarTle gamoscems gadawyvetile-bas, romliTac auqmebs an cvlis dakavebis brZanebas an uaryofsaRmkveTi RonisZiebis gauqmebas an Secvlas.

rodesac mosamarTlis mier dakavebis brZanebaSi an patimrobisgagrZelebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaSi dadgenili patimrobis periodiamoiwureba da moTxovna ki axal gagrZelebaze ar aris warmodgenili,prokurori gamoscems piris dauyovnebliv gaTavisuflebis brZanebas.sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sasamarTloswinaSe mosmenisas sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, gadawyvetilebissaSualebiT warmoadginos cvlileba an gaauqmos aRmkveTi RonisZieba,romelic mopasuxes ekisreba. piradi Tavisufleba da pirovnuliusafrTxoeba xelSeuxebelia (konstituciis 25.1 muxli).

samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb paqtis Tanaxmad,nebismier pirs aqvs Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis ufleba.TviTnebur dakavebas an dapatimrebas aravin unda daeqvemdebaros.aravis unda aRekveTos Tavisufleba, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu eskanoniTaa aucilebeli. piris ufleba Tavisuflebasa da pirovnulxelSeuxeblobaze niSnavs, rom dauSvebelia piris dapatimreba andakaveba Sesabamisi brZanebis gareSe. piris Tavisuflebisa dafizikuri xelSeuxeblobis dacva uzrunvelyofilia konstituciuridebulebiT, romelic apelaciis da Sesabamis sasamarTloSi dakavebisSesaxeb sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis uflebasmoiazrebs (konstituciis 20.1 muxli). nebismieri problema, romelic

114


mosmenisas iCens Tavs, gadaWrili iqneba sasamarTlos miergamotanili gadawyvetilebiT (sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanon-mdeblobis 219.1 muxliT).

sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis 82-e da 223-emuxlebi, romlebic dakavebis Sesaxeb brZanebis gacemasa Tu gauqmebasgansazRvravs, magram ar iZleva dakavebasTan an mis SecvlasTandakavSirebiT pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier gacemulibrZanebis gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobas, ewinaaRmdegeba moqalaqeTakonstituciur uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sakonstitucio iurisdiqcias axor-cielebda. misi dadgenilebiT, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanon-mdeblobis 82-e da 223-e muxlebis nawilebi, sasamarTlogamocdilebidan gamomdinare, ar uzrunvelyofs pirs, saapelaciouflebiT gaasaCivros mis mimarT aRmkveTi RonisZiebisSefardebasTan an SecvlasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebi.aqedan gamomdinare, isini Seusabamoa konstituciasTan.


14-03-2002

pirTa patimrobaSi yofna, maTi dakaveba an droebiTi patimroba 48saaTze meti xniT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gareSe, rogorc essisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobiT aris gansazRvruli,ar Seesabameba konstitucias.

saqmis ganxilva wamowyebul iqna im saCivrebis safuZvelze, romlebicSetanil iqna moqalaqeebis mier ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kanonmdeblobis sawinaaRmdegod, romlis Tanaxmad,danaSaulis CadenaSi eWvmitanili piris Tavisuflebis aRkveTa dapirovnuli xelSeuxeblobis SezRudva 48 saaTis vadiT prokurorisbrZanebis safuZvelze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gareSe dasaSvebia.ganmcxadeblebi Tvlidnen, rom xsenebuli debulebebiewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis 22.2 muxls, romlis mixedviT, dakaveba,patimroba da droebiTi patimroba nebadarTulia mxolod sasamarTloganaCenis safuZvelze da, aseve, piri ar SeiZleba darCes cixeSi 48 saaTzemet xans sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanis gareSe.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom pirovnuliTavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis ufleba, romelickonstituciaSia uzrunvelyofili, adamianis fundamentur uflebaswarmoadgens. specifikuri konstituciuri garantiebi sisxlissamarTlis sferoSi am uflebis sasamarTlo gziT dacvisaTvisuSualo kavSirSia da, Sesabamisad, gansazRvravs sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kanonmdeblobis debulebebis mniSvnelobasa da Sinaarss.

115


1993 wlis konstitucia daskvniTi da droebiTi debulebebis TavSiacxadebs, rom iqamde, sanam ruseTis procesualuri kanonmdeblobaSeesabameba moyvanili konstituciis debulebebs, dakavebasTan, dapa-timrebasa da cixeSi moTavsebasTan dakavSirebiT, winaT moqmedinormebi unda iyos daculi da ZalaSi datovebuli. konstituciasakanonmdeblo organos akisrebs valdebulebas, warmoadginoskanonmdeblobis aucilebeli cvlilebebi gardamavali periodisganmavlobaSi, romlis xangrZlivobac ar aris gansazRvruli.

droebiTi dakaveba, droebiTi patimroba da cixeSi moTavsebasTandakavSirebuli procedurebi, romlebic kanonmdeblobiT iyogansazRvruli, dadasturda 1998 wlis federaciuli kanoniT,romelic adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisa da damatebiTioqmebis ratificirebas Seexeboda. konvenciis 5.3 da 5.4 muxlebzemiTiTebiT aRniSnuli kanoni zRudavda am punqtebis moqmedebas imvadiT, rac kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebis Sesatanad iyo aucilebe-li.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ufleba konstituciidan gamomdinareobs dakanonis gamocema misi uflebamosilebis garantirebisaTvisaaaucilebeli, aseTi kanoni miRebul unda iqnes maqsimalurad moklevadaSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom mravaljer gausva xazi, romkonstituciis miRebidan sakmarisi dro gavida, imisaTvis, raTasakanonmdeblo organos mieRo axali kanoni sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kanonmdeblobasTan dakavSirebiT da saproceso kanon-mdebloba konstituciasTan SesabamisobaSi moeyvana. radganac es arganxorcielda, konstituciis droebiTma debulebam konstituciuriRirebuleba dakarga. anu maT realobaSi gaaCniaT permanentuliSedegebi da amgvarad, arRveven rogorc konstituciis 22-e muxliTgarantirebul uflebas, aseve adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebsa daTavisuflebebs. es ki niSnavs dadgenil uflebaTa, kerZod, samo-qalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb paqtis 9.3 da 5.3 muxlebiTgansazRvrul uflebaTa dacvasTan dakavSirebiT marTlmsajulebismeqanizmis garantiis uaryofas. garda amisa, sakonstituciosasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sisxlis samarTlis axali saproceso kod-eqsi 2001 wlis 18 dekembers iqna miRebuli. axali kodeqsis debulebe-bis Tanaxmad, mxolod sasamarTlos SeuZlia patimrobisRonisZiebebTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis gamoitana. Tumca,sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ZalaSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiTmiRebuli federaluri kanonis Tanaxmad, kodeqsis debulebebiZalaSi unda Sesuliyo 2004 wlis 1 ianvridan, manamde ki patimrobasada dakavebasTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebebs miiRebda isev daisev prokurori, rogorc es uwin xdeboda.

radganac SenarCunebuli iyo wina procedura xsenebulTariRamde, samarTlebrivi moTxovna, romelic gansazRvruli iyokonstituciis damaboloebeli da droebiTi debulebebis TaviT,

116


sakanonmdeblo organos mier formalurad gamoiyeneboda da amiTdebulebis realur mniSvnelobas arRvevda. sakonstituciosasamarTlom daadgina, rom ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kanonmdeblobis gasaCivrebuli debulebebi arSeesabameboda konstitucias da, amgvarad, maTi gamoyenebaSeuZlebeli iyo 2002 wlis 1 ivliss. federalurma asambleam dauy-ovnebliv unda Seitanos cvlilebebi da uzrunvelyossamarTlebrivi standartebis ganxorcieleba, romelicdakavebasTan, winaswar patimrobasa an eWvmitanilis saxiT pirisdroebiT patimrobasTan dakavSirebiT moicavs sasamarTlo proce-duras 48 saaTze met xans.


27-09-1999

policiam ucxoeli moqalaqeebi moaTavsa saerTaSoriso aeropor-tis e.w. ìm pirebis nawilSi, romlebsac uari ganecxadaT~. isiniespaneTSi arakanonierad SesvlisaTvis daakaves, ucxoeli moqalaqee-bi sargebloben konstituciuri garantiebiT, romlebic maTi patim-robis xangrZlivobas zRudavs (konstituciis me-17 muxli). kerZod,dauSvebelia vinmes patimrobaSi moTavseba 72 saaTze met xans, racxelisuflebis organoebisaTvis maqsimalur vadas warmoadgens imisgadasawyvetad, gaaZevon patimari Tu ara, gaagzavnon igi konkretulqveyanaSi Tu dauyovnebliv gaaTavisuflon. mosamarTles arSeuZlia, arsebiT ganxilvaze dauSveblad miiCnios nebismieriganacxadi sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT,romelic warmodgenilia im ucxoelis mier, romelic patimrobaSiimyofeba saerTaSoriso aeroportis ìm pirebis nawilSi, romlebsacuari ganecxadaT~. mosamarTles ar SeuZlia, imsjelos prefeqturisorganoebis mier dadgenili patimrobis kanonierebaze, sanam igi argamoiZaxebs da piradad ar dakiTxavs patimars.

CineTis moqalaqe liji Cuni dakavebul iqna kanaris kunZulebispoliciis mier espaneTis teritoriaze SesvlisaTvis. 2 wliT adre igigaZevebul iqna da aekrZala espaneTis teritoriaze Sesvla. 72saaTiani vadis gasvlamde Sesabamisi piri gadayvanil iqna policiisganyofilebidan gran kanarias las palmasis aeroportis ìmpirTaTvis gankuTvnil zonaSi, visac uari eTqvaT~. momdevno dRemdeman ar icoda, rom xelisuflebis Sesabamisma organom misideportaciis brZaneba gamosca, romelic gadaido CineTSi daniSnuliSemdegi reisis ganxorcielebamde. patimarma sasamarTlos mosTxovamisi saqmis ganxilva patimrobis xangrZlivi drois motiviT.aRniSnuli moTxovna uaryofil iqna mosamarTlis mier, radgan

117


gaZeveba samarTlebrivad dasabuTebuli iyo. sakonstituciosasamarTlom ganmcxadebels mianiWa konstituciuri dacva, radgankonstituciiT garantirebuli misi fundamenturi ufleba dairRvaor safuZvelze: patimroba gadaWarbebulad xangrZlivi iyo damosamarTles ar unda uareyo sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvismoTxovna.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTa immravalgvar situaciaze, romelSic SesaZloa saerTaSoriso aero-portis satranzito zonaSi policiis mier dapatimrebuli ucx-oelebi aRmoCndnen. im ucxoelTa mdgomareoba, romlebsac uariganecxadaT espaneTSi Sesvlaze da fexic ki ar daukarebiaT espanurimiwisaTvis, sruliad gansxvavdeba im ucxoelTa mdgomareobisagan,romlebic espaneTSi daakaves, Tundac iyvnen isini aralegaluri emi-grantebi, romlebsac ekrZalebaT qveyanaSi cxovreba. am ukanasknelsaqmeSi is garantiebi, romlebic policiis mier ganxorcielebulipatimrobis xangrZlivobas zRudavs, mTlianad gamoiyeneba,gansakuTrebiT konstituciiT gansazRvrul patimrobis maqsimalur72-saaTian vadasTan mimarTebiT, romlis gagrZelebac dauSvebelia.

ucxoeli patimrobaSi imyofeboda 72 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, sanam masaeroportSi gadaiyvandnen. garda amisa, mas 24 saaTis gasvlamde arSeatyobines deportaciis brZanebis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, patimrobiskonstituciiT gansazRvruli maqsimaluri periodi gagrZelebul iqna.konstituciis 17.4 muxlis Sesabamisad, ganxorcielebuli sasamarTlosamarTalwarmoebis mizans administraciuli patimroba warmoadgens.


25-10-2002

a dda ssxvebi SSinagan ssaqmeTa mministris wwinaaRmdeg

evropuli konvenciis me-15 muxlis Sesabamisad, parlaments hqondaufleba, antiteroristuli RonisZiebebi SeezRuda ise, rom gavlenamoexdina mxolod ucxoel moqalaqeebze, romlebic teroristulkavSirebSi iyvnen eWvmitanilni: gadaxveva konvenciis me-5 muxlidannebadarTulia mxolod im moculobiT, rasac moiTxovs situaciissimwvave. parlaments ufleba gaaCnda, gadaewyvita, rom mxolodsaerTaSoriso terorizmSi eWvmitanil ucxoelTa ganusazRvrelipatimroba iyo mkacrad moTxovnili da rom RonisZiebebis gavrcele-ba britanel moqalaqeebze scildeboda moTxovnis farglebs.

antiteroristuli da uSiSroebis Sesaxeb kanoni, romelicsasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebis gareSe saerTaSoriso terorizmSieWvmitanili ucxoelebis ganusazRvrel patimrobaze uflebas

118


iZleva, ewinaaRmdegeba konvenciis me-5 muxls. magram 1998 wlis adami-anis uflebaTa Sesaxeb aqtTan mimarTebiT 2001 wlis brZanebasamarTlebrivi iyo da, Sesabamisad, 9 ucxoeli moqalaqis patimroba2001 wlis brZanebis safuZvelze kanonieri iyo, radgan patimrobisuflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba diskriminaciul xasiaTs aratarebda da ar arRvevda me-14 muxls.

mTavrobam saapelacio saCivari Seitana pirveli instanciissasamarTlos gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT. gaerTianebulisamefos konvenciis me-5 muxlidan nawilobrivi gadaxveva da misisakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebi, romlebic saerTaSoriso terorizmSieWvmitanilTa ganusazRvreli vadiT dakavebaze iZleodnennebarTvas, diskriminaciul xasiaTs atarebda da ewinaaRmdegebodame-14 muxls, radganac asxvavebda saerTaSoriso terorizmSi monaw-ile eWvmitanil ucxoel da britanel pirebs.

saapelacio sasamarTlom daakmayofila mTavrobis saCivari dagadawyvita, rom debulebebi, romlebic patimrobis nebarTvasiZleoda, ar iyo diskriminaciuli xasiaTis Semdeg mizezTa gamo:

britaneli moqalaqeebi ucxoelebisgan gansxvavebulmdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen, radganac britaneli moqalaqeebisgaZeveba ar SeiZleba qveynidan, maSin, rodesac ucxoeli moqalaqeebisgaZeveba dasaSvebia, roca saqme britanelebis usafrTxoebas exeba.aseT ucxoel moqalaqeebs ar gaaCndaT qveyanaSi darCenis ufleba.

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi arsebobs bevri sxva magaliTi, rom-lebic saxelmwifoebs aZleven nebarTvas, moaxdinon gansxvavebamoqalaqeebsa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs Soris. magaliTad,saimigracio kanonmdebloba emyareboda diskriminaciul safuZvlebserovnul niadagze da, amgvarad, ver daamtkicebdnen, rom imigraci-uli kontroli ewinaaRmdegeboda me-14 muxls. diskriminaciamoqalaqeebsa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs Soris ufrodamaxasiaTebelia sagangebo mdgomareobis pirobebSi.

maSin, rodesac sasamarTlos gaaCnia mTavrobis mier gamocemulikanonmdeblobis adamianis uflebaTa aqtTan Sesabamisobis ganxilvisuflebamosileba, sagangebo mdgomareobis pirobebSi aRmasrulebelixelisuflebas sasamarTloze ukeT SeuZlia gansazRvros, Tu raRonisZiebebis ganxorcielebaa aucilebeli. Sesabamisad, mTavrobasunda gaaCndes Sefasebis SedarebiT farTo diapazoni.


08-05-2001

is faqti, rom mopasuxes ar gaaCnia advokatis daxmarebiT sarge-blobis ufleba da saSualeba, gaecnos sisxlis samarTlis saqmes

119


gamomZiebeli mosamarTlis mier mis pirvel dakiTxvamde,ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciur debulebebs, romlebic SeexebaTanasworobas da diskriminaciis akrZalvas miuxedavad imisa, ganix-ileba Tu ara isini evropuli konvenciis me-5 da me-6 muxlebTanerTobliobaSi. es ar ewinaaRmdegeba aseve zemoxsenebul debulebebsim pirTan mimarTebiT, romelic imyofeba patimrobaSi da ar xerxde-ba, rom misi saqme ganxilul iqnes 7-dRian maqsimalur vadaSi, romel-ic aiTvleba im dRidan, rac gamomZiebeli mosamarTle gamoscemsdakavebis brZanebas.

1990 wlis 20 ivlisis kanoni winaswari patimrobis SesaxebgansazRvravs, rom mopasuxe unda dakiTxos gamomZiebelmamosamarTlis mier dakavebis brZanebis gamocemamde, magram ar uzrun-velyofs mopasuxisaTvis advokatis daxmarebiT sargeblobis ufle-bas dakiTxvis periodSi an imas, rom mas dakavebamde xeli miuwvde-bodes sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze.

erT-erTma pirma, romelsac emuqreboda sisxlissamarTlebrivibraldebis wayeneba, warmoadgina saCivari zemoxsenebulTandakavSirebiT da yuradReba gaamaxvila im faqtze, rom 2000 wlis 28martis kanoni uzrunvelyofda aseT garantiebs dakavebisSemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos winaSe dauyovnebliv wardgenisTvalsazrisiT da SesaZlebels xdida swrafi sasamarTlo ganxilvisCatarebas, rodesac damnaSave dakavebul iqna qmedebis Cadenisas andanaSauli Cadenil iqna sul axlaxan da igi isjeba sul mcire 1 wliTTavisuflebis aRkveTiT. Sesabamisi piris moTxovnis safuZvelze,saarbitraJo sasamarTlos eTxova winaswari kiTxvis ganxilva imasTandakavSirebiT, mopyrobis es sxvaoba mopasuxeebs SorisewinaaRmdegeboda Tu ara Tanasworobis konstituciur principebsada diskriminaciis akrZalvas, miuxedavad imisa, ganixileboda Tu araisini konvenciis me-5 da me-6 muxlTan erTobliobaSi.

sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba, romelSic aRniSna, romadgili ar hqonia zemoxsenebuli debulebebis darRvevas. manmxedvelobaSi miiRo konstituciis debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac,piris dakaveba SesaZlebelia danaSaulis Cadenis momentSi an iseTibrZanebis safuZvelze, romelic Seicavs mosamarTlis mier dadgenilmizezebs da romlebic unda gamoyenebuliyo dakavebis periodSi anara ugvianes 24 saaTisa dakavebis momentidan. aRniSnuli vada arutovebda dros advokats saqmeSi CarTvisaTvis. sasamarTlomaRniSna, rom gamoiyeneboda sxva garantiebi da daaskvna, romgamoZiebis saidumlod Senaxvasa da dacvis uflebis ganxorcielebasSoris dadgenili iyo balansi. sasamarTlom aRiara, rom SesaZlebeliiyo ori gansxvavebuli proceduris gamoyeneba identur faqtebTanmimarTebiT – sasamarTlos winaSe dauyovnebliv wardgenis proce-dura da cixeSi patimrobasTan dakavSirebuli procedura. magramsasamarTlom xazi gausva im faqts, rom kanonmdebeli SesaZleblobas

120


aZlevda sagamoZiebo organoebs, Tavad gadaewyvitaT, Tu raRonisZieba unda miRebuliyo msgavs garemoebebSi im saxelmZRvaneloprincipebis mixedviT, romlebic winaswar iqna dadgenili.Sesabamisad, saarbitraJo sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagans ar warmoad-genda kanonis realuri gamoyenebis Sefaseba.

meore winaswari kiTxva daisva im sxvaobasTan dakavSirebiT,romelic arsebobda sasamarTlos winaSe dauyovnebliv wardgenisproceduras (romelic unda ganxorcielebuliyo 7 dRis vadaSi) daCveulebriv proceduras Soris, romelic ar uzrunvelyofda mopa-suxes sasamarTlo ganxilviT am droSi. sasamarTlom CaTvala igigamarTlebulad kanonmdeblobisaTvis, raTa am ukanasknelsgaeTvaliswinebina debuleba, romelic ukavSirdeboda swraf proce-duras, rodesac piri dakavebuli iyo qmedebis Cadenis momentSi, raTaTavidan yofiliyo acilebuli dausjeloba. Sedegad sasamarTlomgamoitana azri, romlis Tanaxmadac, Cveulebrivi procedura ar war-moadgenda diskriminaciuls.

xorvatiasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

02-12-1998

konstituciuri qmedeba, romelic exeba konstituciuri uflebisdarRvevas patimrobis periodSi, nebadarTulia. rodesac ganixilebaRonisZiebebi braldebulis adgilze yofnis uzrunvelyofasTandakavSirebiT, sasamarTlom ar unda gamoiyenos SedarebiT mkacriRonisZieba, Tuki imave miznis miRweva SesaZlebelia naklebad mkacriiZulebis RonisZiebiT. arsebiTi mizezebi unda ganapirobebdnenpatimrobis gagrZelebas.

wina poziciisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac, patimrobisperiodSi konstituciuri uflebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebulisaCivris warmodgena da gadawyveta SesaZlebelia sisxlis samarTlisproceduriT gaTvaliswinebuli saboloo dadgenilebiT, sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom Tavisuflebis, Rirsebisa dapatimarTa uflebebis efeqturi dacva moiTxovs konstituciur dac-vas TviT patimrobis periodSic.

danaSauli, romelSic momCivans edeboda brali, uSualod gamomd-inareobda misi oficialuri movaleobebidan da misi CadenaSesaZlebelia mxolod dasaqmebuli piris mier. ramdenadacmosarCelis SromiTi xelSekruleba Sewyda, aRar arsebobda imissaSiSroeba, rom igi kvlav Caidenda analogiur danaSauls. imisabstraqtuli SesaZlebloba, rom igi iSovida sxva samsaxurs, ar iyopatimrobis gagrZelebisaTvis sakmarisi mizezi. Sesabamisad,mosarCelis sakonstitucio sarCeli dakmayofilda.

121



winaswar patimrobaSi gatarebuli dro, garda sasamarTlosamarTalwarmoebis droisa, SesaZlebelia mxedvelobaSi iqnesmiRebuli msjavrdebuli piris mier Sefardebuli sasjelismoxdisas, Tuki sakmarisi kavSiri arsebobs or samarTalwarmoebasSoris.

1998 wlis dekemberSi ganmcxadebels, romelic maSin srulwlovaniar iyo, miesaja 1 wliT patimroba arasrulwlovanTa cixeSi probaci-is gareSe, romelic man 1999 wlis Tebervlidan moixada. 1999 wlisagvistoSi sasjelis darCenili nawili Seicvala probaciiT.

momCivnis mimarT aseve mimdinareobda gamoZieba sisxlissamarTlis sxva danaSaulebTan, maT Soris, gaupatiurebasTandakavSirebiT. mosarCele winaswar patimrobaSi iqna ayvaniligamoZiebis procesSi 1998 wlis ivnisidan 1999 wlis Tebervlamde. 1998wlis 15 dekembers kompetenturma adgilobrivma sasamarTlom ambraldebis gamo miusaja mas erTi wliTa da 6 TviT patimrobaarasrulwlovanTa cixeSi probaciis gareSe. saapelaciosasamarTlom gaamarTla momCivani. 1999 wlis ivnisisgadawyvetilebiT, adgilobrivma sasamarTlom, romelsac gaaCndaiurisdiqcia ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvanasTan dakavSirebulsakiTxebTan mimarTebiT, uari ganacxada, sasjelSi CaeTvala iswinaswari patimroba, romelsac igi ixdida sxeulis dazianebasTandakavSirebiT gamotanili msjavrdebisaTvis.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 51.1.1muxli ar gamoiyeneba arc pirdapir da arc analogiis saxiT.aRniSnuli wesi miuTiTebs, rom winaswari patimrobis CaTvlaZiriTad sasjelSi SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi amwinaswar patimrobas ixdis im danaSaulSi braldebisTvis, romelSicigi saboloo jamSi iqna msjavrdebuli. sasamarTlos azriT,aRniSnuli wesi ar gamoiyeneba winamdebare saqmeSi, radganacmsjavrdebul pirs exeboda 2 sxvadasxva sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba.sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ar arsebobda aranairi kavSiri orsamarTalwarmoebas Soris. ganmcxadeblis saapelacio saCivari ariqna dakmayofilebuli saapelacio sasamarTlos mier. is faqti, rompirs miiCnevdnen damnaSaved orive saqmeSi da orive danaSauli dae-qvemdebareboda kumulatiur an globalur sasjels axalgazrdebTandakavSirebuli sisxlis samarTlis kanonis Tanaxmad, ar warmoadgen-da sakmaris safuZvels imisTvis, rom winaswari patimroba kanonismixedviT yofiliyo miRebuli mxedvelobaSi. Sesabamisad, ganmcxade-belma sarCeli Seitana xsenebuli gadawyvetilebis sawinaaRmdegodsakonstitucio sasamarTloSi da amtkicebda fundamenturi

122


uflebis darRvevas, romelic daculia konstituciis 2.2 da 3.1muxlebiT.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gamoitana saolqo sasamarTlossapirispiro gadawyvetileba, radganac igi ewinaaRmdegeboda kon-stituciis 2.2 muxliT gansazRvrul Tavisuflebis uflebas da kon-stituciis 3.1 muxliT gansazRvrul kanonis winaSe Tanasworobisuflebas. amis dadgenis Semdeg saqme daubrunda gansaxilvelad adg-ilobriv sasamarTlos. gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic iZleva imissaSualebas, rom winaswari patimroba mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebulisasjelis gamoangariSebisas, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra xarisxiTaRsruldeba sasjeli da amgvarad axdens zegavlenas piradTavisuflebaze, romelic garantirebulia konstituciis 2.2 muxliT.

rodesac sasamarTlos mier ganimarteba da gamoiyeneba sisxlissamarTlis kodeqsis 51.1 muxli da axalgazrdebTan dakavSirebulisisxlis samarTlis kanoni, es unda ganxorcieldes im didimniSvnelobis WrilSi, romelic kanonmdeblobam daakisra piradiTavisuflebis uflebas. konstituciuri samarTali moiTxovs, romsisxlis samarTlis Sesaxeb kanonis 51.1 muxlis da arasrulwlovanTasasamarTlos Sesaxeb kanonis 52.a muxlebi ganimartos imgvarad, romwinaswar patimrobaSi gatarebuli dro mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli,Tuki arsebobs funqciuri da faqtobrivi kavSiri winaswar patim-robasa da im danaSauls Soris, romlis CadenaSic msjavri iqnagamotanili.

1998 wlis 28 seqtembriTa da 7 noembriT daTariRebulgadawyvetilebebSi federalurma sakonstitucio sasamarTlomarakonstituciurad gamoacxada calkeuli punqtebi, romelSicwinaswari patimroba ar iqna CaTvlili misi mcire mniSvnelobis gamoim samarTalwarmoebasTan SedarebiT, romlis Sedegadac moxdamsjavrdeba.

adgilobrivi saolqo sasamarTloebis mier miRebuligadawyvetilebebi, romelTa winaaRmdegac saapelacio saCivari iqnaSetanili, sakmarisad ar uzrunvelyofs imas, rom samarTalwarmoeba,romelSic winaswari patimroba iqna ganxorcielebuli da danaSauli,romlisTvisac igi iqna msjavrdebuli, erTmaneTs ukavSirdebodes.Tu gaviTvaliswinebT piris Tavisuflebis fundamenturmniSvnelobas, xsenebuli urTierToba ar unda iqnes ugulebely-ofili. Tu gaupatiurebis braldebasTan mimarTebiT mosarCele argaamarTla saolqo sasamarTlom, mas mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo 1998wlis saboloo msjavrdeba sxeulis dazianebasTan dakavSirebiT dadaekisrebina axali sasjeli arasrulwlovanTa cixeSi patimrobissaxiT. ueWvelia, rom saerTo sasjelis dawesebiT procedurulikavSiri sxvadasxva danaSaulebs Soris iarsebebda sxvadasxvasamarTalwarmoebaSi, rac gulisxmobs winaswar patimrobaSi gatare-buli drois CaTvlas. igive exeba im faqts, rodesac piri gamocxade-

123


bulia udanaSaulod. udanaSaulod miCneuli arasrulwlovani arSeiZleba Cayenebul iqnes uares situaciaSi, vidre maSin, Tu igimsjavrdebuli iqneboda. sisxlis samarTlis kanoni, romelicukavSirdeba axalgazrda damnaSaveebs, moiTxovs, romsaganmanaTleblo mizans mieniWos upiratesoba da aqedan gamomd-inare, samarTlebrivi Sedegebi SemoisazRvros im farglebiT, rafarglebiTac aucilebelia sasurveli saganmanaTleblo SedegebismiReba, aRniSnuls ki mivyavarT specialur kavSiramde imdanaSaulebs Soris, romelTa gamoZiebac xdeba sxvadasxvasamarTalwarmoebaSi. aRniSnuli mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli,rodesac gamoiyeneba da ganimarteba arasrulwlovanTa sasamarTlosSesaxeb kanonis 52a1 punqti.


08-09-1999

sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis debuleba, romlisTanaxmadac, sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebis periodSi SesaZlebeliapatimrobis Sefardeba, Tuki piri braldebulia im danaSaulisCadenaSi, romelic isjeba patimrobiT da arsebobs safuZvliani eWvi,rom igi Caidens sxva danaSauls gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi, arakon-stituciuria, radganac igi zRudavs piris Tavisuflebis uflebas,romelic uzrunvelyofilia konstituciis 55.1 muxliT.

TavisTavad patimroba ar aris arakonstituciuri da sinamdvileSizogierT saqmeSi igi Zalian mniSvnelovania, radganac warmoadgensaRmkveT RonisZiebas da ara sasjels. winaswari patimroba ar arRvevsudanaSaulobis prezumfciis konstituciur princips, romelicuzrunvelyofilia konstituciis 57.1 muxliT da romlisTanaxmadac, piri SeiZleba CaiTvalos damnaSaved, sanam misisisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ar dadasturdebasasamarTlo ganaCeniT. konstituciis 55.2 muxlis Sesabamisad, nebis-mieri piri, romelic daakaves danaSaulis CadenaSi eWvis gamo, dauy-ovnebliv unda gaTavisufldes an wardgenil iqnes mosamarTliswinaSe. mosamarTles eTxoveba, mousminos mas da swrafad gadawyvi-tos werilobiTi dasabuTebiT, piri gaTavisufldes Tu braldebuliqnes.

sazogadoebis dacvis mizniT, zogjer gamarTlebulia danaSaulisCadenaSi eWvmitanili piris cixeSi moTavseba sasamarTlossamarTalwarmoebis mimdinareobis periodSi. aRniSnuli gamomd-inareobs konstituciis 55.2 muxlidan, romelSic nagulisxmeviasasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebis periodSi patimrobis SesaZlebloba.sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, ar SeiZleba arakonstituciurad

124


CaiTvalos, rom sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobisTanaxmad patimrobis Sefardeba dasaSvebia, Tuki piri braldebuliaiseTi danaSaulis CadenaSi, romlisTvisac gaTvaliswinebulia cixeSimoTavseba. Tumca, kanonmdeblis mier dasaxul misaRwev mizanTan ara-proporciulia da, Sesabamisad, konstituciis 55.2 muxlsewinaaRmdegeba saproceso kanonis 92.1c muxli, romelic iZlevanebarTvas piris dakavebaze im mizniT, rom xeli SeuSalos mas sxvadanaSaulis CadenaSi.


02-07-1997

aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli debulebebisa da sadamsjelo ele-mentebis gamo, romelsac organizaciul danaSaulSi monawileeWvmitanili piris 30 dRemde administraciuli patimroba moicavs, esukanaskneli iTvleba iZulebiT RonisZiebad, romelic Sedis sisxlissamarTlis farglebSi. Tumca, aseTi RonisZiebebi SesaZloa dadge-nil iqnes federaluri kanoniT. damatebiT unda aRiniSnos, romxsenebuli RonisZieba, gulisxmobs ra 30-dRian vadas, ar Seesabamebakonstituciur debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, 48 saaTze meti xniTdakaveba SesaZlebelia mxolod sasamarTlo brZanebis safuZvelze.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganixila saqme, romelic exebodamoldaveTis respublikis kanonis _ `danaSaulTan brZolis SesaxebdroebiTi RonisZiebebi _ konstituciurobas. samarTalwarmoebaaRiZra im saCivris sapasuxod, romelic Setanil iqna sasamarTloSimoqalaqe xairovis mier zemoxsenebuli kanonis arakonsti-tuciurobasTan dakavSirebiT. mizezi, romlis gamoc samarT-alwarmoeba iqna aRZruli, mdgomareobda im gaurkvevlobasa dabundovanebaSi, rac ukavSirdeboda im sakiTxs, rom gansaxilvelikanoni, romelic moldaveTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros aZlevdauflebas, prokuroris TanxmobiT gamoeyenebina organizebuli krimi-naluri jgufebis wevrebis administraciuli patimroba 30 dRemde,SesabamisobaSi iyo ruseTis federaciis konstituciasTan.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom moqalaqe xairovi,romelic muSaobda, rogorc SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis kompaniis`tonus-eqstras~ menejeris moadgiled, dakavebul da winaswarpatimrobaSi iqna moTavsebuli administraciuli patimrobissafuZvelze. droebiTi patimrobidan igi gaTavisuflda dakavebidan1 kviris Semdgom adgilobrivi prokuroris mier. Tumca, araviTarisisxlis samarTalwarmoeba ar aRZrula b-ni xairovis mimarT,rogorc misi patimrobis periodSi, aseve patimrobis Semdgom. mas,agreTve, ar wayenebia brali sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis CadenaSi.

125


ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda ra, rom patimrobam ziani miayena mispirovnul da profesiul reputacias, b-nma xairovma sarCeli Seitanaraionul sasamarTloSi moraluri zianis anazRaurebasTandakavSirebiT moldaveTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros winaaRmdeg.sasamarTlom daadgina, rom policiis oficrebi moqmedebdnenmoldaveTis respublikaSi moqmedi kanonis `danaSaulTan brZolaSidroebiTi RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb” Sesabamisad da uaryo ganmcxadeb-lis pretenziebi.

moldaveTSi am kanonma Sewyvita moqmedeba im dros, rodesac sakon-stitucio sasamarTlom daiwyo saqmis ganxilva. amis miuxedavad,federaluri sakonstitucio kanonis `ruseTis federaciis sakon-stitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ Tanaxmad, sakonstituciosasamarTlos winaSe aRZruli samarTalwarmoeba ar SeiZlebaSewyvetiliyo, radganac zemoxsenebuli kanonis moqmedebis SedegadirRveoda moqalaqeTa konstituciuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.

kanoni moldaveTis respublikis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosuflebas aZlevda, prokuroris TanxmobiT ganexorcielebina orga-nizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufis wevris administraciuli patimro-ba. 1996 wlis 30 dekembers cvlileba, romlis Tanaxmadac, SinagansaqmeTa saministros uflebamosileba eZleoda daepatimrebina ispirebi, romlebsac Sexeba hqondaT kriminalur jgufebTan, Setaniliqna kanonSi debulebis saxiT. aRniSnuli RonisZieba unda gamoyeneb-uliyo konkretulad `organizebuli kriminaluri jgufebis mimarT~.

Tavisi bunebiT, agebulebiT, SinaarsiT, ganxorcielebis meTodiT,masSi sisxlissamarTlebrivi elementebis arsebobis gamo kanoniTdadgenili patimroba warmoadgens iZulebiT RonisZiebas, romelicganekuTvneba sisxlis samarTlisa da saproceso kanonmdeblobissferos. aRniSnuli naTlad Cans im direqtividan, romelic exebakanonis ganmartebas da romlis Tanaxmadac, dapatimrebuli pirisorganizebul jgufTan kavSiris mtkicebulebebi warmodgenili undaiqnes im piris mier, romelmac ganaxorciela dapatimreba. adminis-traciuli patimrobis safuZvels warmoadgens piris kuTvnileba dawevroba organizebuli jgufisadmi. dapatimrebuli piris organize-buli jgufis wevrobis mtkicebulebebi moicavs im piris moxsenebas,romelic iTxovs dapatimrebas, oficialuri wyaroebidan mowodebulinformacias (maT Soris, igulisxmeba masmedia), rac mtkicdeba oper-atiuli informaciiT da mowmeTa Cvenebebs.

kriminaluri dajgufebis wevrebis patimroba gamoiqviTeba dak-isrebuli sasjelidan. debulebebi, romlebic exeba konstituciiTada federaluri kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul sisxlis samarTliskanons, saproceso kanonmdeblobasa da sasjelis aRsrulebas, ufle-bas iZleva aRmkveTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebaze droebiTipatimrobis saxiT mxolod im pirebTan mimarTebiT, romlebmacCaidines konkretuli danaSauli. isini aseve akonkreteben mizezebs,

126


vadebs da proceduras moklevadiani da droebiTi patimrobisganxorcielebisaTvis braldebis wardgenamde.

gansaxilveli kanonis debuleba, romelsac konkretuligansazRvreba da gamoxatuleba mieca Sesabamisi direqtiviT,SesaZlebels xdis piris organizebuli jgufisadmi kuTvnilebisdadgenas im meTodebisa da mtkicebulebebis gamoyenebiT, romlebicmocemuli ar aris konstituciasa da sisxlis saproceso federalurkanonmdeblobaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi arsebiTad aRiarebspirs, rogorc kriminals da mis winaaRmdeg iyenebs iZulebiTRonisZiebas 30 dRemde administraciuli patimrobis SefardebisgziT. amitomac ukve ZalaSi Sesuli konstituciis 49-e muxlidarRveulia, radgan mis Tanaxmad, nebismieri piri, romelsac braladedeba sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Cadena, udanaSaulod undaiqnes miCneuli, sanam misi braleuloba ar dadgindeba federalurikanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli proceduris SesabamisadsasamarTlo ganaCeniT.

konstituciis 22-e muxlis Sesabamisad, yvelas aqvs uflebaTavisuflebasa da pirad xelSeuxeblobaze; dakaveba, patimroba dacixeSi moTavseba daSvebulia mxolod sasamarTlo brZanebissafuZvelze. sasamarTlo brZanebis gareSe dauSvebelia piris patim-roba 48 saaTze meti xniT.

moldaveTis respublikis kanonis gansaxilveli debuleba, romel-ic Sinagan saqmeTa saministros uflebas aZlevs, prokurorisTanxmobiT gamoiyenos, administraciuli patimroba 30 dRemde impirebTan mimarTebiT, romlebic arian organizebuli kriminalurijgufebis wevrebi, ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis 22-e muxls.damatebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom sakiTxis ganxilvis Semdeg, romeliceqskluziurad exeboda sisxlis samarTlis farglebs, sisxlis sapro-ceso kanonmdeblobasa da sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis ganxor-cielebas, moldaveTis respublikis asamblea Caeria federalurikanonmdeblis kompetenciaSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gadawyvi-ta, rom moldaveTis respublikis Sesabamisi kanoni arakonstituci-uri iyo.


13-06-1996

sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdebloba, romlisTanaxmadac, braldebulisa da misi damcvelis mier saqmis gacnobisperiodi ar iTvleba winaswar patimrobad, arakonstituciuria,radganac igi zRudavs piris uflebas Tavisuflebasa daxelSeuxeblobaze da am uflebis samarTlebriv dacvas.

127


samarTalwarmoeba aRiZra moqalaqis mier Setanili saCivrissafuZvelze. igi acxadebda, rom konstituciuri uflebebi daTavisuflebebi irRveoda ruseTis federaciis saproceso kanonmde-blobis 97.5 muxliT, romlis Tanaxmadac, is dro, romelsac bralde-buli da misi damcveli moandomebdnen saqmis gacnobas, ar iTvlebodawinaswar patimrobad da ar gamoiqviTeboda msjavrdebis Sedegad dak-isrebuli sasjelidan. ganmcxadeblis azriT, aRniSnuli wesi arSeesabameboda konstitucias, radganac igi zRudavda mis uflebaspirad Tavisuflebasa da xelSeuxeblobaze iseve, rogorcsamarTlebriv dacvaze da arRvevda mis uflebebsa daTavisuflebebs, rac warmoiSoboda sxva pirebis mier TavianTi ufle-bebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad. winaswari patimrobis usafuZvlogaxangrZliveba gamomdinareobda ara mxolod saproceso kanonmde-blobis 97.5 muxlidan, aramed, aseve, im normebis xasiaTidan, rom-lebic uzrunvelyofen braldebulis uflebas, miiRos sruli daamomwuravi informacia braldebis arsze da im mtkicebulebebze,romlebsac igi emyareba. Sesabamisad, mxolod sadavo normis arakon-stituciurad miCneva TavisTavad ar iyo sakmarisi dacvisa dabraldebis uflebis dasacavad.

sisxlis samarTlis kanonis gamoyenebis saSualebiT sazogadoebisdanaSaulisagan dacvis amocanidan gamomdinare, kanonmdebelma undaecados zemoxsenebuli sakiTxebis gadawyveta Sesabamisi kanonmde-blobisa da normebis saSualebiT. sisxlis samarTlebrivi saprocesoRonisZiebebis konstituciurobis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze efeqturgzas kanonmdeblisaTvis warmoadgens saWiro cvlilebebis Setanamoqmed saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi an axali samarTlebrivi aqtebisSeqmna. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sasamarTloebi samarTlebriv dacvasTandakavSirebul samarTlebriv process Seasworebdnen pirdapiri ise,rogorc gansazRvrulia konstituciaSi, mainc Zneli iqnebodamoqalaqeTa kanonisa da sasamarTloebis winaSe Tanasworobis uzrun-velyofa samarTlebrivi normebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis gziT.Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo gadawyvetilebebis miReba, romlebiciTvaliswinebs sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier gamoTqmulmoTxovnebs, garkveul dros saWiroebs. am SemTxvevaSi sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saproceso kanonmdeblobis 97.5muxli ar Seesabameba konstitucias.

Sesabamisad, xsenebuli muxli imoqmedebs mxolod 6 TvisganmavlobaSi aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebis dRidan.

ruseTis federaciis federalurma asambleam winamdebareganaCenis gamocxadebidan eqvsi Tvis vadaSi unda gadawyvitos sakiTxisisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis SecvlasTandakavSirebiT Tavisuflebis uflebasTan mimarTebiT imgvarad,rogorc es uzrunvelyofilia ruseTis federaciis konstituciiT.

konstituciis 46.1 muxlis Sesabamisad, manamde, sanam

128


Tavisuflebis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi gadawydebakanonmdeblobiT, danaSaulis CadenaSi braldebuli pirebi ufle-bamosilni arian, sasamarTlos winaSe waradginon saCivari winaswaripatimrobis marTlzomierebasTan dakavSirebiT sisxlissamarTalwarmoebis yvela etapis, maT Soris, braldebulisa da dam-cveli advokatis mier saqmis gacnobis periodis Taobaze.

slovakeTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo kolegia

10-07-2002

ukanono patimrobis sawinaaRmdego garantiebi, romelicgansazRvrulia konstituciis 17.5 muxliTa da evropuli konvenciisme-5.1 muxliT, ar moiTxovs, rom gonivruli eWvi, romlissafuZvelzec piri aris dapatimrebuli, unda efuZnebodes mtkice-bulebebs, romlebic piris braleulobas adasturebs, aseve, rodesacmtkicebuleba arakanonieri gziT aris mopovebuli.

ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom igi daapatimres immtkicebulebaTa safuZvelze, romlebic ar adasturebs mis braleu-lobas Sesabamisi sisxlis samarTlebrivi danaSaulis CadenaSi da,romlebic ukanono gziT iqna mopovebuli. ganmcxadeblis azriT, kon-stituciis me-17 da evropuli konvenciis me-5.1 muxliTgansazRvruli misi uflebebi dairRva, radganac xsenebuli debule-bebi mTavrobas avaldebulebs, warmoadginos iseTi mtkicebulebebi,romlebic ara marto adasturebs piris braleulobas misi dapatim-rebis momentSi, aramed es mtkicebulebebi mopovebul unda iqneskanonTan srul SesabamisobaSi.

sasamarTlom pirvel rigSi ganixila sakiTxi, aris Tu ara xelisu-flebis organoebis valdebuleba dapatimrebisaTvis mtkicebulebe-bis wardgena im moculobiT, rac daamtkicebda Sesabamisi pirisdanaSaulSi monawileobas. daeyrdno ra adamianis uflebaTa evrop-uli sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals, sakonstituciosasamarTlom aseve daadgina: miuxedavad imisa, rom evropuli kon-venciis 5.1c muxli moiTxovs `gonivrul eWvs~, rogorc TviTneburidapatimrebis sawinaaRmdego garantiebis erT-erT komponents, esmoTxovna dakmayofilebulia, Tuki arsebobs faqtebi an informacia,romelTa safuZvelzec miukerZoeblad SeiZleba iseTi daskvnisgamotana, rom braldebuls SeeZlo danaSaulis Cadena. amitomacbraldebulis braleulobis damadasturebeli mtkicebuleba ar arismoTxovnili. rac Seexeba ganmcxadeblis arguments imasTandakavSirebiT, rom misi dakavebis brZaneba efuZneboda saprocesokanonmdeblobis darRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebebs,sasamarTlo SemoizRuda imis gancxadebiT, rom samarTlebrivi

129


daskvnebi srulad gamoiyeneboda ukanonod mopovebulmtkicebulebebTan mimarTebiT. sasamarTlom ganacxada, romSesabamisi samarTaldamcavi organoebis mier ganxorcielebuliukanono qmedebebi, maT Soris, mtkicebulebebis ukanonod mopoveba,zegavlenas ar axdenda patimrobis safuZvlebze, magram SesaZloa masdidi mniSvneloba hqonoda arsebiTi samarTalwarmoebisaTvissasamarTlos winaSe.


15-04-1996

is, Tu ra moculobiT unda Seafasos gamomZiebelma mosamarTlempirobebi da moTxovnebi, romlebic Tan axlavs winaswar patimrobas dabraldebulis Tavisuflebis uflebas, gansxvavdeba im procedurisSesabamisad, romlis Tanaxmadac, unda daekisros an dadasturdesaRmkveTi RonisZiebebi. gamoZiebis dasawyisSi winaswari patimrobiskonstituciuri moTxovnebis dacvis mizniT, gamomZiebelimosamarTlis xelT arsebuli informaciis safuZvelze, SesaZlebeliagamarTlebul iqnes patimroba mxolod im danaSaulis xasiaTis da imsasjelis simkacris safuZvelze, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia amdanaSaulis CadenisaTvis. gamoZiebis nebismier sxva etapze sxvamniSvnelovani informacia ganxilul unda iqnes, raTa Sefasdesbraldebulis mimalvis safrTxe ara marto Cadenili danaSaulisseriozulobis ganxilviTa da sasjelis simkacriT, aramed saqmisyvela garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac gulisxmobs: braldebulispirovnebas, ojaxur kavSirebs, samsaxurisa da socialur kontaqtebs,sxva qveynebTan kavSirebs, finansur situacias.

sakonstitucio sarCeli warmodgenil iqna sxvadasxva sasamarTloganaCenebis sawinaaRmdegod, romelTa Tanaxmadac, ganmcxadebeli ariqna pirobiT gaTavisuflebuli da dadasturebul iqna msjavrdeba.ganaCeni, romelic mas msjavrs sdebda da ar iyo saboloo, radganacsaapelacio saCivari jer ar iyo ganxiluli, ufardebda mas sasjelspatimrobis saxiT Tavdebobis gareSe. sakonstitucio sarCelismizans warmoadgenda imis gansazRvra, arRvevda Tu ara sasamarTlogadawyvetilebebi mis uflebas pirad Tavisuflebaze, radganac isiniar moicavdnen sakmaris safuZvlebs, ukanonod zRudavdnenTavisuflebas da mosarCelis azriT, ar gansazRvravdnensafuZvlebsa da pirobebs aRmkveTi RonisZiebis SefardebasTandakavSirebiT.

rac Seexeba pirvel sakiTxs, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom CaTvala,rom sasamarTlo ganaCenebi akmayofilebda konstituciur moTxovnasmiuxedavad zedmeti lakonurobisa, rac gakicxul iqna. unda yofil-

130


iyo warmodgenili mizezebi, radganac Tavdebobis gareSe winaswaripatimrobis periodi ar yofila Sefardebuli arc erT ganaCenSigarda im ganaCenisa, romliTac mas msjavri daedo da moicavdamizezebis aRweras. igi aRniSnavda braldebulis monawileobasgansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulSi da amiT amarTlebda winaswar patim-robas.

rac Seexeba patimrobis samarTlebriv safuZvelsa da pirobebs,sakonstitucio sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvila Tavis preceden-tul samarTalSi moxseniebul or pirobaze, romlebic aucilebladunda dakmayofildes: gonivruli eWvis arseboba, rom danaSauliCadenil iqna im piris mier, romlis winaaRmdegac aRmkveTi RonisZiebaiqneboda gamoyenebuli da Sefasebuli iqneboda am piris mimalvissafrTxe.

winamdebare saqmeSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlom xazi gausva imfaqts, rom winaswari patimroba gadawyda msjavrdebis sakiTxTanerTad. mniSvnelovani iyo situaciis Sefaseba, romelic sasamarTlommiiRo mxedvelobaSi, rodesac gasca brZaneba apelantis winaswarpatimrobaze. arsebobda imis safrTxe, rom igi miimaleboda mosa-lodneli 9-wliani mkacri sasjelidan gamomdinare. miuxedavad imisa,rom msjavrdeba ar iyo saboloo, sakonstitucio sasamarTlomdaadgina, rom sakmarisad garkveuli da naTeli safuZvlebi arsebob-da imis dasadgenad, rom msjavrdebuli piri Cabmuli iyo danaSaulSi(narkodilerobaSi), risTvisac sakmaod mkacri sasjeliagaTvaliswinebuli. sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom im SemTxvevaSi, TukiganaCeni dadasturdeboda, msjavrdebuli piri miimaleboda. yove-live zemoTqmulis da im garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebiczogadad Tan axlda analogiur danaSaulebs, amarTlebda winaswarpatimrobas.


16-03-1994

narkomanebi SeiZleba moTavsdnen mxolod samkurnalo centrebSi,rodesac imedi gvaqvs, rom isini ganikurnebian. patimroba da samkur-nalo RonisZiebebi SesaZlebelia Seefardos erTsa da imave dros.pirovnuli Tavisuflebis fundamenturi ufleba moiTxovs, romxsenebuli orive RonisZieba gaerTiandes imgvarad, rom pirisTavisuflebis ufleba ar SeizRudos imaze metad, vidre es aucilebe-lia. pirovnuli Tavisuflebis ufleba ar moiTxovs, rom samkurnaloRonisZiebis mTliani xangrZlivoba CaTvlil iqnes sasjelSi. amasTan,proporciulobis principi unda iqnes daculi.

germanuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sisxlis samarTlis

131


sasamarTlos SeuZlia miusajos pirs patimroba da amave drosSeufardos mas samkurnalo RonisZiebebi, rogoric aris, magaliTad,misi moTavseba narkomanTa samkurnalo centrSi. sakonstituciosasamarTlom ar gamoTqva pretenziebi am SesaZleblobasTandakavSirebiT. Tumca, proporciulobis principis pativiscemamoiTxovs, rom piris moTavseba samkurnalo centrSi dasaSvebia imSemTxvevaSi, Tuki mosalodnelia am piris gankurneba. amgvarad,imisaTvis, rom samkurnalo centrSi moTavseba CaiTvalos sasjelisnawilad, misi xangrZlivoba unda gamoiqviTos patimrobisxangrZlivobidan.


24-10-1996

bavSvTa uflebebis Sesaxeb gaerTianebuli erebis konvencia war-moadgens SedarebiT Tanamedrove da konkretul saerTaSoriso aqts,vidre paqti samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb. imganmartebasTan zogadi wesebis Sesabamisad, rom axali normebiauqmeben adre miRebul normebs da rom axla moqmedi konkretulinormebi auqmeben Zvel, zogad normebs, sakonstitucio sasamarTlosazriT, aucilebeli iyo saproceso kanonmdeblobis debulebaTaSesabamisobis ganxilva konvenciasTan, rogorc ufro Tanamedroveda konkretul samarTlebriv aqtTan.

radganac sisxlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis gasaCivrebulidebulebebi SesaZlebelia ganmartebul da gamoyenebul iqnesmxolod arasrulwlovnebis winaaRmdeg warmarTuli procedurisCarCoebSi, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom isini arewinaaRmdegeba konvenciis 37-e muxls. saproceso kanonmdeblobaSiarsebuli yvela samarTlebrivi normidan, romlebic exebaarasrulwlovanTa adgils sisxlis samarTalwarmoebaSi, udavodgamomdinareobs, rom procedurebSi, romlebic moicaven arasrul-wlovans, yvela organo valdebulia, maqsimalur doneze pativi scesaxalgazrda piris emociur ganviTarebas, mgrZnobelobasa dapirovnebas imisaTvis, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes, rom sisxlissamarTalwarmoebas ar gaaCnia zianis momtani zegavlena maTganviTarebaze. (saproceso kanonmdeblobis 453.2 muxli).

konstituciis me-8 muxlis safuZvelze ratificirebuli da gamo-qveynebuli saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi gamoyenebul unda iqnes pir-dapiri gziT, rac niSnavs, rom arasrulwlovanTa sasamarTloSimosamarTle valdebulia, pativiscemiT moepyros konvenciis 37-emuxlis debulebebs, Tundac isini ar iyos inkorporirebuli sapro-ceso kanonmdeblobaSi kodeqsis gasaCivrebuli debulebebis da

132


zemoxsenebuli konvenciis debulebebis safuZvelze. mosamarTlesSeuZlia, mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi brZanos arasrulwlovnismoTavseba srulwlovanTa cixeSi da mxolod im pirobiT, rom patim-roba Sedis arasrulwlovnis interesebSi.

RRiirrsseebbiiss uufflleebbaa


31-05-2002

kanoni, qonebriv zianTan erTad, cnobs araqonebrivi zianis konce-fcias da iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas amgvari zianis mimyenebelipirebisaTvis. zaralis miyeneba xelyofs fizikuri an iuridiulipiris subieqtur uflebebs. amasTanave, samoqalaqo samarTliT, zian-is miyenebas socialuri mniSvnelobac gaaCnia, vinaidan subieqturiuflebebis xelyofas Tan axlavs kanoniT daculi obieqturi uflebe-bis xelyofac.

araqonebrivi ziani moicavs zarals, romelic dazaralebuliscnobierebaze zemoqmedebas axdens da zianis mimyenebeli piris qmede-bebis Sedegad iwvevs dazaralebulis negatiur reaqcias. amgvarizarali warmoadgens moqalaqis uflebebis darRvevisagandamoukidebel Sedegs. is anazRaurdeba rogorc qonebrivi zianisarsebobis SemTxvevaSi, ise mis gareSec.

araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebisas mxedvelobaSi miRebul undaiqnes dazaralebulis fsiqikuri gancdis xasiaTi da xarisxi, zianisgamomwvevi mxaris braleuloba, misi finansuri mdgomareoba da sxvamniSvnelovani faqtorebi. yovel konkretul saqmeSi amgvarizaralisaTvis gasawevi kompensaciis detalebis dadgena unda moxdessasamarTlos Sexedulebisamebr. misi Sinaarsisa da formis mixedviT,ziani SeiZleba miadges rogorc qonebriv, ise araqonebrivRirebulebebsac.

reziume:uzenaesma sasamarTlom moiTxova “zaralis” ganmarteba samo-

qalaqo kodeqsis konteqstSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna,rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 21-e muxlis pirveli nawili iTvaliswinebs,rom pirs, romlis uflebac iqna xelyofili, uflebamosilia,moiTxovos misTvis miyenebuli zaralis sruli kompensacia, Tukanonmdebloba an SeTanxmeba ar iTvaliswinebs amgvari danakargiskompensacias ufro dabali odenobiT.

133

Rirsebis ufleba

“danakargi” niSnavs piris mier gaweul da momavalSi gasawev xar-jebs misi darRveuli uflebis aRsadgenad, misi qonebis dakargvas anqonebisadmi miyenebul zarals (“realuri zarali”) iseve, rogorcdakargul sargebels, e.i. sargebels, romlis miRebac pirs SeeZloCveulebriv pirobebSi, Tuki misi ufleba ar dairRveoda (samoqalaqokodeqsis 21-e muxlis me-2 nawili). maSasadame, mocemuli zaraliSedgeba realuri zaralisagan da dakarguli sargeblisagan. samo-qalaqo kodeqsis 21-e muxli SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc individu-aluri uflebis xelyofiT gamowveuli materialuri zaralisanazRaurebis maregulirebeli norma. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 23-emuxlis me-4 nawilis mixedviT: “fizikuri piris pativis, Rirsebis ansaqmiani reputaciis Semlaxveli mcdari informaciis gavrcelebisSemTxvevaSi, pirs gaaCnia ufleba, miiRos kompensacia amgvarigavrcelebisaTvis da moipovos gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom esinformacia sinamdviles ar Seesabameba”. igive debulebebi ZalaSiaiuridiuli piris mimarT (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 23-e muxli, nawili 6).amasTanave, ar arsebobs pirdapiri miTiTeba imisa, SeiZleba Tu araamgvari zarali qonebrivi Tu araqonebrivi xasiaTis iyos.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ilaxeba piris pativi, Rirseba an saqmianireputacia, is ganicdis Soks an SeSfoTebas da, Sesabamisad,fsiqikur tanjvas. anu, pirs adgeba rogorc qonebrivi, ise araqone-brivi ziani. araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis mniSvnelobaaRiarebulia mTeli rigi saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT. rogorcwesi, araqonebrivi zianis miyeneba xdeba maSin, rodesac ilaxebamoqalaqeTa araqonebrivi uflebebi. araqonebrivi zarali niSnavszaralis iseT formebs, romelTac ar aqvT pirdapiri ekonomikurimniSvneloba. amgvari zarali xelyofs moqalaqeTa araqonebrivsagnebTan dakavSirebul uflebebs (rogoricaa pativi, Rirseba,saqmiani reputacia, ojaxis piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba,Tavisufali gadaadgilebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevanisufleba, saavtoro uflebebi, sxva piradi araqonebrivi da araqone-brivi nivTebis mimarT gamoyenebadi uflebebi), romlebic masgaaCnia dabadebidan an kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze, vinaidan esiwvevs fizikuri piris Soks da SeSfoTebas.

konstituciis 46-e muxli iTvaliswinebs yoveli piris uflebas,daicvas misi pativi da Rirseba da garantirebs am dacvas yovelipiris Rirsebis safuZvelze samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosCamoyalibebiT. adamianisa da moqalaqis fundamentur uflebaTaSoris, konstitucia axorcielebs piris socialuri, politikuri daekonomikuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis garantiebis dacvas,rogorc kanonis uzenaesobis principebze marTuli demokratiulisaxelmwifos ganuyofel nawils. ufro metic, is am uflebebs ganix-

134


ilavs rogorc individTa, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosganviTarebis an moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis aspeqts. amavedros, unda aRniSnos, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-erTumTavres princips warmoadgens azrisa da sityvis Tavisufleba. esufleba asaxulia konstituciis 47-e muxlSi. adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvenciis me-10 muxli, inter alia, iTvaliswinebs: “yvelasaqvs ufleba azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze”.

xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsiiTvaliswinebs pativis, Rirsebis, saqmiani reputaciis, ojaxis piradicxovrebis xelSeuxeblobisa da piradi usafrTxoebis SelaxvisSedegad miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebas; amasTanave, is ariTvaliswinebs zaralis anazRaurebas araqonebriv uflebaTa an ara-materialuri nivTebTan dakavSirebul uflebaTa xelyofisaTvis.zemoaRniSnul mosazrebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom daadgi-na, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 21-e muxli iTvaliswinebs realuri zar-alis, iseve rogorc dakarguli sargeblis anazRaurebas. kodeqsis23-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli zarali moicavs pativis, Rirsebisa dasaqmiani reputaciisaTvis miyenebul rogorc araqonebriv (fizikurida fsiqologiuri tanjva), ise materialur ziansac.


27.06.2001

kanoni oorsulobis nnebayoflobiTi SSewyvetisa dda kkontracepci-is SSesaxeb

sakonstitucio sabWom uaryo momCivanTa argumentebi im kanonTanmimarTebiT, romelic ganagrZobs orsulobis SewyvetissamarTlebriv vadas 10-dan 12 kviramde (orsulobis dawyebis momen-tidan); momCivnebi varaudobdnen adamianis sicocxlis momentidanpativiscemis principis darRvevas, adamianis Rirsebisa da damam-cirebeli mopyrobis yvela formisagan dacvis uflebis darRvevas,aseve, sajaro samedicino samsaxurebis xelmZRvaneli pirebis sindi-sis Tavisuflebis uflebis xelyofas.

sakonstitucio sabWom ar daakmayofila samocze meti senatorismier Semotanili saCivari orsulobis nebayoflobiTi Sewyvetisa dakontracepciis Sesaxeb kanonis mimarT da daadgina, rom orsulobisSewyvetis samarTlebrivi vadis gangrZoba 10-dan 12 kviramde (orsu-lobis dawyebis momentidan) im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac qaligansacdelSi imyofeboda misi mdgomareobis gamo, ar ewinaaRmdegeba

135

Rirsebis ufleba

konstitucias. kerZod, man uaryo argumentebi, romlebic eyrdnobo-da adamianis sicocxlis momentidan pativiscemis principisdarRvevas, adamianis Rirsebisa da damamcirebeli mopyrobis yvelaformisagan dacvis uflebis darRvevas, aseve, sajaro samedicinosamsaxuris xelmZRvaneli pirebis sindisis Tavisuflebis uflebisxelyofas. kanonmdebelma SeZlo, daemyarebina balansi konstituciisyvela Sesabamis faqtors Soris, orsulobis mdgomareobis gamogansacdelSi myof qalTa piradi Tavisuflebis CaTvliT.


19.01.1995

yvelasaTvis RRirseuli ssacxovreblis ffloba aaris ssakonstituciomxardaWeris mmqone mmizani.

1946 wlis 27 oqtombers miRebuli konstituciis preambulidannaTelia, rom adamianis Rirsebis dacva damamcirebeli mopyrobisyvela formisagan aris konstituciuri donis norma; erma undauzrunvelyos “individebi da ojaxebi maTi ganviTarebisaTvis saWiropirobebiT”; da bolos, “nebismieri adamiani, [...] romelsac ar SeuZliamuSaoba, uflebamosilia, miiRos misi arsebobisaTvis aucilebelisaSualebebi sazogadoebisagan”. es iyo meore SemTxveva, rodesacsakonstitucio sabWom adamianis Rirsebis koncefcia ganmarta,rogorc damamcirebeli mopyrobis yvela formis akrZalvazedafuZnebuli (ix. gadawyvetileba # 94-343/344 DC), da daadgina, romyvela pirisaTvis Rirseuli sacxovreblis floba aris sakonstitu-cio mxardaWeris mqone mizani.


10-11-1998

momCivani, avstrieli mxatvari, monawileobas iRebda saien-tologiis eklesiis gamocemiT saqmianobaSi 1972 wlidan da, aseve,gadioda mis saswavlo kursebs. 1975 wlidan moyolebuli, ramdenimeJurnali mas saientologs uwodebda an mis saientoligiasTan am Tu imkavSiris arsebobis eWvs gamoTqvamda. 1994 wels momCivans daevalasaarbriukenSi mdebare yofili sakoncentracio banakis _ “noiebremis” _ teritoriis samxatvro dizainis modelis Seqmna.

orma seqtantizmTan mebrZolma asociaciam scada momCivnis

136


CamoSoreba proeqtSi monawileobidan. am mizniT, maT Ria weriligaugzavnes mediisa da politikuri wreebis warmomadgenlebs,romelSic maT, sxvaTa Soris, ganacxades: “media da politikosebimfarvelobas uweven danaSaulebrivi asociaciis sareklamo agents,romelic propagandas uwevda saientologias uamrav gamocemaSi da,romelic sakuTar Tavs “mociquls” uwodebs (saientologiisJargonze, “auditori IV”, anu piri, romelic miekuTvneba morwmuneTaabsolutur jgufs, romlebic savaldebulo hipnozuri zemoqmede-bis procesSi, sicruis deteqtoris gamoyenebiT, anadgureben indi-videbis fsiqikas maTi kontrolis mizniT). SezRuduli raodenobisliTografiuli nawarmis gayidvis qviTrebi, romelTac, sxvaTaSoris, awarmoebda “xelovnebis galerea 48” saarbriukenSi,misamarTze iulius kiferis quCa # 105, rogorc gamoaSkaravda,gadaecemoda saientologiis saidumlo samsaxurs (OSA miunheni).miecema Tu ara neba danaSaulebriv, cinikur asociacias “saientolo-gia”, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos saarlandis sazogadoebriv-kulturulcxovrebaze? Cven viTxovT saswrafo zomebis miRebas...”

momCivanma uaryo mis winaaRmdeg werilSi gamoTqmuli braldebebi.misi sarCeli _ am gancxadebebis mimarT uzrunvelyofis zomebisgamoyenebis Taobaze _ warmatebuli aRmoCnda pirveli instanciissasamarTloSi; Tumca, saapelacio instanciaSi aRniSnuligadawyvetileba gauqmebul iqna im safuZvliT, rom pirs, romelicdamamcirebel gancxadebebs akeTebs mesame pirebis misamarTiT, esgancxadeba ar gamomdinareobs misi sakuTari gamocdilebidan da verSemowmdeba WeSmaritebis dasadgenad, SeuZlia, dasabuTebis mizniT,gamoiyenos presaSi gamoqveynebuli masalebi, romelTa mimarTac argamoTqmula protesti.

federalur sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi am gadawyvetilebismimarT Setanil saCivarSi, momCivanma ganacxada, rom dairRva konsti-tuciis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawiliT misTvis garantirebuli uflebaZiriTadi kanonis pirvel muxlTan erTobliobaSi (piris pativiscemiszogadi ufleba). momCivanma ganacxada, rom is “mociquli” ar aris,arasodes gauvlia momzadeba mociqulis saqmianobisaTvis, ar auRiaamgvari funqcia sakuTar Tavze da arc mociquli daurqmevia. feder-aluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos pirvelma palatamgasaCivrebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba CaTvala momCivnispirovnebis pativiscemis zogadi uflebis Semlaxvelad da,Sesabamisad, gaauqma igi. samotivacio nawilSi pirvelma palatamdaadgina, rom pirovnebis pativiscemis zogadi ufleba pirs icavsgarkveul asociaciasa da jgufSi wevrobis yalbi braldebisagan, Tuamgvar braldebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia pirisaTvisda misi reputaciisaTvis. amasTan erTad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetile-

137

Rirsebis ufleba

bebi, romlebic uSvebs piris mimarT iseTi gancxadebebis gamo-qveynebas, romelTac es piri crus uwodebs, arRvevs ZiriTadi kanon-is me-2 muxlidan gamomdinare uflebebs.

pirvelma palatam miuTiTa, rom am konkretul saqmeSi,momCivnisTvis saientologiasTan axlo kavSiris dabralebas SeeZloam ukanasknelis reputaciis Selaxva. miTumetes, rom am SemTxvevaSimoxsenebuli organizacia cxare sajaro debatebis sagani iyo, mismimarT saxelmwifom araerTi gafrTxileba gasca da masze presaSimravali kritikuli statia gamoqveynda. garda amisa, momCivnis mimarTgamoTqmul eWvs, TiTqos igi maRali Tanamdebobis saientologia,SeuZlia xeli SeuSalos mis samxatvro saqmianobas, vinaidan misi rep-utaciisadmi miyenebul nebismier zians SeiZleba gavlena hqondes mismomaval samxatvro SekveTebsa da misi namuSevrebis gayidvaze.

fundamentur uflebaTa Sefasebis konstituciurad savaldebu-lo procesis farglebSi, rodesac saqme exeba pirovnebis pativis-cemis zogad uflebasa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, zogadad,gamoiyeneba principi, rom SefasebiT msjelobaSi pirovnebis dacvas,sityvis TavisuflebasTan mimarTebiT, prioriteti eniWeba, TukigakeTebuli gancxadeba SeiZleba ganixilos, rogorc adamianisRirsebis Seuracxyofa, cilismwamebluri kritika an cilismwame-bluri ganacxadi. gancxadebebi, rromlebic ssimarTles SSeesabameba,Cveulebriv, mmoTmenil uunda iiqnes iim SSemTxvevaSic kki, rrodesac mmaTarasasurveli SSedegi mmoaqvT ddainteresebuli ppirisaTvis; ccru ggancx-adebebis TTmena ssavaldebulo aar aaris.

pirovnebis Rirsebis dacvis sferoSi arsebuli samoqalaqosasamarTloebis praqtikis Tanaxmad (romelic SesabamisobaSiakonstituciasTan), piri, romelic gamoTqvams sxva pirisaTvisarasasurveli Sedegebis mqone eWvs, valdebulia, gamoiCinosgarkveuli sifrTxile, romelic yovel konkretul saqmeSidamokidebulia garemoebaTa garkvevis SesaZleblobebze da, romlismoTxovnac ufro mkacria sainformacio saSualebaTa mimarT, vidrekerZo pirebis mimarT. amasTan, samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSipirs, romelic akeTebs Seuracxmyofel gancxadebas mesame pirisSesaxeb, akisria faqtebis mtkicebis ufro mZime tvirTi, romelicmisgan moiTxovs gancxadebis simarTlesTan Sesabamisobis damtkice-bas. Tu es piri ver SeZlebs Tavisi gancxadebis WeSmaritebis mtkice-bulebis wardgenas, amgvari gancxadeba ganixileba rogorc mcdari.

amas garda, faqtebis wardgenis tvirTis moTxovnaTa dakmayofile-ba ar niSnavs, rom piri bolomde Tavisufldeba WeSmaritebis dadgenismoTxovnisagan. gancxadeba, misi damtkicebis SemTxvevaSic ki, SeiZlebamcdari iyos. Sesabamisad, pirovnebis Rirsebis pativiscemis zogadiprincipi moiTxovs, rom pirs, romlis interesebsac zians ayenebs eWvi

138


garkveuli faqtebis Sesaxeb, ar unda waerTvas saSualeba, amtkicosgancxadebis mcdaroba mxolod imis gamo, rom faqtebis dadgenissamarTlebrivi tvirTis moTxovnebi daculi iyo. mxolod mas Semdeg,rac es piri ver waradgens verafers, rac gaaqarwylebs mis winaaRmdegwarmodgenil mtkicebulebas, SesaZlebelia sadao gancxadebaWeSmaritad CaiTvalos. ufro metic, proceduruli moTxovnebis dak-mayofilebis Semdeg unda dadgindes gancxadebis SinaarsisWeSmariteba. es gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac sadavo faqtimoipoveba informaciis saSualebebSi gamoqveynebuli masalebidan.pirveli palatis TvalsazrisiT, gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba arpasuxobda pirovnebis Rirsebis dacvis uflebis am zogad moTxovnebs.

sasamarTlom aseve ganixila momCivnis argumenti imis Taobaze,rom is ar daTanxmebia im statiis gamoqveynebas, romlis mixedviTacman TiTqos sakuTar Tavs “mociquli” uwoda. aseve, undaSemowmebuliyo mxatvris argumenti imis Taobaze, rom 1992 wels manTavi daaneba saientologias, vinaidan es argumenti sakmaod seriozu-lia. garda amisa, mxedvelobaSi unda mieRoT momCivnis mier imis uary-ofa, rom man gaiara momzadeba “auditorad” da rom mas arasodes esfunqcia ar ganuxorcielebia; amis dasturad, man warmoadgina ger-maniis saientologiis eklesiis gancxadeba.

bolos, pirvelma palatam daadgina, rom momCivnis winaswariuzrunvelyofis zomebis Sesaxeb Suamdgomlobis ardakmayofilebaSemdegi gancxadebis mimarT – ”[is] miekuTvneba morwmuneTa absolu-tur jgufs, romlebic savaldebulo hipnozuri zemoqmedebisprocesSi sicruis deteqtoris gamoyenebiT anadgureben individebisfsiqikas maTi kontrolis mizniT” – aseve warmoadgenda momCivnispirovnuli Rirsebis dacvis zogadi uflebis darRvevas. am mxriv,qvemdgomma sasamarTlom araadekvaturad gaiTvaliswina is faqti,rom pirveli procesis dros momCivanma dacvis mxaris argumentebsdaupirispira misi saientologiisaTvis Tavis danebebis faqti. esSecdoma, aseve, ganpirobebuli iyo pirovnebis Rirsebis dacvis zoga-di uflebis dacvis xarisxisa da farglebis araadekvaturi aRqmiTqvemdgomi sasamarTlos mier.


10-10-1995

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mouxda msjeloba sisxlis samar-Tlis sasamarTloebis mier gamotanili oTxi gadawyvetilebiskonstituciasTan Sesabamisobaze, romlebSic pirebi msjavrdebulni

139

Rirsebis ufleba

iyvnen ciliswamebisaTvis imis gamo, rom isini jariskacebs sajaroduwodebdnen mkvlelebs. dadgenili praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT,sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom konstituciis me-5 muxlis me-2 nawilisTanaxmad, sityvis Tavisufleba izRudeba mxolod piris pativis dam-cveli kanonebiT, Tumca, amasTan, mxedvelobaSi aucileblad undaiqnes miRebuli sityvis Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba. imisda miuxe-davad, rom, zogadad, Cveulebrivi normebis formulireba dagamoyeneba saerTo sasamarTloebis kompetenciaSi Sedis, sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia gadaamowmos, Tu ramdenad sakmarisadgaiTvaliswines aRniSnulma sasamarTloebma fundamenturi uflebe-bis mniSvneloba.

azris gamoxatva, romelic aSkarad miznad isaxavs sxva piris cil-iswamebas, unda ganimartos, rogorc piris Rirsebis Seuracxyofa.sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlom unda daadginos, SeiZleba Tu arakonkretul saqmeSi azris gamoxatuleba dakvalificirdes rogorcciliswameba, Tu igi aseve SeiZleba gulisxmobdes sxva ganmartebasac.ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, piris msjavrdeba ciliswamebisaTvisdauSvebelia. Tu sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo daakvalificirebspirTa krebiTi jgufis Seuracxyofas rogorc ciliswamebas misiwevrebisadmi, es ar arRvevs piris fundamentur uflebebs. amasTan,rac ufro didia amgvari jgufi, miT ufro naklebia SesaZlebloba,rom misma wevrebma negatiurad aRiqvan jgufis Seuracxyofa.“msoflios yvela jariskacis” Seuracxyofis kvalifikacia, rogorcciliswameba, warmoadgens sityvis Tavisuflebis darRvevas. amasTan,konstituciur doneze misaRebia, rom federaluri jjaris wwevrebisSeuracxyofa ggulisxmobs mmisi yyvela wwevris SSeuracxyofas. kkonsti-tuciurad mmisaRebia, rrom jjariskacTa mmkvlelebad ddasaxeleba ddak-valificirdes, rrogorc cciliswameba.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mis winaSe wardgeniloTx saqmeSi sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebma arasakmarisaddaadgines is faqti, rom gamonaTqvami “yvela jariskaci mkvlelia”namdvilad niSnavda federaluri jarebis wevrTa Seuracxyofas.Sesabamisad, man saqme gansaxilvelad daubruna Sesabamis saerTosasamarTloebs. gadawyvetileba miRebul iqna 5 : 3 umravlesobiT.gamoqveynebuli gansxvavebuli azris Tanaxmad, sakonstituciosasamarTlos kompetenciaSi ar Sedis Cveulebrivi sasamarTloebismier dadgenili faqtebis Sefaseba, vinaidan sxvagvarad sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlos eqneboda super-saapelacio sasamarTlos funqcia.ufro metic, gansxvavebuli azri akritikebs umravlesobis mierfaqtebis Sefasebas.

damatebiTi iinformacia: gadawyvetileba imave sakiTxze sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlom miiRo 1994 wels, sami mosamarTlisagan Semdgari

140


kolegiis SemadgenlobiT. am SemTxvevaSi, sakonstituciosasamarTlom arCia, gadawyvetileba mieRo palatis (Senat)SemadgenlobiT, vinaidan pirveli gadawyvetileba mkacri sajarokritikis qveS moeqca. rac Seexeba sityvis TavisuflebissamarTlebriv konstruqcias, is asaxavs dadgenil sasamarTlopraqtikas.


19.07.2002

momCivanma moiTxova “sportis Sesaxeb” kanonis zogierTidebulebis konstituciuri gadasinjva im safuZvliT, rom isiniarRveven pirad monacemTa dacvis (konstituciis 59-e muxli) dasamarTliani sasamarTlosa da samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebisuflebas (konstituciis 57-e muxli).

“sportis Sesaxeb” kanonis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva sportuliRonisZiebis organizatorebma unda ganaxorcielon TvalTvalisajaro usafrTxoebisa da pirTa qonebis dacvis uzrunvelsayofad.“sportis Sesaxeb” kanonis 85-e muxlis me-4 nawilis mixedviT, amgvariTvalTvalis Sedegad gadaRebuli fotosuraTebi SeiZleba gaegza-vnos maTze aRbeWdil pirebs, garkveul saxelmwifo organoebs damsgavsi sportuli RonisZiebebis organizatorebs. sasamarTlomdaadgina _ imis miuxedavad, rom arsebobs sakmarisi garantiebixelisuflebis organoebis mier informaciis gankargvisTvalsazrisiT, samarTlebrivi debulebebi, romlebic aregulirebenpiradi monacemebis Segrovebasa da gadacemas kerZo pirebis mier(rogorebic arian, magaliTad, sportuli RonisZiebebis organiza-torebi), ar moipoveba ungreTis samarTlebriv sistemaSi.

Tavis #1991/15 gadawyvetilebaze miTiTebiT, sasamarTlomxazgasmiT aRniSna, rom piradi monacemebis gadacema SeiZleba moxdesmxolod konkretuli da samarTlebrivad dasabuTebulimiznebisaTvis, romelTac informaciis gadacemis procesis yvelastadia unda Seesabamebodes. amdenad, “sportis Sesaxeb” kanonis 85-emuxlis me-4 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovna, romlismixedviTac, piradi monacemebi unda gadaecemodes kerZo organiza-ciebs da pirebs, romlebic organizacias uweven msgavs momsaxurebas,samarTlebrivad dasabuTebuli Sesabamisi mizezis gareSe ar iyo sak-marisi pirad monacemTa gadacemis nebarTvisaTvis.

monacemTa Segrovebisa da gadacemis procesi iyo zedmetadfarTo, vinaidan nebadarTuli iyo ara mxolod im pirTa monacemebis

141

Rirsebis ufleba

gadacema, romlebsac ekrZalebodaT sportul RonisZiebebSi monaw-ileobis miReba, aramed sportuli RonisZiebis yvela monawilismonacemTa gadacemac. kanonis 85-e muxlis me-4 nawilis mizani iyoarapirdapiri saSiSroebis Tavidan acileba. am debulebiT, piradmonacemTa Segroveba miznis misaRwevad gaxda ara mxolod saSualeba,aramed mizanic.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aseve ganixila “sportis Sesaxeb”kanonis 82-e muxlis me-5 nawilis konstituciasTan Sesabamisoba, rom-lis mixedviTac pirs, romelsac uari eTqva sportul RonisZiebazedaswrebaze, SeuZlia am gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba sportissakiTxTa arbitraJSi an momxmarebelTa dacvis organoSi. momCivanTaazriT, es debuleba xelyofs samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas,kerZod, samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis uflebas.

rac Seexeba sportis sakiTxTa arbitraJs, sasamarTlom daadgina,rom amgvari procesi moiTxovs mxareebs Soris SeTanxmebas maTi davisarbitraJSi gadacemis Sesaxeb. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, erT-erTiamgvar mxares warmoadgens sportuli RonisZiebis organizatori,romelmac gasca brZaneba matCebsa da stadionebze meore mxarisardaSvebis Sesaxeb; Sesabamisad, mas SeuZlia gadawyvitos, gadaecesTu ara arbitraJs mas da meore mxares Soris arsebuli dava. amgvariprocesi, sasamarTlos azriT, konstituciuri TvalsazrisiT ar war-moadgens samarTlebrivi dacvis efeqtur saSualebas.

rac Seexeba samarTalwarmoebas momxmarebelTa dacvis organoswinaSe, sasamarTlom xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom es procedura,“sportis Sesaxeb” kanonis 82-e muxlis me-5 nawilis Tanaxmad, alter-natiulia: misi, rogorc samarTlebrivi aRsrulebis saSualebisarCevani mxareebis nebazea damokidebuli da Sesabamisi materialurida procesualuri normebi “sportis Sesaxeb” kanonSi ar moipoveba.amis Sedegad, “sportis Sesaxeb” kanonis debulebebi _ sportissakiTxTa arbitraJsa da momxmarebelTa dacvis organos procesisSesaxeb _ xelyofs samarTliani dacvis saSualebis uflebas.

damatebiTi iinformacia: erT-erTma mosamarTlem gadawyvetilebasdaurTo Tanmxlebi mosazreba. mosamarTle hamarTim xazgasmiTaRniSna, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos “sportis Sesaxeb” kanonisgasaCivrebuli debulebebi unda ganexila ara informaciis dacvis,aramed Rirsebis uflebis WrilSi. mosamarTleebma kisma da kurkore-lim damatebiT aRniSnes, rom sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo“sportis Sesaxeb” kanonis sruli koncefcia sportuliRonisZiebebis TvalTvalis Sesaxeb, aseve, adamianis uflebaTa xely-ofis is faqtebi, romlebsac amgvari strategia warmoSobs. meoremxriv, sasamarTlos unda ganexila kanonis konstituciasTanSesabamisoba im mxriv, rom kanoni kerZo seqtoris pirebs mosTxovs

142


piradi xasiaTis informaciis Segrovebas, maT Soris, im informaciis,romelic samarTaldamcavma organoebma SeiZleba danaSaulisCadenasTan dakavSirebuli mtkicebulebis mopovebisas gamoiyenon.


08.11.2000

samoqalaqo uflebaTa saparlamento komisarma da erovnul daeTnikur umciresobaTa ombudsmenma saCivari Seitanes sakonstitu-cio sasamarTloSi da sasamarTlos sTxoves, ganemarta konstituci-is 70/E muxli socialuri uzrunvelyofis uflebaze da daedgina,warmoadgens Tu ara sacxovreblis ufleba socialuri uzrunvely-ofis uflebis nawils. konstituciis 70/E muxlis pirveli nawilisTanaxmad, ungreTis yvela moqalaqes gaaCnia socialuri uzrunvely-ofis ufleba. xandazmulobis asakis miRwevisas, avadmyofobis,invalidobis, daqvrivebis, daoblebis an, piris nebisgan damoukidebe-li mizezebis gamo, umuSevrobis SemTxvevaSi, pirs gaaCnia arsebobisuzrunvelsayofad aucilebeli daxmarebis miRebis ufleba.

konstituciis 70/E muxlis me-2 nawili ungreTis respublikasavaldebulebs, moaxdinos daxmarebis miRebis uflebis implementa-cia socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da socialuri daxmarebisdawesebulebaTa sistemis meSveobiT. sakonstitucio sasamarTlospraqtikaSi naTlad Camoyalibda principi, rom sakanonmdebloxelisuflebas gaaCnia farTo uflebamosileba konstituciiT dad-genili saxelmwifo miznebisa da socialuri uflebebis uzrunvely-ofis meTodebisa da xarisxis dadgenaSi.

konstituciis ddarRvevas SSeiZleba aadgili hhqondes mmxolodmosazRvre xxasiaTis SSemTxvevebSi, rrodesac ssaxelmwifo mmiznis aandacvis qqveS mmyofi iinstitutis aan uuflebis uuzrunvelyofa aaSkaradSeuZlebeli xxdeba ssaxelmwifos CCarevis aan, uufro xxSirad, mmisi uumo-qmedobis ggamo. amasTanave, am minimaluri moTxovnis miRma ar arse-bobs raime sakonstitucio kriteriumi – garda sxva ZiriTadiuflebis darRvevisa – imis dasadgenad, Seesabameba Tu ara konsti-tucias kanonmdebloba, romelic adgens saxelmwifoebriv mizans ansocialur uflebas. Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi 43/1995 (biuleteni1995/2, [HUN-1995-2-004]), sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miuTiTa, romsaxelmwifo asrulebs konstituciis 70/E muxlSi moyvanil valde-bulebas, Tu is organizebas uwevs da aamoqmedebs socialuridazRvevisa da keTildReobis SeRavaTebis sistemas. mis farglebSi,sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas SeuZlia, sakuTari iniciativiT

143

Rirsebis ufleba

daadginos socialuri politikiT miznebis misaRwevad saWirosaSualebebi. amasTan, mniSvnelovania, rom socialuri daxmareba day-vanili ar iqnes im minimalur zRvars dabla, romelic SeiZlebamoeTxovebodes konstituciis 70/E muxlis Sesabamisad.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom socialuri uzrunvelyofis konsti-tuciuri ufleba moicavs saxelmwifos valdebulebas, moaxdinossicocxlis minimaluri pirobebis garantireba; Sesabamisad, sax-elmwifo valdebulia, uzrunvelyos usaxlkaro pirebisacxovrebliT, Tu adamianis sicocxles gardauvali safrTxeemuqreba. amasTan, TavSesafris uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba araris sacxovreblis uflebis (misi farTo gagebiT) identuri, vinaidansaxelmwifos mxolod moeTxoveba TavSesafris uzrunvelyofa,rodesac adamianis sicocxles uSualod emuqreba safrTxe sacxovre-blis uqonlobis gamo. moqalaqis minimaluri sasicocxlo pirobebisuflebis uzrunvelsayofad saxelmwifo valdebulia, marTos daSeinarCunos socialuri dacvis sistema. adamianis sicocxlisa daRirsebis dacva (konstituciis 54-e muxli) fundamenturi xasiaTisprincipia, romelic gansakuTrebiT zedmiwevniT unda iqnes gatare-buli socialur debulebaTa sistemis SemuSavebisas.


27.10.2000

jgufma saCivari Seitana “janmrTelobis Sesaxeb” kanonis imdebulebebis Sesabamisobaze konstituciasTan, romlebic exebodapacientebis, gansakuTrebiT, fsiqikurad daavadebulTa uflebebs.momCivanTa mtkicebiT, es debulebebi arRvevda Rirsebis dacvis kon-stituciur uflebas, pacientTa Tavisuflebis uflebas da,Sesabamisad, maT uflebas pirad avtonomiaze.

“janmrTelobis Sesaxeb” kanonis mixedviT, SezRuduli qmedunari-anobisa da SezRuduli uflebaunarianobis mqone pacientebs arSeeZloT, ganexorcielebinaT maTi samedicino samsaxurze Tanxmobismicemis ufleba da uari eTqvaT mkurnalobis garkveul formebze.sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom es wesi araproporciu-lad da, Sesabamisad, arakonstituciurad arRvevda SezRudulisamarTalunarianobis mqone pacientebis uflebas pirad avtonomi-aze.

sasamarTlos TvalsazrisiT, meTodebi da procedurebi, rom-lebic zRudaven fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi myofi pacientebisuflebas pirad Tavisuflebaze, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos samar-

144


Tlianad, Tu amas Sedegad mohyveba damamcirebeli da araadamianurimopyroba. amasTan, piradi Tavisuflebis uflebis SezRudva undaSeesabamebodes sasamarTlos mier gamoyenebul konstituciurtests. am testis mixedviT, fundamenturi uflebis SezRudva undaiyos aucilebeli da proporciuli misaRwev mizanTan. kanoni“janmrTelobis Sesaxeb” ar Seesabameba am konstituciur moTxovnas,vinaidan iZulebis RonisZiebaTa gamoyenebis sakiTxis regulirebisaskanoni ar Seicavs im ZiriTadi meTodebis CamonaTvals, romlebicSeiZleba gamoiyenebodes fsiqikurad daavadebuli pacientebismimarT. is, aseve, ar gansazRvravs mizezebs iZulebis RonisZiebaTagamoyenebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, kanoni “janmrTelobis Sesaxeb” argamoricxavs kanonis TviTnebur gamoyenebas.

sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad ar cno “janmrTelobis Sesaxeb”kanonis debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, saWiro ar aris pacientisTanxmoba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac samedicino momsaxureba aucilebe-lia sxva pirTa sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis mimarT arsebuli seri-ozuli safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad. sasamarTlom aseve mxaridauWira kanonis debulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, SezRuduli qme-dunarianobisa da SezRuduli samarTalunarianobis mqone pacien-tebs aqvT samedicino momsaxurebaze Tanxmobis micemis uflebamxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mkurnalobis miznebisaTvis saWiroapacientis sxeulSi SeRweva. bolos, sakonstitucio sasamarTlomarakonstituciurad ar cno “janmrTelobis Sesaxeb” kanonSi moy-vanili damatebiTi wesebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba mxolod fsiqikuraddaavadebuli pirebis mimarT.


23.11.1998

momCivanTa jgufma moiTxova 1992 wlis “Canasaxis sicocxlisdacvis Sesaxeb” LXXIX kanonis (SemdgomSi “kanoni abortis Sesaxeb”)konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis dadgena. momCivanTa mtkicebiT,“abortis Sesaxeb” kanonis zogierTi debulebebi da kanonimTlianobaSi arakonstituciuria. sicocxlis dacvis proponentmamomCivnebma sasamarTlos sTxoves daedgina, rom Canasaxi samarTlissubieqts warmoadgenda Casaxvis momentidan. sakonstituciosasamarTlom saCivari ar daakmayofila. Tavisi #64/1991 (XII.17)gadawyvetilebis gaTvaliswinebiT sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom masar SeeZlo imis dadgena, warmoadgenda Tu ara Canasaxi samarTlissubieqts konstituciis konteqstSi.

145

Rirsebis ufleba

aRniSnul sakiTxze Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis miRebis ufle-bamosileba parlaments gaaCnia. mocemuli gadawyvetileba eyrdno-boda sasamarTlos winamorbedi gadawyvetilebiT abortis sakiTxzedadgenil principebsa da miTiTebebs. sasamarTlos # 64/1991 (XII.17)gadawyvetilebiT, sasamarTlom gaauqma jandacvis ministris dadge-nileba, romelic im dros moqmedebda formalur safuZvlebze:sasamarTlos TvalsazrisiT, fundamenturi uflebebis dadgena par-lamentis mier gamocemuli sakanonmdeblo aqtis prerogativaa. amisgamo, sasamarTlom Tavi Seikava saqmis arsebiT nawilSi abortissakiTxze arsebuli wesebis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobisgadawyvetisagan.

amasTan, sasamarTlom daadgina saxelmZRvanelo principebi “abor-tis Sesaxeb” kanonis momavali variantisTvis. am principebzedayrdnobiT, parlamentma 1992 wels miiRo kanoni “abortis Sesaxeb”,romelmac ar aRiara Canasaxis samarTalsubieqtoba Casaxvis momenti-dan, Sesabamisad, dasaSvebad cno abortis Catareba konkretulimizezebis safuZvelze da orsulobis pirvel TveebSi. mocemulgadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom ganixila kanonis me-6 muxlis 1(d)qvepunqtis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxi, romlismixedviT, abortis Catareba nebadarTulia orsulobis pirveli 12kviris ganmavlobaSi, Tu qali krizisul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba;sasamarTlom aseve ganixila Canasaxis samarTlebriv statusTan dasicocxlis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli saCivrebi.

“abortis Sesaxeb” kanonis me-12 muxlis me-6 nawilis Tanaxmad,krizisul mdgomareobas warmoadgens iseTi mdgomareoba, romlisSedegadac qali imyofeba ukiduresad mZime fsiqologiur, fizikuran socialur garemoebebSi da amgvari mdgomareoba safrTxes uqmnisCanasaxis jansaR ganviTarebas. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom namdviladarsebobs krizisuli mdgomareoba, qalma xeli unda moaweros ganacx-ads abortis Taobaze.

momCivanTa azriT, Canasaxi ar aris sakmarisad daculi “abortisSesaxeb” kanoniT, vinaidan process, romlis safuZvelzec dgindeba,Tu ramdenad pasuxobs orsuli qalis mdgomareoba kanoniT dadgenilpirobebs, ar meTvalyureobs Canasaxis interesebis damcveli arcerTi piri. ungreTSi arsebuli praqtikiT, amgvari dadgenileba araris sajaro sazogadoebisaTvis da arc im pirisaTvis, romelicuzrunvelyofs Canasaxis interesTa garantirebas.

Sesabamisad, kiTxva, romelzec sakonstitucio sasamarTlospasuxi unda gaeca, iyo Semdegi: ramdenad Seasrula saxelmwifom“abortis Sesaxeb” kanonis miRebiTa da qalisaTvis krizisulsituaciaSi abortis daSvebiT Canasaxis sicocxlis dacvis valde-buleba _ qalis Rirsebisa da arCevanis uflebis sapirispirod.

146


krizisuli mdgomareobis gansazRvreba bundovania, vinaidan is,faqtobrivad, warmoadgens arguments qalis arCevanis uflebissasargeblod da Canasaxis sicocxlis sazianod, vinaidan, kanonisSesabamisad, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom, ramdenadac paradoqsuliar unda iyos, aborti daSvebulia Canasaxis uflebaTa dacvisaTvis.sasamarTlos azriT, es arRvevs kanonis naTeli formulirebiskonstituciur princips, vinaidan abortis daSvebis mizezisakuTari Tavis sawinaaRmdegoa. Sesabamisad, ganxilvis sagans war-moadgens is, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba konstitucias qaliskrizisul mdgomareobaSi yofna _ rogorc abortis daSvebissafuZveli.

“abortis Sesaxeb” kanonis Sesabamisad, aborti SeiZlebaefuZnebodes mxolod qalis mtkicebas imis Taobaze, rom iskrizisul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. mas ar uwevs mtkicebulebiswardgena an Semowmebis gavla amgvari mizezebis arsebobisdadgenisaTvis. es keTdeba qalis piradi cxovrebisxelSeuxeblobis dacvis mizniT. amasTan, sakonstituciosasamarTlom am konkretul saqmesTan mimarTebiT ganacxada, romqalis arCevanisa da Rirsebis uflebis aramarTlzomierSezRudvad ar CaiTvleboda, Tuki kanoni qals abortis mizezebisdasabuTebas mosTxovda. “abortis Sesaxeb” moqmedi kanonisgasaCivrebuli normebi akmayofilebs qalis arCevanis uflebasTandakavSirebul moTxovnebs, magram ar asrulebs saxelmwifosvaldebulebas, daicvas adamianis sicocxle. amis Sedegad, konsti-tuciuri balansi qalis Rirsebis uflebasa da sicocxlis dacvissaxelmwifoebriv valdebulebas Soris darRveulia. “abortisSesaxeb” kanonis es debuleba arakonstituciuria, vinaidan ar arisdaculi balansi qalis fundamentur uflebasa da saxelmwifoskonstituciur valdebulebas Soris.

gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilSi sasamarTlom aseveCamoayaliba saxelmZRvanelo principebi parlamentisaTvis.sasamarTlos TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifosaTvis arsebobs oriSesaZlo gamosavali, romliTac is daicavs Canasaxis sicocxles.pirvel SesaZleblobas warmoadgens “abortis Sesaxeb” kanonisucvlelad datoveba, magram amis sanacvlod kanonmdebelma undaSeimuSaos kanonis normebi, romelTa mizans warmoadgens Canasaxissicocxlis dacva (magaliTad, TanamSromloba orsul qalTan,misTvis saTanado fsiqologiuri, samedicino, socialuri dafinansuri daxmarebis gaweva). meore gamosavals warmoadgenskrizisuli mdgomareobis gansazRvrebis Camoyalibeba abortiszogierTi SesaZlo da tipiuri mizezis CamonaTvaliT.

147

Rirsebis ufleba


21-10-1998

sasamarTlos moeTxova gadawyvetilebis miReba or sakonstitu-cio xasiaTis sakiTxze, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo mamobis dad-genis proceduris maregulirebel wesebTan. pirvel SemTxvevaSi,sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gamoZiebis winaswari stadia – romel-ic mTavrdeba sajaro prokuroris daskvniT mamobis dadgenismoqmedebebis ganxorcielebaze da romelic waredginebasasamarTlos misi dasaSvebobis an uaryofis gadawyvetilebisgamosatanad – administraciuli xasiaTis iyo dasamarTalwarmoebas ar warmoadgenda. momCivnisTvis amgvaridasaSvebobis gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis SeuZlebloba ararRvevs sasamarTlosadmi piris uflebebisa da interesebisdacvisaTvis mimarTvis uflebas, anu SejibrebiT princips.

meore sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom daadgina, rom samo-qalaqo kodeqsi sisxlis nimuSis tests miuTiTebs mxolod rogorcmtkicebulebis formas mamobis dadgenis saqmeebSi; kodeqsi ariTvaliswinebs da ar akanonebs amgvari testis aRsrulebas, vinaidanpirs SeuZlia, ubralod uari ganacxados masze. momCivani valdebuliiyo, eTanamSromla sisxlis nimuSebis analizis warmoebaSi, rac aras-rulwlovanis mamobis dadgenis mizniT (marTlmsajulebisganxorcielebaSi TanamSromlobis valdebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT)aucileblobas warmoadgenda; Tu dainteresebuli piridausabuTebel uars ambobs sisxlis nimuSis testis Catarebaze,sasamarTlo Tavisufalia amgvari uaris mtkicebulebiTi ZalisSefasebisas.


23-11-1993

sakonstitucio debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad “nebismier sasjelsavtomaturad ar unda mohyvebodes samoqalaqo, profesiuli an poli-tikuri uflebebis dakargva”, efuZneba adamianis Rirsebis dacvis fun-damentur princips da ZiriTad uflebaTa dacvis princips;Sesabamisad, konstitucias ar Seesabameba arCevnebTan dakavSirebulizogierTi sakanonmdeblo aqtis debulebebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, pirikargavs xmis uflebas, Tu mas daekisra sasjeli TavisuflebisaRkveTis saxiT ganzrax danaSaulis CadenisaTvis.

148



13-12-1999

video-klubSi momuSave gamyidvelis mimarT eqvsTviani kon-traqtis pirvel kvirebSi samuSao adgilis mflobelis mxridan adg-ili hqonda sqesobrivi kavSiris arapirdapiri formiT SeTavazebas dafizikur Sexebas. zafxulis ardadegebis mimdinareobisas, qalTauflebebis dacvis samsaxurTan da fsiqologTan konsultaciisSemdeg, man aiRo Svebuleba avadmyofobis gamo depresiis safuZvliTda ufross sqesobrivi xasiaTis agresiuli moqmedebebis gamo uCivla,rac mkacradaa akrZaluli espaneTis Sromis kanonmdeblobiT.

saolqo sasamarTlom damqiravebels daakisra zaralis anazRa-ureba dazaralebulisaTvis, magram galiciis marTlmsajulebisumaRlesma sasamarTlom uaryo saCivari imis safuZvelze, rommomCivanma dauyovnebliv ar gamoTqva protesti damqiraveblismoqmedebebis mimarT. amis miuxedavad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlommomCivans konstituciuri dacva (amparo) gamoucxada da daadgina,rom misi piradi cxovrebis dacvis ufleba xelyofil iqna (konsti-tuciis me-18 muxlis pirveli nawili).

sqesobrivi xasiaTis agresiuli moqmedebebi samuSao adgilzewarmoadgens piradi cxovrebis gansakuTrebulad dacul sferos,kerZod, sqesobrivi cxovrebis uxeS xelyofas; sqesobrivi sferopirdapiraa dakavSirebuli pirovnebis Rirsebis dacvasTan (kon-stituciis me-10 muxlis pirveli nawili). sqesobrivi xelyofa,Sesabamisad, arRvevs piris fundamenturi xasiaTis uflebas pira-di cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobaze (konstituciis me-18 muxlispirveli nawili) da, zog SemTxvevaSi, xelyofs qalis uflebasaradiskriminaciul mopyrobaze, vinaidan dResac ki ufro metiqali xdeba amgvar agresiul qmedebaTa msxverpli, vidre mamakaci,rac Seusabamoa konstituciur RirebulebebTan (konstituciis me-14 muxli).

Sromis kanonmdebloba krZalavs garyvnili xasiaTis nebismiersityvier, JestiT gamoxatul an fizikur Seuracxyofas. Sesabamisad,mkacradaa akrZaluli ara mxolod damqiraveblis an TanamSromlebismxridan Seuracxmyofeli qceva, romelic safrTxes uqmnis samuSaosstabilurobas, waxalisebas, profesiul momzadebas an raime sxvaSeRavaTis Tu samuSao pirobas, aramed, aseve, arasasurveligaryvnili qceva, romelic daqiravebulisTvis qmnis usiamovno,Semawuxebel, mtrul, Seuracxmyofel an damTrgunvel samuSao gare-mos. amgvar situaciebSi muSakis uflebebi irRveva mxolod maSin,rodesac gasaCivrebuli qmedebebi sakmarisad seriozulia zemoT

149

Rirsebis ufleba

aRwerili negatiuri garemos Sesaqmnelad ara mxolod dazaralebu-lis subieqturi TvalsazrisiT, aramed, aseve, sruliad obieqtursafuZvlebzec.

am konkretul saqmeSi, qmedeba warmoadgens calmxrivi xasiaTisaqts, romlis survilic ar gaaCnia im pirs, romlis mimarTac is xor-cieldeba: termini “sqesobrivi xasiaTis agresiuli moqmedeba” arSeiZleba gamoiyenebodes iseTi qcevis mimarT, romelic warmoiSobaTavisufali TanxmobiT mimdinare urTierTobisas, anu, sxvagvarad romvTqvaT, iseTi qcevis mimarT, romlis mimarTac pirs survili gaaCnda anmasze pirs Tanxmoba hqonda micemuli an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, isiTmenda amgvar qcevas. amasTan, qmedeba warmoadgens sqesobrivixasiaTis agresiul moqmedebas, rodesac piri, romlis mimarTac isxorcieldeba, aSkara formiT gamoxatavs Tavis uars im SemTxvevaSicki, rodesac es piri dauyovnebliv ar acnobebs faqts Sesabamis xelisu-flebis organoebs da cdilobs morigebas saCivris Setanamde.


22/05/1995

momCivnebma sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mimarTes sakonstitu-cio dacvis mosapoveblad mas Semdeg, rac braldebuli sasamarTloganaCeniT gamarTlebul iqna Seuracxyofis faqtze. Seuracxyofisbraldeba momCivnebma warudgines gazeTis korespondents, romelmacTavis statiaSi miuTiTa momCivanTa karierasa da maT zegavlenazeqalaqis politikasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze iseTi formiT,romelic saziano iyo maTi reputaciisaTvis, ufro metic,gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebiT saWiroebas moklebulad iqnaaRiarebuli.

aq kidev erTxel Tavs iCens dapirispireba azris gamoxatvisTavisuflebasa da informaciis Tavisuflebasa (orive aRiarebuliakonstituciis me-20 muxliT) da piris reputaciis uflebas Soris(konstituciis me-18 muxlis pirveli nawili), romlis gadawyvetacsakonstitucio sasamarTlos valdebulebaa. mTel riggadawyvetilebebSi sasamarTlom SeinarCuna uflebamosileba,gadaesinja qvemdgomi sasamarTlos mier erTmaneTTan dapirispire-buli uflebebis SedarebiTi mniSvnelobis Sefaseba. gasaCivrebuliganaCeniT dadgenilad aRiarebuli faqtebis Sefasebis Sedegadsakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom dapirispireba arsebob-da ara piris reputaciis uflebasa da informaciis TavisuflebasSoris, aramed piris reputaciis uflebasa da gamoxatvis

150


Tavisuflebas Soris, vinaidan ganxilul saqmeSi dominirebda sworedam ukanasknelis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, rac gamoixateboda statiisavtoris SefasebiT msjelobaSi momCivanTa sazianod.

momCivanTa sajaro statusisa da sazogadoebis mxridan maTi saqmi-anobis mimarT arsebuli interesis gaTvaliswinebiT, maTi reputaci-is ufleba mainc daculi unda iqnes yovelgvari Seuracxmyofeli anuSualod zianis mimyenebeli komentarebisagan, romlebic udavodmravlad moipoveboda Sesabamis sagazeTo statiaSi; ufro metic, eskomentarebi saerTod ar iyo aucilebeli momCivanTa sajaro saqmi-anobis kritikisaTvis da arc ukavSirdeboda am ukanasknels.sasamarTlos TqmiT, konstitucia araviTar SemTxvevaSi ariTvaliswinebs romelime piris “Seuracxyofis” uflebas, racSeuTavsebeli iqneboda konstituciis me-10 muxlis pirveli nawiliTgaTvaliswinebul pirovnuli Rirsebis uflebasTan.

gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebebSi adgili ar hqonia erTmaneTTandapirispirebuli sakonstitucio uflebebis Sefasebas, vinaidangadawyvetilebebSi daSvebuli ar unda yofiliyo sityvisTavisuflebis damadasturebeli romelime argumenti. Sesabamisad,sakonstitucio sasamarTlo valdebuli iyo, gaeuqmebinagasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebebi im motiviT, rom maT ver SeZles kon-stituciuri dacvis momTxovni pirebis reputaciis uflebis dacva.erT-erTma mosamarTlem saqmes daurTo gansxvavebuli azri imsafuZvelze, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi arunda Sediodes sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebis mier gamotaniligamamarTlebeli ganaCenis gauqmeba.


18-06-2001

b-nni dda qq-nni vv. JJenevis kkantonis aadministraciuli ssasamarTloswinaaRmdeg

1999 wlis 2 aprils TerTmeti wlis gogona sagzao SemTxvevasemsxverpla. is saswrafod iqna miyvanili Jenevis kantonaluri uni-versitetis saavadmyofoSi, sadac is meore dResve Tavis tvinis mZimetravmis gamo gardaicvala. gardacvlilad igi 1999 wlis 3 aprils, 10sT-sa da 23 wT-ze gamocxadda, Semdeg ki, saRamos 6 sT-sa da 30 wT-ze.maTi Svilis nebis Tanaxmad, b-nma da q-nma v-m SesTavazes misi orga-noebi donaciis miznebisaTvis. organoTa amoReba dagegmili iyo 1999wlis 4 aprilisaTvis. mSoblebi am dRes saavadmyofoSi maTi Svilis

151

Rirsebis ufleba

gvamTan Ramis gaTenebis ritualis Sesasruleblad gamocxaddnen;misvlisTanave maT ecnobaT, rom policiis ufrosma, policiis Stab-binis instruqciebis Tanaxmad, gasca brZaneba gvamis eqshumaciisCatarebis Sesaxeb. eqshumacia Catarda 1999 wlis 6 aprils.

b-nma da q-nma v-m Seitanes CveulebiTi samarTlis saCivari Jenevissaxelmwifo sabWoSi eqshumaciis brZanebis usafuZvlod gamocxade-bis mizniT. saxelmwifo sabWom saqme gadasca Jenevis kantonis admin-istraciul sasamarTlos, romelmac daadgina, rom, rogorc eqshu-maciis brZanebis gasaCivreba, ise nebismieri saxis sajaro gancxadebismoTxovna, dasaSvebi ar iyo.

amis Semdeg, b-nma da q-nma v-m Seitanes sajaro-samarTlebrivisaCivari da moiTxoves administraciuli sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebis gauqmeba. maTi mtkicebiT, adgili hqonda piradiTavisuflebisa da sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebis darRvevas(federaluri konstituciis me-10 muxli, adamianis uflebaTa evrop-uli konvenciis me-6 da me-8 muxlebi). federalurma sasamarTlomsaCivari dasaSvebad cno.

administraciulma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, ar ganegrZosamarTalwarmoeba b-n da q-n v-s saCivris mimarT “sasamarTloebisorganizaciis” Sesaxeb kanonis, “administraciuli procesis Sesaxeb”kanonisa da Jenevis kantonis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsisSesabamisad. federalurma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom esgadawyvetileba ar warmoadgenda kantonuri samarTlis TviTneburgamoyenebas. piradi Tavisufleba, romelic garantirebulia feder-aluri konstituciis me-10 muxliT, ar iyo Semofargluli mxolodpiris sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT, aramed grZeldeboda misi gardac-valebis Semdegac, rac yvela pirs aZlevs saSualebas, gadawyvitos,Tu ra daemarTeba mis sxeuls gardacvalebis Semdeg da icavs maTyovelgvari saxis ukanono Carevisagan.

gardacvlili piris gvami aseve daculia adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvenciis me-8 muxliT. amasTan, es garantiebi ar gulisx-mobs sasamarTlosadmi upirobo mimarTvis SesaZleblobas, vinaidanadamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-13 muxli moiTxovs, romyvela pirs unda gaaCndes samarTlebrivi dacvis efeqturi saSualebaerovnuli xelisuflebis organoebis, magram ara maincdamaincsasamarTlo organos winaSe. konstitucia aseve ar SeicavssasamarTlos mier gadasinjvis uflebas. Sesabamisad, Semdegi gada-sawyveti sakiTxi iyo, Tu ramdenad gamoyenebadi iyo evrokonvenciisme-6 muxli da ramdenad uflebamosilni iyvnen b-n da q-n v., maTi saqmesasamarTlos mier yofiliyo gadawyvetili.

vinaidan saqmeSi ar arsebobda sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldeba,saWiro iyo imis Sefaseba, Tu ramdenad exeboda dava samoqalaqo ufle-

152


bebisa da valdebulebebis dadgenas. zogadad, samarTalsubieqturobaar aris daculi piris gardacvalebis Semdeg, magram sasamarTloebiuSveben dacvis amgvar ganvrcobas. es, upirveles yovlisa, gamomd-inareobs sajaro samarTlidan, romelic adgens piris gardacvliladgamocxadebisa da dasaflavebis wesebs. is, aseve, aRiarebulia kerZosamarTalSic, kerZod, darCenil naTesavTa religiuri da emociurigrZnobebis dacvis mizniT. maSasadame, naTesavebs ufleba hqondaT,daculi yofiliyvnen saxelmwifos mier maTi ojaxis gardacvliliwevris gvamis xelyofisagan. saqme exeboda samoqalaqo uflebasevropis adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis me-6 muxlis konteqstSi.

dadgenili sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, sajaro xelisu-flebis mier ukanono qmedebiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebisufleba kvalificirdeba rogorc samoqalaqo sarCeli. igivegamoiyeneba im pirebis mimarTac, romlebic moiTxovdnen arafinansur kompensacias, aramed, ubralod, deklaraciuli xasiaTisreparacias. amis Sedegad, b-n da q-n v-s saCivari imyofeba evrokon-venciis me-6 muxlis farglebSi da, Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos mierunda iqnes mosmenili. sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis ufleba SeiZlebaSeizRudos procesualuri wesebiT. imis gamo, rom ganxiluli saqmeexeboda am uflebis mTavar arss, administraciul sasamarTloSigasaCivrebis maregulirebeli kantonuri samarTali, romelicgamoyenebul iqna araTviTneburad, ar iyo ganmsazRvreli faqtoriam saqmeSi. gadamwyveti arc is argumenti iyo, TiTqos b-n da q-n v-sar hqondaT realuri interesi saqmeSi, radganac isini ubralodgancxadebas moiTxovdnen. maSasadame, sajaro samarTlis saCivaridasabuTebuli iyo. b-n da q-n v-s ufleba hqondaT, maTi saqmesasamarTlos gadaewyvita. kantonur samarTalSi konkretulinormebis ararsebobis gaTvaliswinebiT, momCivnebs am konkretulsaqmeSi kantonis doneze unda mieceT dacvis samarTlebrivisaSualeba _ Tundac adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciismoTxovnebis safuZvelze. kantonuri xelisuflebis organoebisprerogativas warmoadgenda Sesabamisi organosa da samarTlebrivimeqanizmis dadgena b-n da q-n v-s saCivris gansaxilvelad.


29-12-1999

parlamentis wevrebma mimarTes sakonstitucio sasamarTlossisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 24-e muxlis konstituciasTanSesabamisobis dasadgenad; es muxli iTvaliswinebs sikvdiliT dasjas,

153

Rirsebis ufleba

rogorc sasjelis gansakuTrebul zomas, romelic gamoiyeneba kodeq-sis kerZo nawilSi moyvanili mZime danaSaulebis mimarT. parlamentiswevrebis mtkicebiT, konstituciiT garantirebuli sicocxlis ufle-ba absoluturi xasiaTisaa da konstituciis ganmartebisasmxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli adamianis sicocxlis, rogorcsamarTlis uzenaesobis safuZvelze demokratiuli sazogadoebismSeneblobisaTvis erT-erTi fundamenturi faseulobis, absoluturida aSkara formiT gamoxatuli pativiscema. Sesabamisad, konstituciiskonteqstSi, sasjelis gansakuTrebuli zomis saxiT sikvdiliT dasjisgamoyeneba unda CaiTvalos “adamianis sicocxlis uflebis TviTneburxelyofad”.

konstitucia gansazRvravs adamians, mis sicocxles da jan-mrTelobas, pativsa da Rirsebas, xelSeuxeblobasa da usafrTxoebas,rogorc uzenaes socialur faseulobas (konstituciis me-3 muxlispirveli nawili) da iTvaliswinebs, rom adamianis uflebaTa daTavisuflebaTa danergva da dacva saxelmwifos mTavar movaleobaswarmoadgens (konstituciis me-3 muxlis me-2 nawili).

mTavar konstituciur debulebas, romelic aRiarebs sicocxlisuflebas, warmoadgens norma, romlis Tanaxmadac, es ufleba ganuy-ofeli (konstituciis 27-e muxlis me-2 nawili), ganusxvisebeli daxelSeuvalia (konstituciis 21-e muxli). sicocxlis ufleba adamiansdabadebidan ekuTvnis da daculia saxelmwifos mier.

konstituciis Tanaxmad, konstituciuri uflebebi daTavisuflebebi, kerZod, sicocxlis ufleba garantirebulia da arSeiZleba xelyofil iqnes (konstituciis 22-e muxlis me-2 nawili). amasgarda, akrZalulia iseTi cvlilebebisa an gadaxvevebis SemoReba, rom-lebic auqmeben adamianTa da moqalaqeTa uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs(konstituciis 157-e muxlis pirveli nawili). dauSvebelia arsebuliuflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis farglebisa da Sinaarsis SezRudvaaxali kanonebis miRebisas an arsebul kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebisSetanisas (konstituciis 22-e muxlis me-3 nawili).

konstituciis 22-e muxlis me-2 nawilis debulebebi saxelmwifosakisrebs konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, maTSoris, pirvel rigSi sicocxlis uflebis garantirebas, aseve, kon-stituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis gauqmebiskenmimarTuli nebismieri aqtis miuReblobis valdebulebas. sax-elmwifos mier adamianisaTvis sicocxlis warTmeva, TundackanoniT dadgenili debulebebis safuZvelze, ganixileba rogorcsicocxlis ganuyofeli uflebis gauqmeba da, Sesabamisad,ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias.

yovel pirs aqvs misi pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba,Tu es ar laxavs sxva pirTa uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs. konstitu-

154


cia TiToeul adamians aniWebs sicocxlis ganuyofel uflebas (kon-stituciis 27-e muxlis pirveli nawili) da garantirebs am uflebisdacvas misi gauqmebisagan. amasTan erTad, is adgens yoveli pirisuflebas, daicvas sakuTari sicocxle da janmrTeloba, aseve, sxvapirTa sicocxle da janmrTeloba ukanono xelyofisagan (konsti-tuciis 27-e muxlis me-3 nawili).

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi adgens debulebebs, romlebicdakavSirebulia piris qmedebebTan aucilebeli mogeriebismdgomareobaSi misi sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis dacvis mizniT,aseve, sxva pirTa sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis dacvis mizniT, Tu esnakarnaxevia socialurad saSiSi xelyofis Tavidan acilebis anSewyvetis ukiduresi aucileblobiT.

sicocxlis ganuyofeli uflebis da sxva uflebaTa daTavisuflebaTa sakonstitucio mxardaWera efuZneba Semdeg funda-mentur princips: adamianis uflebebTan da TavisuflebebTandakavSirebul yvela gamonakliss TviT konstitucia undaiTvaliswinebdes da ara sxva kanonebi da normatiuli aqtebi. konsti-tuciis 64-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, “adamianis konstitu-ciuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi ar SeiZleba SeizRudos, garda imSemTxvevebisa, romlebic konstituciiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli.” kon-stitucia ar Seicavs arc erT debulebas, romlis mixedviTac,sikvdiliT dasja warmoadgens sicocxlis ganuyofeli uflebisgamonakliss. aseve, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli sikvdiliTdasjis Seusabamoba sasjelis miznebTan da sasamarTlo SecdomisSesaZlebloba. es ar Seesabameba adamianis uflebaTa daTavisuflebaTa dacvis konstituciur garantiebs (konstituciis58-e muxli).

sikvdiliT dasja aseve ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis 28-e muxls,romlis mixedviTac, “aravin SeiZleba gaxdes wamebis, sastiki,araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an sasjelis obieqti”(adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxli).

gaerTianebuli ssamefolordTa palata

29-11-2001

p-m gaasaCivra saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romlismixedviT, sajaro prokuraturis direqtorma (spd) kanonieradganacxada uari, Tavis Tavze aeRo valdebuleba, ar ganexor-cielebina sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna p-s meuRlis mimarT, Tuigi p-s daexmareboda TviTmkvlelobis ganxorcielebaSi. p.daavadebuli iyo motoruli xasiaTis nevrologiuri daavadebiT

155

Rirsebis ufleba

da mas hqonda darCenili mcireodeni xani sicocxlisaTvis. manarCia, Tavi aeridebina mtkivneuli sikvdilisTvis da gar-dacvliliyo mis mier SerCeul dros meuRlis daxmarebiT. p-sinvalidoba gulisxmobda, rom mas dasWirdeboda daxmarebaTviTmkvlelobis gansaxorcieleblad. 1996 wels miRebulma“TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb” kanonma danaSaulad aRiara erTi pirismier meoris TviTmkvlelobis daxmareba an waxaliseba. p-s meuRlemspd-s sTxova imis garantia, rom mis mimarT ar ganxorcieldebodasisxlissamarTlebrivi devna, Tu igi p-s TviTmkvlelobis CadenaSidaexmareboda. spd-m uari ganacxada garantiis micemaze immotiviT, rom mas ar gaaCnda amgvari garantiis micemis ufle-bamosileba danaSaulis Cadenamde.

p-s mtkicebiT, 1961 wlis kanonis danayofi 2.1 ar Seesabamebodaadamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias; evrokonvenciis me-2muxli, konvenciis me-6 oqmis pirvel da me-2 muxlebTanerTobliobaSi, garantirebs piris mier sicocxlis gagrZelebisaTu Sewyvetis arCevans; spd-s gadawyvetileba warmoadgenda p-smimarT arahumanur da damamcirebel mopyrobas konvenciis me-3muxlis darRveviT; konvenciis me-8 muxli uzrunvelyofsTviTgamorkvevis uflebas, rac aseve moicavs sicocxlis ansikvdilis arCevanis uflebas; konvenciis me-9 muxli garantirebs p-s uflebas, gaaCndes rwmena sxva piris daxmarebiT ganxorcielebulTviTmkvlelobaSi; gaerTianebuli samefos samarTliTgaTvaliswinebuli TviTmkvlelobis daxmarebis absoluturiakrZalva araTanazomieri iyo p-s mier misi gonebriviSesaZleblobebis ganxorcielebis srul kontrolTan, sxva pirismimarT raime zianis ararsebobasTan, misi sikvdilisgardauvalobasTan da mis mzadyofnasTan, Caedina TviTmkvleloba,Tu mas eqneboda amis SesaZlebloba; aseve, darRveul iqna konvenci-is me-14 muxli, vinaidan spd-s uari mis (rogorc invalidis) mimarTdiskriminaciuli xasiaTis iyo.

lordTa palatam daadgina, rom adgili ar hqonia p-s mimarT adami-anis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT garantirebul uflebaTadarRvevas.

konvenciis mme-22 mmuxli ((sicocxlis uufleba): am muxlis teqstis ara-orazrovani forma asaxavs sicocxlis uzenaesobas, icavs sicocxlisuflebas da krZalavs sicocxlis ganzrax warTmevas, garda amomwu-ravi formiT Camoyalibebuli gamonaklisisa. konvenciis me-2 muxliar SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc sikvdilis uflebis momniWebeli ansxva piris daxmarebis damSvebi sakuTari sikvdilis ganxor-cielebisas.

156


konvenciis mme-33 mmuxli ((wamebis aakrZalva): es muxli asaxavsdemokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT yvelaze fundamenturRirebulebas. mis mier Sesabamisi mopyrobis akrZalva absoluturixasiaTisaa, romlisganac gadaxveva ar daiSveba omianobisa Tuerovnuli ubedurebis pirobebSic ki. konvenciis me-3 muxliTgaTvaliswinebuli mopyrobis absoluturi da upirobo akrZalvamonawile saxelmwifosagan moiTxovs, rom “mopyrobas” ar miecesSeuzRudavi an uCveulo mniSvneloba. dausabuTebelia imis varaudi,rom spd an gaerTianebuli samefos sxva Tanamdebobis piri axor-cielebda Sesabamis mopyrobas p-s mimarT, romelic ganicdidagarkveul tanjvas misive daavadebis gamo.

Sesabamisad, aseve SeuZlebelia, spd-s uari p-s meuRlisaTvissisxlissamarTlebrivi imunitetis micemaze am ukanasknelis mierdanaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi ganmartebul iqnes, rogorc kon-venciis me-3 muxlis negatiuri akrZalvis sawinaaRmdego.

Tu gamoiyeneba konvenciis me-3 muxli da adgili ar hqonia ammuxlis negatiuri akrZalvis darRvevas, saxelmwifos pozitiurivaldebuleba, Tavidan aaridos pirebis daqvemdebareba Sesabamismopyrobas, ar aris absoluturi da upirobo. Tu saxelmwifoebsabsoluturad ekrZalebaT maT iurisdiqciaSi myofi pirebis mimarTSesabamisi mopyrobis gamoyeneba, is zomebi, romlebic saTanado anaucilebelia pozitiuri valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis, ufroSefasebiTia da gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva saxelmwifos praqtikaSi,ufro damokidebulia xalxis mosazrebebsa da rwmenaze da naklebadeqvemdebareba raime universalur gansazRvrebas.

gaerTianebul samefos ar gaaCnia pozitiuri valdebuleba,uzrunvelyos, rom sruliad Seracxadi da ganukurneblad daavade-buli piri, romelsac surs TviTmkvlelobis ganxorcieleba, magramar SeuZlia amis Sesruleba, uflebamosili iyos sxva piris daxmare-baze am ukanasknelis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagangaTavisuflebiT.

konvenciis mme-88 mmuxli ((piradi dda oojaxuri ccxovrebisxelSeuxebloba): sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am uflebas saerTod argaaCnda raime kavSiri saqmesTan. strasburgis organoebis praqtikaSiar moipoveba amis sapirispiro raime mtkicebuleba. es rom simarTlesar Seesabamebodes, maSin darRveva gamarTlebuli iqneboda konvenci-is me-8 muxlis me-2 nawiliT. TviTmkvleloba sxva piris daxmarebiT damkvleloba TanxmobiT ukanonoa konvenciis monawile yvelasaxelmwifoSi niderlandebis garda – magram am ukanasknelisSemTxvevaSic, p-s meuRles daekisreboda pasuxismgebloba p-sTviTmkvlelobaSi daxmarebisaTvis.

157

Rirsebis ufleba

konvenciis mme-99 mmuxli ((azris TTavisufleba): p-s SeiZleba hqonodaguliTadi rwmena sxva piris daxmarebiT TviTmkvlelobis sasarge-blo xasiaTSi da SeeZlo, Tavisuflad gamoexata amgvari rwmena.magram amgvari rwmenis uflebas ar SeuZlia daasabuTos moTxovna,romlis Tanaxmadac, misi meuRle unda gaTavisufldesSedegebisagan im qmedebisaTvis, romelic SeiZleba srulSesabamisobaSi iyos p-s rwmenasTan, magram akrZalulia sisxlissamarTlis kanonmdeblobiT.

konvenciis mme-114 mmuxli ((diskriminaciis aakrZalva): strasburgissasamarTlom mravaljer ganacxada, rom es ufleba avtonomiuri araris, aramed gamoiyeneba mxolod konvenciis sxva muxlebTan erTadda arc erTi ufleba, romelic moyvanil iqna p-s mier, ar iqnadarRveulad aRiarebuli; konvenciis me-14 muxli mas ar daexmarebaim SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu dadgindeboda, rom “TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb”kanonis danayofi 2.1-is moqmedeba diskriminaciuli iyo. nebismierSemTxvevaSi, sisxlis samarTlis kanoni ar SeiZleba diskriminaciu-lad cnobiliyo, vinaidan is yvelas mimarT gamoiyeneba.

sisxlis samarTlis kanoni, rogorc wesi, gansxvavebas ar akeTebsdanaSaulis Cadenis msurvel dazaralebulsa da sxva dazaralebulsSoris. “mkvleloba SebralebiT” aris kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulimkvleloba. Tu sisxlis samarTlis kanoni akrZalavda im pirTa qmede-bebs, romlebic umweo mdgomareobaSi myofT TviTmkvlelobaSi dax-marebas gauwevdnen, magram, amasTanave, pasuxismgeblobisagangaaTavisuflebda maT, vinc Cveulebriv dazaralebulebsTviTmkvlelobaSi exmarebian, kanoni ar iqneboda samarTliani da veruzrunvelyofda mis pativiscemasa da Sesrulebas.

kanonis gauqmebisa da SeCerebis uflebamosileba, parlamen-tis Tanxmobis gareSe, mTavrobasa da mis moxeleebs CamoerTvaT1699 wlis uflebaTa biliT. im SemTxvevaSic, Tu spd-s eqnebodagarantiis micemis uflebamosileba, am konkretul saqmeSi isukanonod imoqmedebda, Tuki amgvar garantias miscemda. mas arhqonda p-s mier wardgenili moTxovnebis Semowmebis saSualeba.mas ar miuRia informacia im meTodis Sesaxeb, romliTacmomCivani cxovrebis dasrulebas apirebda. ar iyo Semo-Tavazebuli araviTari samedicino zedamxedveloba. es iqnebodaspd-s movaleobis daudevari Seusrulebloba da misi ufle-bamosilebis borotad gamoyeneba, Tuki is daTanxmdebodasisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganuxorcieleblobas jer kidevCaudeneli danaSaulis mimarT.

158


ssaammaarrTTlliiaannii ssaassaammaarrTTlloo


24-08-2000

dumilisa da sakuTar Tavze Cvenebis micemisagan Tavis Sekavebisufleba ukavSirdeba udanaSaulobis prezumfcias. is, agreTve,samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoad-gens da Sesaferisi sasamarTlo procesis ZiriTadi funqcionalurigarantiaa.

saeWvo qcevis axsnaze uaris Tqma, rogorc dumilis uflebiTkanonieri sargeblobis nawili, sasamarTlom SesaZloa, braldebissafuZvlad gamoiyenos imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom braldebis mxaremwarmoadgina danaSaulis mtkicebuleba da msjavrdebulisganacsamarTlianad moelian axsna-ganmartebas. Tu gadawyvetileba damt-kicebuli ar aris, warmodgenili mtkicebuleba usafuZvloa an, Tudacvis qveS myofi policiis TandaswrebiT dumilis uflebasinarCunebs, aseTi moqmedeba yovlad dauSvebelia. roca dacvis qveSmyofi uaryofs danaSaulSi monawileobas da ar arsebobs pirdapirimtkicebuleba Tu dasabuTeba imisa, rom danaSauli marTlac manCaidina, sasamarTlo SesaZloa daefuZnos ueWvel faqtebs, an arapir-dapir mtkicebulebas, saidanac dasabuTebis procesiT SesaZlebeliadanaSaulis Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTeba. es procesi sasamarTlogadawyvetilebaSi saTanadod unda aixsnas. arapirdapirimtkicebulebiT amgvarad ganmtkicebuli araerTi braldeba arRvevsudanaSaulobis prezumfciis uflebas. konstituciis 9.3 muxlisprincipebi ar SeiZleba moyvanil an dacul iqnes konstituciurisarCelis ganxorcielebis konteqstSi (konstituciis 53.2 muxli da`sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonis 41.1 naw-ili). qalbatoni renSau sandovali daakaves maSin, roca mas fostidanmohqonda misTvis gamogzavnili paketi, romelSic kokaini iyomoTavsebuli. radganac paketi braziliidan igzavneboda, mismaSemcvelobam policiis eWvi gamoiwvia da sanam mflobels gadascemd-nen, is gaxsnes. dakavebulma uari ganacxada, xeli moewera CvenebisoqmisaTvis, romelic im mosamarTlis TandaswrebiT Sedga, romlisbrZanebiTac gaixsna paketi. mogvianebiT igi sabaJos ofisSi waiyvanes,sadac gamoZieba unda gagrZelebuliyo. man policiis winaSe gancx-adebis gakeTebisgan Tavi Seikava. sasamarTlo ganxilva dasruldamadridis provinciuli sasamarTloSi, sadac mas janmrTelobis

159

samarTliani sasamarTlo

sazianod mimarTuli danaSaulisaTvis brali wauyenes. madridisprovinciuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba uzenaesma sasamarT-lomac ucvlelad datova.

am SemTxvevaSi, braldebis mtkicebiT, dacvis qveS myofi paketisSemcvelobis Sesaxeb informirebuli iyo. braldebulis arapir-dapiri mtkicebulebiT, es paketi mis mmarTvelobaSi myofi organi-zaciis saxelze iyo gagzavnili, misi saxeli arasworad ewera, amito-mac man Tavi Seikava gancxadebisa da policiasTan Tana-mSromlobisagan. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ar daakmayofilasarCeli konstituciis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT. sasamarTlom uaryoyvela braldeba, rom mosarCelis dumilis ufleba da misiudanaSaulobis prezumfcia dairRva. man miiRo es gadawyvetileba imfaqtis miuxedavad, rom policiis winaSe misi dumilis ufleba miswinaaRmdeg mtkicebulebad iqna gamoyenebuli.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentulisamarTlis Tanaxmad, konstituciis 17.3 muxliT garantirebulidumilis ufleba ar darRveula, radganac policiam, romelmacrenSau daakava, pativi sca dumilis uflebas. amas amtkicebda faqti,rom mosarCelis saCivari, romlis Tanaxmadac sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebiT mas danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba edeboda bralad,ufro mogvianebiT stadias ganekuTvneboda. am SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadgansaxilvel uflebas warmoadgenda udanaSaulobis prezumfciissakiTxi. (konstituciis 24.2 muxli). sakonstitucio sasamarTlomgadawyvita, rom sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebasafuZvliani iyo. rac Seexeba braldebis mier warmodgenil arapir-dapir mtkicebulebas, sasamarTloebs SeeZloT, dacvis qveS myofismier saeWvo qcevis axsnaze uaris Tqma gamoeyenebinaT, rogorcbraldebis safuZveli, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi efuZnebodadumilis kanonier uflebas. am SemTxvevaSi, arapirdapiri mtkice-buleba avsebda sxva mtkicebulebas, iyo damtkicebuli da araviTarSemTxvevaSi _ usafuZvlo, Sesabamisad, is ar eyrdnoboda im faqts,rom mosarCelem dumilis ufleba airCia. amrigad, misi ZiriTadiufleba saTanadod iyo daculi.

maltasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

18-08-1998

miuxedavad imisa, rom sajarooba samarTliani sasamarTlosuzrunvelyofis saSualebaa, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli kon-venciis me-10 muxlTan mimarTebiT unda arsebobdes balansi

160


samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebasa da mediis gamoxatvisTavisuflebas Soris. momxsenebeli mosamarTlis miergadawyvetilebis gamotanamde calkeuli azris dafiqsirebam ar undagamoiwvios eWvi mis miukerZoeblobaSi.

gansasjelis mier nafic msajulTa samsjavroze gakeTebuliCanawerebis konfiskacia warmoadgens samarTliani sasamarTlo ganx-ilvis ZiriTadi uflebis Selaxvas. Tumca, dacvis saSualebismicemisas saqme mTlianobaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli. mosarCelesmiusajes TxuTmeti wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. mas bralad edebodapoliciis ganyofilebaSi pirisaTvis sxeulis mZime dazianebismiyenebaSi Tanamonawileoba, ramac Sedegad sikvdili gamoiwvia.danaSauli Cadenil iqna maSin, roca mosarCeles policiis komisrisTanamdeboba ekava. 1994 wlis 15 aprils sisxlis samarTlis saapela-cio sasamarTlom mxari dauWira sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlosmier gamotanil ganaCens. mosarCelem Seitana konstituciurisarCeli, romlis Tanaxmadac, sisxlis samarTalwarmoebisas dairRvamisi samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba. miuxedavad imisa, romsarCelSi mosarCelem daafiqsira ukmayofileba, ZiriTadi arsi maincimaSi mdgomareobda, rom sisxlis samarTalwarmoebisas momxsenebelimosamarTle:

adgilobriv ppresaSi ggamoqveynebuli ssxvadasxva sstatiebisgamo bbraldebulis mmimarT uuaryofiTad iiyo gganwyobili;man nnafic mmsajulTa ssamsjavromde ddaafiqsira TTavisimosazreba, rrom mmosarCele ssando ppirovnebaTa rricxvsar gganekuTvneboda; gasca bbrZaneba, rrom ssasamarTloSi nnafici mmsajulebis wwinaSeCvenebis mmicemamde ggansasjelis ssakuTrebaSi aarsebuli yyvelasabuTi dda ssamarTlis wwigni ssaknidan ggaetanaT.

1. ppresis uuaryofiTi kkampaniarac Seexeba presis mier warmoebul kampanias, romelsac aRniSnavda

mosarCele, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gamoTqva mosazreba, romsajarooba moiazreba, rogorc sasamarTlos samarTlianobis garan-tia. ufro metic, rogorc es me-10 muxlSia mocemuli, samarTlianisasamarTlos ufleba unda dabalansdes presis TavisuflebasTanmimarTebaSi. zogadad miRebulia, rom sasamarTloebs ar SeuZliaTvakuumSi funqcionireba. vinaidan sasamarTlo davebis gadaWris adg-ilia, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom maTi saTanado ganxilva dauSvebeliasxva adgilebSi, iqneba es specialuri Jurnali, zogadad presa Tusazogadoeba. medias, agreTve, akisria valdebuleba, gaavrcelosinformacia im sakiTxebze, rac sasamarTloSi ganixileba. realobasSeesabameba is faqti, rom adgilobriv presaSi gavrcelebuli informa-

161


cia araobieqturi da mosarCelisaTvis saziano iyo. Tumca, aseTiinformaciebi gamonaklisi iyo da ara wesi. garda amisa, mosalodnelia,rom msgavs sasamarTlos, romelic sazogadoebis interess warmoad-gens, mohyveba presis mxridan gamoxmaureba. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic,rom statiebi, romelTac ukmayofileba gamoiwvies, gamoqveynda masSemdeg, rac naficma msajulebma saboloo gadawyvetileba gamoitanes,Tumca, apelacia jer kidev win iyo. amrigad, ar SeiZleba davaskvnaT,rom mosarCelis mimarT boroti sagazeTo kampania warmoebda da isavnebda mosarCelis uflebas samarTlian sasamarTloze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom nafic msajulTa samsjavroze gacilebiTdidia msajulTa sazogadoebrivi azris gavlenis qveS moqcevis riski,amis mtkiceba Znelia, radgan ar arsebobs msajulTa mier mizezTaraime werilobiTi axsna. ar arsebobda mtkicebuleba, romaRniSnulma statiebma msajulebze an momxsenebel mosamarTlezeuaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina. sakonstitucio sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebiT, uaryofiTi Sinaarsis statiebi samarTal-warmoebisas TviT mosamarTlem ugulebelyo, raTa msajulebskomentarebi mxedvelobaSi ar mieRoT.Uufro metic: is faqti, rommsajulebs gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad didi dro dasWirdaT, xmaTaraodenoba da obieqturi daskvna amtkicebs, rom msajulebi armoqceulan presis gavlenis qveS. miuxedavad imisa, rom msajulebiprofesionali mosamarTleebi ar iyvnen, miukerZoeblobis sruligarantiebi arsebobda. amasTan dakavSirebiT sakonstituciosasamarTlom daaskvna, rom maltis konstituciasa da adamianisuflebaTa evropul konvenciasTan mimarTebiT mosarCelis adamianisuflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa darRvevas adgili ar hqonia.

2. mmomxsenebeli mmosamarTlis mmiukerZoeblobamosarCele Cioda, rom nafic msajulTa samsjavroze momxsenebeli

mosamarTle ar iyo obieqturi da miukerZoebeli. igi amtkicebda, rommsajulTa mier sakiTxis winaswari ganxilvisas mosamarTlem gamoTqvagarkveuli mosazreba, rac, garkveulwilad, mianiSnebda mosarCelismimarT mis uaryofiT ganwyobas. mosarCelis azriT, ganxilvis dawye-bamde momxsenebelma mosamarTlem ukve Camoayaliba mosazreba gansas-jelis pirovnebis Sesaxeb. misi mtkicebiT, amis aSkara gamoxatulebaiyo is, rom mosamarTlem ar daakmayofila gansasjelis TavdebiTgaSvebis sakiTxi da mis dauyovnebliv dakavebaze gasca brZaneba.amasTan, im SemTxvevaSi, roca mowmeTa sandooba eWvis qveS dgeba,SeuZlebelia, momxsenebeli mosamarTle obieqturi da miukerZoebeliyofiliyo. mosarCele Semdgom acxadebda, rom sasamarTlo sxdomisdros mas ar uTxovia momxsenebeli mosamarTlis saqmidan acileba,raTa saqmiswarmoeba droSi ar gaweliliyo. msjavrdebuls rom es

162


moeTxova da uari mieRo, maSin mikerZoebis xarisxi gacilebiT maRaliiqneboda. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom obieqturobistestis Cabarebisas ndobis xarisxi umniSvnelovanesia dademokratiul sazogadoebaSi moqmedi sasamarTloebi sisxlissamarTalwarmoebisas xalxisa da gansasjelis TvalSi swored ndobasada rwmenas unda imsaxurebdnen. marTlmsajuleba ara mxolod undaganxorcieldes, aramed dasanaxic unda gaxdes. Semdgom man daadgina,rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos iurisdiqciismixedviT, is faqti, rom mosamarTlem sasamarTlomde daafiqsiragadawyvetilebebi, ar ayenebs mis miukerZoeblobas eWvis qveS.yuradReba unda gamaxvildes am gadawyvetilebaTa xasiaTsa da mocu-lobazec. mopasuxeebma ganacxades, rom sasamarTlos dawyebamdemosarCeles SeeZlo moeTxova momxsenebeli mosamarTlis acileba.amasTan mimarTebiT sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom samo-qalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 734-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mosamarTleSeiZleboda CamoSoreboda saqmes, Tu mas am saqmesTan, rogorcmosamarTles, adrec hqonda Sexeba. Tumca, es mxolod im SemTxvevaSiSeiZleba momxdariyo, Tu mosamarTlis mier gamotanili winagadawyvetileba saqmis arsebiT mxares ukavSirdeboda. amrigad, sakon-stitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mosamarTlis qmedeba, romel-sac ar gamouTqvams azri saqmis arsebiT nawilTan dakavSirdebiT, arSeiZleba gasaCivrebuliyo. ufro metic: mosamarTles monawileoba armiuRia saqmis sasamarTlosaTvis momzadebaSi an braldebis Sesaxebgadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. mosamarTlis mier winaswar gamotaniligadawyvetileba exeboda mosarCelis patimrobaSi darCena-ardarCenissakiTxs da saqmis arsebiT nawilTan kavSiri ar hqonda.sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis meore saSualebas warmoadgenda sisxlissamarTlis sasamarTlosTvis moTxovna, rom saqme gadaeca samoqalaqosasamarTlos pirvel instanciaSi, romelic konstituciursamarTalwarmoebas axorcielebda maltis konstituciis 46-emuxlTan mimarTebiT. amasTan, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina,rom, miuxedavad winaswari gadawyvetilebisa, mosamarTles argamouTqvams mosazreba mosarCelis pirovnebasTan dakavSirebiT,aRarafers vambobT im faqtze, rom maltis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,braldebulobasTan dakavSirebuli saboloo gadawyvetilebagamoaqvT nafic msajulebs da ara mosamarTles. ar arsebobda mtkice-buleba, rom momxsenebelma mosamarTlem raime uaryofiTi gavlenaiqonia nafic msajulebze. piriqiT: mosamarTlis mimarTva naficimsajulebisadmi kidev erTi mtkicebulebaa imisa, rom mikerZoebasadgili ar hqonia. mosamarTlem gaafrTxila nafici msajulebi, romgadawyvetileba maT xelT arsebuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiTgamoetanaT.

163


3. mmsajulTa ssamsjavros gganmavlobaSi ppiradi CCanawerebisa ddasamarTlebrivi ddokumentaciis CCamorTmeva

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sisxlissamarTalwarmoeba droSi gaiwela da saboloo gadawyvetilebasasamarTloze warmodgenil mtkicebulebaTa utyuarobaze didadiyo damokidebuli. amrigad, mosarCelisTvis umniSvnelovanesi iyo,rom saukeTeso pirobebi Seqmnoda braldebis mxaris mier warmodge-nil mowmeTa mtkicebulebebis gasabaTileblad. rogorc sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlom ganacxada, amis misaRwevad mosarCeles uflebahqonda, gamoeyenebina sxvadasxva Canawerebi, romelic mansasamarTlos msvlelobis dros Seagrova. miuxedavad imisa, romsisxlis samarTlis saapelacio sasamarTlom konkretuliminiSnebebi gaakeTa aRniSnul faqtTan dakavSirebiT, mainc daaskvna,rom miuxedavad am ukanono qmedebisa, sasamarTlos msvlelobisdros adgili ar hqonia marTlmsajulebis principis Selaxvas. samo-qalaqo sasamarTlos pirveli instanciis daskvniT, is faqti, romCvenebis micemis garda, sisxlis samarTlis mTeli warmoebisasCanawerebi gansasjels hqonda da am dokumentebze mis advokatsacTavisuflad miuwvdeboda xeli, imaze metyvelebs, rom mosarCelesSeeZlo dacvisaTvis momzadeba.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gamoiyena samoqalaqo saprocesokodeqsis 583 muxli (maltis kanonTa me-12 muxli) romlis mixedviTac:`mowmes SeuZlia, gaxsenebis mizniT gadaxedos saukeTeso an misimiTiTebiT sxva pirovnebis mier gakeTebul nebismier Canawers imwuTas an Semdgom, an nebismier dros, roca es faqti mas kargad axsov-da da icoda, rom igive iyo dafiqsirebuli CanawerSi, Tumca, amSemTxvevaSi, man unda warmoadginos es Canaweri da mowinaaRmdegemxaresac unda mieces naxvis SesaZlebloba~. sasamarTlo mtkicebiT,sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 463-e muxlis mixedviT (maltis kanonTame-9 muxli), sisxlis samarTalwarmoebisas gansasjels ufleba aqvs,warmoadginos mtkicebulebis asli da yvela dokumenti, romelicsamarTalwarmoebis nawils Seadgens (sisxlis samarTlis 519-e muxli_ maltis kanonTa me-9 Tavi). amrigad, Tu gansasjels ufleba aqvs, Tanhqondes es dokumentebi, mas imis uflebac unda hqondes, gaakeTossasamarTloze warmodgenil mtkicebulebebze Canawerebi. 583-emuxlis farglebSi, mas ufleba aqvs, am CanawerebiT aRidginoszogierTi informacia. am muxlis mizania, uzrunvelyossasamarTloSi warmodgenili mtkicebulebis utyuaroba. es kideverTi garantiaa imisa, rom samarTalwarmoebisas dadgindessimarTle. sasamarTloze mosarCelis Cveneba erT-erTi saSualebaiyo, riTac mas braldebisagan Tavis dacva SeeZlo. amrigad,sasamarTlos gansasjeli samarTliani sasamarTlos yvela

164


garantiebiT unda uzrunveleyo. rac Seexeba samarTlebrivteqstebs, wignebi mosarCeles dacvisaTvis momzadebaSi daexmarebo-da. gansasjelis saknidan yvela Canawerisa da samarTlebrivi teqste-bis gatanis brZanebam uaryofiTad imoqmeda gansasjelis Cvenebaze,rogorc faqtobrivi, ise fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT. samarTlianisasamarTlos erT-erTi maxasiaTeblis _ mxareTa Tanasworobis prin-cipis gaTvaliswinebiT, TiToeul mxares unda miscemodaSesaZlebloba, warmoedgina sakuTari saqme iseTnairad, rommowinaaRmdege mxaresTan Tanabar pirobebSi aRmoCeniliyo. miuxe-davad imisa, rom sisxlis samarTlis saapelacio sasamarTlosdadgenilebiT marTlmsajulebis principi ar darRveula, sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom dairRva mosarCelissamarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba. Tumca, sakonstituciosasamarTlom gamoTqva mosazreba, rom sisxlis saapelaciosasamarTlomde mosarCeles unda moeTxova Cvenebis micema misTvisCamorTmeuli Canawerebis daxmarebiT. garkveuli mizezebis gamo,dacvis es saSualeba man ar gamoiyena. Sedegad, sakonstituciosasamarTlos mieca mosarCelisaTvis am SesaZleblobiT sarge-blobaze uaris Tqmis ufleba.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom SemdgomSi daadgina, rom msgavswarmoebaSi saqme mTlianobaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli qveynis SidakanonmdeblobiT dadgenili procedurebis gaTvaliswinebiT, risTanaxmadac, samarTalwarmoeba samarTlianad Catarda da mosarCelissaCivrebma mxardaWera ver moipova. sasamarTlom daadgina, rommosarCelis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli sisxlis samarTalwarmoebamTlianobaSi unda Sefasdes, rogorc samarTliani.


30-01-2003

X-s brali edeboda 14 wlis gogonaze Seuracxmyofel TavdasxmaSi.bralis wayenebisas X 13 wlis iyo. sasamarTlomde is fsiqiatrebmaSeamowmes, romlebic fiqrobdnen, rom igi ver gauZlebda sasamarTlosxdomis process. msajulebs unda ganesazRvraT, SeeZlo Tu ara mas,1964 wlis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso aqtis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad,sasamarTlos gadatana. msajulebma daadgines, rom X Seuracxadi iyoda amdenad, ssasamarTlos wwinaSe mmisi wwardgena aaragonivruli iiqneboda.

1964 wlis aqtis Semdegi 4a nawili moiTxovs, rom msajulebma arsebu-li mtkicebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT gansazRvron, namdvilad CaidinaTu ara dacvis qveS myofma qmedeba. amdenad, Semdeg sxdomaze,

165


mosamarTlis miTiTebiT, sxva msajulma daadgina, rom man Caidina isqmedebebi, romelSic eWvmitanili iyo. Sedegad, X gaaTavisufles damamamiss mosTxoves, rom igi daeregistrirebina, rogorc seqsualurimoZalade. X-ma gaasaCivra meore msajulis gadawyvetileba. misigancxadebiT, procedura ar Seesabameboda adamianis uflebaTa evrop-uli konvenciis me-6 muxls. lordTa palatam daadgina, rom me-4 nawilisprocedura ar unda Seesabamebodes adamianis uflebaTa evropuli kon-venciis me-6 muxls, radgan is ar gansazRvravs sisxlis samarTlebrivbraldebas. lordTa palatam gadawyvita, rom 1964 wlis 4a seqciaSemoRebul iqna pirovnebaTa araaucilebeli dakavebis Tavidanacilebis mizniT. magaliTad, 4a aqtis SemoRebamde, roca gansasjelmaaRiara mkvleloba da Semdgom aRmoCnda, rom mas ar SeeZlo sasamarTlosgadatana, is mainc daakaves, rogorc potenciurad saSiSi adamiani.saSiSroeba Cadenili qmedebidan (pirovnebis mkvleloba) gamomdinare-obda, romelic, rogorc Semdgomma gamoZiebam aCvena, mas ar Caudenia.

lordTa palatam, ixelmZRvanela ra saqmiT Eagle v. The Netherlands,daadgina, rom:

1. SSida kkanonmdeblobiT 44 aa nnawilis pprocedura aar ggansazRvravssisxlis ssamarTlebriv ppasuxismgeblobas;

2. pprocedura aar SSeiZleba iiyos ssisxlis ssamarTlebrivi, rradganSedegad aar mmohyveba ssasjeli.

amrigad, dadginda, rom 4a proceduris Tanaxmad, adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis farglebSi gansasjelisisxlis samarTlis braldebulad ar iqna miCneuli. gadawyda, rom,Tu procedura sworad warimarTeboda, igi samarTliani iqneboda dagansasjelis uflebebs ar daarRvevda.


13-07-1999

administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis CadenaSi eWvmitanil nebis-mier pirovnebas unda hqondes dacvis ufleba misi dakavebis momenti-dan. uzenaesma sasamarTlom dasva administraciulsamarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 256-e da 259-e muxlebis konstituciis61-e muxlTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxi. azerbaijanis respublikis sakon-stitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom administraciulsamarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 256-e muxlis Sesabamisad, pirovnebas,romelsac unda daekisros administraciuli pasuxismgebloba, saqmisganxilvisas aqvs dacvis ufleba. kodeqsis 259-e muxlis mixedviT, impiris advokatma, vis winaaRmdegac unda aRiZras administraciuli

166


pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, ufleba aqvs saqmis momzadebaSi miiRosmonawileoba.Kkonstituciis 61.1 muxlis Tanaxmad, pirovnebas aqvskvalificiuri dacvis ufleba. konstituciis 61.3 muxlis Tanaxmad,moqalaqes ufleba aqvs misi dakavebis, dapatimrebisa da kompeten-turi saxelmwifo organos mxridan braldebis wayenebis momentidanisargeblos advokatis daxmarebiT.

administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 256-e da 259-emuxlebi ar iTvaliswineben administraciuli samarTal-darRvevisaTvis pirTa samarTlebriv dacvas misi dakavebis momenti-dan. es ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis aRniSnul debulebebs. udavoa,rom nebismieri pirisTvis dacvis uflebis xelyofa laxavs mis kon-stituciur uflebas. garda amisa, konstituciis 63.4 muxli acxadebs,rom marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas dauSvebelia, gamoiyene-bodes mtkicebuleba, romelic kanonis darRveviT iqna mopovebuli.Tu piri, romelsac unda daekisros administraciuli pasuxismge-bloba, saqmis momzadebisas ver isargeblebs kvalificiuriadvokatis daxmarebiT, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios mtkicebulebaTaukanono Segroveba im pirTa mxridan, vinc uflebamosilia, mimarTosadministraciuli dakavebis RonisZiebas.

amrigad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom adminis-traciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 256-e da 259-e muxlebi, rom-lebic administraciul pasuxisgebaSi micemul pirs dacvis uflebasuzRudavda, ar Seesabameboda konstituciis 61-e muxlis moTxovnebs.agreTve, aRiniSna, rom Sesabamisi organoebi an Tanamdebobis pirebi,vinc uflebamosilni arian ganaxorcielon administraciuli dakave-bis RonisZieba, valdebulni arian, nebismieri piri misi dakavebismomentidan uzrunvelyon dacvis uflebiT.

Cexoslovakiasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

25-11-1999

ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa qartiis 37.2 muxli saxelmwifoorganoebis winaSe samarTalwarmoebisas uzrunvelyofs dacvis uflebassamarTalwarmoebis dawyebis momentidan. konstituciuri garantiiT,sisxlis samarTalwarmoebisas msjavrdebuls saqmis mosamzadebladunda hqondes saTanado dro da saSualebebi, maT Soris, advokatis dax-marebis uflebac (ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa qartia, muxli40.3). am konstituciuri garantiebidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 41.3 muxlis debuleba gamonaklisisgareSe vrceldeba sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebze. mniSvneloba ar

167


aqvs sasamarTlos Semadgenlobas (erTi mosamarTlea Tu mTeli palata)an imas, Tu ra saxis danaSauli ganixileba, radganac erTi mosamarTlec kisaqmes ismens da gadawyvetileba gamoaqvs saxelmwifos saxeliT, rac,sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, sakmarisia imis uzrun-velsayofad, rom, saproceso kodeqsidan gamomdinare, sasamarTloshqondes yvela uflebamosileba da valdebuleba.

sasamarTlo dakiTxvaze, sadac mosarCelis sapatimroSi moTavsebissakiTxi unda gadawyvetiliyo, mis mier arCeul advokats ar miscesdaswrebis ufleba da arc ki acnobes, Tu rodis iyo sxdoma daniSnuli.saapelacio sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila mosarCelis saapelaciosaCivari sapatimroSi moTavsebis Sesaxeb. man Semdegi interpretaciamisca sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis im debulebebs, rom-lebic gansasjelis winaswar dakavebisa da dacvis uflebas Seexeboda:misi ganmartebiT, winaswari dakavebisas advokatis daswreba savalde-bulo ar iyo. kodeqsi moiTxovs, rom mosamarTlem gadawyvitosdakavebis sakiTxi, amave dros, weria, rom advokats ufleba aqvs,daeswros sasamarTlo ganxilvas yvela stadiaze, sadac gansasjeliiqneba. saapelacio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, sasamarTlom neba undadarTos damcvels, daeswros mxolod im sasamarTlo mosmenebs, sadacmosamarTleTa palataa warmodgenili da ara im stadiebze, roca pro-cedura erTi mosamarTlis monawileobiT xorcieldeba. sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma am interpretacias da daadgina, romdacvis ufleba, rogorc es gamoyenebul qartiaSia ganmartebuli,yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe unda gavrceldes sasamarTlo ganx-ilvis yvela etapze, miuxedavad sasamarTlos Semadgenlobisa.saapelacio sasamarTlom, agreTve, daadgina, rom mosarCeles aruTxovia advokatis daswreba da sasamarTlos mxolod unda ecnobebi-na advokatisTvis, Tu misi moZebna SesaZlebeli iqneboda. sasamarTloar daeTanxma am mosazrebas da aRniSna, rom sasamarTlo movale iyo,ecnobebina gansasjelisTvis misi ufleba dacvis moTxovnis Sesaxeb.rac Seexeba `advokatis moZiebas”, saqmis masalebSi ar Cans, romadvokatis povna SeuZlebeli iyo an sasamarTlo ramenairad ecada,moeZebna igi.


10-08-2001

dacvis ufleba ar unda iyos damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenadwarmatebuli an warumatebeli iqneba dacvis saSualeba. rodesacsasamarTlo samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 114.1 muxlis

168


gaTvaliswinebiT iRebs gadawyvetilebas dacvis uzrunvelyofisSesaxeb, dauSvebelia samarTlebrivi daxmarebis Taobaze sarCeliswarmatebis sakiTxis ganxilva, raTa es damxmare samarTalwarmoeba,SemdegSi mTavar samarTalwarmoebad ar gadaiqces.

momCivnebi iyvnen dedmamiSvilebi, dabadebulni 1969 da 1972 wlebSirumineTSi. deda, dabadebuli 1943 wels, 1986 wlis seqtembridancxovrobda germaniis teritoriaze. is rumineTidan gaasaxles da 1987wels miiRo germaniis moqalaqeoba. 1991-1992 wlamde mosarCeleebsrumineTi ar dautovebiaT, TiToeuli miwveviT imyofeboda iq. isiniarc germaniidan wamosul emigrantebad iqnen aRiarebulni da arcdeportirebulebad, Tumca, ucxoelTa Sesaxeb kanoniT gansazRvruliperiodiT mainc miiRes cxovrebis nebarTva. mas Semdeg, rac maTimoTxovna cxovrebis nebarTvis gaxangrZlivebis Taobaze ar dakmay-ofilda, gaasaCivres qveynis datovebis Sesaxeb brZaneba daaxladgamoSvebuli gafrTxileba gasaxlebis Sesaxeb. pirveliinstanciis sasamarTloSi maT warmatebas ver miaRwies. mogvianebiT,bavariis umaRlesma administraciulma sasamarTlom miiRo maTisaapelacio saCivari da aRmouCina samarTlebrivi daxmareba.samarTalwarmoebisas senatma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom mosarCeleebiunda ganxiluliyvnen, rogorc `germanuli statusis mqone pirebi” daara pirovnebebi, romelTa statusic ucxoelTa Sesaxeb kanoniT reg-ulirdeba. Sesabamisad, man SeaCera warmoeba ise, rom mosarCeleebs,konstituciis 116.1 muxlis Sesabamisad, SeeZloT ganemartaT, iyvnenTu ara isini germanelebi. am sakiTxis gadawyveta SeuZlebeli iyo.ucxoeli moqalaqeebis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad, saapelaciosamarTalwarmoebiT mosarCeleebma Seitanes sarCeli deklaraciulixasiaTis ganaCenis gamosatanad da, amave dros, moiTxovessamarTlebrivi daxmareba. kompetenturma administraciulmasasamarTlom ar daakmayofila gancxadeba samarTlebrivdaxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT im motiviT, rom mosarCeleebi amsamarTalwarmoebas ver moigebdnen. konstituciis 116.1 muxlisganmartebiT germanelia is, vinc federalur teritoriaze SemouSves,rogorc germanuli eTnikuri warmomavlobis emigranti, an aseTipirovnebis meuRle an STamomavali. amdenad, mosarCeleebi, 1987 wlisaRiarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic mSoblebis sakuTar SvilebTangaerTianebas isaxavda miznad, SeiZleba SemoeSvaT federalur teri-toriaze, magram radganac isini qveyanaSi Semosvlisas (1991 da 1992wlebi) ukve srulwlovanebi iyvnen, maTi am gziT germanelebadaRiarebis SesaZlebloba aRar arsebobda. garda amisa, saeWvo iyo, rommosarCeleebma, marTlac, dedasTan xelaxali daaxloebis mizniTgadmokveTes sazRvari. sasamarTlom Semdgom daadgina, rom, Tupirovnebas surs, mudmivad Seicvalos sacxovrebeli mSobelTan

169


daaxloebis mizniT, is ar Semodis qveyanaSi droebiTi mowveviT (visitor’s visa) da arc TavSesafris maZieblis statusis mopovebas cdilobs.bavariis umaRlesma administraciulma sasamarTlom ar daakmayofilagancxadeba samarTlebrivi daxmarebis aRmoCenaze uaryofiTigadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebasTan dakavSirebiT. saapelaciosasamarTloSi warumateblobis Semdeg, mosarCeleebma konstituci-uri sarCeliT gaasaCivres uari samarTlebrivi daxmarebis Sesaxeb.isini amtkicebdnen, rom dairRva konstituciis 3.1 muxli (kanoniswinaSe Tanasworobis principi) da kanonis uzenaesobis principi.

meore palatis pirvelma kolegiam gaauqma momCivanTasawinaaRmdegod gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi da saqme gansaxilve-lad daubruna administraciul sasamarTlos. kolegiisgadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili arsebiTad Semdegi iyo:gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebebi xelyofs rogorc kanonis winaSeTanasworobis, ise kanonis uzenaesobis princips. iuridiuli dax-marebis sakiTxze mimdinare samarTalwarmoebisas es normebimoiTxovs SedarebiT Tanabar mopyrobas rogorc SeZlebul, isefinansuri SeZlebis armqone mxareebs Soris. miuxedavad imisa, romgaTvaliswinebulia Tanaswori samarTlebrivi dacvis garantia,iuridiuli daxmarebis gaweva SeiZleba damokidebuli iyossamarTlebrivi zomis moTxovnis warmatebis xarisxze. amasTan, war-matebis SesaZleblobis Sefaseba ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli ise, romsamarTalwarmoeba iuridiuli daxmarebis mosapoveblad warmoad-gendes TviT samarTlebrivi zomis Taobaze mimdinare procesis naw-ils. Tu Sesabamisi sasamarTlo, saqmis SesaZlo warmatebis xarisxisSefasebisas, gamoiyenebs kriteriums, romelic naklebi finansuriSesaZleblobis mqone mxares SeZlebul mxaresTan SedarebiT, ufrorTul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs, maSin es miuTiTebs TanabarisamarTlebrivi dacvis garantiis arsis fundamenturad araswor gan-martebas. mocemul saqmeSi Sesabamis sasamarTloebs mxedvelobaSiunda mieRoT, rom momCivnebis germaniis teritoriaze daSvebissakiTxi, konstituciis 116-e muxlis pirveli nawilis SinaarsiT,dakavSirebuli iyo samarTlebrivi xasiaTis sirTuleebTan,romelTac ZiriTadi sasamarTlo procesis farglebSi ganmartebaunda miscemodaT. Sesabamisad, administraciuli sasamarTlosmosazreba, rom Sesabamisi daSvebis nebarTva gacemul iqnaarasrulwlovanTa maT mSoblebTan gaerTianebis mizniT, ar iyogonivruli. nebarTva, aseve, moicavda momCivanTa sxva axlonaTesavebs, romelTac srulwlovanebis asaks miaRwies. kolegiamdaadgina, rom, aseve, ar SezRudula daSvebis nebarTvis moqmedebisvada. imdenad, ramdenadac administraciulma sasamarTlom Tavisiuari iuridiul daxmarebaze daasabuTa daSvebis nebarTvasa da

170


qveyanaSi Semosvlas Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris ararsebobiT, man,agreTve, ar moaxdina iuridiuli daxmarebis gawevis sakiTxis ganxil-va Sesabamisi zomebis safuZvelze. principis saxiT, samarTlebrivadda faqtobrivad gaurkveveli sakiTxebi unda gadawydes ZiriTadisasamarTlo warmoebis mimdinareobisas.


12-02-2001

konstituciis 31.6 muxlis Tanaxmad, eWvmitanili an msjavrdebulidakavebis an pirveli dakiTxvis momentidan uzrunvelyofili undaiyos dacvis uflebiT. konstituciis 31.6 muxliT gaTvaliswinebulidacvis ufleba niSnavs, rom pirs ufleba aqvs, TviTon airCiosadvokati, iseve, rogorc moiTxovos saxelmwifos mier daniSnuliadvokati. dacvis ufleba, agreTve, iTvaliswinebs, rom pirovnebaiyos sworad informirebuli dakavebis an pirveli dakiTxvis momen-tidan advokatis daswrebis uflebis Sesaxeb. dacvis ufleba, iseve,rogorc ufleba advokatze, absoluturi uflebaa. dauSvebeliaraime safuZvlebiT misi SezRudva an garkveuli pirobebis daweseba.eWvmitanilis, iseve rogorc gansasjelis, dacvis ufleba adamianisuflebaTa dacvis erT-erTi garantia. es ufleba aucilebelipirobaa danaSaulis Camdeni nebismieri piris samarTlianad dasasje-lad da udanaSaulo piris gasamarTleblad. Tumca, misi survil-isamebr nebismieri advokatis arCeva, advokatis yolis uflebisagangansxvavebiT, ar warmoadgens absolutur uflebas.

mosarCeleebi _ alitusis adgilobrivi saolqo sasamarTlo, vil-niusis saqalaqo sasamarTlo da kaunasis regionaluri sasamarTlo _eWvis qveS ayenebdnen advokaturis Sesaxeb kanonis 26.3 da 26.4muxlebis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxs. 26.3 muxlisTanaxmad, `advokati ver ganaxorcielebs sasamarTlo warmomadgen-lobas im sasamarTloSi, sadac mas adre umuSavia mosamarTled da argasula sami weli, rac man es Tanamdeboba datova~. imave kanonis 26.4muxlis Tanaxmad, `advokati ver ganaxorcielebs sasamarTlo warmo-madgenlobas im sasamarTloebSi, sadac mosamarTled muSaoben misicoli (yofili coli), Svilebi (maT Soris, ayvanili), mSoblebi (maTSoris, mSvileblebi), Zmebi, debi (maT Soris, naxevar-Zmebi da naxevar-debi), biZaSvilebi-deidaSvilebi, bebiebi da babuebi, anSviliSvilebi~. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom, advokatisyolis uflebisagan gansxvavebiT, advokatis sakuTari survilisame-br arCeva ar warmoadgens absolutur uflebas. magaliTad, advokati

171


ver daicavs or an met eWvmitanils an or an met gansasjels, Tu erTidacvis qveS myofis interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba meoris interesebs.kanoni SesaZloa iTvaliswinebdes, rom, rodesac pirisaTvis dacvisganxorcieleba realur sirTules warmoadgens, sasamarTlomSesTavazos mas sxva advokatis arCeva.

sasamarTlom, agreTve, aRniSna, rom mosamarTleTa damoukide-blobisa da miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelsayofad kanonmdeblobaSesaZloa iTvaliswinebdes iseTi samarTlebrivi regulirebismeqanizms, rac aRmofxvrida mosamarTleTa da sasamarTloTamiukerZoeblobasTan dakavSirebiT arsebul nebismieri eWvissafuZvels. eWvis safuZveli SeiZleba arsebobdes, roca advokatiaxorcielebs dacvas im sasamarTloSi, sadac adre muSaobda da mismier Tanamdebobis datovebidan ar aris gasuli sami weli, anda, rocaadvokati damcvelad gamodis im sasamarTloSi, sadacmosamarTleebad muSaoben misi coli, Svilebi, mSoblebi, Zmebi, debi,biZaSvilebi-deidaSvilebi, bebiebi da babuebi an SviliSvilebi.imFfaqtma, rom advokati megobruli Tu naTesauri urTierTobisgamo raime kavSirSia mosamarTlesTan, SesaZloa, eWvis qveS daayenossasamarTlos miukerZoeblobis sakiTxi. sakonstituciosasamarTlom daadgina, rom advokaturis Sesaxeb kanonis 26.3 da 26.4muxlebi Seesabameboda konstitucias.


21-04-1995

gansasjelsa da advokats Soris Tavisufali konsultaciis ufle-bas awesrigebs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis 6.1 muxli 6.3muxlis debulebasTan erTad, romelic gansazRvravs SezRudvebisdasaSvebobas.

dakavebul gansasjels ufleba aqvs, Tavisuflad, yovelgvaridaZabulobis gareSe, isargeblos Tavisi advokatis piradikonsultaciebiT, Tumca, es ufleba SeiZleba SezRudos kompeten-turma xelisuflebam. Tumca, aseTma SezRudvam ar unda gamoiwviosuflebis ZiriTadi arsis darRveva. amas SesaZloa, nebismier saqmeSihqondes adgili, Tu konsultaciebs monitorings gauwevsxelmZRvaneloba an maTi warmomadgeneli. ufro metic: aseTi saxisSezRudvebi kanonier mizansa da proporciulobis moTxovnebs undaSeesabamebodes; magaliTad, rogoricaa dakavebis adgilidan gaqcevisTavidan acileba. C daakavebuli iyo mkacri reJimis izolatorSi,sadac moqmedebda zogadi wesi im dakavebulebis mier advokatis

172


monaxulebasTan dakavSirebiT, vinc C-s msgavsad, cixidan gaqcevissaSiSroebas warmoadgenda. am wesebis Tanaxmad, C-sa da mis advokatsunda gaevloT winaswari daTvaliereba arasasurveli sagnebisamoRebis mizniT. garda amisa, C-s da mis advokats konsultaciebisCasatareblad CamoTvlili sami wesidan erT-erTi unda aerCiaT:

1. kkonsultacia uunda CCatarebuliyo oori ggamWvirvale kkedlis mmqoneoTaxSi, ccixis TTanamSromlis zzedamxedvelobiT;

2. iimave ooTaxSi zzedamxedvelobis qqveS mmeore aadvokatisTandaswrebiT;

3. aan zzedamxedvelobis ggareSe, oor ggancalkevebul ooTaxSi,romelTac hhyofs ggamWvirvale kkedeli, ssadac C da mmisi aadvokatiSidakomunikaciis ssaSualebiT ddaukavSirdebian eerTmaneTs.

aq CamoTvlil arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar moxdeba diskusiis monitorin-gi an Cawera. C Cioda, rom zemoaRniSnuli wesebi, adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvenciis 6.3 muxlTan SesabamisobaSi, arRvevda saqmissaTanado momzadebisaTvis advokatTan misi SeuzRudavi konsultaciisuflebas. uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am SemTxvevaSi dawesebu-li SezRudvebi ar arRvevda adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis me-6 muxls.


25-10-2001

moTxovna, rom advokatma eWvmitanilTan dakavSirebis mizniTTavisuflad moipovos saqmeSi CarTvis uflebamosileba, zRudavseWvmitanilis konstituciiT garantirebuli dacvis uflebas.

samarTalwarmoebas safuZvlad edo ramdenime moqalaqissarCeli, romlis Tanaxmadac, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanon-mdeblobis garkveuli debulebebiTa da iusticiis saministrosdakavebis adgilebis SinaganawesiT irRveoda maTi konstituciuriuflebebi. kerZod, am debulebebiT eWvmitanilebsa da bralde-bulebs ar SeuZliaT advokatTan dakavSireba, Tu advokati ar war-moadgens dokuments, romelic mas samarTalwarmoebaSi CarTvisuflebas aniWebs da romelic gacemuli iqneba samarTlebrivi dax-marebis ofisis uflebamosili piris an organos mier. mosarCeleebiamtkicebdnen, rom maTi gamocdilebiT, aseTi uflebamosilebismopovebas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, gaumarTleblad didi drosWirdeboda, rac advokatis dayovnebas iwvevda. sakonstituciosasamarTlom daadgina, rom konstituciis 48.2 muxliT, nebismierpirs unda aRmouCinon advokatis daxmareba policiaSi winaswaridakavebis dros Tu dapatimrebis Semdeg. sisxlis samarTlis sapro-

173


ceso kodeqsis sadavo debulebebi ar iTvaliswinebs saqmeSi CarTvisgansakuTrebul wess an kanoniT gaweril gadawyvetilebas, romelicadvokats samarTalwarmoebaSi CarTvis nebas miscems. isini arc imsistemis safuZvlad unda moiazrebodes, romelic klientTanvizitis uflebamosilebas aniWebs. eWvmitanilTa da msjavrdebulpirTa dacvis konstituciuri ufleba moicavs masTan komunikaciisuflebas da ar SeiZleba, mocemuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmezemomuSave piris an organos uflebamosilebis gamo pirobiT xasiaTsatarebdes.

pirobebi da wesebi, romelic dacvis qveS myofT da eWvmitanilebsadvokatTan komunikaciis uflebas aniWebs, regulirdeba ara martosisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT, aramed eWvmitanilTa damsjavrdebulTa dakavebis Sesaxeb federaluri kanoniTac. Tumca,kanoni mainc ar ayalibebs amomwurav da zust kriteriumebs, Tu rapirobebSi unda Sedges viziti da romelma saministrom unda gascesbrZaneba. amrigad, konstituciuri samarTlis ZiriTadi aspeqtebiaregulireben sakiTxebs maSin, roca es sisxlis samarTlis saproce-so kanonma SeiZleba daareguliros. am uzustobidan gamomdinare,kanonis interpretacia da gamoyeneba sxvadasxvanairad xdeba.Sedegad, advokats SesaZloa, usafuZvlod ar miscen dacvis qveSmyofTan vizitis ufleba, Tu mas ar aqvs specialuri dokumenti,romelic mas samarTalwarmoebaSi CarTvis uflebas aZlevs da esdokumenti gacemulia saqmis kvleviT dakavebuli pirovnebis anorganos mier. amrigad, praqtikaSi dacvis qveS myofTan vizitisnebarTva SeiZleba gasces gamomZiebelma, prokurorma anmosamarTlem.

kanonis sadavo debuleba, rogorc es praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba,zRudavs eWvmitanilis dacvis uflebas. garda amisa, moTxovna, romadvokatma dabrkolebis gareSe moipovos samarTalwarmoebaSi monaw-ileobis uflebamosileba, niSnavs, rom eWvmitanilebma an msjavrde-bulebma SesaZloa, ver miiRon kvalificiuri advokatis drouli dax-mareba da advokatma obieqturi garemoebebis (gamomZieblis aryofna)gamo ver Seasrulos Tavisi profesiuli da proceduruli valde-bulebebi, anda, subieqturi garemoebebis (gamomZiebeli ar aZlevsadvokats vizitis uflebas) gamo, ver miiRos aseTi nebarTva. amrigad,arsebobs mxareTa Tanasworobisa da konstituciuri principisSelaxvis saSiSroeba. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, romsisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis sadavo debulebebi konsti-tuciuri iyo. rac Seexeba eWvmitanil da msjavrdebul pirTa patim-robis federaluri kanonis sadavo debulebebs, isini arakonstitu-ciurad iqna miCneuli.

174



27-06-2000

sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis debuleba, romelicsisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis CadenaSi eWvmitanil pirebs dacvisuflebas mxolod mas Semdeg aZlevs, rac policiis mier iqnebiandakiTxulni, an sanam brals wauyenebdnen da ara dauyovneblivdakavebisTanave, iyo arakonstituciuri. es debulebebi sisxlissamarTalwarmoebisas winaswari dakavebis stadiaze zRudavda dacvisuflebas, rodesac am periodSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebebiTa daRonisZiebebiT irRveoda, an SesaZloa, darRveuliyo dakavebulTauflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. mosarCele moqalaqem daayena sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 47.1 da 51.2 muxlebiskonstituciurobis sakiTxi.

1997 wlis oqtomberSi mosarCelis saxlSi Catarda Cxreka, racsisxlis samarTalwarmoebas ukavSirdeboda da mosarCele iZulebiswesiT waiyvanes kriminaluri policiis regionalur ganyofilebaSi.is dakavebuli iyo Teqvsmeti saaTis ganmavlobaSi, dakiTxes, rogorcmowme, ganxorcielda sxva saxis sagamoZiebo RonisZiebebic. am xnisganmavlobaSi, gamomZiebelma mas ar misca advokatis naxvis ufleba,radgan sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 47.1 muxlis Tanaxmad,advokatis Careva mxolod bralis wayenebis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli,an roca eWvmitanili policiis an winaswari dakavebis sakanSiimyofeba. konkretul SemTxvevaSi mosarCele mxolod mowmisstatuss atarebda. mas mogvianebiT acnobes, rom policiisganyofilebaSi eWvmitanilis statusiT iyo dakavebuli. mas Semdeg,rac mosarCeles brali wauyenes, gamomZiebelma ar misca advokatssaSualeba, gascnoboda gamoZiebis Sedegad Sekrebil monacemebs anTviTon gaekeTebina Canawerebi. amis safuZveli iyo sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 51.2 muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac,gamoZiebis damTavrebamde advokats ar aqvs Canawerebis gakeTebissaSualeba. sagamoZiebo procedurebTan dakavSirebiT mosarCelemSeitana saCivrebi. sakasacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gamoZiebisSedegad mokrebili masalebis gacnobaze uari da CanawerebisgakeTebis dauSvebloba ukanono iyo. sakonstitucio sasamarTlomgadawyvita, rom sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 47.1 muxliar Seesabameboda konstitucias, radganac is sisxlis samarTlisdanaSaulSi eWvmitanil pirs aZlevs dacvis uflebas mxolodpoliciis mier dakiTxvis an braldebis wayenebis Semdeg. Sesabamisad,sisxlis samarTalwarmoebisas mas uzRudavs dacvis uflebas.federaluri parlamentis mier axali debulebis miRebamde

175


gamoiyeneba konstituciis 48.2 muxli, rogorc gadawyvetilebaSiamocemuli. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 51 muxliSeesabameba konstitucias, radgan advokats ar ukrZalavs braldebiswayenebamde gamoZiebis mier mopovebuli im masalebis gacnobas,romelic mis klientze uaryofiT gavlenas moaxdens an masTandakavSirebuli raime Canaweris gakeTebas.


19-06-1997

radganac arasrulwlovanTa sasamarTloSi winaswari mosmenisasarasrulwlovans ar aRmouCines advokatis daxmareba, dairRvakonstituciis 29..2 muxliT garantirebuli arasrulwlovanTadacvis ufleba da winaswari sasamarTlo sxdomis oqmi saqmismasalebidan unda iqnas amoRebuli. uzenaesma sasamarTlom ardaakmayofila mosarCelis advokatis mier kanonierebis dacvasTandakavSirebiT murska sobotas saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiswinaaRmdeg Setanili sarCeli, romelic exeboda sloveniisrespublikis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 127.1 muxliTgaTvaliswinebuli mkvlelobisaTvis arasrulwlovani mosarCeliswinaaRmdeg warmoebul sisxlis samarTalwarmoebas. es moTxovna 1996wlis 7 ivlisis mosarCelis sasamarTlo sxdomis oqmis saqmismasalebidan amoRebas exeboda. samive gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlomdaafiqsira, rom oqmis amoRebis safuZveli ar arsebobda, radganacsasamarTlo ganxilvis dros ar darRveula arasrulwlovaniskonstituciuri uflebebi. sasamarTlo ganxilvamdearasrulwlovans acnobes, rom mas hqonda advokatis daniSvnisufleba, magram man garkveviT ganacxada, rom TviTon daicavda Tavs.misi Txovnis gaTvaliswinebiT, mosamzadebeli sxdoma 1996 wlis 5ivlisis nacvlad mxolod 1996 wlis 8 ivliss daiwyo. arsebulisituacia ar iyo sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 70.1 TaviTregulirebadi da 454.2 muxlis Sesabamisad, winaswari ganxilvisasadvokatis dacva kodeqsiT ar iyo savaldebulo.

mosarCele gansxvavebul mosazrebas gamoTqvamda. misi azriT,sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi da konstituciis 29-e muxlidairRva, radganac winaswari ganxilvis dros mas advokatis ayvanaSesTavazes, rogorc SesaZlebloba, magram mas ar dauniSnes ex officioadvokati, rogorc savaldebulo dacva. swored es iyo oqmis, rogorcSemdgomi sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis mtkicebulebis, amoRebissafuZveli. sasamarTlom gaauqma gadawyvetileba da saqme xelaxali

176


ganxilvisaTvis pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos daubrunda.sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konstituciis 29.2 muxlis debulebisTanaxmad, (sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis samarTlebrivi garantiebi),sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis CadenaSi braldebuli nebismieri piridacvis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT sruli TanasworobiT undasargeblobdes. konstitucia uzrunvelyofs ara marto sakuTariTavis dacvis uflebas, aramed advokatis mier dacvis uflebasac. esZiriTadi ufleba unda ganxorcieldes profesionalisamarTlebrivi damcvelis mier. igi sisxlis samarTalwarmoebisas,sxva konstituciur uflebebTan erTad, miukerZoebeli sasamarTlosmier samarTliani ganxilvis uflebis uzrunvelyofis erT-erTgarantias warmoadgens. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-12muxli Seexeba damoukidebeli da formaluri dacvis konstituciuruflebas, rogorc dacvis qveS myofis ZiriTad uflebas, romelicsisxlis samarTalwarmoebis fundamentur principadac moiazreba.formalur dacvaze uaris gacxadeba sisxlis saproceso debulebebisnawilobriv, zog SemTxvevaSi ki, absolutur darRvevas warmoadgens.Tumca, kanonSi zog instanciebTan mimarTebiT naTlad arisCamoyalibebuli, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanadauSvebelia kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis uflebisugulebelyofiT mopovebul mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT. erT-erT aseT stadias warmoadgens dacvis qveS myofis sasamarTlomosmena advokatis gareSe, sadac, kanonis Tanaxmad, formaluridacvac aucilebelia. Tu raime qmedeba ganxorcielda imdebulebebis darRveviT, romelic aseT dacvas iTvaliswinebs,sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba emyarebodes dacvis qveSmyofis dakiTxvis monacemebs (sisxlis samarTlis saprocesokodeqsis 227-e muxli).

formaluri dacvis konstituciuri uflebiT sargeblobakvalificiuri advokatis mier dacvas gulisxmobs. es sakiTxi,ZiriTadad, kodeqsis VI Tavis pirveli nawiliT regulirdeba (zogadidebulebebi), romelic advokats Seexeba. formaluri dacva SesaZloaiyos rogorc arCeviTi, ise savaldebulo. savaldebulo formaluridacva ab initio winaswari ganxilvis stadiidan mocemulia kodeqsis 70.1muxlSi, romelic akonkretebs, Tu rodis unda daniSnuliyoadvokati winaswari mosmenisas, miuxedavad imisa, rom sisxlissamarTalwarmoeba formalurad jer ar dawyebula. formaluridacva savaldebuloa, Tu gansasjeli aris yru, munji an sxva mizezTagamo ar SeuZlia Tavis efeqturad dacva, an, Tu sisxlissamarTalwarmoebis safuZvels warmoadgens iseTi danaSauli,romelic kanonis Tanaxmad, 20 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTasiTvaliswinebs. amave muxlis me-3 da me-4 paragrafebi winaswari

177


dakavebisas an mZime sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis sasjelismoxdisas savaldebulo formalur dacvas iTvaliswinebs.arasrulwlovanis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli samarTalwarmoebisasformaluri dacvis sakiTxi regulirdeba kodeqsis 454-e muxlisspecialuri debulebebiT. am debulebebis Tanaxmad,arasavaldebulo, arCeviTi formaluri dacva mosamzadebelisamarTalwarmoebis dasawyisidan aris SesaZlebeli. Tumca,formaluri dacva aucilebelia mosamzadebeli samuSaoebisdasawyisidan, Tu samarTalwarmoeba ukavSirdeba sisxlis samarTlisdanaSauls, romelic sam welze meti xniT Tavisuflebis aRkveTasiTvaliswinebs, an sxva sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulisas, TumosamarTle CaTvlis, rom arasrulwlovani saWiroebs aseT dacvas.amrigad, arasrulwlovnebis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT savaldebulodacvis ufleba ufro farTo xasiaTs iZens. cxadia, maTi gonebrivi dasocialuri moumwifeblobis an ganuviTareblobis gamoarasrulwlovani SesaZloa saWiroebdes advokats im SemTxvevaSic ki,Tu is janmrTelia da aris yru-munji. arsebobs advokatiswarmomadgenlobis aucileblobis ganmsazRvreli sxva specialurimaxasiaTeblebic (arasrulwlovanis momwifebis done, ganaTlebiszogadi done da saqmis kompleqsuroba). swored amitom mosamarTlemSeiZleba daaskvnas, rom arasrulwlovanis winaaRmdeg warmoebulsamarTalwarmoebis nebismier etapze aucilebelia advokatisCarTva.

am konkretul SemTxvevaSi arasrulwlovan mosarCeles acnobeswinaswari sasamarTlo mosmenisas arasavaldebulo formaluridacvis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, romelic arasrulwlovanTasasamarTloSi mosarCelis mosamarTlesTan wardgenisas Sedga. esmoxda mosamzadebeli samarTalwarmoebis dawyebamde. davis sagans arwarmoadgens is, rom mosarCelem advokatis dacvaze an winaswariganxilvisas advokatis daswrebaze uari ganacxada. sadavoa, undaaRmoCenoda Tu ara arasrulwlovans winaswari ganxilvisassavaldebulo formaluri dacva, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom isdakiTxes da eWvmitanili iyo sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulisCadenaSi, romelic xuTi wlidan Tavisuflebis aRkveTasiTvaliswinebda (sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 127.1 muxli). ufrometic, aseT garemoebebSi mosamzadebeli samarTalwarmoebisassavaldebulo dacva gaTvaliswinebulia. sakonstituciosasamarTlom daadgina, rom arasrulwlovanTa sasamarTlosmosamarTles winaswari ganxilvisas arasrulwlovanimosarCelisaTvis unda daeniSna damcveli. gadawyvetilebismiRebisas, daeniSnaT Tu ara mosarCelisaTvis savaldebulo dacvasisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 454 muxlis Tanaxmad,

178


arasrulwlovanTa sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo isgansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba, romelic arasrulwlovans ekava daunda moeTxova aucilebeli dacva ratio legis, radgan es konstituciurmoTxovnebs efuZneba. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 454.2muxliT arasrulwlovanisaTvis damcvelis daniSvna savaldebuloamosamzadebeli samarTalwarmoebis dasawyisidan, es valdebuleba,agreTve, Seexeba sisxlis samarTlis yvelaze seriozuli danaSaulis_ mkvlelobis saqmesac. igulisxmeba, rom arasrulwlovani, misiasakisa da momwifebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ver SeZlebda sakuTari Tavisefeqturad dacvas. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 70.1muxlis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu mosarCeles ar SeeZlo sakuTari Tavisdacva, mas winaswari ganxilvisas dacvis uflebiT unda esargebla.arasrulwlovanTa sasamarTlo valdebuli iyo, mocemulSemTxvevaSi daeniSna advokati winaswari ganxilvisas, miuxedavadimisa, rom mosamzadebeli samarTalwarmoeba formalurad jer ardawyebula. kodeqsis Tanaxmad, sakuTari Tavis dacvis uunarobawarmoadgens savaldebulo dacvis daniSvnis erT-erT ZiriTadkriteriums, Tu dacvis qveS myofi, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi _arasrulwlovani, ver isargeblebs dacvis uflebiT, misi dacvisufleba sisxlis samarTalwarmoebisas, romelic kanoniTa dakonstituciiTacaa garantirebuli, ubralod deklaraciul donezedarCeba. amrigad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, romarasrulwlovanTa sasamarTlom daarRvia konstituciis 29.2 muxliTgarantirebuli dacvis ufleba, radgan winaswari ganxilvisasmosarCeles ar dauniSna advokati. gamomdinare iqedan, romkonstituciis darRveviT gamowveuli Sedegebis aRmosafxvreladaucilebeli iyo warmoebis Tavidan dawyeba, sakonstituciosasamarTlom gaauqma samive gadawyvetileba da saqme pirveliinstanciis sasamarTlos xelaxali ganxilvisaTvis daubruna.


22-02-1994

konstituciis me-4 da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis 6.3-emuxlebi iTvaliswinebs samarTlebrivi dacvis uzrunvelyofas,gansakuTrebiT ki dapirispirebisas. msjavrdebulis samarTlebriviinteresebis dacva oficialurad daniSnuli advokatis mierac kisaTanadod da efeqturad unda ganxorcieldes. xelisuflebis mxridanumoqmedoba, rac SeiZleba gamoixatos msjavrdebulis sazianodadvokatis profesiuli valdebulebis seriozuli darRvevis

179


SemwynareblobaSi, SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc dacvis uflebebisdarRveva. msjavrdebulma da misma advokatma dacvis uflebis pativsace-mad drouli da saTanado qmedebebi unda ganaxorcielos. es principigansakuTrebiT ganaxlebul dapirispirebebze vrceldeba. gadawyvetile-ba, romelic miRebulia xelisuflebis organos mier da win uZRvis aseTidapirispirebis gameorebas, am SemTxvevaSi, ar arRvevs dacvis uflebas.


10-10-2002

obieqturi garemoebebiT gamowveuli gaWianurebuli samarTal-warmoeba, romelsac sasamarTlos umoqmedoba ar udevs safuZvlad,ar arRvevs sasamarTlo ganaCenis misaReb vadaSi gamotanis konsti-tuciis 29.1 muxliT garantirebul uflebas.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 63-e muxlis konstituciuri aqtisTanaxmad, mosarCelem 2002 wlis 17 aprils, imis gamo, romsasamarTlom ganaCeni misaReb vadaSi ar gamoitana, O-smunicipaluri sasamarTlos winaaRmdeg Seitana sarCeli.mosarCele moiTxovda municipaluri sasamarTlosTvis P-286/93saqmesTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebis misaRebad erTwlianivadis dawesebas da konstituciuri uflebis darRvevisaTvissaTanado kompensacias 100,000.00 HRK-s odenobiT.sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina samarTlebrivadSesaferisi faqtebi konstituciis 29.1 muxliT garantirebuliuflebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT. dadginda, rommunicipalur sasamarTloSi samarTalwarmoebis xangrZlivobaP-286/93 saqmesTan mimarTebiT rva wels Seadgenda, rocasamarTlebrivad misaReb vadad 1997 wlis 5 noembridan(adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis ratifikaciisSesaxeb kanonis amoqmedebidan) 2002 wlis 11 aprilamde(mosarCelis mier konstituciuri sarCelis wardgenis dRemde)moiazreboda periodi, rac erTobliobaSi oTx wels, xuT Tvesada eqvs dRes Seadgenda.

municipalurma sasamarTlom samarTalwarmoebasTan mimarTebiTganaxorciela qmedebebi. ukanaskneli iyo 2001 wlis 10 dekemberssaTanado organoebidan gakotrebasa da pensiebis Taobazeinformaciis gamoTxovna, rac saqmisaTvis aucilebeli iyo.samarTalwarmoebis gaWianurebas obieqturi garemoebebi edosafuZvlad da ar SeiZleboda, is sasamarTlo umoqmedobasdabraleboda (saomari mdgomareobis gamo xorvatiis respublikasa

180


da iugoslaviis federalur respublikaSi, sadac mosarCelecxovrobda, komunikacia ar arsebobda, ramac samarTalwarmoebisxuTi wliT Sewyveta gamoiwvia). sakonstitucio sasamarTlomganixila samarTalwarmoeba sxva msgavsi saqmeebis gaTvaliswinebiTda daadgina, rom mosarCelis konstituciis 29.1 muxliTgarantirebuli drouli ganxilvis ufleba ar darRveula.Sesabamisad, man moTxovna ar daakmayofila.


10-07-2002

sasamarTlos organizaciuli Tu sakadro problemebi ar SeiZlebawarmoadgendes sasamarTlos mier samuSaos arasrulfasovnadSesrulebis gamamarTlebel safuZvels, radganac adamianisuflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis xelSemkvrelimxareebi valdebulni arian, ise moawyon maTi samarTlebrivi sistema,rom sasamarTloebma SeZlon adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvenciis 6.1 muxlis moTxovnebis Sesruleba. sakonstituciosasamarTloSi sarCeli Sevida konstituciuri samarTlis 63-emuxlis safuZvelze misaReb vadaSi sasamarTlo ganaCenisgamoutanlobasTan dakavSirebiT, ramac konstituciis 26-e da 29.1-emuxlebis safuZvelze mosarCelis konstituciur uflebaTadarRveva gamoiwvia.

mosarCele sakonstitucio sasamarTlosgan iTxovda eqvsTvianivadis dawesebas, romlis farglebSic kompetentur sasamarTlosunda mieRo gadawyvetileba da gamoetana konstituciuri uflebisdarRvevisaTvis 40000 HRK-s odenobiT kompensaciis gacemisgadawyvetileba. konstituciur samarTalwarmoebasTandakavSirebiT sasamarTlom Semdegi faqtebi daadgina: 1994 wlis 14marts Setanil iqna sarCeli kompetentur municipalursasamarTloSi sadazRvevo politikis Sesabamisad gadaxdis Taobaze.saqmesTan dakavSirebuli pirveli ganxilva 1995 wlis 15 marts Sedgada sasamarTlom dacvis qveS myofs gadawyvetilebiT daavala,warmoedgina im qonebis dazRvevis zogadi pirobebi, romelicaRniSnul ubedur SemTxvevamde ar iyo dazianebuli (1991 wlis 11ivliss daiwva orsarTuliani saxli). imave gadawyvetilebiT,sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Semdgomi sasamarTlo ganxilva mxolodmoTxovnili informaciis warmodgenis Semdeg gaimarTeboda. 1995wlis 24 maiss, 1995 wlis 6 noembersa da 28 oqtombers mosarCelemsasamarTlodan werilobiTi formiT gamoiTxova informacia, Tu

181


ramdenad Seasrula dacvis qveS myofma sasamarTlo gankarguleba dasasamarTlos ganxilvis daniSvna mosTxova. mosarCelemkompetentur sasamarTlos, agreTve, acnoba, rom sxva pirovnebisqonebis ganadgurebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli sisxlissamarTlis braldebis yvela monacemi inaxeboda Sinagan saqmeTasaministroSi, saxelmwifo municipaluri bralmdeblis ofissa dasaolqo sasamarTlos sagamoZiebo centrSi. kompetenturisasamarTlos TqmiT, naTeli iyo, rom mosarCelis gancxadebasafuZvliani iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rommosarCelem sarCelSi SemTxveviT dawera dazRveuli SenobismTlianad dawvis faqti, roca realurad Senoba danaRmuli iyo.amrigad, sasamarTlom usafuZvlod gadaamowma kompetenturorganoebSi xanZris gaCenis garemoebebi. sasamarTlom gaamarTla,sasamarTlo sxdoma rom dainiSna, radgan kompetenturi mosamarTlejer biuletenze iyo, Semdeg ki dekretSi, mogvianebiT ki kvlavbiuleteni hqonda aRebuli. konstituciuri sarCelis ganxilvisassasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina konstituciis 29.1 muxli, romelic interalia miuTiTebs, rom yvelas aqvs damoukidebeli da miukerZoebelisasamarTlos mier misaReb vadaSi mis uflebebsa davaldebulebebTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba.aseve, man gaiTvaliswina konstituciis 63-e muxli, romlismixedviTac:

`sakonstitucio sasamarTlom, sakonstitucio sarCelissafuZvelze, unda daiwyos warmoeba im SemTxvevaSic ki, TusamarTlebrivi davis meqanizmebi ar amowurula. aseve, maSinac, TusasamarTlo misaReb vadaSi ver miiRebs gadawyvetilebas mxarisuflebebisa da movaleobebis Sesaxeb~;

gadawyvetilebaSi, romliTac is warmoebaSi miiRebs sakonstitu-cio sarCels saqmis misaReb vadaSi ganuxilvelobasTandakavSirebiT, muxlis 1-li paragrafis Tanaxmad, sakonstituciosasamarTlom kompetentur sasamarTlos unda ganusazRvros aqtismiRebis bolo vada, rac gaxdeba safuZveli kompetenturigadawyvetilebisas mosarCelis uflebebisa da valdebulebebisSesaxeb. aqtis miRebis bolo vadis aTvla iwyeba sakonstituciosasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis oficialur gazeTSi gamo-qveynebidan meore dRes;

am muxlis me-2 paragrafis Tanaxmad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlomgadawyvetilebiT unda gansazRvros mosarCelis kompensaciissakiTxi, romelic mas sasamarTlos mier misi konstituciuriuflebis darRvevisaTvis ekuTvnis da rac gamowveuli iyo imiT, romuflebebisa da valdebulebebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba misaRebvadaSi ar iqna gamotanili. kompensacia unda anazRaurdes sax-

182


elmwifo biujetidan mas Semdeg, rac mxare misi gadaxdis SesaxebmoTxovnas waradgens~.

konstituciisa da konstituciuri samarTlis moyvanili debule-bebi Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebs, kerZod ki,adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciasada 1,4,6,7 oqmebs, romlebic ZalaSi 1997 wlis 5 noembridan Sevida daSidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi sistemis nawili gaxda. amisSemdeg adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis 6.1 muxlis debule-ba samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebaze xorvatiis respublikisSidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis nawilia, romelic inter aliaadgens:

samoqalaqo uflebaTa da movaleobaTa gansazRvrisas yvelas aqvskanoniT Seqmnili damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlosmier dadgenil vadaSi ganxorcielebuli samarTliani da sajaro mos-menis ufleba. misaReb vadaSi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebisufleba, agreTve, garantirebulia konstituciis 29.1 muxlSi SesulicvlilebebiT, romelic 2000 wlis 9 noembers amoqmedda. amrigad,konstituciuri samarTlis 63-e muxlis Tanaxmad, rogorc wesi, 1997wlis 5 noembramde samarTalwarmoebis xangrZlivobis ganxilva arSeiZleba momxdariyo konstituciuri samarTalwarmoebiT, radgan amTariRamde xorvatiis kanonmdeblobaSi saerTod ar arsebobdakonvenciiT Tu konstituciiT garantirebuli aseTi ufleba.sasamarTlom daadgina, rom samarTalwarmoebis xangrZlivobasTandakavSirebiT, samarTlebrivad Sesaferisi dro iyo 1997 wlis 5 noem-bridan (konvenciis ratifikaciis Sesaxeb kanonis amoqmedebisTariRi) 2002 wlis 25 aprilamde (TariRi, roca mosarCelem sakonsti-tucio sarCeli Seitana), rac sul oTxi weli, oTxi Tve da oci dRegamodioda.

konstituciuri uflebis darRveva, romelic sasamarTlos miergadawyvetilebis misaReb vadaSi gamotanas ukavSirdeba, unda ganix-ilebodes TiToeuli saqmis garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.sasamarTlom ganixila mosarCelis konstituciuri sarCelissafuZvlebi da municipaluri sasamarTlos gancxadebebi, risSemdegac daadgina, rom mocemuli saqme konstituciuri samarTlis63-e muxlis farglebSi eqceoda. pirvel instanciaSisamarTalwarmoebis msvlelobisas kompetenturi sasamarTloebiamJRavnebdnen srul umoqmedobas samoqalaqo saqmesTandakavSirebiT. es saqme kompleqsurobiT ar gamoirCeoda, TviTonmosarCeles saqmis warmoebis gaWianurebaSi brali ar miuZRoda,piriqiT, man werilobiT mimarTa kompetentur sasamarTlos dasaqmiswarmoebis daCqarebas cdilobda. kompetenturi sasamarTlosgancxadeba, romliTac mas surda, kompetenturi mosamarTlis avad-

183


myofoba samarTalwarmoebis gaWianurebis obieqtur garemoebadwarmoedgina, ar SeiZleba ganxiluliyo, rogorc adamianisuflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlisSesatyvisi da, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, am konkre-tul saqmeSi kompetenturi sasamarTlos xangrZlivi droiT umoqme-dobis mizezi. amrigad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konstituciis29.1 muxliT uzrunvelyofili mosarCelis konstituciuri uflebadairRva da man kompetentur sasamarTlos daudgina ganaCenisgamotanis eqvsTviani vada. ufro metic, saqmis yvela garemoebisa daxorvatiis ekonomikuri da socialuri mdgomareobisgaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom konstituciuri uflebisdarRvevisaTvis 4500 HRK-s odenobis Tanxis gadaxda daawesa,romelic mosarCelis mier gadaxdis Sesaxeb moTxovnis wardgenidansam TveSi saxelmwifo biujetidan unda dafaruliyo.

CexeTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

05-09-2000

sasamarTlo sxdomis gadatana mxolod mniSvnelovani mizeziTSeiZleba. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo adgens, Tu ramdenad seri-ozulia sxdomis gadatanis sababi. amasTan, gaTvaliswinebuliasamarTalwarmoebaSi CarTul mxareTa uflebebi, romelic moiTxovs,rom saqmis gadawyveta mosarCelis an mis mier arCeuli advokatisTandaswrebiT moxdes. sasamarTlom unda gadados saapelacio mosme-na, Tu is winaswar aris informirebuli, rom mosarCelis advokati verdaeswreba sxdomas, ver poulobs Semcvlels an roca TviTonmosarCeleebi ar arian mowveulni sasamarTloze. Tu apelaciaSimxolod mopasuxis advokati miiRebda monawileobas,samarTalwarmoebisas mxareTa Tanasworobis principi dairRveoda.amasTan, Tu sasamarTlo daaskvnida, rom sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTaucilebeli iyo sasamarTlo mosmenis daniSvna, daculi unda yofil-iyo mosarCeleTa konstituciiT garantirebuli uflebebi.

mosarCeleebi Ciodnen, rom sasamarTlo procedurebiT ilaxebodamaTi samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba. mosarCelis advokatma miiRosasamarTlo uwyeba saapelacio sasamarTloSi ganxilvis daniSvnisSesaxeb da gagzavna Txovna momavali wlis TebervlamdejanmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo sxdomis gadatanis Sesaxeb. mandaurTo asli, romelic adasturebda, rom gauaresebulijanmrTelobis gamo muSaobas ver SeZlebda. sasamarTlom argaiTvaliswina es moTxovna, radgan, misi azriT, moTxovnaSi

184


Camoyalibebuli mizezi pirovnuli damabrkolebeli safuZveli iyoda samarTalwarmoebas xels ar uSlida. kerZo samarTlis praqtikisSesabamisad, misi Semcvleli unda moZebniliyo.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo darwmunda, rom samarTalwarmoebadaiwyo 1993 wels mosarCelis mier warmodgenili sarCelissafuZvelze da samarTalwarmoebisas Seferxebebs hqonda adgili.pirveli sxdoma 1997 wlis ianvarSi gaimarTa da ganaCeni 1998 wlisivniss gamocxadda. mosarCeleebma saapelacio saCivari advokatismeSveobiT Seitanes da sasamarTlo 1998 wlis 24 noembers dainiSna.dava jer ar dasrulebula. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo arcmosarCeleebis advokatebi da arc mosarCeleebi, romlebic arc kimiuwveviaT saapelacio sasamarTloSi, ganxilvaSi ar monawileobd-nen. sasamarTlom miiRo rezolucia, romelic ar akmayofilebdaadvokatis moTxovnas ganxilvis gadadebis Taobaze, Tumca, gamocx-adda, rom Semdgomi samarTalwarmoebisaTvis calkeuli procedu-ruli sakiTxebi ganmartebas saWiroebda da amrigad, mosarCeleebisadvokatis sasamarTlosTan TanamSromloba aucilebeli iyo.saapelacio ganxilva Sedga. es warmoadgens xangrZliv da rTulsasamarTlo process, rogorc monawile mxareebis TvalsazrisiT, isemtkicebulebaTa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis simravliT.samarTalwarmoebisas sasamarTlos mxridan iseT Seferxebebs hqondaadgili, rom aucilebeli gaxda sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Careva,ris safuZvelzec sasamarTloebma daiwyes moqmedeba. amisgaTvaliswinebiT, saapelacio sasamarTlos argumenti, romelicsasamarTlo ganxilvis gadatanaze uaris Tqmas gamarTlebuladmiiCnevda, yovlad miuRebelia.

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi aregulirebs sasamarTlo ganxil-vis gadatanis SesaZleblobas. Tumca, sasamarTlom mxareTa uflebe-bi unda gaiTvaliswinos. advokatis moTxovna sxdomis gadatanasTandakavSirebiT misi janmrTelobis mdgomareobiT gamarTlebuli iyo.Cven veTanxmebiT sasamarTlos mosazrebas, rom fexmZimobasamarTalwarmoebaSi monawileobis pirovnuli Semaferxebeli faq-toria, magram, am SemTxvevaSi, Semcvlelis povnasTan dakavSirebiTmiuRebelia argumenti. 1993 wlidan warmoebuli sasamarTlo davasakmaod rTuli iyo da saapelacio ganxilvaze sxva advokatis CarTvasakiTxs ver gadawyvetda. mosarCeleebis advokati sasamarTlosxdomis gadadebas 1999 wlis Tebervlamde, anu sami TviT iTxovda,rac, warmoebuli davis saerTo xangrZlivobis gaTvaliswinebiT, arcTu didi mniSvnelobis matarebeli iqneboda. sasamarTlos ufrodidi xniT unda gadaewia saapelacio ganxilva, radganac maT winaswaricodnen mosarCeleebis advokatis aryofnis Sesaxeb. amasTan, TviTonmosarCeleebsac ar miuRiaT Setyobineba sasamarTlo ganxilvis

185


daniSvnis Sesaxeb. amrigad, saapelacio ganxilvaze mxolod mopasuxisadvokati iyo warmodgenili, riTac dairRva samarTalwarmoebisasmxareTa Tanasworobis principi.


17-11-1999

konstituciis 2.1 muxliT garantirebuli TviTgamoxatvis(moqmedebis Tavisuflebis) ufleba ilaxeba, Tu samarTlebrivi dave-bi sasamarTloSi saTanado drois monakveTSi ar gadawyda.

I. 1984 wlis agvistos mosarCelem zeda sarTulze mdebare binidangamosuli xmauris gamo sasamarTloSi samoqalaqo sarCeli Seitana.Semdgom wlebSi hansetikis umaRlesma regionalurma sasamarTlomhamburgSi adgilobrivi da regionaluri sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebebi orjer datova ucvlelad. man mosarCelis sarCeliar miiRo. 1997 wlis 12 Tebervals am gadawyvetilebis safuZvelzemosarCelem saapelacio saCivari umaRles regionalursasamarTloSi Seitana, romelic jer ar ganxilula. radgan saqmeSiaranairi progresi ar aRiniSneboda, mosarCelem apelaciiT feder-alur sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mimarTa. konstituciis 2.1 da 20.3muxlebis gaTvaliswinebiT, is Cioda, rom dairRva misi moqmedebisTavisuflebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis principebi.

I I . pirveli senatis meore palatam warmoebaSi miiRo sakonstitu-cio sarCeli da ganacxada, rom umaRles regionalur sasamarTloSisamarTalwarmoebis xangrZlivoba, samarTalwarmoebis mTelxangrZlivobasTan mimarTebiT, konstituciis 2.1 muxlidan gamomd-inare, kanonis uzenaesobis principTan mimarTebiT arRvevdamosarCelis uflebas. kanonis uzenaesobis principi moiTxovssasamarTlo davebis misaRebi vadaSi gadawyvetas, rac am konkretulSemTxvevaSi, ar momxdara. 15 welze meti gavida mas Semdeg, racmosarCelem samarTalwarmoebis dasawyebad gancxadeba Seitana. amxnis ganmavlobaSi mosarCele iZulebuli iyo, aetana xmauri, rac, misiTqmiT, yovlad gausaZlisi iyo. umaRlesi regionaluri sasamarTlosami wlis ganmavlobaSi umoqmedod iyo.

palatam samarTalwarmoebis mTeli xangrZlivobis gaTva-liswinebiT gadawyvita, rom drois es monakveTi yovlad gadametebu-li iyo. umaRlesi regionalur sasamarTloSi Sesul saqmeTa raodeno-ba am faqts aranairad ar cvlis. efeqturi sasamarTlo sistema kanon-is uzenaesobis principis moTxovnaa, rac sasamarTloebisTanamSromlebiT saTanado dakompleqtebasac niSnavs. amrigad, kompe-

186


tentur sasamarTlos, samarTalwarmoebis progresis xelSesawyobaddauyovnebliv unda ganexorcielebina saTanado RonisZiebebi da maTdroul dasrulebaze ezruna.

irlandiauzenaesi sasamarTlo

19-02-1997

drouli ganxilvis ufleba unda Sefasdes TiToeuli konkretulisaqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare. Tu braldebuls saxelmwifosmxridan samarTalwarmoebis aramarTlzomieri gaWianureba emuqreba,mas SeuZlia moiTxovos saqmis Sewyveta. aucilebelia, arsebobdes bal-ansi braldebulis saqmis drouli ganxilvis uflebasa da sazogadoe-bis uflebas Soris. gamoZiebul unda iqnas sisxlis samarTlisdanaSauli. am uflebaTa balansisas braldebulis samarTlianisasamarTlos ufleba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre sazogadoebisufleba. amrigad, gamokvleul unda iyos, arsebobs Tu ara realuririski, rom samarTalwarmoebis gaWianurebis gamo braldebuli veriqneba uzrunvelyofili samarTliani ganxilvis uflebiT. 1992 wlamdear Sedga sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba im pirovnebaze, romelmac Tavissam qaliSvilze seqsualuri Zaladoba ganaxorciela. aRniSnulidanaSaulebrivi qmedebebi 1963-idan 1973 wlamde monakveTSi iyoCadenili. saxelmwifos mxridan samarTalwarmoebis Seferxebas adg-ili ar hqonda. saqmis gaWianurebis mizezi TviTon dazaralebulebiiyvnen, romelTac Sesabamis organoebs 1992 wlamde ar mimarTes.

1992 wlamde samarTalwarmoebis gaWianureba laxavda mis konsti-tuciur uflebas samarTlian sasamarTloze. kerZod ki, mosarCeleaRniSnavda, rom drois lafsusi mas mowmeebisa da mis saqmianobasTandakavSirebuli dokumenturi masalebis moZiebaSi problemebs uqmni-da. uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom daCqarebulisamarTalwarmoebisaTvis konstituciuri safuZveli ar arsebobda.konstitucia garkveviT ar ayalibebs am uflebas. konstituciis 38.1muxlis Tanaxmad, pirovneba ar SeiZleba gasamarTldes sisxlissamarTlis danaSaulze, garda kanonmdeblobiT daSvebuliSemTxvevebisa. 40.3 muxli saxelmwifos uwesebs valdebulebebs, maTSoris, samarTliani sasamarTlo proceduris dacvis valdebulebas.saqmeebis gaWianureba, romlebic bavSvebze ganxorcielebul seqsu-alur Zaladobas exeba, gansakuTrebul kategorias miekuTvneba.uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganixila braldebulsa da dazaralebulebsSoris arsebuli urTierToba. dadginda, rom braldebuli akon-trolebda mis msxverplT da ojaxSi dominantis roli ekava. amrigad,

187


1992 wlamde is yvelanairad uSlida xels, rom misi pasuxismgeblobissakiTxi ar damdgariyo. saqmis faqtebis ganxilvisas uzenaesmasasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina saxlSi ganxorcielebuli seqsualuriZaladobis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi da braldebulis, rogorc domi-nantis roli. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom braldebulma ver daamtki-ca samarTalwarmoebis gaWianurebiT misi samarTliani sasamarTlosuflebis darRveva. saqmis ganxilvis dagvianebiT sasamarTlo ufrogarTulda, Tumca, procesi arakonstituciuri ar yofila.


13-10-1999

uflebaTa efeqturi dacva moiTxovs, rom samarTalwarmoebisprocedura misaReb vadaSi ganxorcieldes. Tumca, adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxli, romelic yvelasaTvisdadgenil vadaSi drouli mosmenis uflebas uzrunvelyofs, ariskonvenciis debuleba, romelic italiaSi Cveulebrivi kanonis saxiTSevida ZalaSi. amave dros, italiis sakanonmdeblo sistema icavsuflebas konstituciur doneze. pirovnebis uflebebisa da intere-sebis dasacavad samarTalwarmoebis dawyeba, romelic gonivrulvadaSi unda moxdes, garantirebulia konstituciis me-2 muxliT.

slovakeTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

14-07-1999

pirs aqvs saqmis misaReb vadaSi gadawyvetis ufleba imSemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es administraciuli organos uflebamosilebaa.sasamarTlo xelisufleba ar aris erTaderTi organo, romelsackonstituciuri uflebis dacva evaleba.

konstituciis 48.2 muxlis Tanaxmad, pirovneba Cioda saqmisgonivrul vadaSi gadawyvetis uflebis darRvevis Taobaze. saqmesadministraciuli organo _ bratislavas saolqo sagadasaxado samsax-uri ganixilavda. saqmis ZiriTadi arsi mdgomareobda SemdegSi: ramde-nad unda yofiliyo uzrunvelyofili saqmis misaReb vadaSi ganxilvisufleba administraciuli _ aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoe-bis mier, Tu es mxolod sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebis pre-rogativaa. konstituciis meore Tavi (`ZiriTadi uflebebi daTavisuflebebi~), nawili Svidi (`sasamarTlo da sxva samarTlebrivi

188


dacvis uflebebi~) exeba saqmis misaReb vadaSi gadawyvetis uflebas.meSvide nawilis saTauris gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom gadawyvita,rom am muxliT uzrunvelyofili ufleba marto sasamarTlo xelisu-flebaze ar vrceldeba. am uflebis miznebidan gamomdinare,zogierTi am uflebis ganxorcieleba administraciul organoebSicaauzrunvelyofili. saqmis gonivrul vadaSi gadawyvetis uflebismizans warmoadgens piris saxelmwifo organos mier mis samarTlebrivstatusTan dakavSirebiT gaurkvevlobis gaqarwyleba. rodesac sax-elmwifo organos aqvs ufleba, gaaTavisuflos pirovneba aseTi gau-rkvevlobisagan, igi valdebulia, daicvas konstituciuri ufleba dasaqme gonivrul vadaSi gadawyvitos, mniSvneloba ar aqvsgadawyvetilebis mimRebi organo sasamarTloa Tu aRmasrulebelixelisuflebis organo. saqmis misaReb vadaSi gadawyvetis uflebasTandakavSirebiT sakonstitucio sasamarTlo adamianis uflebaTaevropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis Sesatyvis sam kri-teriums iTvaliswinebs. es kriteriumebi, agreTve, administraciulmaorganoebmac unda gaiTvaliswinon. amis safuZvelze sasamarTlomgadawyvita, rom saolqo sagadasaxado samsaxurma konstituciis 48.2muxliT garantirebuli ufleba daarRvia.

slovakeTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

21-04-1999

saqmis gonivrul vadaSi gadawyvetis konstituciuri uflebailaxeba ara mxolod sasamarTlos pasiuri moqmedebiT, aramedsasamarTlos mier arasaTanadod Sesrulebuli saqmianobiTac.

pirovnebam sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Seitana sarCeli, romlisTanaxmadac, konstituciis 48.2 muxliT garantirebuli uflebairRveoda. mocemuli muxlis Tanaxmad, `yvela pirs aqvs ufleba, misisaqme ganixilon sajarod, usafuZvlo Seferxebis gareSe~. mosarCelisgancxadebiT, dunaska stredas saolqo sasamarTlom es uflebadaarRvia. 1996 wlis 2 ianvars mosarCelem sasamarTlosarasrulwlovanisaTvis mzrunvelis daniSvnis moTxovniT mimarTa. gan-mcxadebeli arasrulwlovanis bebia iyo da saolqo sasamarTlos mismeurved daniSvnas sTxovda. sasamarTlos pirveli sxdoma 1996 wlis 28Tebervals Sedga. 1998 wlamde kidev Svidi sxdoma Catarda, Tumca, saqmemainc ver gadawyda. bavSvis deda da maminacvali kanadis moqalaqeebiarian. drodadro isini slovakeTSi memkvidreobasa da qonebisrestituciasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebis mosagvareblad Camodian.dunaska stredas saolqo sasamarTlos ar ucdia, miemarTa kanadis

189


mTavrobisaTvis, raTa maTTvis samarTlebrivi daxmareba aRmoeCinaT.sasamarTlom mxolod slovakeTis im adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisorganos mimarTa kiTxvebiT (magaliTad, mSoblebis misamarTi kanadaSi),Tu slovakeTSi yofnis dros sad Cerdeboda orive Camosuli. saolqosasamarTlom maSin daniSna sxdoma, roca bavSvis deda da maminacvalikanadaSi imyofebodnen. saolqo sasamarTlom droze ar ganixilaSuamdgomloba winaswari gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb, romelicxels SeuSlida dedas, slovakeTi bavSvTan erTad daetovebina. saolqosasamarTlom saqmesTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli RonisZiebebi ganaxor-ciela, Tumca, es RonisZiebebi iSviaTad ukavSirdeboda saqmis arsebiTgadawyvetas. swored es gaxda sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi sarCelisSetanis safuZveli. saqmis misaReb vadaSi ganxilvis uflebasTandakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebis miRebisas sakonstitucio sasamarTlomadamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlisSesatyvisi sami kriteriumi gaiTvaliswina: saqmis sirTule,mosarCeleTa qceva da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis moqmedeba. am konkre-tuli SemTxvevisaTvis bolo kriteriumi yvelaze Sesatyvisi aRmoCnda.sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daiwyo garkveva, Tu ra mizans emsaxure-boda saqmis misaReb vadaSi gadawyvetis ufleba. mosarCelisaTvis amuflebis mizani aris, gaTavisufldes saqmesTan dakavSirebulisamarTlebrivi gaurkvevlobisagan. sanam aseTi gaurkvevloba iarse-bebs, am uflebis mizani ar iqneba mogvarebuli. mniSvneloba ara aqvs,gaurkvevloba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis pasiurobiTaa gamowveuliTu arasaTanado saqmianobis ganxorcielebiT. samarTlebrivadSeusabamo qmedebebis sasamarTlos winaSe an TviT sasamarTlos mierganxorcieleba aranairad ar exmareba saqmis arsebiTi nawilisgadawyvetas. amrigad, Tu arasaTanado qmedebebi ganxorcielda saqmisarsebiTi nawilis gadasawyvetad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo daad-gens, rom saqmis misaReb vadaSi ganxilvis ufleba dairRva.

ggaammooxxaattvviiss TTaavviissuufflleebbaa


10-10-1995

sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlom, romelmac unda miiRosgadawyvetileba imasTan dakavSirebiT, warmoadgenda Tu ara cil-iswamebas konkretuli gamonaTqvami, unda gamoikvlios am

190


gamonaTqvamis yvela mniSvneloba. gamonaTqvami, rom yvela jariskacimkvlelia, ar gulisxmobs maincdamainc federaluri SeiaraRebuliZalebis wevrebisadmi ciliswamebas da maTi pativisa da RirsebisSelaxvas. federalur sakonstitucio sasamarTlos unda daedgina,ramdenad konstituciuria sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos miergamotanili 4 gadawyvetileba. aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebebissafuZvelze pirebi msjavrdebulni iqnen ciliswamebisaTvis,radganac maT jariskacebs sajarod uwodes mkvlelebi.

dadgenili precedentuli samarTlis Sesabamisad, sakonstituciosasamarTlom ganacxada, rom konstituciis 5.2 muxlis Tanaxmad,gamoxatvis Tavisufleba SezRudulia kanonebiT, romlebic icavenpiris pativsa da Rirsebas. xsenebuli kanonebi imgvarad unda iyosSedgenili, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis fundamenturmniSvnelobas jerovani adgili eTmobodes. zogadad mimdinarenormebis agebuleba da gamoyeneba Sedis saerTo sasamarTloebiskompetenciaSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia gadasinjos,sakmarisad iReben Tu ara es sasamarTloebi mxedvelobaSi fundamen-turi uflebebis mniSvnelobas. gamonaTqvami, romlis erTaderTmizansac warmoadgens sxva piris ciliswameba, dakvalificirebulunda iqnes, rogorc Tavdasxma adamianis Rirsebaze maSin, rodesaczogadi interesebis momcvel sazogadoebriv sakiTxebze saubarisargeblobs gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT.

sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlom unda gamoiZios, gansaxilveligamonaTqvami eqskluziurad iqneba gagebuli rogorc ciliswameba,Tu mas SeiZleba mieces sxva ganmarteba. am ukanasknel saqmeSi arSeiZleba gamotanil iqnes mjavrdeba ciliswamebisaTvis. fundamen-turi ufleba ar iqneba darRveuli, Tuki sisxlis samarTlissasamarTlo koleqtiuri jgufis Seuracxyofas daakvalificirebs,rogorc jgufis wevrebis mimarT ciliswamebas. Tumca, rac ufrodidia aseTi jgufi, miT ufro naklebad exeba mis wevrebs jgufisadmimimarTuli Seuracxyofa. `msoflioSi yvela jariskacis~ mimarTganxorcielebuli Seuracxyofis dakvalificireba ciliswamebaddaarRvevs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas. Tumca, konstituciuradSesaZlebelia dadasturdes, rom federaluri SeiaraRebuli ZalebisSeuracxyofa gulisxmobs misi wevrebis ciliswamebas. konstituciu-rad dasaSvebia armiis wevris, rogorc mkvlelis, moxseniebis kvali-ficireba ciliswamebad.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gansaxilvel 4 saqmeSisisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebma jerovnad ar gamoiZies,gamonaTqvami `yvela jariskaci mkvlelia~ namdvilad niSnavda Tu arafederaluri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis warmomadgenlebs. amitomacsakonstitucio sasamarTlom saqmeebi gadaagzavna ukan, saerTo

191

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba

sasamarTloebSi. gadawyvetileba miRebul iqna 5 xmiT 3-iswinaaRmdeg. gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlosiurisdiqciaSi ar Sedis saerTo sasamarTloebis mier faqtebisSefasebis gadasinjva, sxvagvarad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos eqne-boda umaRlesi saapelacio sasamarTlos funqcia.


05-12-2000martin sstoli cciurixis ffederaluri xxelisuflebis wwinaaRmdeg

gazeTma "Sonntagszeitung" 1997 wlis 26 ianvars gamoaqveyna martinstolis statia saTauriT `elCi jagmeti Seuracxyofas ayenebsebraelebs~. Jurnalisti miuTiTebda konfidencialur moxsenebaze,romelic aSS-Si Sveicariis elCma warudgina Sveicariis federalursabWos (mTavrobas) im ganxilvis ganmavlobaSi, romelic exebodaebraul gadauxdel TanxebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxis ganxilvas.sagareo saqmeTa departamentis saCivris safuZvelze Jurnalistibraleulad iqna miCneuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 293-e muxlisdarRvevaSi da dajarimda 800 frankiT.

xsenebuli debulebis Tanaxmad, dasjad danaSaulad iTvlebasaTanado nebarTvis gareSe sajarod gacxadeba im dokumentebisa,romlebic saidumloa kanonis an im gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad,romelic gamotanilia sajaro xelisuflebis organos mier maTi kom-petenciis farglebSi. ciurixis kantonis sasamarTlom daadasturapirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba.sakasacio saCivarSi, romelic warmodgenil iqna federalursasamarTloSi, stoli moiTxovda misi mjavrdebis gauqmebas. igiemyareboda presis Tavisuflebasa da mis funqciebs demokratiulsazogadoebaSi. federalurma sasamarTlom uaryo sakasaciosaCivari. oficialuri Canawerebis gamoqveyneba dasjadia sisxlissamarTlis kodeqsis 293-e muxlis Sesabamisad, rodesac xsenebuliCanawerebi saidumloa kanonis Sesabamisad an oficialurigadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad.

saidumloebis arsi unda ganimartos misi formalurimniSvnelobiT. elCis moxseneba gankuTvnili iyo mxolod feder-aluri sabWosaTvis. materialuri ganmartebac rom yofiliyogamoyenebuli saidumloebis koncefciasTan dakavSirebiT, misi gax-maureba dasjadi iqneboda saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare.saubaria delikaturi sakiTxis ganxilvaze, romelzec im droisaTvisdidi polemika iyo wamoWrili. ganmcxadebeli xazs usvamda mediis

192


gansakuTrebul funqcias demokratiul sazogadoebaSi da im faqts,rom gansakuTrebiT sazogadoebas ainteresebda Sveicariis elCismoxsenebis Sinaarsi. miuxedavad amisa, federalur sasamarTlosa daxelisuflebis organoebs moeTxovebaT federaluri dasaerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis ganxorcieleba. sisxlis samarTliskanonmdeblobis gamouyenebloba mxolod im motiviT, rom sazoga-doebas gaaCnia im informaciis miRebis interesi, romelic saidumlo-daa gamocxadebuli xelisuflebis organoebis mier, winaaRmdegobaSimovidoda konstituciisa da konvenciis interpretaciasTan. amg-varad, presis TTavisuflebas aar SSeuZlia ggaamarTlos qqmedeba, rromel-ic wwarmoadgens ssisxlis ssamarTlebriv ddanaSauls. konvenciis me-10muxlis me-2 nawili ar gamoricxavs zogad terminebSi Jurnalistisdapatimrebas sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonis debulebisdarRvevisaTvis, Tundac im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Jurnalistisqmedeba ganpirobebulia sazogadoebrivi interesebiT me-10 muxlisme-2 nawilis mniSvnelobiT.

Jurnalistis ufleba, ar gaamJRavnos Tavisi sainformaciowyaroebi, romelic gamomdinareobs presis Tavisuflebidan daCamoyalibebulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 27-e muxlSi, ar war-moadgens dabrkolebas sisxlis samarTlis kanonis debulebebis ganx-orcielebasa da JurnalistisaTvis jarimis dakisrebisTvis.


08-10-1996

samauwyeblo normebTan dakavSirebuli debulebebi (romeliciTvleba federalur kanonad), romlebic kerZo sakabelo televiziebsukrZalavs, awarmoos komerciuli sareklamo mauwyebloba, arSeesabameba gamoxatvis da anazRaurebisaTvis muSaobis Tavisufle-bebs. rodesac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba am kanonisdebulebebis gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT ZalaSi Sevida, xsenebulidebulebebi arakonstituciurad gamocxadda.

sakabelo televiziis ramdenime kompaniam warmoadgina saCivari.isini asaCivrebdnen mauwyeblobasTan dakavSirebul normebs, rom-lebic krZalavda sareklamo mauwyeblobas, rac, ganmcxadebelTaazriT, arRvevda anazRaurebisaTvis muSaobis da gamoxatvisTavisuflebas. winamdebare teqsti momdinareobs gadawyvetilebidan,romelSic sasamarTlo apirebda, misi gadawyvetileba kanonmdeblissurvilebis Sesabamisi yofiliyo da Tavidan aecilebina debulebebisgauqmeba, romelic Zireulad Secvlida kanonis mniSvnelobas

193


(aRniSnuli gamoiwvevda sakabelo televiziaze SeuzRudav sareklamomauwyeblobas). sasamarTlom daadgina vada, raTa kanonmdeblisaTvismieca saSualeba, mieRo iseTi kanonmdebloba, romelic Seesabamebodaadamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentulsamarTals, evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlsa da Tanamegobrobiskanonmdeblobas. kanonmdebelma ar gamoiyena es Sansi da Tavi Seikavaaxali kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebisagan, romelic SesabamisobaSi iqne-boda konstituciasTan. sareklamo mauwyeblobis absoluturiakrZalva, romelic ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos Sesabamis gardamavaldebulebad, warmoadgens ganmcxadeblebis mier miTiTebuli konsti-tuciuri uflebebis darRvevas. gansaxilveli debuleba aRar iyogamarTlebuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg, romelic dadgenili iyo27/05/1995 gadawyvetilebiT gauqmebis Sesaxeb.


30-09-1999

sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvis interesebidan gamomd-inare, federaluri kanonmdeblebi uflebamosilni arian, Tambaqosproduqtebis reklamaze daaweson zogadi akrZalva. amiT isini ararRveven Tanamegobrobis wevrebis uflebamosilebas radio dasatelevizio mauwyeblobasTan, sazogadoebriv janmrTelobasTan,sportsa da turizmTan an ekonomiur da dasaqmebis sferoSiregionebis uflebamosilebebTan dakavSirebiT. sazogadoebrivijanmrTelobis dasacavad, ar aris diskriminaciuli Tambaqos pro-duqtebis mier sponsorobisaTvis an iseTi samarko produqtebisreklamis akrZalva, romlebic asocirdeba Tambaqos produqtTan (e.w.diversifikaciis procesi).

garda amisa, gamarTlebulia iseTi gamonaklisebis nebarTva, rom-lebic krZalavs Tambaqos produqtebis sareklamo saqmianobasTambaqosa da gazeTebis maRaziebSi, ucxour gazeTebsa daJurnalebSi, magram es gamonaklisi unda gamoiyenebodes, aseve,diversificirebul produqtebTan mimarTebiTac. Tumca, gansxvavebaunda gakeTdes rogorc msoflio doneze organizebul, ise sxvamovlenebsa da qmedebebs Soris.

Tambaqos produqtebis reklamis akrZalva ar ewinaaRmdegebagamoxatvis Tavisuflebasa da sakuTrebis uflebas, rogorc esgarantirebulia konstituciuri da saerTaSoriso samarTliT anevrokavSiris sxva xelSekrulebebiT saqonlisa da momsaxurebisTavisuflad moZraobasTan dakavSirebiT.

194


saavtomobilo sportsa Tu Tambaqos produqtebis reklamaSiaqtiurad moRvawe ramdenime kompaniam da asociaciam, aseve, valunisregionis mTavrobam ganacxadi warmoadgines 1997 wlis 10 dekembrisfederaluri kanonis sawinaaRmdegod, romelic belgiaSi Tambaqosproduqtebis reklamas krZalavda.

sasamarTlom ganixila da daadgina, rom federaluri kanonmdebe-li ar arRvevs belgiis sxvadasxva gaerTianebis uflebamosilebebsbelgiis federaluri kanonmdeblobis SigniT. aRniSnuli ar arRvevsuflebamosilebebs: radio da satelevizio mauwyeblobis sferoSi,janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebul, ganaTlebis, prevenciuli medici-nis, sportis, turizmis sferosa Tu regionebis mier ekonomiur dadasaqmebis sferoebSi. sxvadasxva gaerTianebebis mier ganxorciele-buli uflebamosilebebi SeuZleblad an rTulad ar iyo warmodge-nili kanoniT.

amis Semdeg sasamarTlos unda gadaewyvita, iyvnen Tu ara diskrim-inirebulni garkveuli kategoriis pirebi. radgan Tambaqos pro-duqtebis reklamasTan dakavSirebuli akrZalva xels uwyobs kanon-mdeblis mizans, daicvas sazogadoebis janmrTeloba, sasamarTlomdauSva aseTi akrZalvis dawesebis saWiroeba Tambaqosa da masTan aso-cirebul samarko produqtebze. kanonmdebelma, aseve, dasaSvebadmiiCnia gamonaklisebi Tambaqos maRaziebsa da ucxour JurnalebSi.gamonaklisebi ar iyo daSvebuli diversificirebul produqtebze,amitom sasamarTlom es faqti diskriminaciulad miiCnia da amnawilSi kanonis moqmedeba gaauqma.

sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom diskriminacia exeboda im movlenebsada qmedebebs, romlebic msoflio doneze imarTeboda (ufro konkre-tulad, formula 1 trasaze frankor-Cempionatebi). ganmcxadeblebiamtkicebdnen, rom evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebi uflebamosil-ni iyvnen, gansxvaveba moexdinaT akrZalvaSi Tambaqos produqtebissponsorobasTan mimarTebiT 2001 wlis 20 ivlisidan 2 wlisganmavlobaSi.

sasamarTlom aRiara, rom akrZalvis debulebebis efeqturobamniSvnelovnad aris Semcirebuli, rodesac igive saxis qmedebebixorcieldeba sazRvargareT da maTi naxva SesaZlebelia satele-vizio gadacemaSi farTo audienciis mier. sasamarTlos mosazre-bidan gamomdinare, am etapze RonisZieba ar Seesabameba im miznebs,romlis miRwevasac igi emsaxureba. sasamarTlom gaauqma muxli,romelic kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlis dRed 1999 wlis 1 ianvars awesebda.

sasamarTlom uaryo sxva argumentebi, romlebic Tana-sworobis, konstituciiTa da gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTandakavSirebuli xelSekrulebebiT gansazRvruli sxva principebisdarRvevas amtkicebda.

195


bulgareTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

04-06-1996

azris da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da informaciis gavrcelebisada mopovebis ufleba adamianis fundamenturi uflebebia. maTiSezRudva marTlmsajulebis uflebamosilebaSi Sedis da undaSeesabamebodes konstitucias.

bulgareTis prezidentma bulgareTis konstituciis 39-e, me-40 da41-e muxlebis debulebebis samarTlebrivad savaldebulo ganmarte-ba moiTxova. konstituciis sami debuleba moicavs erTsa da imavexasiaTis uflebebs: azris gamoxatvisa da gamoqveynebisTavisuflebas, informaciis moZiebis, mopovebisa da gavrcelebisuflebas, am uflebebTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebis gansazRvrebas,rogorc es konstituciaSia aRniSnuli.

konstituciis zemoxsenebuli muxlebis Tanaxmad, azris ggamox-atvisa dda ppublikaciis TTavisufleba, iinformaciis mmoZiebis, mmopove-bisa dda ggavrcelebis uuflebebi ffundamenturi uuflebebi uunda iiyos. eesdebulebebi iicavs ggamoxatvis TTavisuflebasa dda ppiris RRirsebasa ddapatiosnebas, rrogorc ssocialuri ssazogadoebis TTanabar kkomponen-tebs. iisini uuzrunvelyofen, rrom yyvelam iicodes rrealoba dda ssazoga-doeba iinformirebuli iiyos ccxovrebis ppirobebisa dda gganviTarebisSesaxeb. uflebis xsenebuli funqciebi gansazRvravs maT, rogorcpirovnebisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesfaqtorebs. isini amyareben demokratiul process da im organoebisinstitucionalizacias, romlebic konstituciis Tanaxmad, axor-cieleben kontrols. konstituciaSi am uflebebis warmoCena da maTisrulad ganxorcieleba dakavSirebulia adamianis sxva fundamenturuflebebTan, rogoricaa piris Rirseba, azrovnebis Tavisufleba dasindisisa da politikuri pluralizmis Tavisufleba.

zemoxsenebuli sami debuleba icavs azris gamoxatvisa, publi-cirebisa da informaciis mopovebisa da gavrcelebis uflebebissxvadasxva aspeqts. es sami debuleba erTmaneTTan sistemurad dafunqciurad aris dakavSirebuli. azris TTavisuflad ggamoxatvisfundamenturi uuflebasTan eerTad kkonstitucia aaseve ggansazRvravsprincips, rromlis TTanaxmadac, ppresa dda mmasmedia TTavisufali uundaiyos. ccenzura kkategoriulad aakrZalulia. nebismieri fizikuri Tuiuridiuli piris ufleba, moiZios, moipovos da gaavrcelos infor-macia, damokidebulia rogorc piris interesebze, aseve, sazogadoe-bis uflebaze, miiRos informacia. xsenebuli moicavs presasa danebismieri sxva saxis medias. meore mxriv, konstitucia uuzrunvely-ofs, rrom mmoqalaqeebs xxeli mmiuwvdebodeT ssaxelmwifo oorganoebis-

196


agan nnebismier ssakiTxTan ddakavSirebul iinformaciaze, rromlismimarT mmaT kkanonieri iinteresi ggaaCniaT.

konstituciis zemoxsenebul muxlebSi CamoTvlili uflebebimTavrobas avaldebulebs, Tavi Seikavos Carevisagan, rodesac xseneb-uli uflebebi xorcieldeba. uflebebze SezRudva nebadarTuliamxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki konstituciaSi Camoyalibebuli sxvauflebebi da interesebi konstituciurad aris daculi. aRniSnuliar SeiZleba SeizRudos kanoniT garda im safuZvlisa, romlebickonstituciaSia mocemuli. aRmasrulebelma da sasamarTlo xelisu-flebam mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis maRalisazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba, mediis Tavisufleba, romelicmoiTxovs, rom SezRudvebi gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod konkretuliinteresebis dacvis mizniT. aseT safuZvlebs Soris, yvelazemniSvnelovania sxva piris uflebaTa da reputaciis dacvis interesi,radganac piris patiosneba, Rirseba da reputaciaa daculi. xsenebu-li konstituciuri SezRudva ar unda ganimartos ise, rom sazoga-doebrivi kritika, gansakuTrebiT politikosebis mimarT, sajaromoxeleebisa da samTavrobo dawesebulebebis mimarT iyos daculi.iseT ganacxadTa SezRudva, romlebic aRvivebs SuRls, emyarebakonstituciiT gansazRvrul Rirebulebebs: Sewynarebas,urTierTpativiscemasa da SuRlis gaRvivebis akrZalvas rasistul,erovnul, eTnikur da religiur niadagze. SezRudva ar ukrZalavsdacvas, gaaCndes sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi. uflebis xasiaTi,romelic gulisxmobs mosazrebaTa gamoxatvisa da gamoqveynebisTavisuflebas, emyareba im Rirebulebas, romelic gansxvavebulSexedulebaTa urTierTmimarTebas axlavs Tan.

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis uflebasTan erTad, konstituciaaRiarebs presisa da mediis Tavisuflebas da krZalavs cenzuras. cen-zuris kategoriuli akrZalva gamoxatavs princips, romelic uaryofsmediis qmedebebSi samTavrobo dawesebulebebis mier formaluri Tuaraformaluri gziT nebismier Carevas. samarTlebrivi da teqnikurimizezebis gamo dasaSvebad miiCneva eleqtronuli mediis organizaci-uli, struqturuli da finansuri sakiTxebis kanoniT regulireba.konstituciis gardamavali da daskvniTi debulebebi naTlad da cal-saxad uzrunvelyofs aseTi kanonmdeblobis damtkicebas erovnulradiosa da televiziaSi. aseTi kanonmdebloba unda uzrunvelyofdesmediis damoukideblobas organizaciuli, struqturuli, dakomple-qtebis, programuli da finansuri TvalsazrisiT. erovnuli ele-qtronuli mediis dacva moiTxovs mmarTvelobiTi an zedamxedveliorganoebis Seqmnas im gziT, romliTac aRkveTs mTavrobis organoebismier Carevis mcdelobebs. mTavrobis mier aseTi Careva miCneuli iqne-ba cenzurad. sazogadoebis ufleba, moipovos sruli, pluralis-

197


turi, dabalansebuli da naTeli informacia, warmoCindebammarTvelobiTi menejmentis damoukideblobaSi, sagamomcemlodamoukideblobasa da pasuxismgeblobaSi programebis SinaarsTanmimarTebiT, Statebis dakompleqtebasa da dafinansebis meqanizmebSi.pirisa da sazogadoebis ufleba, moipovos sruli, pluralisturi,dabalansebuli da naTeli informacia gansazRvravs parlamentissakanonmdeblo kompetenciis farglebs da unda ganxorcieldeskonstituciiT dadgenil farglebSi Tavisi funqciebisSesasruleblad. parlamentis sakanonmdeblo kompetenciaSi Sedisaseve kanonebis miReba, raTa dadgindes procedura arasamTavroboeleqtronuli mediis licenzirebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic, Tavismxriv, unda Seesabamebodes konstituciis 40.1 muxlsa dakonstituciiT dadgenili SezRudvebis gamoyenebas. igi amave drosunda uzrunvelyofdes procedurebis gamWvirvalobasa dasamarTlianobas. RonisZiebebi, romlebic xvdeba marTlmsajulebiskompetenciasa da konstituciiT gansazRvruli pirobebis farglebSi,warmoadgens mediaSi Carevis erTaderT saSualebas. pirvel rigSi esis motivebia, romlebic etiketis dacvasTan aris asocirebuli daaRiqmeba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi zrdilobis kriteriumi, romlisdaniSnulebac sazogadoebis dacvaa. sazogadoebis moralurixelSeuxeblobis dacva saxelmZRvanelo princips warmoadgens.

informaciis moZiebisa da mopovebis ufleba moicavs mTavrobisvaldebulebas, uzrunvelyos, rom sazogadoebis mier informaciazexelmisawvdomoba Zalian mniSvnelovania. am valdebulebis Sinaarsikanonmdeblis mier mis gansazRvrebas eqvemdebareba. mTavrobavaldebulia, ggasces ooficialuri iinformacia dda uuzrunvelyosinformaciis wwyaroebze xxelmisawvdomoba. kanonmdebelma undadaasaxelos samTavrobo dawesebulebebi, romlebsac SeuZliaThqondeT Tavisufali saeTero dro erovnul televiziasa da radioSida aRniSnos, Tu rodis da ra odenobis dro aqvT maT gamoyofilimaTi prerogativebisa da xelisuflebis danawilebis, mediisTavisuflebisa da informaciis mopovebisa da gavrcelebisgaTvaliswinebiT. es ufleba gaaCnia yvelas, maT Soris, mediasac.uflebis SezRudva moiTxovs, rom kanonmdeblobam gansazRvroserovnuli usafrTxoebis an sazogadoebrivi marTlwesrigisSesabamisi garemoebebi. SezRudva gamarTlebuli unda iyos im mizniT,Tu informaciis gacema samTavrobo dawesebulebis an samsaxurismier iqneba uaryofili. aRniSnuli normebiT dadgenili uflebapirovnulia da dakavSirebulia moqalaqeTa kanonier interesebTan.igi SeiZleba SeizRudos, Tu aseTi informacia warmoadgens sax-elmwifo an sxva saxis saidumloebas, romlis dafarvac(gaumJRavnebloba) kanoniT aris daculi.

198



10-05-2000

arakonstituciurad iqna miCneuli sajaro moxelis Cveulebrivimoqalaqeebisagan gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi dacva sisxlissamarTlis saqmeebSi, romlebic dakavSirebulia dazaralebulimxaris pirTan da pirovnebis reputaciisa da pativis winaaRmdegmimarTul sisxlissamarTlebriv qmedebebTan.

sasamarTlom gaauqma sisxlis samarTlis kanonis debulebebi,romelTa Tanaxmad, Tuki sisxlissamarTlebrivi qmedebebi Rirsebisada reputaciis winaaRmdeg Cadenili iqneboda konkretuli sax-elmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebis, kerZod, respublikis prezidentis,parlamentis Tavmjdomaris, premier ministris, sakonstituciosasamarTlosa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos TavmjdomareebiswinaaRmdeg maT samsaxurebriv saqmianobasTan an TanamdebobasTandakavSirebiT, sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba ex officio aRiZvrebaprokuroris mier mxolod mas Semdeg, rac zemoxsenebuliTanamdebobis pirebi werilobiT Tanxmobas ganacxadebensamarTalwarmoebis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT (Tanxmoba SesaZloaukan iqnes gaTxovnili, sanam sasamarTlo gamoitans saboloogadawyvetilebas). imis gamo, rom kerZo pirebs unda daecvaT TavianTiRirseba da reputacia kerZo samarTalwarmoebis meSveobiT,sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom aseT saqmeebSi gansxvaveba moqalaqeebsSoris ar aris gamarTlebuli piris Tanamdebobisa Tu samsaxuridangamomdinare. yvela moqalaqem unda ganaxorcielos Tavisi konstitu-ciuri ufleba, raTa pativi scen maT reputaciasa da RirsebasTanabrad da proceduris Sesabamisad. sadavo debulebebi gauqmdakonstituciis me-14, me-16 35-e da 38-e muxlebTan Seusabamobis gamo.


10-07-1996

miuxedavad imisa, rom, pirovnebis pativisa da reputaciiswinaaRmdeg ukanono qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT (romelTa Sorisacaris ciliswameba) samarTalwarmoeba aRiZvreba kerZo saCivrissafuZvelze, ar irRveva konstituciurad garantirebuliTanasworobis principi, Tuki sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi awesebs spe-cialur proceduras sisxlis samarTalwarmoebasTan dakavSirebiTciliswamebis saqmeebSi, romlebic ex officio aRiZvreba generaluri

199


prokuroris mier, raTa dacul iqnes im piris samsaxuri anTanamdeboba, romelic konkretul movaleobebs asrulebs.

xorvatiis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, Tu cil-iswameba ganxorcielebulia xorvatiis respublikis, sakonstitucioda uzenaesi sasamarTloebis Tavmjdomareebis, prezidentiswinaaRmdeg maT saqmianobasTan an TanamdebobasTan dakavSirebiT,sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba aRiZvreba generaluri prokuroris mierxsenebuli pirebisagan werilobiTi Tanxmobis miRebis SemTxvevaSi.Tanxmoba SesaZloa gaTxovil iqnes ukan nebismier dros, sanamganaCeni Seva ZalaSi.

xorvatiis JurnalistTa asociaciam winadadeba wamoayenaaRniSnul debulebaTa konstituciurobis Sesamowmeblad. maTiazriT, moqalaqeebs Soris arsebobda sxvaoba socialuri statusismixedviT, rac zRudavda azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas da midiodaTviTcenzuramde. sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila sarCeli.sasamarTlos azriT, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi icavda yvelamoqalaqes Tanabar sawyisebze ciliswamebisa da Seuracxyofisagan.samarTlebrivi dacva erTnairad xorcieldeba debulebaSiCamoTvlili pirebis Tanamdebobis miuxedavad.


08-02-2000

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da azris gamoxatvis ufleba SezRuduliasxvebis uflebebiT. aRniSnuli SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes respub-likis konstituciuri brZanebiT an kanonis saxiT, romelSic sazoga-doebrivi interesebi an Rirebulebebia ganmtkicebuli. damatebiTunda aRiniSnos, rom azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebam SesaZloa dakar-gos konstituciuri dacva rogorc formalur, aseve, konceptualursafuZvlebze. nebismieri forma, romliTac azri aris gamoxatuli,mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli konstituciurad garantirebuluflebasTan. Tuki gamoqveynebuli mosazrebebi demokratiulsazogadoebaSi Sesaferisad miCneul wesebs gascdeba, dakargavsjerovani gansjisa da Sefasebis xasiaTs da konstituciuri dacvisfarglebs gareT moxvdeba. garda amisa, gamoxatvis TavisuflebaTanabar donezea piradi Rirsebis, patiosnebisa da kargi reputaciisuflebasTan da swored saerTo sasamarTloebis kompetenciaSi Sedisarsebuli garemoebebis safuZvelze imis gadamowmeba, romelimeufleba prevalirebs meoreze Tu ara.

aucilebelia perioduli presis pativiscema, romlis umTavres

200


daniSnulebas sazogadoebisaTvis yoveldRiuri informaciismiwodeba warmoadgens. faqtis nebismierma damaxinjebam ar undamigviyvanos piris uflebebis darRvevamde. yvelaze mniSvnelovania,rom konkretuli informacia sruliad Seesabamebodes simarTles.

rogorc adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos preceden-tuli samarTali migvaniSnebs, gadaWarbebuli kritika poli-tikosebTan ufroa daSvebuli, misi statusisa sajaro moxeleobidangamomdinare, vidre kerZo pirebTan. aucilebelia, Zalian frTxiladganvasxvaoT faqtebi da piradi Sefasebebi. faqtebi SesaZloa dadas-turdes maSin, rodesac am faqtebis Sefaseba ar eqvemdebarebamtkicebas. SefasebiT msjelobebTan dakavSirebiT, is moTxovna, romwarmodgenil iqnes maTi damamtkicebeli argumentacia, arasa-marTliania da arRvevs azris Tavisuflebis moTxovnas.

momCivnebma gamoaqveynes statia, romelic akritikebda yofilartistsa da politikoss 1977 wels maT winaaRmdeg Tanxebisaramiznobrivi gamoyenebis gamo aRZrul gamoZiebasTandakavSirebiT. gamoZieba Sewyda. statiaSi moyvanili iyo politiko-sis yofili kolegebis gancxadebebi, romlis mixedviT, mas axlokavSiri hqonda komunisturi partiis saolqo liderebTan damiuTiTebdnen im faqtze, rom prokurorebis gaTavisufleba imperiodSi `arasaxarbielo da Seusabamo iyo~. is ki yofil reJimTanTanamSromlobda. politikosma aRZra sasamarTlosamarTalwarmoeba im motiviT, rom dairRva misi Rirseba da reputa-cia. saerTo sasamarTloebma daadgines, rom misi uflebebi dairRvaukanonod da brZanes, rom mosarCeleebs gamoeqveynebinaT bodiSiswerili, xolo TiToeuls miyenebuli zianisaTvis politikosisaTvis25 000 krona unda gadaexada. mosarCeleebma Seitanes sarCeli sakon-stitucio sasamarTloSi, romelmac gadawyvita, rom igidasabuTebuli iyo zogadi kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom-lebic exeba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas. sasamarTlom ganixila samisavaraudod mcdari Sefaseba, romlis safuZvelzec saerTosasamarTloebma miiCnies, rom dairRva politikosis ufleba piradRirsebasa da karg reputaciaze:

avtorTa ppretenzia iimasTan ddakavSirebiT, rrom iisini iiyvnenkomisiis wwevrebi ((maSin, rrodesac aar iiyvnen), rraTa mmetidamajerebloba ((Rirebuleba) hhqonoda sstatiaSigamoTqmul mmosazrebas;

imis mmtkiceba, rrom ppolitikosma 1140 0000 kkrona mmiiRo,Tumca, ssinamdvileSi mman 996 673 kkrona mmiiRo;

mtkiceba, rrom ppolitikosi aaxlos iiyo kkomunisturi ppartiisyofil lliderebTan dda rrom ssisxlissamarTlebrivi ggamoZiebisSewyveta aarasaxarbielo dda SSeusabamo iiyo.

201


rac Seexeba pirvel mtkicebas, ganmcxadeblebma aRiares, romxsenebuli ar Seesabameboda sinamdviles, magram amtkicebdnen, romamas ar SeiZleboda hqonoda gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba.sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom ganmcxadeblebma meqanikurad gadaiweresCveneba sxva wyarodan, amasve mowmobs Sinaarsis erTi adgili:`zogierTi informacia, romelic Cven komisiaSi miviReT~. maSin,rodesac aseTi qmedeba warmoadgens profesiul Secdomas, igi ar iyoganxorcielebuli SecdomaSi Seyvanis an avtorTa CvenebisaTvis metidamajereblobis micemisaTvis. radganac Sesabamisma komisiam miiRoxsenebuli informacia da es ukanaskneli sinamdviles Seesabamebodamuxlis mTlian konteqstSi, arasworma formulirebam ver miaRwia imzRvars, rom dadgeniliyo piradi Rirsebisa da patiosani reputaciisuflebis darRveva.

meore mtkicebasTan dakavSirebiT, informacia, romelic masSi iyomoxseniebuli, ar SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc mcdari. politiko-sis winaaRmdeg aRZruli iyo sisxlis samarTlis saqme. prokurorebmagaauqmes wayenebuli brali. isini acxadebdnen, rom man miiRo Tanxebi,magram am Tanxebis arakanonierad gankargva ver mtkicdeboda.mtkiceba martivad axdenda am informaciis xelaxla warmodgenas. esiyo araswori informacia.

mesame mtkicebasTan dakavSirebiT, misi Semadgenlobidan gamomd-inare, naTlad Cans, rom igi warmoadgens SefasebiT msjelobas da arafaqtebis mtkicebas. gancxadebis Sedegi iyo Semdegi: avtorebs arSeeZloT im SegrZnebis ukugdeba, rom politikosis Zvel kavSirebskomunisturi partiis meTaurebTan raime saxis gamarTleba SeiZlebahqonoda. avtorebi ixilavdnen faqtebs (gamoZieba, braldebis moxsna,komunist liderebTan kavSiri) da maT safuZvelze isini mividnen immosazrebamde, rom kolegebis Sefasebas gaaCnda gamarTleba da rombraldebis moxsna Zalian arasaxarbielo da Seusabamo iyo. aseTgaremoebebSi gamoqveynebuli Sefaseba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos aras-worad an gadaxrad zogadad jerovnad aRiarebuli principebidanSinaarsis formasTan mimarTebiT.

bolos, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom saerTo sasamarTloebma upa-tivcemloba gamoiCines im principis mimarT, romlis Tanaxmadac, kon-stituciurad garantirebuli fundamenturi uflebebi dabalanse-buli unda iqnes. arc informacia da arc pirovnuli monacemebi, rom-lebic mocemuli iyo statiaSi, ar iyo iseTi xasiaTis, rom daerRviagamoxatvis Tavisufleba da informaciis gavrcelebis ufleba.xsenebulidan gamomdinare, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze SezRudvebisdaweseba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos aucileblad demokratiulsazogadoebaSi.

202



02-02-1998

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 12.3 muxlis Tanaxmad, piris suraTebiSesaZlebelia aiRon da gamoiyenon Sesabamisi piris Tanxmobis gareSeSesaferisi formiT im pirobiT, rom igi ar SeewinaaRmdegeba pirisinteresebs. xsenebuli sakanonmdeblo debuleba ar ewinaaRmdegebagamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, radganac mis daniSnulebas informaciispolitikuri uflebis da misi gavrcelebis uflebis meoreuflebasTan harmonizacia warmoadgens. zogierT situaciebSi igiSesaZloa winaaRmdegobaSi movides piris dacvisa da piradi cxovre-bis uflebasTan. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es ori ufleba, romelTacTanabari statusi gaaCniaT, ar Seesabameba erTmaneTs, damoukidebel-ma sasamarTlom yovelTvis unda ganixilos, TiToeul saqmeze erTuflebas meoreze primati samarTlianad gaaCnda Tu ara. daskvnas,romelTac isini aRweven mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis Semdgom, pativiunda eces, radgan marTlmsajulebis Sedegad miRebulgadawyvetilebas gamoxatavs.

kviris gazeTSi gamoqveynda statia saTauriT ~sikvdilisaTvissaukeTeso wamals warmoadgens oqsasepami~, romelic mkvlelobissaqmesTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlo ganxilvas exeboda. saTaurisa dateqstis `mTvrali buli araadamianurad scems Tavis sayvarels damihyavs igi sikvdilis piramde~ qveS moTavsebuli iyo im mosamarTlissuraTi, romelic saqmis mosmenas awarmoebda. es suraTi gadaRebuliiyo mosamarTlis nebarTvis gareSe da kerZo xasiaTs atarebda. maszearc mosasxami hqonda da arc raime atributi, romelic mis profesi-aze mianiSnebda. sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom es suraTi sazogadoe-bas ar aZlevda informacias mosamarTlis muSaobis Sesaxeb da arcminiSnebas, rom mosamarTle iyo mkvleli. amiT, ra Tqma unda,mosamarTlis piradi Rirseba ilaxeboda. Sesabamisad, Jurnals daek-isra mosamarTlis sasargeblod 100 000 kronis gadaxda miyenebulizianisaTvis _ mis pirad uflebebSi gaumarTlebeli SeWris gamo.

mosarCele amtkicebda, rom misi qmedebebi ar scdebodamarTlmsajulebis pativiscemisa da miukerZoeblobis dadgenilsazRvrebs. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom marTlmsajulebis pativis-cemis moTxovnidan gamomdinare, romelic aris kanonis uzenaesobismaRiarebel saxelmwifoSi dacul RirebulebaTa garantia, gamox-atvis Tavisuflebis ganmaxorcielebelma pirma yovelTvis undagaiTvaliswinos da awonos gamonaTqvamebi da gamoxatvis xerxebi.sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom saerTo sasamarTloebisgadawyvetileba samarTliani iyo da forma da manera, romliTac

203


fotoa gamoyenebuli, yovelTvis unda Seesabamebodes CafiqrebulSedegs. xolo, aseT dros Sesabamisi adamianis Rirsebis Selaxvaarakonstituciurad unda CaiTvalos.

daniauzenaesi sasamarTlo

15-06-1999

gamoxatvis TTavisufleba aar ggulisxmobs, rrom SSeiZleba ppresismier wwinaswar ppatimrobaSi mmyof ssasamarTlo ssamarTalwarmoebaSimonawile ppiris ddakiTxva.

1999 wlis ianvarSi ganmcxadebeli winaswar patimrobaSi iqnaayvanili da brali waeyena TaRliTobaSi. izolaciis brZanebisgauqmebis Semdeg samma Jurnalistma ganmcxadebelTan vizitisnebarTva moiTxova, raTa mieRoT misgan interviu im saqmesTandakavSirebiT, romelic presis did yuradRebas iwvevda. raionulmasasamarTlom policiis uari gaauqma, magram kvlav ZalaSi darCaumaRlesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT. uzenaesma sasamarTlomgadawyvita, rom ar arsebobda safuZveli policiis mier dafiqsire-buli Sefasebis gasauqmeblad, romlis Tanaxmadac, Jurnalistisvizits SeeZlo ziani mieyenebina gamoZiebis interesebisaTvis.

uaris gacxadeba ar ewinaaRmdegeba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas,romelic daculia konstituciis 77-e da evropuli konvenciis me-10muxlebiT. Tu ra moculobiT miawvdida policia informacias pre-sas saqmesTan dakavSirebiT, mniSvneloba ar hqonda im sakiTxisgadawyvetisas, unda hqonoda Tu ara apelants saSualeba, gancxade-bebi gaekeTebinaT presis winaSe winaswari patimrobis periodSi.xsenebulidan gamomdinare, uzenaesma sasamarTlom daakmayofilaumaRlesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.


13-02-1989

orma pirovnebam, romlebic muSaobdnen daniis samauwyeblokorporaciaSi, daarRvia daniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi rasis-tuli gancxadebebis mauwyeblobiT, romelic samma axalgazrdamgaakeTa. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa umravlesobam daadgi-na, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis principi ver gadaZalavda rasis-tuli gancxadebebisagan dacvis moTxovnas.

204


1985 wels daniis samauwyeblo korporaciis mier gadaica inter-viu 3 axalgazrdasTan, romlebic cnobilni iyvnen, rogorc `mwvanexalaTianebi~. interviuebis periodSi 3 pirma Seuracxmyofeli dadamamcirebeli SeniSvnebi misca daniaSi myof emigrantebsa daeTnikur jgufebs, zogierTi eTnikuri jgufi ki cxovelebs Seadara.rasistuli gancxadebebis gakeTebis gamo, sisxlis samarTlis kode-qsis 266-e muxlis Tanaxmad, 3 axalgazrda msjavrdebul iqna. kopen-hagenis saqalaqo sasamarTlom da umaRlesi sasamarTlosaRmosavleTis ganyofilebam aseve brali dasdo Jurnalists,romelmac interviu aiRo da daniis radios axali ambebis ufross,romelmac Tanxmoba ganacxada intervius gaSvebasa da 3 axal-gazrdis daxmarebasa da waqezebaSi. orive sasamarTlo amtkicebda,rom Jurnalistma gamoiCina iniciativa programis SesaqmneladmaSin, rodesac kargad icoda intervius periodSi gakeTebuligancxadebebis Sinaarsi da rom swored igi ubiZgebda `mwvanexalaTianebs~ TavianTi Sexedulebebis gamoxatvisaken. axali ambebisxelmZRvaneli msjavrdebul iqna, radganac man gasca nebarTva pro-gramis samauwyeblo eTerSi gaSvebaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom icodamisi Sinaarsi.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos umravlesobam xma misca umaRlesisasamarTlos sasjelis ZalaSi datovebas. mauwyeblobis saSualebiTrasistulad damamcirebeli gancxadebebis sajarod gakeTebiT,Jurnalistma da daniis radios axali ambebis ganyofilebis ufrosmadaarRvies sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 266-e da 23-e muxlebi.winamdebare saqmeSi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis principi sazogadoe-brivi interesebSi myof saqmeebze ver gadawonida diskriminaciissawinaaRmdego dacvis princips.

erT-erTma mosamarTlem, romelsac gansxvavebuli mosazrebagaaCnda, xma misca Jurnalistisa da daniis radios axali ambebisganyofilebis ufrosis gamarTlebis sasargeblod. mosamarTleaRniSnavda, rom programis mizans warmoadgenda sazogadoebisaTvisinformaciis miwodeba zogjer emociuri sazogadoebrivi debatebissakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, programa ki mayurebels `mwvanexalaTianebis~ mosazrebebsa da Sexedulebebs sTavazobda. miuxe-davad imisa, rom ~mwvane xalaTianebi~ Seadgenen mosaxleobismxolod mcire nawils, programas mainc gaaCnda azriani axali ambe-bisa da informaciis Rirebuleba. gansxvavebuli azris mqonemosamarTlem daadgina, rom is faqti, rom Jurnalistma wamoayenainiciativa interviusTan dakavSirebiT, ar gulisxmobs, romJurnalisti da axali ambebis ganyofilebis ufrosi braldebuladunda iqnen miCneulni. umravlesobis azris Tanaxmad, mopasuxeTasaapelacio saCivari ar dakmayofilda uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier.

205


jvaredini mmiTiTeba:uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganaCenis Semdeg, Jurnalistma b-nma ier-

sildma adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi daniiswinaaRmdeg Seitana ganacxadi imis safuZvelze, rom misi mjavrdebaarRvevda gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, romelic evropuli konvenciisme-10 muxliT aris garantirebuli. 1994 wlis 23 seqtembers adamian-is uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom 12 xmiT 7 xmis winaaRmdegdaadgina, rom dairRva evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxli.


12-12-2000

Jurnalis beWdvis ufleba SesaZloa dairRves, Tuki gamomqve-ynebels ekrZaleba reklamis ganTavseba, romelTan dakavSirebiTacgamomqveynebeli sargeblobs gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT. propagan-duli saxis reklama, romelic wamoWrida sazogadoebisaTvis kri-tikul Temebs, SesaZloa sargeblobdes konstituciuri dacviT imdebulebebis Sesabamisad, romlebic gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasuzrunvelyofs.

kompania benetonma, romelic mTel msoflioSi awarmoebs tansacm-lis bizness, gayidvaSi CauSva da gamoaqveyna orgverdiani fotoebi,romelTa leitmotivi Jurnalis sxvadasxva nomerSi iyo `navTobiTdafaruli ixvi~, `bavSvTa Sroma~ da `Sidsis virusis dadebiTipasuxi~, romelic ganmcxadeblis mier gamoicemoda. TiToeulifotos qvemoT, marcxena kuTxeSi moTavsebuli iyo logo ` UnitedColors of Benetton~.

reklamebis gamoqveynebidan maleve mis mimarT samarTalwarmoebaaRiZra. bralmdeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom benetonma saqonlisgasasaReblad, miznad daisaxa im momxmarebelTa Sokireba, romle-bzec fotoebi iyo mimarTuli. isini xalxis grZnobebze TamaSobdnendamaSineblad da sibraluls iwvevdnen. samarTalwarmoebisaRmZvreli acxadebda, rom reklamebi arRvevda adamianis Rirsebas daugulebelyofda im pirebis pirad cxovrebas, romlebic suraTze iyv-nen aRbeWdilni. mosarCele aseve amtkicebda, rom ganmcxadebeligamomqveynebeli reklamis dabeWdviT, dauSvebeli meTodiT uwyobdaxels benetons.

benetonis winaaRmdeg aRZrul samarTalwarmoebaSi, romelic exe-boda gakritikebuli reklamebis gamoqveynebas, federalurisasamarTlo arsebiTad daeTanxma zemoT moyvanil arguments. feder-alurma sasamarTlom sareklamo kampania daakvalificira, rogorc

206


SejibrebiTobis uarmyofeli da gadawyvita, rom igi momxmarebelTaTanagrZnobiT sargeblobda komerciuli miznebisaTvis. federalur-ma sasamarTlom, rogorc saboloo instanciis sasamarTlom, akrZalae.w. Sokismomgvreli reklamebis gamoqveyneba. ganmcxadebeli ardaeTanxma sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas. igi miiCnevda, romSokismomgvreli reklamebis gamoqveynebis akrZalva arRvevda gamox-atvisa da presis Tavisuflebas.

konstituciuri sarCelis Setanis Sedegad sakonstituciosasamarTlom uaryo saerTo sasamarTloebis mier miRebuligadawyvetileba da ganacxada, rom reklamebis gamoqveynebisakrZalva konstituciis 5.1 muxlis darRvevas warmoadgenda. mesamemxaris mosazrebis gamoqveyneba – Tundac komerciulimiznebisaTvis an Tundac mxolod biznesis interesebidan gamomd-inare – presis Tavisuflebis dacvis qveS xvdeba. xsenebuli, aseve,moicavs gamoxatul warmosaxvas. sasamarTloebma samarTlianad gan-martes, rom benetonis reklamebi warmoadgenda azris gamoxatvas.aRniSnuli reklamebis gamoqveynebis akrZalva zRudavda ganmcxadeb-lis uflebas presis Tavisuflebaze. presas ar unda ekrZalebodesmesame piris azris gamoqveyneba, Tuki azris mflobels SeuZlia misigamoxatva da gavrceleba. Tumca, federaluri sakonstituciosasamarTlo ar daeTanxma samarTalwarmoebis aRmZvrelTa argumentsarakeTilsindisier SejibrebiTobasTan dakavSirebiT. man TavisiakrZalva daawesa da ganacxada, rom igi ar iyo sakmarisad konkre-tuli da ar SeiZleboda misi gamoyeneba analogiur saqmeebSi.

arakeTilsindisier konkurenciasTan dakavSirebuli kanonis 1-limuxli, romelic krZalavs konkurenciasTan dakavSirebul iseTqmedebebs, romlebic sazogado politikas ewinaaRmdegeba, konsti-tuciuri TvalsazrisiT ar iwvevs pretenzias. SejibrebiTobis kano-nis WrilSi reklamebis Sefasebisas federalurma sasamarTlom aras-worad ganmarta gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis farglebi. gamoxatvisTavisuflebis SezRudva gamarTlebuli iyos rogorc sazogadoe-brivi, aseve, mesame mxaris interesebiT. federalurma sasamarTlomaseTi gamarTleba ar CaiTvala kanonzomierad.

dabali instanciis sasamarTloebma benetonis reklamebi sazoga-doebriv politikasTan Seusabamod miiCnies. magaliTad, cxovelebisada adamianebis didi tanjvis gamoxatviT isini aRZravdnen sibralulsda yovelgvari safuZvlis gareSe iyenebdnen am grZnobebsSejibrebiTobis miznebisaTvis. aseTi qmedebebis mimarT mosaxleobisumetesobas negatiuri damokidebuleba eqneboda. is, rom fotoebiasaxavdnen arasasiamovno gamosaxulebebs, romlebic aRZravdnensibraluls, ar aris imdenad gamaRizianebeli, rom gaamarTlos fun-damenturi uflebis SezRudva.

207


Sefaseba SesaZloa sxvagvari iyos, Tuki naCvenebi suraTebiamazrzeni, saSineli an axalgazrdobis gamryvneli iqneboda.suraTebs Soris ar arsebobda kavSiri, magram es ar niSnavs, rom isiniimdenad dasagmobia, fundamenturi uflebebis SezRudvagaamarTlos. aseTi kavSiris SezRudva axasiaTebs suraTebis Semqmnelbevr sareklamo kompanias. suraTebi gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, raTagamowveul iqnes didi interesi. is faqti, rom momxmareblebiSeCveulni arian aseT `pozitiur~ suraTebs, ar amarTlebs daasabuTebs im pretenzias, rom Semawuxebeli Sedegebi swored amsuraTebs miewereba. am saqmeSi arc sazogadoebrivi interesiikveTeba. ar SeiZleba imis dadgena, rom reklama, romelic gmobsaraadamianur pirobebs da garemos dabinZurebas, amave dros xelsuwyobs iseT tendenciebs, rogoricaa araadamianuroba damgrZnobiarobis Sesusteba.

meore mxriv, akrZalva gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis seriozuldarRvevas warmoadgenda. am konteqstSi ar aris gadamwyveti, beneto-nis reklamebi xels uwyobs Tu ara debatebs savalalo situaciebSi,romelTa dagmoba aseve daculia konstituciis me-5 muxliT.radganac akrZalvebi `bavSvis SromasTan~ da `navTobiT dafarulixvTan~ konkretulad eyrdnoboda `konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanonis~ 1-l muxls, federalurma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, romisini unda gauqmebuliyo.

erT-erTi mizezi, romlis safuZvelzec federalurmasasamarTlom `Sidsis virusis dadebiTi~ reklama akrZala, iyo is,rom sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, es ukanaskneli uxeSad arRvevdapirovnebis pativiscemas, radgan SidsiT daavadebul pirebswarmogviCenda, rogorc adamianuri sazogadoebidan gariyulsa daganyenebuls. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT,reklamebis interpretacia miznad isaxavs SidsiT daavadebulpirTa dagmobasa da sazogadoebisgan gariyvas. imisaTvis, raTa misiqmedebebi konstituciis 5.1 muxlis Sesabamisi yofiliyo, feder-alur sasamarTlos unda ganexila gansxvavebuli interpreta-ciebi.


10-11-1998

pirovnebis pativiscemis zogadi ufleba icavs pirs garkveuli aso-ciaciisa Tu jgufisadmi mis kuTvnilebasTan dakavSirebuli mcdarigancxadebebisagan, Tuki es gancxadebebi pirovnebisa da misi sazoga-

208


doebrivi imijisaTvis mniSvnelovania. pirovnebis pativiscemis zoga-di ufleba irRveva, roca pirs miaweren mcdar faqtebs da mas ar aqvssaSualeba, uaryos gancxadebebi sasamarTloSi imis gamo, rom ganmcx-adebelma faqtebi sakuTari mtkicebis gasamyareblad warmoadgina.

mosarCele – avstrieli artisti – 1972 wlidan Cabmuli iyo saek-lesio mecnierebaTa doqtrinebis gamoqveynebaSi da, aseve, eswrebodakursebs. 1975 wlidan ramdenime Jurnali mas mecniers uwodebda aneWvi SehqondaT mecnierebasTan mis sxvagvar kavSirze. 1994 welsmosarCeles `zaarbriukenis sakoncentracio banak neiu bremmis~artistuli dizainis modelis Seqmna daevala. seqtebTan mebrZol orasociacias ar surda, rom mosarCeles proeqtSi mieRo monawileoba.amitom maT Ria weriliT mimarTes mediasa da politikosebs,romelSic werdnen:

~media dda ppolitikosebi yyuradRebas uuTmoben iim ppirs, rromelicreklamas uukeTebs kkriminalur aasociacias, rromelic, TTavis mmxriv,awarmoebs mmecnierebis ppropagandas uuamrav ggamocemaSi dda TTavis TTavsuwodebs kkleriks ((mecnieruli JJargoni iim aadamianisa, rromelic ccrudeteqtoris ssaSualebiT aangrevs ppiris ffsiqikas iimisaTvis, rraTa mmaszekontroli gganaxorcielos). llitografiisa dda `̀galerea 448~ mmier wwar-moebuli ggayidvidan SSemosuli TTanxa mmidioda ssaidumlo ssamecnierosamsaxurebSi. nnuTu mmiecema ssaSualeba ccinikur ssazogadoeba `̀mec-niers,~ TTavisi zzemoqmedeba gganaxorcielos ssazogadoebis kkulturulcxovrebaze ssaarlandSi? CCven vvapirebT, ddauyovnebliv mmiviRoTkonkretuli zzomebi.~

ganmcxadebelma pretenzia gamoTqva werilSi moyvanilmosazrebebTan dakavSirebiT. misi pretenzia dakmayofilda pirveliinstanciis sasamarTloSi. Tumca, saapelacio samarTalwarmoebisasdabali instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba Seicvala, radgan,Tu piri akeTebs damamcirebel gancxadebebs mesame piris mimarTgadaumowmebel faqtebze dayrdnobiT, es miuTiTebs, rom presaSisaeWvo informacia gavida. sakonstitucio sarCelSi ganmcxadebeliamtkicebda, rom irRveoda konstituciis 2.1 da 1.1 muxlebiT garan-tirebuli uflebebi. igi acxadebda, rom igi ar iyo mecnieri da ara-sodes gauvlia momzadeba klerikis mier, ar ukisria aseTi funqcia daar uwodebia sakuTari TavisaTvis kleriki. federalurma sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlom ganixila saapelacio sasamarTlosgasaCivrebuli ganaCeni da daadgina, rom igi arRvevda mosarCelispirovnuli pativiscemis uflebas. Sedegad, sakonstituciosasamarTlom gaauqma saapelacio sasamarTlos mier gamotaniligadawyvetileba.

209


samotivacio nawilSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rompirovnebis pativiscemis zogadi ufleba icavs adamians mcdari dacru gancxadebebis gakeTebisagan, romlis Tanaxmad, igi miekuTvnebaasociacias an jgufs im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki es araswori gancxadebebimniSvnelovania pirovnebis reputaciisTvis. sakonstituciosasamarTlom aRniSna, rom winamdebare saqmeSi mecnierebasTan axlokavSirs SesaZloa uaryofiTad emoqmeda mis reputaciaze da zianimieyenebina misi artistuli saqmianobisaTvis.

roca adamianis mtkicebebi zians ayenebs sxvebs, maSin pirovnebispativisa da Rirsebis dacvis Sesaxeb precedentuli samarTlisTanaxmad, samoqalaqo sasamarTloebi valdebulni arian, konkretulsaqmeSi gamoikvlion garemoebebi. es moTxovna ufro mkacriamediasTan mimarTebiT. garda amisa, samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSifaqtebis gamorkvevisas ufro mkacri tvirTi ekisreba pirs, romelicakeTebs Seuracxmyofel gancxadebebs mesame piris Sesaxeb. masmoeTxoveba Tavisi gancxadebebis dadastureba da Tu amas verSeZlebs, maSin igi iTvleba crud.

gancxadeba, Tundac igi gamagrebuli iyos faqtebiT, mainc SeiZlebaiyos mcdari da warmoadgendes sicrues. pativiscemis zogadi uflebamoiTxovs, rom pirs, romlis winaaRmdegac gakeTda saziano gancxade-bebi faqtebTan mimarTebiT, SeeZlos gancxadebebis sicruis dadas-tureba sasamarTloSi meore mxareze dakisrebuli mtkicebis tvirTissaSualebiT. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac pirs ar SeuZlia sadavogancxadebis sapirispiro mtkicebulebis warmodgena, es ukanaskneliSeiZleba CaiTvalos simarTled. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos azriT,saerTo sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba ar akmayofileb-da piris pativiscemis zemoxsenebul moTxovnebs.

mosarCeles ziani miadga gancxadebiT, TiTqos igi ekuTvnoda imjgufs, romelic hipnozuri procesiT angrevs pirovnebebis fsiqikasmaTi kontrolis mizniT.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom samarTalwarmoebisaRZvris moTxovnis uaryofa aseve warmoadgenda ganmcxadebliszogadi pativiscemis uflebis darRvevas. aRniSnulTandakavSirebiT, dabali instanciis sasamarTlom adekvaturad argaiTvaliswina is faqti, rom pirveladi samarTalwarmoebisas ganm-cxadebelma gaabaTila mopasuxis argumentebi, TiTqos igiekuTvnoda mecnierebas. xsenebuli xarvezi aseve ZalianmniSvnelovani da araadekvaturi iyo dabali instanciissasamarTloebis mier piris pativiscemis uflebis farglebisgansazRvrisaTvis.

210



25-08-1994

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis irRveva, rodesac sasamarTlo msjavrsdasdebs pirs ciliswamebaSi im saqcielisTvis, romelsac SesaZloaramdenime mniSvneloba hqondes, romelTagan yvela ar warmoadgensciliswamebas.

pirma Tavis manqanaze gaakeTa warwera: `yvela jariskacimkvlelia. kurt tuColski~. igi daadanaSaules ciliswamebisa daSeiaraRebuli Zalebisgan Semdgari socialuri jgufis Seu-racxyofisaTvis. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gadawyvita, romzogadi ganmartebiT, `mkvleli~ yovelTvis ar niSnavs pirs, romel-mac sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli Caidina. sisxlis samarTlissasamarTlom arasworad ganmarta manqanaze mikruli warwera daganacxada, rom igi Seuracxyofas ayenebda SeiaraRebuli Zalebiswarmomadgenlebs, bundesvers, radganac termini `mkvleli~mianiSnebs pirze, romelmac Caidina danaSauli. maSin, rodesac yvelagonierma adamianma icis, rom bundesvers arasodes miuRia omSi mon-awileoba da arc erT mis wevrs saomari mdgomareobis dros arSeeZlo, vinme moekla.


05-12-2001

Sepasuxebisa da Sesworebis uflebebis mizans warmoadgens im crugancxadebiTa Tu mosazrebiT gamowveuli zianis gamosworeba,romelic arRvevs vinmes pirad uflebasa Tu reputacias.Sepasuxebisa da Sesworebis uflebis miuxedavad, izRudeba presisTavisufleba, rac gamarTlebulia reputaciis uflebiTa da piradiRirsebiT, magram es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu kanonmdebelmagansazRvra misi ganxorcielebis farglebi.

respublikis prezidentma sarCeliT mimarTa sakonstituciosasamarTlos kanonis gadasinjvasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic imdroisaTvis jer kidev ar iyo gamoqveynebuli, cvlilebebi Sehqondasamoqalaqo kodeqsSi da sTxovda presas, gamoeqveynebina im mosazre-bebis uaryofa, romelic, savaraudod, arRvevda pirad uflebebs.prezidenti acxadebda, rom Sesworebebi ewinaaRmdegeboda konsti-tucias ramdenime aspeqtSi: kanoni daavaldebulebda medias, gamoe-qveynebina uaryofa, Tuki statiaSi moxseniebuli piri miiCnevda, rom

211


mis pirad uflebebs an reputacias ziani miadga. kanoni asevemoiTxovda, rom Tu sasamarTlo gamoitanda mediis sawinaaRmdegogadawyvetilebas, sasamarTlo valdebuli iqneboda, SesabamisipirisaTvis daekisrebina jarima, mas sxva alternativa ar hqonda.prezidentis azriT, SemoTavazebuli cvlilebebi xels SeuSlidapresis Tavisuflebas da jarimis zeda zRvris dadgeniT daarRvevdakonstituciis 2.1 muxls. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miiCnia, romrodesac saqme politikur gancxadebebsa da saxelmwifos kritikasexeba, gamoxatvisa da presis Tavisuflebis SezRudva viwrod undaiqnes ganmartebuli. meore mxriv, komerciuli gancxadebebisSezRudva SesaZloa konstituciuri iyos.

aseve aRiniSna, rom werilobiTi da eleqtronuli mediisSemTxvevaSi Sepasuxebis ufleba Sepasuxebis gamoqveynebis valde-bulebas niSnavda. absoluturad SesaZlebeli iyo, rom presa,samarTlebrivi moTxovnis gareSe, Tavisi surviliT ar gamoaqveyneb-da Sepasuxebas. aseT valdebulebas SeiZleba gamoewvia iseTi situa-cia, rodesac presa ar gamoaqveynebda mosazrebas, Tuki vinme misuaryofas moiTxovda, im motiviT, rom gamoqveynebuli mosazrebaarRvevda mis pirad uflebebs. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganixi-la, Seesabameboda Tu ara aseTi SezRudva konstitucias.sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom Sepasuxebisa da Sesworebis uflebebi miz-nad isaxavda cru faqtisa Tu mosazrebis Sedegad gamowveuli im zia-nis gamosworebas, romlebic pirTa pirad uflebebsa da reputaciasarRvevda. sazogadoebis srulad informirebis ufleba da sakiTxTandakavSirebiT yovelmxrivi informaciis miReba sakmaris normebsmoiTxovs. amitomac Sepasuxebisa da Sesworebis uflebebi zRudavsTavisufali presis uflebas, magram gamarTlebulia adamianis rep-utaciisa da Rirsebis uflebiT.

Tumca, sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom gamouqveynebeli kanoniaviwroebda presis Tavisuflebas imiT, rom igi ar zRudavdaSepasuxebis uflebas: Sepasuxeba SeiZleba iyos arakanonieri,ufro mravlismTqmeli, vidre is mosazreba romelTandakavSirebiTac Sepasuxeba gakeTda da, aseve, Seicavdes ufro metoriginaluri xasiaTis gancxadebas. rodesac kanonmdebeliuaryofasTan dakavSirebiT awesebs presis valdebulebas, undagansazRvros Sepasuxebis uflebis sazRvrebi. amitom sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlom Sesabamisi kanoni gamoacxada arakonstitu-ciurad. rac Seexeba sxva sakiTxebs, sasamarTlom arakonstitu-ciurad ar cno, rom cvlilebis Semtani debuleba, romlisTanaxmad, Tu dairRveoda vinmes piradi ufleba presaSi,mosamarTles unda daekisrebina presisaTvis jarimis gadaxda.prezidentis azriT, is faqti, rom cvlileba ar gansazRvravda

212


jarimis zeda zRvars, ewinaaRmdegeboda kanonis garkveulobisprincips. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom rodesac gadawyvetilebamiiReboda jarimasTan dakavSirebiT, mosamarTles mxedvelobaSiunda mieRo zianis odenoba.

ungreTis samarTlebrivi sistema ar gansazRvravs zeda zRvarsarc zianis da arc jarimis SemTxvevaSi. zianis, iseve rogorc jarimisodenoba, damokidebulia gancdili zaralis odenobaze. mosamarTlebiharim warmoadgina sapirispiro azri. igi erTmaneTisgan ganasx-vavebs Sepasuxebis uflebasa da presis valdebulebas, romelicgulisxmobs `uaryofis~ gamoqveynebas im mosazrebasTandakavSirebiT, romelic arRvevs vinmes pirad uflebebs.


14-05-2001

parlamentma miiRo normebi, romlebic patimrebsa da medias Soriswarmoebuli mimoweris cenzuris uflebas iZleoda. es normebi arizRudeboda im SemTxvevebiT, rodesac saSiSroebis winaSe dgebodaerovnuli usafrTxoeba, saxelmwifo saidumloeba an patimarTausafrTxoeba da marTlwesrigi cixeSi.

respublikis prezidentma uari ganacxada cvlilebaze, romelicSedioda sakanonmdeblo brZanebaSi sasjelaRsrulebisa da sxvasadamsjelo RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb. SeTavazebuli cvlilebamoiTxovda cixis administraciis warmomadgenlis nebarTvaspatimarTan intervius gamoqveynebamde an gadacemamde. cixis adminis-traciis warmomadgenels SeeZlo uari ganecxadebina nebarTvaze,Tuki es aucilebeli iyo erovnuli uSiSroebis, sazogadoebriviusafrTxoebis, sxva pirebis reputaciisa da piradi uflebebis dacvis,danaSaulis aRkveTis an saxelmwifo saidumloebis gamJRavnebis, kon-fidencialurad miRebuli informaciis gaumJRavneblobis, cixeSimarTlwesrigis SenarCunebis interesebidan gamomdinare.

cvlilebebis gamJRavnebamde prezidentma TxovniT mimarTa sakon-stitucio sasamarTlos, gadaesinja im normebis konstituciuroba,romlebic patimrebsa da medias Soris komunikaciis saSualebaszRudavda. prezidentis azriT, cixis normebi zRudavda patimris gamox-atvis Tavisuflebas. erTaderTi konstituciurad gamarTlebulimizani aseTi cenzurisaTvis sapatimro dawesebulebebSi marTlwesrigisSenarCuneba iqneboda. Tavis mxriv, ar aris arakonstituciuri, rompatimarsa da medias Soris warmoebuli mimowera daeqvemdebaroszedamxedvelobas. Tumca, cixeSi moTavseba ar unda iyos erTaderTi

213


safuZveli da mizezi sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvisaTvis. cixeSimoTavsebis Semdeg patimari kargavs mxolod sityvis Tavisuflebis imuflebebs, romlebic Seusabamoa kanonierad dakisrebuli sasjelismiznebTan. es gasaTvaliswinebelia, rodesac ganixileba sakiTxi, Tu rafarglebSi unda mieces patimars mediaze xelmisawvdomobis saSualeba.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom normebis ganxilvisas gadasinjaSezRudvis TiToeuli mizezi. Sedegad, sasamarTlom arakonsti-tuciurad gamoacxada gasaCivrebuli debulebis nawili, romeliccixis administraciis warmomadgenels aZlevda uflebas, uarieTqva nebarTvaze, Tuki administraciis TanamSromeli CaTvlida,rom patimris gancxadeba daemuqreboda sazogadoebrivusafrTxoebas, daarRvevda sxva pirebis reputaciasa da piraduflebebs an aucileblad miiCnevda danaSaulis aRsakveTad daoficialuri saidumloebis gamJRavnebis Tavidan asacileblad.

SemoTavazebuli cvlileba sakmaod zRudavda gamoxatvisTavisuflebas maSinac ki, rodesac ar arsebobda gamarTlebamediasTan kavSiris ganxorcielebis nebarTvaze uaris TqmasTandakavSirebiT. Sedegad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom arakonstitu-ciurad gamoacxada normebi, romlebic nebarTvas iZleodnen warmoe-buli mimoweris farTo cenzuraze patimrebsa da presas Soris.

sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom SemoTavazebuli cvlileba arakon-stituciuri iyo aseve yvela sxva mizezebidan gamomdinare. normebimoicavda bundovan cnebebs, rogoricaa presis an sxva informaciisgansazRvreba, romelic mopovebulia konfidencialurad da romel-sac ar gaaCnia konkretuli mniSvneloba ungreTis kanonmdeblobaSi.rogorc sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, darRveuli iyo kanonisgarkveulobis moTxovna. sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, dasaSvebi iyo patim-rebsa da medias Soris warmoebuli mimoweris kontroli erovnuliuSiSroebis an saxelmwifoebrivi saidumloebis gaumJRavneblobis ansasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebebSi marTlwesrigis dacvissaWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.


05-12-1999

konstituciis debulebas, romelic exeba sityvis Tavisuflebas,ar ewinaaRmdegeba im piris dacva, romelic farTo sazogadoebiswinaSe uxams gamonaTqvamebs iyenebs ungreTis himnTan, droSasTan dagerbTan mimarTebiT. Tumca, erovnuli simboloebis kritika, mec-nieruli Sexedulebebis gamoxatva, romelic exeba istorias, maT

214


faseulobebsa da mniSvnelobas, maT warmoCinebas an simboloTacvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli winadadebebis warmodgena xvdebakonstituciiT garantirebuli gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis farglebSi.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetileba konstituciis75-e da 76-e muxlebze daafuZna. erovnuli simboloebi konstituciurRirebulebebs da maTi dacvis obieqtebs warmoadgens. sasamarTlosTanaxmad, erovnul simboloebs gaaCnia ori mniSvneloba. pirveli,isini ungreTis saxelmwifos suverenulobis simboloebs warmoadge-nen. meore, xsenebuli simboloebi SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes vin-mes grZnobebis gamosaxatavad ungruli saxelmwifosadmi an sazoga-doebisadmi kuTvnilebasTan mimarTebiT. amitom bevri adamianigabrazdeba, Sokirebuli iqneba da Seuracxyofilad CaTvlis Tavs sim-boloebis ugulebelyofiT, romelTac isini Zalian did pativs scemen.

ungreTis bolo aTwleulis istoriidan gamomdinare, romlisSedegadac erovnuli simboloebis mniSvneloba gaizarda,gamarTlebulad unda CaiTvalos xsenebuli simboloebis dacva,Tundac sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT. sasamarTlom daadgina, romgasaCivrebuli sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis debulebagamarTlebuli iyo. erovnuli simboloebis damcvel debulebazesakonstitucio sasamarTlos azriT, akrZaluli qmedebis Sedegi dazegavlena sazogadoebisaTvis imdenad didia, rom pasuxismgeblobissxva formebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiTgansazRvruli pasuxismgeblobis saSualebebi, araadekvaturi iqnebodaaseTi saxis damnaSaveebTan mimarTebiT. sisxlis samarTlebrivi kanon-mdeblobis debulebiT gansazRvruli sanqciebi yvelaze umniSvneloa.


15-11-2000

samxedro kanonmdeblobis debuleba, romelic mSvidobianobisperiodSi iTvaliswinebda erovnuli droSis an sxva saxelmwifo sim-boloebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis warmomadgenlis mier Seuracxyofas,ewinaaRmdegeboda Tanasworobis princips, romelic gansazRvruliakonstituciis me-3 muxliT. Tumca, gaTvaliswinebuli sasjeli ufromkacri iyo, vidre sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT dadgenili da xseneb-uli aranairad ar iyo dasabuTebuli. debulebiT daculi interesiexeboda saxelmwifo simboloebis Rirsebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv,saxelmwifos Rirsebas gamoxatavda.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gverdi auara warmodgenil mravalsakiTxs. sadavo debulebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli kritika

215


sakanonmdeblo politikis sakiTxs warmoadgens. Tumca, samxedrokodeqsiT ufro mkacri sasjelis dakisreba ar aris aSkarauTanasworoba, swored kanonmdebels da ara sasamarTlos ekisrebasakanonmdeblo sakiTxebis gadawyveta da im sasjelebis gadaxedva,romlebic dawesebulia samxedro kodeqsis mier mSvidobian periodSi.


23-10-2002

rodesac kanoniT dadgenilia mediis TavisuflebasTan da-kavSirebuli garantiebi, kanonmdebelma didi yuradRebiT unda ganix-ilos samoqalaqo sazogadoebis moTxovnebi, romlebickonstituciaSia asaxuli da kanonis uzenaesobis principi da ar undadaarRvios sxvebis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. prodiuseris an sazo-gadoebrivi informaciis gamavrceleblis mflobelisa daJurnalistis uflebebi gulisxmobs, rom maT SeuZliaT, argaamJRavnon informacia im SemTxvevebSic ki, rodesac es aucilebelida mniSvnelovania demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sasamarTlos miermiRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad sazogadoebis sxva interese-bidan gamomdinare, an imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom sxva pirTa konsti-tuciuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi daculia da marTlmsajulebaxorcieldeba.

sazogadoebisaTvis informaciis miwodebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-8muxli arRvevs konstituciis 25.3, 25.4 da 29-e muxlebs daewinaaRmdegeba kanonis uzenaesobis princips, radganac, zogierTSemTxvevaSi, informaciis gaumJRavneblobam SesaZloa gamoiwviosufro mwvave Sedegebi, vidre misma gamJRavnebam. medias ufleba aqvs,informacia miawodos sazogadoebas im pirTa piradi cxovrebisSesaxeb, romlebic socialur da politikur cxovrebaSi arianCarTulni. informaciis gavrceleba am pirTa Sesaxeb medias SeuZliamaTi Tanxmobis gareSe im SemTxvevaSi, Tu piradi cxovrebismaxasiaTeblebi, yofaqceva da konkretuli garemoebebi mniSvne-lovania sazogadoebrivi saqmeebisaTvis.

momCivanma – litvis parlamentis wevrTa jgufma – sarCeliTmimarTa sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da moiTxova imis dadgena,Seesabameboda Tu ara sazogadoebisaTvis informaciis miwodebasTandakavSirebuli kanonis me-8 muxli konstituciis 29.1 muxls, xolokanonis 14.3 muxli _ konstituciis 22-e muxls. ganmcxadebeli xazsusvamda, rom kanonis me-8 muxli aerTianebda da amyarebdaprodiuserisa da gamavrceleblis, aseve, Jurnalistis uflebebs, ar

216


gaemJRavnebina informacia da saidumlod Seenaxa igi. momCivani eWvsgamoTqvamda, ramdenad Seesabameboda konstituciis 29.1 muxlinormas, romelic gansazRvravda aseT absolutur uflebas, radganacanalogiuri tipis uflebebi sxva kanonebSi SezRudulia.

monacemebi, informacia an sxva faqtebi unda gamJRavndes, rodesacsasamarTlo, prokuratura da sxva saxelmwifo samarTlebriviorganoebi moiTxoven sisxlis samarTlis Tu samoqalaqo saqmeebTandakavSirebiT (romelic imyofeba maTi iurisdiqciisa Tuuflebamosilebis qveS), sxva saqmeebSi ki gansazRvrulia kanoniT.momCivnis azriT, kanonis me-8 muxli prodiusers, gamavrcelebelsada dasaxelebul gaerTianebebs aniWebda privilegias, maT gaaCndaTufro meti uflebebi, vidre sxva fizikur Tu iuridiul pirebs.mosarCele amtkicebda, rom kanonis 14.3 muxli gansazRvravdabundovan mizezebs, romlisTvisac piris piradi cxovrebisxelSeuxeblobis principi, romelic konstituciis 22-e muxlSiamocemuli, SesaZloa ugulebelyofil iqnes, rodesac qveyndebainformacia piris piradi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. es mizezebi saWiroebsgansxvavebul ganmartebas.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom kidev erTxel aRniSna, rominformaciis moZiebis, mopovebisa da gavrcelebis Tavisuflebasamoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da kanonmorCili saxelmwifos erT-erTiumniSvnelovanes fundamentia. es Tavisufleba piris sxvadasxvauflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa ganxorcielebis mniSvnelovanwinapirobas warmoadgens. piris ZiriTadi sakonstitucio uflebebida Tavisuflebebi adekvaturad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod imSemTxvevaSi, Tu pirs aqvs ufleba, daubrkoleblad moiZios,moipovos da gaavrcelos informacia. konstitucia uzrunvelyofsda icavs sazogadoebis interess, miiRos informacia. sakonstituciosasamarTlom daadgina, rom informaciis sazogadoebisaTvismiwodebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-8 muxli ewinaaRmdegebodakonstituciis debulebebs. piris piradi cxovrebis ufleba moicavsda gulisxmobs piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis, pativisa da Rirsebis,reputaciis, fizikuri da fsiqologiuri xelSeuxeblobis, piradifaqtebis dacvas, konfidencialuri informaciis gamJRavnebisakrZalvas.

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba ar aris absoluturi ufleba.konstituciis Tanaxmad, piris uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi SesaZloadaeqvemdebaros SezRudvas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu da-kmayofilebulia Semdegi pirobebi: SezRudvebi ganxorcielebuliakanonis safuZvelze da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSiimisaTvis, raTa dacul iqnes konstituciaSi mocemuli sxvaTauflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, aseve, sxva konstituciuri Rire-

217


bulebebi. SezRudvebi ar uaryofs da ar amcirebs uflebebisa daTavisuflebebis arss da daculia proporciulobis principiT.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom socialur dapolitikur cxovrebaSi monawile pirebis qmedebebi, maxasiaTebeliniSnebi da maTi piradi cxovrebis zogierTi aspeqti SesaZloamniSvnelovani iyos sajaro interesebisaTvis. sazogadoebisinteresi, moipovos ufro meti informacia konkretul pirebTandakavSirebiT, emyareba konstitucias. es interesi ar iqnebodauzrunvelyofili, Tu sazogadoebrivi interesebis mqoneinformaciis gamoqveyneba, romelic socialur da politikurcxovrebaSi monawile pirebs exeba, maTgan Tanxmobis gamoxatvasmoiTxovda. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sazogadoebisaTvisinformaciis miwodebis Sesaxeb kanonis 14.3 muxli Seesabamebodakonstitucias.


13-02-1997

miuxedavad imisa, rom reklama garkveuli saxis informacias war-moadgens, yvela informacia reklama ar aris. amgvarad, alko-holisa da Tambaqos produqtebis reklama krZalavs mxolodinformaciis konkretul tips, romelic informaciis mTeli spe-qtris sapirispirod SesaZloa Sefasdes rogorc jerovaniSezRudva da ar warmoadgens informaciis TavisuflebisdarRvevas. Tambaqosa da alkoholuri produqtebis reklamazedawesebuli akrZalva ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos diskriminaciad,radganac aseTi akrZalva exeba mTlianad sazogadoebas da arapirTa calkeul jgufs. meore mxriv, aseTi akrZalvis mizans war-moadgens sazogadoebrivi interesebi, kerZod: axalgazrdebisdacva alkoholis an Tambaqos produqtebis moxmarebasTandakavSirebiT fsiqologiuri zewolisagan, Tambaqos mowevisgavrcelebis SeCereba da sasmelis SezRudva qalebs Soris,momxmarebelTa dacva zogadi midrekilebis gaRvivebisa da aras-ruli informaciis miwodebisagan. aRniSnuli miznebi absolutu-rad eTanxmeba amocanebs, romlebic msoflio savaWro organizaci-am sazogado da adamianTa janmrTelobis sferoSi daisaxa.

momCivanma – parlamentis wevrTa jgufma – mimarTa sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlos TxovniT, daedgina, Seesabameboda Tu ara konsti-tucias litvis respublikis alkoholisa da Tambaqos kontrolisSesaxeb kanonis calkeuli debulebebi da alkoholis reklamasTandakavSirebuli mTavrobis rezolucia #179. momCivnebi amtkicebd-nen, rom sadavo normebi krZalavda alkoholisa da Tambaqos pro-

218


duqtebis reklamas litvis teritoriaze. dgeba sakiTxi, zemoxseneb-uli kanonebi Seesabameba Tu ara konstituciis 25-e muxls, romlisTanaxmad, pirs unda hqondes ufleba, gaaCndes Tavisi mrwamsi damosazrebebi da gamoxatos isini Tavisuflad, pirs ar unda SeeSalosxeli informaciisa da ideebis moZiebaSi, mopovebasa dagavrcelebaSi, mosazrebebis gamoxatvaSi. am uflebis SezRudvadasaSvebia mxolod kanonis safuZvelze, rodesac es aucilebeliajanmrTelobis, pativisa da Rirsebis, piradi cxovrebis an moralis ankonstituciuri marTlwesrigis dacvisaTvis.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos azriT, alkoholisa da Tambaqosreklamis akrZalvasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadaWraSesaZlebelia mxolod informaciis Tavisuflebis koncefciisgarkveviTa da am Tavisuflebis SezRudvis SesaZleblobiT. amavedros, aucilebelia, ganimartos is dapirispireba, romelic arsebobsinformaciasa da reklamas da adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis alko-holisa da Tambaqos moxmarebis SesaZlo Sedegebs Soris. adamianisuflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos Tanaxmad, adamianis uflebebi daTavisuflebebi SesaZloa SeizRudos, Tu SezRudva akmayofilebs ormoTxovnas:

1. SSezRudva uunda iiyos kkanonieri;2. iigi aaucilebeli uunda iiyos ddemokratiul ssazogadoebaSi.kanonierebis moTxovna niSnavs, rom SezRudva SesaZloa ganxor-

cieldes mxolod kanonmdeblobiT, romlis normebic sakmarisadnaTeli da garkveuli unda iyos. rodesac ganisazRvreba kanonisgamoyenebis farglebi, aucilebelia Sesabamisi uflebis miznisa damniSvnelobis dadgena da, konstituciis Tanaxmad, SezRudvisSesaZleblobebis gansazRvra.

rodesac ganvixilavT sakiTxs, konkretuli SezRudva aucilebe-lia Tu ara demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, pirvelad unda gairkvesSezRudvis mizani da mizezebi, meore mxriv, gamoyenebuli SezRudvissaSualebebi misaRwevi miznis proporciuli unda iyos. radganacalkoholuri da Tambaqos produqtebis moxmareba adamianisjanmrTelobas ueWvelad ayenebs zians, kanonmdebels ufleba hqonda,SeezRuda informacia alkoholisa da Tambaqos produqtebTandakavSirebiT. gansaxilveli kanonebi warmoadgens komerciuliinformaciis SezRudvas, romelic alkoholur da Tambaqos pro-duqtebis gasaRebasa da moxmarebas exeba. aqedan gamomdinare, ganmcx-adeblis pretenzia, rom kanonmdebloba krZalavs nebismier informa-cias, romelic alkoholur da Tambaqos produqcias exeba, ar arisgamyarebuli faqtebiT.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom alkoholuri daTambaqos produqciis reklamaze dawesebuli SezRudvebi

219


Seesabameboda konstitucias. Tumca, alkoholisa da Tambaqos pro-duqciis arapirdapiri reklama iseve, rogorc mTavrobisaTvisreklamis SezRudvis uflebis delegireba da mTavrobis rezoluciisSesabamisi nawili, ewinaaRmdegeboda konstitucias.


02-05-1997

piri, romlis suraTic iqna gamoyenebuli, piradi cxovrebisuflebis xelyofasTan dakavSirebiT samarTlebrivi dacviT sarge-blobs. amitom aseT pirs yovelTvis eqneba pretenzia, ar gamoiyenonmisi suraTi komerciuli mizniT.

respondenti amuSavebda diskoTekas amsterdamSi, sadacsaRamoobiT cekvebs rva pirisgan Semdgari jgufi warmoadgenda. 1991wlis agvistoSi apelanti swored am jgufis erT-erTi wevri iyo.respondentma mas cekvis Sesrulebisas gadauRo suraTi da gamoiyenasareklamo broSuraSi saTauriT `gvesaWiroeba lamazi, welzemoTSiSveli sxeuli SiSveli SekrebebisaTvis~. respondentma foto asevehomoseqsualTa Jurnalis ukana ydaze dabeWda.

apelantma samarTalwarmoeba aRZra respondentis winaaRmdeg damoiTxova misgan 10 000 guldeni miyenebuli zianisaTvis, romelicmisi mtkicebiT respondentis arakanonieri qmedebebis Sedegad gani-cada, kerZod, misi broSurisa da Jurnalis bolo gverdze fotosgamoqveynebis gamo. ganmcxadeblis saCivris mTavar mizezshomoseqsualTa Jurnalis bolo gverdze misi suraTis gamoqveynebawarmoadgenda. amiT igi asocirebul iqna homoseqsualurmoZraobasTan, rac mas, rogorc Cveulebrivi seqsualuri orientaci-is mimdevars, kategoriulad ar surda.

saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saqmis yvela garemoebisgaTvaliswinebiT apelantis mxridan ar moipoveboda raimesafuZveli an argumentacia imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom suraTisgamoqveynebiT dairRva misi piradi cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba.saapelacio sasamarTlos azriT, diskoTekaze cekviT, ganmcxade-belma TviTon Caiyena Tavi erotizmis sazogado atmosferoSi dagarkveulwilad masac miuZRvis brali imaSi, rom diskoTekis mepa-troneebma misi suraTebi gamoiyenes. sakasacio saCivris Sedegaduzenaesma sasamarTlom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRniSna, romsaavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonis 21-e muxlis Tanaxmad, suraTzegamosaxul pirs yovelTvis gaaCnia interesi portretis komerci-uli sareklamo mizniT gamoqveynebis sapirispirod. uzenaesi

220


sasamarTlo azriT, suraTis reklamaSi gamoyenebiT suraTzegamosaxuli piri sazogadoebis mier asocirebuli iqneboda konkre-tul produqtTan an momsaxurebasTan. sazogadoeba aseve gulisx-mobs, rom suraTi ar iqneboda gamoyenebuli gamosaxuli pirisTanxmobis gareSe.

uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mxolod is faqti, romsuraTze asaxuli piri ukve asocirebulia konkretul periodSi improduqtTan an momsaxurebasTan warmoebuli TanamSromlobisSedegad, ar niSnavs, rom suraTis publikacia sareklamo mesijSi miz-nad isaxavda ufro farTo masebis mozidvas, es ki aranairad arayenebs zians apelantis piradi cxovrebis uflebas.

sakiTxi, Seesabameboda Tu ara publikacia produqtisa Tu momsax-urebis xasiaTs, ar iyo mniSvnelovani imis gansazRvrisas, irRveodaTu ara saavtoro uflebis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba. uzenaesisasamarTlos azriT, piradi cxovrebis ufleba dairRveoda iseTireklamis gadacemisas, romelic gamosaxul pirs `erotizmisa dagamoxatvis Tavisuflebis~ situaciaSi Caayenebda. bolos, uzenaesmasasamarTlom daadgina, rom gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTandakavSirebuli interesebi imdenad ar iyo mniSvnelovani, romgaemarTlebina apelantis piradi cxovrebis uflebis darRveva.

norvegiauzenaesi sasamarTlo

20-11-2001

konkretul garemoebebSi gakeTebuli cilismwamebluriSeniSvnebi, romlebic savaraudo gaupatiurebas exeba, evropulikonvenciis me-10 muxliT garantirebuli gamoxatvisTavisuflebiTaa daculi da amitomac mTlianad Seesabameba sisxlissamarTlis kodeqsis 247-e muxls.

A amtkicebda, rom igi B-m gaaupatiura kolejis wveulebis Semdeg.B uaryofda gaupatiurebis braldebas da amtkicebda, romseqsualuri kavSiri absoluturi Tanxmobisa da survilissafuZvelze iqna ganxorcielebuli. momCivani da mopasuxe kolejSiTanaklaselebi iyvnen. A–m ramdenime adamians gaando, romgaaupatiures. B-m samarTalwarmoeba aRZra ciliswamebisa dazemoxsenebuli gancxadebebis gakeTebisaTvis. A-m ver warmoadginaveraviTari saxis mtkicebuleba gaupatiurebis dasadastureblad.raionulma da saapelacio sasamarTlom B-s moraluri zianisanazRaureba daakisra 20 000 guldenis odenobiT, aseve, sadavogamoTqmebi dagmo da arasamarTlianad miiCnia. mtkicebulebaTa

221


ganxilvis Semdgom saapelacio sasamarTlom ganacxada, rombraldeba simarTles ar Seesabameboda. A-m gaupatiurebis Sesaxebauwya TerTmet adamians. saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom,radganac am adamianTagan Svidi maTgani megobari iyo, dialogebi dagandoba movlenidan axlo monakveTebSi gaimarTa.

A-m gaasaCivra moqmedi kanonmdeblobis gamoyeneba uzenaessasamarTloSi da daeyrdno konstituciis me-100 da evropulikonvenciis me-10 muxlebs. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mTavar amocanasgamoxatvis Tavisuflebis, Rirsebisa da reputaciis dacvas Sorisbalansis damyareba warmoadgenda. gansaxilvel sakiTxTa nusxaSiSedioda is oTxi gancxadeba, romelTa safuZvelzec saapelaciosasamarTlom B-s sasargeblod gamoitana gadawyvetileba. xolouzenaesi sasamarTlos umravlesobam ki daadgina, rom gancxadebebidaculi iyo gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT da, Sesabamisad, iyogamarTlebuli da mTlianad Seesabameboda sisxlis samarTliskanonmdeblobas.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom A keTilsindisierad moqmedebda,rodesac acxadebda, rom igi gaaupatiures. misi SeniSvnebi undaSefasebuliyo, rogorc misi rwmena, romelic dakavSirebuli iyosaklaso situaciaSi mis pirad saWiroebasTan, razec Zalian didzegavlenas axdenda is faqti, rom B isev imave klasis moswavledrCeboda. A-s TvalsazrisiT, misi gancxadebebis mizans skolaSiSeqmnili situaciis daregulireba warmoadgenda. imis ganxilvisas,SeniSvnebi kanonieri iyo Tu ara, aucilebeli iyo inter aliamxedvelobaSi im faqtis miReba, Tu ra esaWiroeboda msxverplsseqsualuri Tavdasxmis Semdeg. uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, romaxlad amoqmedebuli sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiskonkretuli nawili, romelic exeboda kanonierTviTdajerebulobasa da Sinagan rwmenas gaupatiurebis Semdeg, argamoiyeneboda winamdebare saqmesTan mimarTebiT. Tumca, norvegiiskanonmdeblobaSi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisstatutidan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba imis gamoricxva, romnorvegiis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba ukve Seesabamebodakonvencias.

uzenaesi sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilvisas daeyrdno evropulisasamarTlos zogad principebs saqmeSi Bergens Tidende and others v.Norway. ganxilvis Sedegad, rogorc zemoT iqna naxsenebi,sasamarTlom ar gaiziara saapelacio sasamarTlos mosazreba dagadawyvita, rom ganmcxadebeli sargeblobda gamoxatvisTavisuflebiT dadgenili principebiT.

222



07-06-1994

radio da satelevizio mauwyeblebs ar SeuZliaT, Seuracxyon maTimayureblis religiuri grZnobebi. azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba,miuxedavad imisa, rom igi warmoadgens demokratiuli sazogadoebiserT-erT fundamentur instituts, ar sargeblobs absoluturidacviT. igi SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros aucilebel SezRudvebs impirobiT, rom igi ar arRvevs Tavisuflebis arss da gansazRvruliakanonmdeblobiT.

radio da satelevizio mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb kanonSi gamoxatulimayureblis religiuri rwmenisa da grZnobebis pativiscema warmoad-gens gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis erT-erT SezRudvas. am SezRudvissamarTlebrivi Sinaarsi Seesabameba piradi interesebis dacvas, racpoloneTis samoqalaqo kodeqsiT aris gansazRvruli. qristianulifaseulobebis pativiscema, romelic moculia kanoniT radio dasatelevizio mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb, mocemulia mxolod magaliTissaxiT da gamarTlebulia poloneTis sazogadoebis qristianulitradiciiTa da kulturiT. tribunalis azriT, mauwyebloba, romel-ic ar Seesabameba qristianul Rirebulebebs, aseve SesaZloa mayureb-lis religiuri rwmenis mimarT upativcemlobad CaiTvalos.

sakonstitucio tribunals unda ganexila radio da sateleviziomauwyeblobis Sesaxeb kanonis ori debuleba:

1. ddebuleba uukrZalavda mmauwyebels mmayureblis rreligiurigrZnobebis SSeuracxyofas;

2. aavaldebulebda ssazogado mmauwyeblobis oorganizaciebs, ppativiecaT qqristianuli RRirebulebebisaTvis, rromlebic SSeesabameba ddaexmaureba ssayovelTao eeTikur nnormebs.

ganmcxadeblis azriT, `qristianuli Rirebulebebis~ normatiulixasiaTi Sedegad iwvevs am Rirebulebebis win wamowevas sxvaRirebulebebTan mimarTebiT. es ki ewinaaRmdegeba Tanasworobis kon-stituciur princips da arRvevs azris gamoxatvisa da gadacemis kon-stituciur Tavisuflebas, rac niSnavs imas, rom gansaxilvelidebuleba amoqmedda kanonis uzenaesobis ZiriTadi principissawinaaRmdegod.

1994 wlis martSi gansaxilveli debulebebi daeqvemdebarasamarTlebrivad savaldebulo ganmartebas, romelic gaica tri-bunalis mier. tribunalma gadawyvita, rom aRniSnuli debulebebi arSeiZleba gaxdes radio an satelevizio mauwyeblobis nebismierixasiaTis cenzuris safuZveli. tribunalis azriT, gamoxatvisTavisufleba, misi konstituciuri xasiaTis miuxedavad, ar aris

223


absoluturi xasiaTis matarebeli. igi SesaZloa daeqvemdebarosaucilebel SezRudvebs, magram SezRudvebi ar unda arRvevdesTavisuflebis arss da dadgenili unda iyos gamonaklisis saxiT.

winamdebare gadawyvetilebaSi tribunali mxars uWers zemoxseneb-ul mosazrebas. pirveli debuleba ar axdens diskriminacias rome-lime religiis sapirispirod, radganac igi icavs yvela saxisreligiur mrwamss maTi sxvaobisa Tu aRmsareblobis miuxedavad.aseTi saxis dacva warmoadgens sindisisa da aRmsareblobis erT-erTZiriTad garantias. meore debulebiT, qristianuli Rirebulebebispativiscema ar niSnavs maTi ganviTarebis valdebulebas. nebismierisxva interpretacia ewinaaRmdegeboda saxelmwifos mxridanTanasworobisa da moraluri neitralitetis SenarCunebas. ufrometic, gansaxilveli debuleba erT-erTia im mravali programulidireqtividan, romlebic radio da satelevizio mauwyeblobas exebada miuTiTebs im qristianul Rirebulebebze, romlebic eTanxmebasayovelTao eTikur principebs.


16-04-2002

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 206-e muxli, romelic gansazRvravscilismwameblur qmedebebs, rogorc Rirsebisa da pativis winaaRmdegmimarTul danaSaulebs, icavs sxva pirTa uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebsda ar ewinaaRmdegeba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas. gamoxatvisTavisuflebis xelSeuxebloba, romelic konstituciis 30.1-e muxlSiagansazRvruli, ar amarTlebs piris pativisa da Rirsebis Seuracxyofas.gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ar warmoadgens absolutur uflebas.SezRudvis farglebi unda iyos kanoniT dadgenili da aucilebelidemokratiul sazogadoebaSi sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis anerovnuli uSiSroebis, kanonmdeblobisa da marTlwesrigis, sazogadoe-brivi janmrTelobisa da moralis interesebis dasacavad.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos winaSe manamde warmodgenili iyopretenzia, romlis Tanaxmad, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 206-emuxli ewinaaRmdegeboda konstitucias. mosarCele mxare TxovniTmimarTavda sasamarTlos, gaeTvaliswinebina konstituciis 30-emuxlis debulebebi da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 206-e muxlikonstituciasTan Seusabamod daedgina nawilobriv mainc, radganacisini Jurnalistis SefasebiT msjelobebs sisxlissamarTlebrivaddasjadad acxadebdnen. sadavo kanoni sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxis-mgeblobas akisrebda im sityvebisa da qmedebebisaTvis, romlis

224


Sedegadac ziani miadga piris pativsa da Rirsebas, aseve, nebismierigancxadebisa an mtkicebisaTvis konkretul faqtebTan dakavSirebiT,romelTa namdvilobis SemTxvevaSi pirs daekisreboda sisxlis-samarTlebrivi, administraciuli an disciplinaruli sasjeli.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 206-emuxli exeboda sasjels ara SefasebiTi msjelobebisaTvis, aramedkonkretuli faqtebisaTvis, romlebic konkretul pirovnebas miew-ereboda. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom dairRvakonvenciis me-10 muxlis 1-li punqti, radgan me-2 punqti moiTxovs,rom SezRudvis RonisZieba iyos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli daaucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.

im saqmeebSi, romlebsac momCivani mxare eyrdnoboda - Dalban v.Romania da Constantinescu v. Romania - adamianis uflebaTa evropulmasasamarTlom daadgina, rom ssk 206-e muxli Seesabameboda konvenciisme-10 muxls.

amgvarad, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom ssk 206-e muxli, romelicciliswamebas exeboda, ar ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis 30-emuxls an saerTaSoriso aqtebis debulebebs.


19-11-1996

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs azris gamoxatvis SeuzRudavuflebas, magram, amave dros, iTvaliswinebs im savaraudo danaSaulismtkicebulebebis warmodgenas, romelic sajaro moxelis mier arisCadenili, aseve, moicavs Seuracxyofis miyenebisagan Tavis Sekavebisvaldebulebas. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Setanil saCivarTandakavSirebiT daadgina, rom ssk konkretuli debulebebi, romlebicxelisuflebis organoebis Seuracxyofas exeboda, arakonstituci-uri iyo. konstituciis me-16 muxlis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeebiTanasworni arian kanonisa da xelisuflebis organoebis winaSeyovelgvari privilegiisa Tu diskriminaciis gareSe. kanonis winaSeTanasworobis principTan dakavSirebiT, moqalaqis erT-erTi funda-menturi ufleba, kerZod, ufleba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze, maTSoris, presis Tavisufleba, ganxilul iqna zemoxsenebulgadawyvetilebaSi.

konstituciis Tanaxmad, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ar undaewinaaRmdegebodes piris Rirsebas, pativs, pirad cxovrebas. sakon-stitucio garantiebi gamoiyeneba Tanabrad yvela moqalaqis mimarT,miuxedavad imisa, axorcielebs igi sajaro funqciebs Tu ara. gamox-

225


atvis Tavisuflebaze dawesebul zemoxsenebul SezRudvebTandakavSirebiT sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebisas wamoWril iqnasakiTxi: SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvaim saqmeebSi, sadac gancxadebebi iqna gakeTebuli sajaro moxelesTanmimarTebiT an piri asocirebulia Tu ara xelisuflebisorganoebTan, romlis saxeliTac igi axorcielebs konkretul funq-ciebs.

xelisuflebis organo, romelic 1 pirisagan (prezidenti) Sedgeba,ar SeiZleba gancalkevdes im pirisagan, romelic mas ganasaxierebs daromlis saxeliTac igi, kanonis Tanaxmad, axorcielebs mis funqciebs.gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ZiriTad arss mosazrebebisa da SeniSvnebisgamoxatvis Tavisufleba warmoadgens. dasaSvebi kritikis zRvarigacilebiT farToa, rodesac igi exeba politikoss da ara moqalaqes.es ki aixsneba sazogadoebaSi politikosis roliT da im faqtiT, rompolitika exeba yvelas. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom konkretuli gancx-adebis Sinaarsi SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes politikosis reputaci-is Sesalaxavad. aseT magaliTs warmoadgens SemTxvevebi, rodesacpolitikoss brals sdeben gamogonili danaSaulis CadenaSi, magramar arsebobs aranairi mtkicebuleba da faqtobrivi safuZveli.swored amitom sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mosazre-bebi politikur da moralur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ar warmoad-gens iseT faqtebs, romlebsac SeuZlia ziani miayenos sajaro mox-elis reputacias. magram Seuracxyofa an gancxadebebi, romlebicdaudasturebel danaSaulze miuTiTebs, gamonakliss warmoadgens daar aris moculi gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT.


pirveli palata30-06-1998

informaciis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul uflebasa daRirsebisa da pativiscemis uflebas Soris konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi,prevalirebs informaciis Tavisufleba, Tuki Sesabamisi informaciazustia da sazogadoebriv interesebs exeba.

sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Setanil iqna ganacxadi imsasamarTlo gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT, romliTacyovelkvireul gazeTs msjavri daedo niderlandebSi espaneTisdiplomatiuri warmomadgenlis pativisa da Rirsebis arakanonieradSelaxvaSi. mas miawerdnen iaraRis, avtomanqanebisa da narkotikebistrefikings, aseve, organizacias bralad edeboda espaneTis diplo-

226


matiur korpusze ganxorcielebuli ramdenime Tavdasxma. sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom informaciis Tavisuflebas spe-cialuri adgili ukavia espaneTis kanonmdeblobaSi Tavisi statusisada im garantiebiT, romlebsac igi uzrunvelyofda Tavisufal sazo-gadoebriv azrTan mimarTebiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, politikurpluralizmTan iyo dakavSirebuli. Tumca, informaciisTavisuflebis ganxorcieleba gamarTlebuli iyo mxolod imSemTxvevaSi, Tuki Sesabamisi informacia iqneboda zusti da sajarointeresebs Seexeboda. xolo, Tu orive kriteriumi dakmayofildebo-da, am uflebis ganxorcielebas hqonda upiratesoba im piris pativisada Rirsebis uflebaze, romelsac Seexeboda informacia, radganinformaciis Tavisufleba warmoadgenda demokratiuli sazogadoe-bis safuZvels.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gamoqveynebuliinformacia exeboda mniSvnelovan sazogadoebriv sakiTxebs da,Sesabamisad, maTi interesis sagans warmoadgenda. Tumca, winamdebaresaqmeSi konstituciuri kriteriumi ar iqna dakmayofilebuli. igigamomqveynebels informaciis sizustis Semowmebas akisrebda.

winamdebare saqmeSi gamoqveynebuli informacia aRweriliarogorc ucxouri warmoSobis informacia, romelzec avtorebmapasuxismgebloba aiRes da ganaviTares, rogorc sakuTari, profe-siuli movaleobis ganxorcielebis gareSe, rac maT kanoniTekisrebodaT. moxsenebis avtorebma, valdebulebis miuxedavad, argadaamowmes, Seesabameboda Tu ara sinamdviles gacxadebuli faqtebi.

SvedeTiuzenaesi administraciuli sasamarTlo

07-11-2000

presis Sesaxeb kanonSi aris normebi, romlebic icavs nebismieripiris anonimurobas. kanoni gamomqveynebels avaldebulebs,gaiTvaliswinos informaciis momwodebeli piris anonimuroba. igiukrZalavs xelisuflebis nebismier organos aseTi piris vinaobisdadgenas. normebi aseve gulisxmobs reklamis gamavrceleblebs.konkretuli pirobebidan gamomdinare, es normebi xels ar uSlissagadasaxado organoebs TavianTi uflebis ganxorcielebaSi,kerZod, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, nebismieri piris-agan, romelic warmarTavs bizness, maT Soris, sagamomcemlo saqmi-anobas, moiTxovon saSemosavlo ganacxadi, romelic exeba saqonlisgayidvisa da momsaxurebis Sedegad gadaxdil Tanxebs, aseve, sxvakonkretul biznes-sawarmoebs.

227


adgilobrivma sagadasaxado ofisma SvedeTis sagazeTo gamomcem-lobas SeukveTa, warmoedgina saSemosavlo ganacxadi biznesmen b-sTandakavSirebiT. moTxovna exeboda invoisebs, romlebic gamowerili iyob-s mier 1997-98 wlebSi. gamomcemelma moiTxova mis mimarT gamonakli-sis daSveba saidumloebis Senaxvis valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT, racgansazRvruli iyo kanoniT. sasamarTlom ubrZana gamomcemels, war-moedgina moTxovnili informacia. gamomcemeli amtkicebda, rom mas arSeeZlo daedasturebina an uareyo gansaxilveli informaciis floba.amgvarad, man ver Seasrula sasamarTlo brZaneba. dabali instanciissasamarTlom ganacxada, rom gamomqveyneblis uari, warmoedginainformacia, sasamarTlos arTmevda SesaZleblobas, jerovnad ganexi-la ganacxadi da daekmayofilebina igi. uzenaesma administraciulmasasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom, radganac moTxovnili informaciaSeexeboda b-s, rogorc reklamis mauwyebels, gamomcemels garkveulipirobebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa hqonoda gamonaklisisufleba im valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic mas kanoniTekisreboda. pirvel aseT pirobas warmoadgenda is, rom informaciaunda yofiliyo iseTi xasiaTis, rom SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo b-skavSiris dadgena konkretul reklamebTan. meore, reklamebis Sinaarsiar unda yofiliyo iseTi, TiTqos b daTanxmda, gaemJRavnebina vinaoba.

gamomcemels unda Seesrulebina sasamarTlo brZaneba moTxovniliinformaciis wardgenasTan dakavSirebiT. informacia atarebda zogadxasiaTs da gamomqveyneblis mier misi dadastureba ar niSnavda saidum-loebis Senaxvis valdebulebis darRvevas. sasamarTlo informaciasSeafasebda piris anonimurobis uflebis dacviT da, aqedan gamomd-inare, kanonis 3.4 muxliT ver CaiTvleboda gamoZiebad. is faqti, romwarmodgenili informacia sajaro xasiaTs miiRebda sasamarTlosamarTalwarmoebis pirobebSi, saidumloebis Senaxvis moTxovnas armiayenebda zians, rogorc es oficialuri saidumloebis kanonisTanaxmad aris moTxovnili. radgan kompaniam nebismieri dokumentis aninformaciis warmodgenaze uari ganacxada, sasamarTlos ar SeuZliasaqmis ganxilva da, Sesabamisad, ver dauSvebs raime saxis gamonakliss.


28-03-2002

respublikisa da Jenevis kantonis umaRlesma sabWom miiRo kanonireklamis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. xsenebuli kanoni detaluradawesrigebs sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis nagebobebze nebismieri xil-vadi saxis reklamis warmodgenas im procedurasTan erTad, romlis

228


dacvac savaldebuloa. kerZod, igi krZalavs nebismier reklamas,Tuki igi aRemateba sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis nagebobis moculo-bis 15%-s. igulisxmeba sazogadoebrivi Senobebi da sazogadoebriviTavSeyris adgilebi, municipalitetebisa da saqvelmoqmedo sazoga-doebebis nagebobaTa rogorc fasadi, ise Sida sivrce.

sxvadasxva sareklamo gaerTianebebma da kompaniebma xsenebulikanonis sapasuxod Seitanes sakonstitucio sarCeli, romelSic fed-eraluri konstituciis ramdenime debulebis darRvevas amtkicebd-nen da, Sesabamisad, moiTxovdnen maT gauqmebas. federalurmasasamarTlom abstraqtuli gadasinjvis Sedegad ganmcxadeblissaCivari kanonierad cno im safuZvelze, rom kanoni dacul intere-sebs exeboda. Tumca, zemoxsenebulis miuxedavad, sasamarTlomganacxadi arsebiT ganxilvaze dauSveblad gamoacxada.

ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom kantonis kanonmdebloba feder-aluri kanonmdeblobis upiratesobas ewinaaRmdegeboda, rac feder-aluri konstituciis 49-e muxliT aris garantirebuli. es konstitu-ciuri principi gamoricxavs kantonis wesebis miRebas an ganxorciele-bas, Tu isini ar Seesabameba federalur kanonmdeblobas an mismniSvnelobasa da suliskveTebas, an Tu exeba im sakiTxebs, romelTandakavSirebiTac federalurma parlamentma miiRo amomwuravi normebi.sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacva, romelsac sadavo kanoni exeba,kantonis pasuxismgeblobaSi Sedis. is, rom konstitucia am sferoSigarkveul uflebamosilebebs gadascems konfederacias, ar arisganmsazRvreli. kerZod, konfederacias gaaCnia uflebamosileba,Seqmnas kanonmdebloba alkoholTan da sakveb saSualebebTandakavSirebiT. am mizniT, federalurma kanonmdeblobam gansazRvraaRmkveTi RonisZiebebi alkoholizmsa da mowevasTan sabrZolvelad.Tumca, federalurma kanonmdeblobam ar gamoricxa kantonis donezeufro farTo normebis arseboba. amitomac ver vityviT, rom kantoniskanonmdebloba arRvevs federaluri kanonmdeblobis upirates Zalas.

garda amisa, kantonis normebi ar ewinaaRmdegeba Sida bazarTandakavSirebul kanons. am kanonis Tanaxmad, pirs aqvs saqonlisa damomsaxurebis SeTavazebis ufleba SveicariaSi nebismier adgilas,Tuki Sesabamisi saqmianoba nebadarTulia kantonSi, sadac am biznesismwarmoeblis saTavo ofisi mdebareobs. Ria bazarze xelmisawvdomobasadavo normebiTaa SezRuduli. Tumca, es normebi TavisTavad arkrZalavs yvela saxis reklamas alkoholsa da TambaqosTandakavSirebiT, aramed gansazRvravs kanons, romlis farglebicSezRudulia da romelic proporciulobis princips Seesabameba.aqedan gamomdinare, gansaxilveli debulebebi ar ewinaaRmdegebafederaluri Sida bazris kanonis debulebebs.

ganmcxadebeli aseve amtkicebda maTi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebisa

229


da sakuTrebis uflebis darRvevas. Tumca, aRniSnuli Tavisuflebaar aris absoluturi xasiaTis da SeiZleba daeqvemdebarosSezRudvas, magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi kanonissafuZvelze xorcieldeba da sazogadoebrivi interesebiT aris gan-pirobebuli, amave dros, akmayofilebs proporciulobis princips.sadavo kanoni warmoadgens adekvatur samarTlebriv safuZvels.sazogadoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, mosaxleobis, kerZod ki,axalgazrda Taobis janmrTelobis dasacavad kantonis parlamentmaunda miiRos garkveuli zomebi. rac Seexeba proporciulobis prin-cips, reklamaze dawesebulma SezRudvam, Tavis mxriv, unda SezRudosalkoholisa da Tambaqos moxmareba. es simkacre ar vrceldeba kerZosakuTrebasa da Senobebze, radgan amiT Tavidan avicilebT reklamisganTavsebas TvalsaCino adgilas. sadavo kanoni ar krZalavsreklamis sxva formas xsenebul produqtebTan mimarTebiT.

sxva mxriv, gansxvaveba alkoholur sasmelebsa da alkoholisdabali Semcvelobis sasmelebs Soris misaRebia. centralurimTavrobis qmedeba, romelic mxolod alkoholuri sasmelebisSezRudviskenaa mimarTuli, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tanaswori mopy-robis sawinaaRmdegod.

rac Seexeba reklamis SemzRudavi debulebebis gamoyenebas,Jenevis parlamentma sareklamo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT licen-zirebadi praqtikis warmoeba arCia. man gamoricxa sareklamo monop-oliis sistema kerZo sakuTrebasTan mimarTebiT, rac federalurmasasamarTlom axlaxan gamotanil gadawyvetilebebSi araproporciu-lad miiCnia. licenziis mopovebis valdebuleba, romlis gacemacmaterialuri kanonmdeblobis normebs eqvemdebareba, sakmarisiasazogadoebriv interesebSi Semavali miznebisa da proporciulobisprincipis dasakmayofileblad.

SSeekkrreebbiiss TTaavviissuufflleebbaa


31-03-1999

Sekrebis Tavisuflebis, rogorc konstituciuri uflebis (kon-stituciis 42-e muxli) SezRudva, gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi,daSvebulia mxolod saxelmwifos mier miRebuli kanonebis da araadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mier gamocemuligadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze.

230


Sekrebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb sadavo debulebis (Naronde novine,22/1992) Tanaxmad, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs ufle-ba miecaT, ganesazRvraT adgili, sadac nebadarTuli iqneboda yvelasaxis sazogadoebrivi Sekrebis Catareba.

debulebis arakonstituciurobis dasamtkiceblad gamoyenebuliqna Semdegi argumenti: im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sazogadoebriviTavSeyrisaTvis dasaxelebuli iqneba sazogadoebisaTvis mouxerxe-beli adgilebi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebssaSualeba miecemaT, akrZalon an SezRudon moqalaqeTakonstituciiT miniWebuli es ufleba. sasamarTlom daadgina (stated),rom kanonmdebels ar SeuZlia, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisorganoebs mianiWos kompetenciebi, romelTa regulireba, konsti-tuciis Tanaxmad, kanoniT aris gansazRvruli.

kanoni nnaTlad uunda gganmartavdes iim kkriteriumebs, rromelTasafuZvelze ddauSvebeli iiqneba aama TTu iim aadgilas ssazogadoebriviTavSeyris ggamarTva, rriTac ddaculi uunda iiyos ssxvaTa uuflebebi ddaTavisuflebebi, ssazogadoebrivi wwesrigi, mmorali dda mmaTijanmrTeloba. sadavo debuleba gauqmebul iqna sasamarTlos mier.


16-08-1999

kanoni, romelic policias uflebas aZlevs, TanamoazreebisTavSeyrisaTvis gankuTvnil teritoriaze ar dauSvas pirovneba,romelic sxva TavSeyris adgilze sxva dajgufebebTan SeiaraRebulkonfrontaciebSia SemCneuli, ar ewinaaRmdegeba arc asociaciisTavisuflebis da arc xelisuflebis danawilebis principebs.

motocikletistTa or dajgufebas (Bandidos and Hells Angels)Soris Setakebis Semdeg, 1996 wlis oqtomberSi, daniis parlamentmamiiRo kanoni “gansazRvrul teritoriebze (SenobebSi) gaCerebisakrZalvis Sesaxeb,” raTa daculi yofiliyo motocikletistebissacxovrebelTan (adgilsamyofelTan) mosaxle pirTa usafrTxoeba.aRniSnuli kanonis 1-li muxlis Tanaxmad, policia uflebamosilia,Tanamoazreebis TavSeyrisTvis gankuTvnil teritoriaze ar dauSvasis pirovneba, romelic sxva TavSeyris adgilze sxva dajgufebebTanSeiaraRebul konfrontaciebSia SemCneuli, vinaidan am pirovnebisdaswreba qmnis Zaladobis warmoqmnis saSiSroebas, ramac SeiZlebaudanaSaulo adamianebi daazaralos.

mosarCelem, romelsac aekrZala im or SenobaSi yofna, romelicHell Angels-ebis sacxovrebels, maTi TavSeyris adgils warmoadgenda,

231

Sekrebis Tavisufleba

sarCeli Seitana iusticiis saministros (Justice Department)winaaRmdeg, vinaidan miiCnevda, rom akrZalva ukanono iyo. mosarCelemganacxada, rom kanonis 1-li muxli ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis79-e muxls, romlis Tanaxmad: “moqalaqeebs uufleba aaqvT, wwinaswarinebarTvis ggareSe mmoawyon SSeuiaraRebeli TTavSeyra. ppolicia uufle-bamosilia, ddaeswros yyvela ssaxis ssazogadoebriv SSexvedras. RRia ccisqveS ggamarTuli SSekreba SSeiZleba aaikrZalos iim SSemTxvevaSi, TTu aarse-bobs ssazogadoebrivi wwesrigis ddarRvevis ssaSiSroeba.”

mosarCele amtkicebda, rom Sekreba kanoniT ikrZaleba mxolodSetakebis zogadi saSiSroebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, ramac SeiZlebasafrTxe Seuqmnas sxva adamianebis sicocxles. mosarCelismtkicebiT, mas Semdeg, rac parlamentma aRniSnuli kanonis miRebiTsakiTxi policiis regulirebis sferoSi moaqcia, kanoniwinaaRmdegobaSi movida konstituciis me-3 muxlTan xelisuflebisdanawilebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila aRniSnulisarCeli. uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom sasamarTlos mierkanonis interpretaciis Tanaxmad, akrZalva SeiZleba moxdes mxolodZaladobrivi Setakebis utyuari saSiSroebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.zogadi safrTxis arseboba ar aris sakmarisi mtkicebuleba. ufrometic, kanonis mizani iyo, mezoblebisa da gamvlelebisusafrTxoebis dacva da ara SekrebebisaTvis xelis SeSla an misimonawileebisaTvis azris gamoTqmis uflebis akrZalva.

eWvmitanili ddajgufebisaTvis ssacxovrebel SSenobebSi SSekrebisakrZalvam ees SSenobebi mmaTTvis aarasasurvelad aaqcia. kkanoni nnaklebadexeba iim jjgufebs, rromlebic SSetakebebSi mmonawileobis SSedegadZaladobis mmsxverplad iiqcnen. kkanoni ggulisxmobs ssxva mmoqalaqeebisdacvas. iim SSemTxvevaSi, TTu SSexvedrebi uukve yyvelasaTvis kkargad nnacnobsacxovrebel aadgilebSi ggagrZeldeboda, mmezoblebis ddasacavadpoliciis iintensiuri CCareva iiqneboda ssaWiro, rrasac SSeiZleba uufroseriozuli ggarTulebebi mmohyoloda. uuzenaesma ssasamarTlom ddaadgina,rom kkanoni, rromelic ggulisxmobs ppoliciis CCarevas aaRniSnuli ssakiTxismosagvareblad, aar eewinaaRmdegeba xxelisuflebis ddanawilebis pprincips.


18-01-1995

Tu sakiTxi ar exeba dacvasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebs, videodakvirvebis sistemis dasamontaJeblad aucilebelia departamentisdoneze mosamarTlis TavmjdomareobiT Seqmnili komitetis daskvnismiReba. konstituciurma sabWom daadgina, rom komitetis rolis

232


TvalsazrisiT, komitetis wevroba, romelic ar ganisazRvra sakanon-mdeblo organos mier, unda iZleodes damoukideblobis garantias.sakanonmdeblo organos hqonda ufleba, prefeqtebi aReWurvaTuflebamosilebiT, aekrZalaT iseTi sagnebis tareba an gadazidva,romlebic SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo iaraRad iseT SemTxvevebSi,sadac arsebobda sazogadoebrivi wesrigis seriozuli darRvevissaSiSroeba. garda gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa, sakanonmdebloorganom ufleba darTo, amgvari akrZalvebi SemoRebuliyo mxoloddemonstraciebis adgilze an maT uSualo siaxloves. garkveulidebulebebi kritikis safuZveli gaxda, vinaidan isini ariTvaliswinebdnen moTxovnas, rom akrZalvebis SemoRebis nebarTvamiRebuliyo sasamarTlo xelisuflebisgan (romelic pirovnuliTavisuflebis damcvels warmoadgens) manam, sanam ganxorcieldebo-da avtomanqanebis Cxreka iaraRis aRmosaCenad da amosaRebad.

demonstraciebSi monawileobis akrZalva, romlis dawesebis uflebaaqvs sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos, rogorc damatebiTi sasjelimaqsimum sami wlis vadiT da romelic exeba mxolod im sasjelSimiTiTebul adgilebs, arc sasjelTa proporciulobis principsarRvevda da arc pirovnebis Tavisuflebis, Tavisufali gadaadg-ilebisa da azris gamoTqmis koleqtiuri Tavisuflebis uflebismoTxovnebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. adamianis ppiradi ccxovrebis ppativiscemisuflebis SSelaxvam SSeiZleba SSezRudos ppirovnebis TTavisufleba. vvideodakvirvebis ssistemis ggamoyeneba uunda eeqvemdebarebodes iim ggarantiebisuzrunvelyofas, rromlebic mmiznad iisaxaven aam uuflebis ggamoyenebis ddac-vas. nebismier dainteresebul mxares hqonda ufleba, video dakvirvebissistemasTan dakavSirebul nebismieri sakiTxi gansaxilvelad waredginadepartamentis doneze Seqmnili komitetisaTvis. am administraciulmaproceduram ar unda SezRudos dainteresebuli mxaris ufleba,Sesabamisi sasamarTlos winaSe daayenos xsenebuli sakiTxi, saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi, daCqarebuli proceduriT.

saprezidento arCevnebamde xuTi TviT adre erovnul asambleasa(Sekrebis adgili) da senatSi arsebulma opoziciurma jgufebma orisarCeli Seitanes sakonstitucio sabWoSi da moiTxoves im kanonisgadasinjva, romelic asaxavda premier-ministris mier gatarebulusafrTxoebis politikas, romelic, amave dros, prezidentobis kandi-dati iyo. avtomanqanebis CxrekasTan dakavSirebiT sakonstituciosabWom mxari dauWira 1997 wels daSvebul precedents da SemoiRoaraerTi Semamsubuqebeli ganmarteba, ris Sedegadac sakanonmdeblonormebi umoqmedo gaxda. sabWom, agreTve, daadastura 1993 wlis 13agvistos SemoRebuli gasaCivrebis ufleba da kanonis me-16 muxlis oripunqtis gakritikebiT xelaxla gausva xazi pirovnebis Tavisuflebisdacvis saqmeSi sasamarTlo xelisuflebisaTvis miniWebuli konstitu-

233


ciuri rolis mniSvnelobas. pirvelad damyarda kavSiri adamianis pira-di cxovrebis pativiscemis uflebasa da pirovnebis TavisuflebasSoris. sakonstitucio sabWom SezRuda demonstraciis ufleba da araazris koleqtiuri gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.


10-01-1995

sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebis mier muqariT an daSinebiTiZulebis Sesaxeb debulebis imgvarad ganmarteba, TiTqos mjdomareaqciebi, romlebic gzas an SenobasTan misasvlels ketaven, eqvemde-

bareba sisxlissamarTlebriv akrZalvas, ewinaaRmdegeba sisxlissamarTalSi (Bestimmtheitsgrundstatz) kanonieri sinamdvilis princips.

60-iani, 70-iani da 80-iani wlebis bolos zogierTi saxis demon-stracia miznad isaxavda garkveul Senobebsa da, mogvianebiT, iseTsamxedro teritoriebze misasvlelis Caketvas, sadac ganlagebuliiyo kruzisa da perSingis tipis raketebi. vinc amgvar aqciebSi monaw-ileobda, maTgan bevri damnaSaved cnes muqaris an Zalis gamoyenebiTiZulebaSi (sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 240-e muxli).

Cveulebrivi sasamarTloebi, romlebic samocdaaTi wliT adredaSvebul precedentze miuTiTebdnen, Tanmimdevrulad acxadebd-nen, rom aRniSnul sisxlissamarTlebriv normaSi Zaladobis cneba armoiTxovda fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebas, magram damnaSavedcnobisTvis sakmarisad miaCndaT, Tuki msxverplis reaqciaganisazRvreboda damnaSavis saqcieliT. sakonstituciosasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom es arRvevda ZiriTadi kanonis 103.2muxls, romelic, agreTve, iTvaliswinebs kanonis sinamdvilismoTxovnas, rom “mjdomare” aqcia kvalificirdeba, rogorcZaladoba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 240-e muxlis gagebiT (muqarisan Zalis gamoyenebiT iZuleba).

damatebiTi informacia: rvidan sami mosamarTle ar daeTanxma dawerilobiT gamoTqva Tavisi gansakuTrebuli azri imis Taobaze, rom“mjdomare” aqcia SeiZleba Sefasdes Zaladobad. amgvar ganmartebazedafuZnebuli sasjeli ar ewinaaRmdegeba sinamdvilis Sesaxeb moTxovnas,radgan igi exeba mxolod Cveulebrivi sasamarTloebis precedentulsamarTals. am gadawyvetilebis praqtikuli Sedegebi sadavoa. sazo-gadod, piri, romelic sasamarTlom damnaSaved cno mogvianebiT arakon-stituciurad aRiarebuli kanonis safuZvelze, xelaxla undagasamarTldes sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wesdebis 79.1 muxlismixedviT. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom sakanon-

234


mdeblo norma arakonstituciurad ar miiCnia, aramed moiTxova mxolodmisi garkveuli saxiT ganmarteba, romelic konstituciurad cxra wliswinaT iyo cnobili. aqedan gamomdinare, warmoiSva dava, aqvT Tu aradamnaSaved cnobil pirebs maTi saqmis xelaxla ganxilvis ufleba.

1986 wels sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganixila muqaris an ZalisgamoyenebiT iZulebis Sesaxeb sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisdebulebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi (Entscheidungen desBundesverfassungsgerichts 73, 206). am gadawyvetilebiT sakonstituciosasamarTlom oTxi xmiT oTxis winaaRmdeg daadgina, rom muqaris anZalis gamoyenebiT iZulebis Sesaxeb sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisdebulebis ganmarteba, romlis mixedviTac, ”mjdomare aqcia” arSedis “Zaladobis” cnebaSi, ar ewinaaRmdegeboda konstitucias.


29-11-2001

miuxedavad iimisa, rrom SSekrebis TTavisufleba aadamianis eerT-eerTiumniSvnelovanesi uuflebaa, iis aar aaris SSeuzRudavi.

“Sekrebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis” Tanaxmad, romelicmSvidobian Sekrebebsac Seexeba, organizatorebi SeiZleba iyvnenmxolod ungreTis moqalaqeebi an ungreTSi cxovrebis an muSaobisuflebis mqone pirebi. Sesabamisad, kanoniT dawesebuli SekrebisSesaxeb winaswari gafrTxileba ar warmoadgens konstituciisdarRvevas.

peticionerebma moiTxoves, ganexilaT “Sekrebis Sesaxeb kanonis”konstituciasTan Sesabamisoba. Tavdapirvelad isini amtkicebdnen,rom policielis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba, akrZalos anSeaCeros spontanuri Sekrebebi, SeiZleba arasworad iqnesgamoyenebuli, vinaidan kanoni mSvidobian Sekrebebzec vrceldeba.sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom Tu policia ukanonodakrZalavs an SezRudavs mSvidobian Sekrebas, kanonis Tanaxmad,dazaralebuls ufleba aqvs, zianis anazRaureba moiTxovos. amasgarda, peticionerebi eWvqveS ayenebdnen kanonis im debulebis kon-stituciurobas, romlis Tanaxmadac, erTi mxaris mier Sekrebisuflebis gamoyenebiT ar unda dairRves sxva adamianis uflebebi daTavisuflebebi. maTi azriT, debuleba metismetad bundovania iseTifundamenturi uflebis SezRudvisas, rogoricaa mSvidobianiSekrebis ufleba, e.i. irRveva Legal Certanity. sasamarTlomgaiTvaliswina is ramdenime iuridiuli debuleba, romlebic ufle-bamosilma pirebma adamianis fundamentur uflebebze msgavsi

235


SezRudvebi dawesebisas unda gaiTvaliswinon. erT-erTi aseTidebulebaa konstituciis 8.2. muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, adamianisfundamentur uflebebTan dakavSirebuli wesebi regulirdebakanoniT, romelmac ar unda SezRudos am uflebebis ZiriTadi arsi.ufro metic, aRniSnuli iyo, rom arsebul saqmeSi policiam undadaicvas sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi maSin, rodesac SekrebisakrZalva an SezRudva sxva adamianebis uflebebis daTavisuflebebis dacvas exeba.

“Tavisufali Sekrebis Sesaxeb kanonis” meore sadavo debulebaaris me-5 muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, Sekrebebis oorganizatorebiSeiZleba iiyvnen mmxolod uungreTis mmoqalaqeebi aan uungreTSi ccxovre-bis aan mmuSaobis uuflebis mmqone ppirebi. sasamarTlom sadavo muxlikonstituciurad cno. aRniSnuli debulebis mizania, SekrebisxelmZRvaneli iyos ungreTis kanonmdeblobisa da Sekrebis organize-bis wesebis mcodne piri, romelic pasuxismgebeli iqneba SekrebisperiodSi SesaZlo dazianebebze.

kidev erTi da ara ukanaskneli sadavo debuleba: peti-cionerebma aramarTebulad miiCnies kanonis moTxovna winaswarigafrTxilebis Sesaxeb, romelic, maTi azriT, zRudavs sponta-nuri Sekrebis Catarebis SesaZleblobas. sasamarTlom miiCnia,rom aseTi saxis gafrTxileba saWiroa mxolod Ria cis qveS, sazo-gadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi Casatarebeli SekrebebisaTvis.amis mizezia Sekrebis Tavisuflebis pirdapiri kavSiri moqalaqismeore iseT fundamentur uflebasTan, rogoricaa gadaadg-ilebis Tavisufleba (konstitucia, 58-e muxli). swored amuflebis gamoyeneba xdeba quCebsa da moednebze. policielisgafrTxileba Sekrebis droisa da adgilis Sesaxeb aucilebeliaimisaTvis, rom xelisufleba informirebuli iyos aseTiSekrebebis Taobaze.

peticionerebis argumentis sapasuxod, romlis Tanaxmad,gaufrTxilebeli Sekrebis akrZalva warmoadgens Sekrebis uflebisSezRudvas, sasamarTlom gganmarta, rrom ggaufrTxilebloba wwar-moadgens kkanonis uugulebelyofas dda aaris ppirveli nnabiji SSekrebisuflebis aaraswori ggamoyenebisken. winaswari gafrTxilebis gareSeSesabamisi uwyebebi ver gansazRvraven, SeCerdeba Tu ara satrans-porto moZraoba quCaSi da Seferxdeba Tu ara sasamarTloebisa daparlamentis muSaoba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sekreba Catardeba sxvadros da adgilas, maSin is kargavs azrs. sasamarTlom xazgasmiTaRniSna, rom policiis ufleba, gaufrTxileblobis SemTxvevaSiakrZalos an SeaCeros Sekreba, ar niSnavs imas, rom policia amuflebas aucileblad gamoiyenebs. erT-erTma mosamarTlem,romelsac danarCeni sami daeTanxma, gamoTqva Tavisi

236


gansakuTrebuli mosazreba. maTi SexedulebiT, mSvidobianiSekrebis ufleba warmoadgens adamianis, da ara moqalaqis, uflebas.aqedan gamomdinare, kanonis me-5 muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac,mxolod ungreTis moqalaqeebs an ungreTSi cxovrebis an muSaobisuflebis mqone pirebs SeuZliaT Sekrebis organizeba ungreTSi,arRvevs Tavisufali Sekrebis ZiriTad uflebas. gansxvavebuliazri gamoiTqva kanonSi naxsenebi “TavSeyris” Sesaxeb, romelic sak-maod bundovania, rac policias uflebas aZlevs, gamoiyenos Zalaarasakmarisi mizezis arsebobisas.

mosamarTle kukorelis azriT, ar arsebobs arsebiTi gansxvavebaSekrebis Tavisuflebasa da gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebas Soris.Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom Sekrebis monawileebi sargeblobenuflebiT, Tavad airCion esa Tu is marSruti. Sekrebis Tavisuflebada Seuferxebeli trafiki xSirad winaaRmdegobaSia erTmaneTTan.mosamarTle kukoreli miiCnevs, rom kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli zia-nis anazRaureba arasakmarisi zomaa, Tu mxedvelobaSi iqnebamiRebuli policiis mier gamoyenebuli Zala. roca ixileba Sekrebisdarbevis sakiTxi, policiam unda gaiTvaliswinos _ arRvevs Tu ara esSekreba sxvaTa uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs da arsebobs Tu ara amuflebebis darRvevis aSkara saSiSroeba.


07-01-2000

konstituciis 36.1 muxlis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeebs ar SeiZlebaaekrZaloT uiaraRo mSvidobiani Sekreba. is, rom moqalaqis es ufle-ba konstituciiTaa garantirebuli, niSnavs, rom is ganekuTvnebaadamianis fundamentur uflebebs, warmoadgens demokratiuli sazo-gadoebis monapovars da mis ganuyofel elements. moqalaqis es ufle-ba mniSvnelovani elementia Ria, samarTliani da harmoniuli samo-qalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzaze iseve, rogorc kanonisuzenaesoba, rac litvis konstituciis preambuliTaa gansazRvruli.

“Sekrebis Sesaxeb kanonis” 6.2-e muxlis Tanaxmad, adgilobrivimmarTvelobis organoebs moeTxovebaT, gamoyon specialuri adg-ilebi Sekrebebis Casatareblad. peticioneri, kaunis regionalurisasamarTlo eWvqveS ayenebs aRniSnuli muxlis SesabamisobaskanonTan. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom kanonmdebelifrTxilobs Sekrebis Sesaxeb wesebis dadgenisas, Tumca, aRniSnavs,rom ar SeiZleba adamianis am uflebis ugulebelyofa, vinaidan sax-elmwifos Careva am da sxva uflebebis gamoyenebaSi ganixileba,

237


rogorc kanonieri qmedeba proporciulobis principidan gamomd-inare.

nebismieri sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilis Tu Senobis SerCeva,sadac Sekreba unda gaimarTos, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT undaSeTanxmdes adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organos aRmasrulebelisabWos aRmasrulebel oficerTan an mis uflebamosilwarmomadgenelTan. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom TuaRmasrulebeli oficeri an misi uflebamosili warmomadgenelidasabuTebul uars ganacxadebs SemoTavazebul adgilas da drosSekrebis Catarebaze, valdebulia, ixelmZRvanelos konstituciis36.2 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli normebiT. uaris SesaxebgadawyvetilebaSi man unda daadasturos, Tu rogor SeiZleba moxdessaxelmwifo usafrTxoebis darRveva, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis,janmrTelobis da adamianis sxva uflebebis darRveva. meore mxriv,sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom adgilobrivi marTvisorganoebma unda gamoyon mudmivi teritoriebi aseTi SekrebebisCasatareblad. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuliaSekrebis Catarebis gamartivebuli procedurebi.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kanonis sadavodebulebebi, romliTac adgilobriv mmarTvelobas SeuZlia gamoyosdroebiTi adgilebi an Senobebi Sekrebebis Casatareblad, arzRudavs adamianebs Seikribon sxva teritoriebsa Tu SenobebSi.sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ar SeiZleba, kanonis es debuleba gagebu-li iyos, rogorc moqalaqeebisaTvis Sekrebis akrZalva im terito-riebze, romlebic adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebis mier aseTitipis SekrebebisaTvis ar aris gamoyofili. sasamarTlom daadgina,rom konstituciis 6.2 muxli srul SesabamisobaSia konstituciasTan.


08-05-1995

Sekrebis ufleba (konstitucia, muxli 21.1) niSnavs, rom Sekrebiladamianebs SeuZliaT, Tavisuflad gamoxaton an daicvan sakuTariazri, ideebi an sajaro gaxadon maTi problemebi da moTxovnebi. kon-stituciis Tanaxmad, Sekrebis ufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos sazoga-doebrivi wesrigis, xalxisa da sazogadoebrivi qonebis dacvismizniT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar arsebobs SezRudvis ufro msubuqiforma, Sekreba SeiZleba aikrZalos. aseT SemTxvevaSi, proporciu-loba xdeba mkacri piroba, e.i. sazogadoebrivi interesebi ufromniSvnelovania, vidre miyenebuli ziani.

238


prefeqturis uflebamosilma warmomadgenlebma Banking TradeUnion-is federacias neba ar darTes, CaetarebinaT demonstraciaaxali koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis mxardasaWerad. demonstracia immizeziT akrZales, rom mas SeiZleboda seriozulad Seeferxebinatransportis moZraoba da daerRvia sazogadoebrivi wesrigi. esgadawyvetileba administraciuli gzebiT gasaCivrda, romelsacmxari dauWira sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebam, rac sakonstituciosasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis mizezi gaxda Semdegi safuZvlebiT:1) akrZalva gauqmda; 2) saxelmwifo organoebis mier gacemuligadawyvetileba (10.01.1983) Sekrebis uflebis SezRudvis SesaxebewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias da, Sesabamisad, miRebuli zoma ara-proporciulia; 3) gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom prefeqturisgadawyvetileba arasworad iqna gagebuli, arakonstituciuria,vinaidan ver damtkicda, rom swored es gadawyvetileba warmoadgen-da Sekrebis uflebis SezRudvis mizezs; 4) sakonstituciosasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvila Sekrebis uflebis akrZalvaze,rac gadawyvetilebasa da miRebuli zomis proporciulobaSi aisaxa.

dasasrulisaTvis, gaiTvaliswina rra SSekrebis uuflebismniSvneloba, ssasamarTlom ddaadgina ((ganacxada), rrom ees aaris aadamianisis ZZiriTadi uufleba, rromelic mmas aazrisa dda mmoTxovnebis ssajarodgamotanis ssaSualebas aaZlevs. am da sxva uflebebis gamoyenebisas kon-stitucia iTvaliswinebs garkveul SezRudvebs im SemTxvevebisTvis,Tu mimdebare teritoriaze TavSeyra sazogadoebrivi wesrigisdarRvevas gamoiwvevs da zians miayenebs garSemomyofebsa da sazoga-doebriv qonebas. sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo, rom sazogadoe-brivi wwesebis ddacva uunda xxdebodes ssituaciidan ggamomdinare. TTumca,am mmizeziT SSekrebis mmonawileebis ddiskriminacia aar uunda mmoxdes, raTasakuTari Sexedulebebi gamoxaton. sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom esSezRudva SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo, Tu namdvilad iqnebodadadasturebuli mizezi, rasac SeiZleboda gamoewvia moZraobisSeCereba. aqedan gamomdinare, prefeqturis nebismieri gadawyvetile-ba akrZalvaze unda iyos safuZvliani da amtkicebdes, Tu ratom arisSeuZlebeli moqalaqis am uflebis gamoyeneba. uflebamosil orga-noebs demonstraciis akrZalvamde unda emoqmedaT proporciulobisprincipidan gamomdinare da yvelaferi gaekeTebina imisaTvis, romSekreba Catarebuliyo (Seecvala dro da TariRi), Tumca, zogierTSemTxvevaSi, aseTma cvlilebam Sekrebas SeiZleba azri daukargos.

sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo, rom warmoebaSi arsebuli saqmesakmaod kargad iyo dasabuTebuli da arsebobda damamtkicebelisabuTebi. erTma mosamarTlem gamoTqva gansakuTrebuli mosazrebaimis Sesaxeb, rom akrZalva zogadi xasiaTis iyo da demonstraciebisdros trafikis SezRudvas ukavSirdeboda.

239



16-02-2000

arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli sazogadoebrivi Sekrebebis organiza-torebi valdebulni arian, winaswar gaafrTxilon Sinagan saqmeTasaministro aseTi Sekrebebis Sesaxeb maTi usafrTxo reJimSiCatarebis mizniT, rac warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi da im moqalaqee-bis usafrTxoebis garantias, romlebic ar monawileoben aseTSexvedrebSi. sasamarTlom baTilad cno fizikuri piris moTxovna _daedasturebinaT “parlamentis wevrTa arCevis wesis Sesaxeb” kanoniszogierTi debulebis konstituciuroba. aRniSnuli kanonis 53-emuxlis Tanaxmad, Tu Sekreba winasaarCevno periodSi dagegmiliasazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi an qalaqis saval gzebze, maSinorganizatori valdebulia, Sekrebamde sul cota 48 saaTiT adreSeatyobinos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros aseTi Sekrebis Sesaxeb.meore debulebiT (muxli 116.11), kanoniT dadgenili manifestaciisCatarebis wesis damrRvev politikur partias daekisreba jarima.sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina konstituciis ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi:politikuri pluralizmi da Tavisufali, pirdapiri da demok-ratiuli arCevnebi (konstitucia, 8.15 muxli).

konstituciis 221-ee mmuxlis TTanaxmad, mmoqalaqeebs uufleba aaqvT,Caataron mmSvidobiani SSekrebebi dda ggamoxaton ssazogadoebriviprotesti wwinaswari ggafrTxilebisa dda sspecialuri llicenziisaRebis ggareSe. mmoqalaqeTa aaRniSnuli uufleba SSeiZleba SSeizRudossagangebo mmdgomareobis aan oomis pperiodSi. kkonstituciis 554-eemuxliT, ffizikuri ppirebisa dda mmoqalaqeebis TTavisufleba dda uufle-ba SSeiZleba SSeizRudos mmxolod kkonstituciiT ggaTvaliswinebulSemTxvevebSi. pparlamentis wwevrTa aarCevis vvadebi dda ppirobebi rreg-ulirdeba wwarmomadgenelTa ppalatis uumravlesobis mmier mmiRebulikanoniT ((konstitucia, mmuxli 662.5). aaRniSnuli kkanonis TTanaxmad,politikur ppartiebs uufleba aaqvT, TTanabar ppirobebSi ggamoiyenon ddagaavrcelon ppolitikuri kkampaniisaTvis ssaWiro mmasalebi ddasaSualebebi, SSesabamisad, ggavlena iiqonion aarCevnebSi eeleqtoratisgadawyvetilebaze.

kanonis 553-ee mmuxlis TTanaxmad, SSekrebis oorganizatori vvaldebu-lia, ddaicvas wwesrigi wwinasaarCevno pperiodSi. yyovelivezemoaRniSnulis ggaTvaliswinebiT, ssasamarTlom ddaadgina, rromwinasaarCevno pperiodSi ggamarTul SSekrebebsa dda CCveulebrivsaprotesto SSekrebebze eerTnairi wwesebi vver iimoqmedebs. ssaarCevnoSekrebis mmizania pprogramisa dda ppolitikuri ppartiis kkandidatiswardgena, SSesabamisad, eeleqtoratze ggavlenis mmoxdena aama TTu iim kkan-

240


didatis ssasargeblod. TTumca, kkonstituciis 221-ee mmuxli TTavisibunebiT iimperatiulia, SSeexeba ssaprotesto mmSvidobian SSexvedrebsda aar vvrceldeba ssaarCevno SSekrebebze. bbevri ppartia ddamoukidebladmonawileobs ssaarCevno kkampaniaSi. xxalxi, rromelic ddamokidebulia aampartiaze, ssxvadasxva fformiT mmonawileobs SSexvedrebSi dda mmxarsuWers aama TTu iim kkandidats aan pprogramas.

arsebobs iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac ramdenime politikuri par-tiis saarCevno programisa da kandidatis warsadgenad organizebuliSexvedrebi erTdroulad, erTsa da imave adgilas imarTeba. organi-zatoris valdebuleba _ winaswar Seatyobinos kompetentur samin-istros (Sinagan saqmeTa saministro) aseTi Sekrebis Sesaxeb,mimarTulia moqalaqeTa uflebebis dasacavad da SekrebismSvidobianad Casatareblad. ufro metic, aseTi winaswariSetyobinebis mizania sazogadoebrivi simSvidis da wesrigis dacva,aseve, im moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, romlebic armonawileoben aseT SexvedrebSi. Tu organizatori sul cota 48saaTiT adre ar Seatyobinebs Sekrebis Sesaxeb kompetentur organos,maSin politikur partias daekisreba sajarimo gadasaxadi.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ganxiluli debulebebi arewinaaRmdegeba konstituciiT dadgenil politikuri pluralizmisprincips da ar arRvevs adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebas.


06-10-1999

ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi sargebloben konstituciiT, kanoniTa dasaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT maTTvis miniWebuli uflebebiTa daTavisuflebebiT. ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT, Caataronsazogadoebrivi Sekrebebi Sinagan saqmeTa saministros winaswarigafrTxilebis da maTgan Sesabamisi nebarTvis miRebis Semdgom.

ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebma sasamarTlos mimarTes SuamdgomlobiT,raTa gaerkvia, miniWebuli aqvT Tu ara maT konstituciiT aseTiufleba. konstituciis 29.1 muxlis Tanaxmad, ucxo qveynis moqalaqee-bi sargebloben konstituciiT garantirebuli im uflebebiT, rom-lebic kanoniTa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT miecaT.konstituciaSi ar aris mocemuli ucxoelebisaTvis miniWebuliuflebebisa da SezRudvebis es CamonaTvali. konstitucia miuTiTebsmxolod im kanonebsa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebze, romlebicgansazRvraven maTTvis miniWebul uflebebs. sasamarTlom daadgina,rom aRniSnuli debuleba ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebs uflebas aZlevs,

241


Caataron sazogadoebrivi Sekrebebi, Tumca, iqve ganmarta, rom aseTiSekrebebis pirobebi gansazRvruli unda iyos kanoniT dasaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT. kanonis me-8 muxli iZleva impirobebis CamonaTvals, romelTa dacviTac ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebsSeuZliaT Caataron sazogadoebrivi Sekrebebi: saWiroa mxolodSinagan saqmeTa saministros drouli gafrTxileba da saministrodanSesabamisi nebarTvis miReba. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kanonis me-8muxli ar ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias.


19-04-2001

konstituciis 339.1 mmuxlis TTanaxmad, SSekrebebis, mmanifestaciebis,msvlelobebis aan ddemonstraciebis oorganizatorebi vvaldebulniarian, wwinaswar ggaafrTxilon aaRmasrulebeli xxelisuflebis aan aadg-ilobrivi TTviTmmarTvelobis oorganoebi aaseTi RRonisZiebebisCatarebis SSesaxeb ((kanoniT ddadgenili ddroiT aadre SSeatyobinosdroisa dda TTariRis SSesaxeb). TTumca, aaRniSnuli mmoTxovniT, aar uundaSeizRudos mmoqalaqisaTvis kkonstituciis 339-ee mmuxliT mminiWebuli eesufleba. ddrouli SSetyobinebis ssafuZvelze, SSesabamisi uuwyebebiuzrunvelyofen SSekrebis, mmanifestaciis, mmsvlelobis aan ddemon-straciis mmonawileebis SSeuferxebel ggadaadgilebas, ddaicaven ssazo-gadoebriv wwesrigs dda aadamianebis uuflebebsa dda TTavisuflebebs.Sekrebis SSesaxeb SSetyobinebis ggagzavnis ddro, SSekrebis, mmanifestaci-is, mmsvlelobis aan ddemonstraciis mmoculoba, ddro dda aadgili rreg-ulirdeba kkanoniT. mmoqalaqeTa uufleba __ SSekrebis, mmanifestaciis,msvlelobis aan ddemonstraciis ggamarTvis SSesaxeb __ wwarmoadgensukrainis ZZiriTadi kkanonis, mmoqalaqis kkonstituciis 339-ee mmuxliTgarantirebul xxelSeuxebel uuflebas.

am kkonstituciuri uuflebiT yyvela aadamians aaqvs ssityvis, aazris,sindisis, aaRmsareblobisa dda rrwmenis TTavisufleba, aaseve, uufleba,Tavisuflad mmiiRos dda ggaavrcelos iinformacia, ggamoTqvas ddagaavrcelos TTavisi aazri zzepirad, wwerilobiT aan ssxvagvarisaSualebiT. aam uuflebebis ggamoyenebisas ddauSvebelia ssxvaTaRirsebis SSelaxva. kkonstituciis 668-ee mmuxlis TTanaxmad, uukrainisyvela mmoqalaqe vvaldebulia, ddaicvas uukrainis kkonstitucia ddakanonebi. ukrainis yvela moqalaqes ufleba aqvs, moawyos Sekrebebi,manifestaciebi, msvlelobebi an demonstraciebi aRmasrulebeli daadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis winaswarigafrTxilebis safuZvelze.

242


vada, rromelic ddadgenilia wwinaswari SSetyobinebisaTvis, aar uundazRudavdes mmoqalaqeebis uuflebas, CCaataron SSekrebebi, mmanifesta-ciebi, mmsvlelobebi aan ddemonstraciebi. wwinaswarigafrTxilebisaTvis ddadgenili ddro wwarmoadgens mmoqalaqeebis aamuflebebis ddacvis ggarantias. ddro, wwinaswari ggafrTxilebidanSekrebis CCatarebamde, kkompetenturma oorganoebma uunda ggamoiyenonmosamzadebeli ssamuSaoebisaTvis, rraTa SSeqmnan ppirobebi aamSekrebebis, mmanifestaciebis, mmsvlelobebis aan ddemonstraciebisSeuzRudavi CCatarebisaTvis, ssazogadoebrivi wwesrigis dda ssxva aadami-anebis uuflebebisa dda TTavisuflebebis ddasacavad. ssaWiroebisSemTxvevaSi, aaRmasrulebeli dda aadgilobrivi TTviTmmarTvelobisorganoebi aaRniSnuli SSekrebebis oorganizatorebTan eerTadgansazRvraven TTavyrilobebis TTariRs, ddros, mmarSruts, ppirobebsada xxangrZlivobas. wwinaswari ggafrTxilebisaTvis ddadgenili ddro(vada) ssakmarisi uunda iiyos iimisaTvis, rrom aaRmasrulebeli dda aadg-ilobrivi TTviTmmarTvelobis oorganoebma, kkanonis yyvela ppirobisdacviT, xxeli SSeuwyon aaRniSnuli RRonisZiebebis CCatarebas.saWiroebis SSemTxvevaSi, aam ssakiTxTan ddakavSirebuli ddavebi gganix-ileba ssasamarTloSi.

ggaaeerrTTiiaanneebbiiss TTaavviissuufflleebbaa(profesiuli ggaerTianebis uufleba)

xorvatia sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

17-01-2001

konstituciis 43-e muxli, romelic iTvaliswinebs gaerTianebisTavisuflebas, ar irRveva xorvatiis moxele specialistTa (albaTsaubaria individualur mewarmeebze) palatis arsebobiT. palatawarmoadgens sajaro samarTlis organizacias, romlis wevroba, mox-ele specialistTa Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad, savaldebuloa am sfer-os specialistebisTvis. (Narodne novine, 77/93, 90/96). amasTanave,organizaciis wevrebs ufleba aqvT, Seqmnan sxva profesiuligaerTianebebi sakuTari interesebis dacvis mizniT.

samarTlebrivi ganmartebiT, moxele specialisti niSnavs pirs,romelic damoukideblad da permanentulad eweva ekonomikursaqmianobas, vaWrobasa da momsaxurebas TviTdasaqmebulis an sxvaTa

243

gaerTianebis Tavisufleba

damqiraveblis formiT. kanonis sadavo debulebebi gansazRvravs,rom msgavsi sferos yvela specialistma unda Seqmnas gaerTianeba.aRniSnuli profesiuli gaerTianebebi jgufdebian adgilobrivixelisuflebis erTi an meti teritoriuli olqis mixedviT. xoloisini ayalibeben regionalur teritoriul gaerTianebebs,romlebic sabolood Tavs iyrian xorvatiis moxele specialistTapalataSi, romelic warmoadgens moxele specialistTagaerTianebas saxelmwifo doneze. regionaluri gaerTianebebisyvela wevri amave dros aris xorvatiis moxele specialistTapalatis wevric. isini ixdian sawevro gadasaxads, maTze vrceldebapalatis wesdeba da palatis tribunalis/sasamarTlosiurisdiqcia.

palatis Seqmnis maregulirebeli kanonis debulebebi gasaCivrdakonstituciis 43-e muxlis darRvevis motiviT. sasamarTlom imsjelaimis Taobaze, dairRveoda Tu ara konstituciuri debuleba,romelic iTvaliswinebs rogorc gaerTianebis, ise argaerTianebisTavisuflebas, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kanoni savaldebulos gaxdidaprofesiul gaerTianebaTa palatebis wevrobas. sasamarTlom gamoyoori tipis organizacia. pirveli, im moqalaqeebis mier Seqmniliorganizaciebi, romlebic axorcieleben TavianT konstituciuruflebas gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. es Tavisuflebagamoixateba profkavSirebis da sxva gaerTianebebis (romlebsacxSirad uwodeben arasamTavrobo organizaciebs) SeqmnaSi, romelTawevrebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT maTSi gaerTianeba an wevrobaze uarisTqma. am jgufebis arseboba damokidebulia moqalaqeTa nebaze daaravis, maT Soris arc kanonmdebels, ar SeuZlia moqalaqeTauflebebis SezRudva aseTi gaerTianebebis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT,garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu maTi mizani safrTxes uqmnis xorvatiisrespublikis demokratiul konstituciur wesrigs dadamoukideblobas, erTianobasa da teritoriul mTlianobas.

meore tipis organizaciebi warmoadgenen sajaro samarTlis dawe-sebulebebs, romelTa wevrebi arian ara “moqalaqeebi” rogorcaseTi, aramed TavianTi profesiiT momuSave ekonomikuri subieqte-bi. aseTi organizaciebi iqmneba kanonis safuZvelze da saxelmwifouflebamosilebebsac asruleben kanonis safuZvelze. xorvatiismoxele specialistTa palata, romelic arsebobs 1852 wlidan,miekuTvneba meore tipis organizaciebs. igi, kanonis Tanaxmad,gansazRvrulia, rogorc sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri, mox-ele specialistTa damoukidebeli profesiuli organizacia,romelic maT warmoadgens saxelmwifosa da sxva organoebis winaSerogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis gareT; palatis mier gacemuli doku-mentebi (atestatebi, sertifikatebi) saxelmwifo dokumentebia.

244


palatis wevroba ar krZalavs sxva profesiul gaerTianebebSiSesvlas an moqalaqeTa mier aseTi gaerTianebebis SeqmnisTavisuflebas maTi profesiuli interesebis dacvis mizniT. amri-gad, dadginda, rom sadavo debulebebi konstituciuria.


03-02-2000

is faqti, rom kanoni gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb aregulirebs mxolodiuridiuli piris statusis mqone gaerTianebebs, ar unda niSnavdesimas, rom amgvari statusis armqone gaerTianebebs ekrZalebaT arse-boba, funqcionireba da ar SeuZliaT mimarTon sasamarTlos.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia imsjelos ara imisSesaxeb, aqvs Tu ara gardaqmnis konkretul modelebs mizani dasafuZveli, aramed arRvevs Tu ara konstitucias gardaqmnis SesaxebsamarTlebrivi debulebebi. gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb kanonis konsti-tuciurobis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmul winadadebebSiaRiniSna, rom kanoni zRudavs gaerTianebis Tavisuflebas, vinaidanigi ar iTvaliswinebs iuridiuli statusis armqone dajgufebebs. esmosazreba sasamarTlom ar miiRo da daadgina, rom samarTlebrivisistema ar krZalavs aseT gaerTianebebs.

xorvatiis samarTlebrivi sistema moicavs gaerTianebis safuZ-velze Seqmnil pirebs, romlebsac ara aqvT iuridiuli piris sta-tusi, magram monawileoben samarTlebriv garigebebSi, aqvTgarkveuli uflebebi da movaleobebi da SeuZliaT mimarTonsasamarTlos (rogoricaa, magaliTad, erTi da igive dasaxlebismosaxleoba, eleqtrofikaciis an gazsadenis mizniT SeqmnilisabWoebi, organizaciis profkavSirebi an gamomcemlobaTa saredaq-cio sabWoebi).

iuridiuli piris statusis armqone gaerTianebis formebi arwesrigdeba kanoniT da, Sesabamisad, maTi Seqmna, struqtura da dax-urva damokidebulia maTi wevrebis Tavisufal nebaze. amavedasabuTebiT sasamarTlom gaauqma kanonis is debulebebi, romelTamixedviT gaerTianebebi ver daiwyeben funqcionirebas, sanam argaivlian registracias. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gaerTianebasSeuZlia Seudges funqcionirebas registraciamde da registraci-is gareSe, magram mxolod rogorc gaerTianebis da ara iuridiulipiris formiT. amasTanave, sasamarTlom gaauqma rogorc isdebulebebi, romelTa mixedviT “kavSirs an gaerTianebaTa kavSirs”aqvs iuridiuli piris statusi, aseve debulebebi, romliTac

245


gaerTianeba jarimdeba, Tu is dadgenil vadebSi ar waradgensangariSs masSi Semavali organoebis dafuZnebisa da saqmianobebisSesaxeb. gauqmda is debulebebic, romelTa mixedviT ucxoeli,romelmac miiRo mudmivi macxovreblis ufleba, samuSao viza anxangrZlivi vadiT cxovrebis ufleba, SeiZleba iyos xorvatiaSigaerTianebis damfuZnebeli ukuqceviTobis principis safuZvelze.sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ukuqceviTobis principzedafuZnebuli SezRudvebi ar iyo gamarTlebuli mocemulSemTxvevaSi, vinaidan ar arsebobda ucxoelTa da ucxoel iuridi-ul pirTa gaerTianebis Tavisuflebisa da maTi sakuTari sax-elmwifos qmedebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis kanonierisafuZveli.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gaerTianebis ZiriTadisamarTlebrivi aqtis Sinaarsis maregulirebeli debulebazRudavs gaerTianebis Tavisuflebas, romelic gulisxmobsstruqturis Tavisuflebas. aqedan gamomdinare, gauqmda debule-ba gaerTianebis organoebis sawevro gadasaxadebTan, discipli-narul pasuxismgeblobas, Semadgenlobas, gadawyvetilebismiRebis uflebamosilebasa da formasTan dakavSirebiT. amasTanavesasamarTlom daadgina, rom prezumfcia imis Taobaze, romgaerTianeba iTvleba registrirebulad, Tu kompetenturi admin-istraciuli organo dadgenil vadaSi ar gamoitans registraciisSesaxeb gadawyvetilebas, ar aris antikonstituciuri da, faqto-brivad, gaerTianebis sasargeblod iTvleba. aRniSnuli warmoad-gens gamonakliss zogad administraciuli saproceso wesidanuaryofiT prezumfciasTan dakavSirebiT, e.i. imis prezumfcia,rom mxaris moTxovna daukmayofileblad iTvleba, Tu kanoniTdadgenil vadebSi ar iqneba miRebuli gadawyvetileba.sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom yofili “sazogadoebrivi organiza-ciebis” gaerTianebebad transformaciis Sesaxeb kanonis debule-bebi, principSi, politikuri xasiaTisaa da rom kanonmdebelsufleba hqonda, daedgina aRniSnuli gardaqmnis procedura daSeeqmna pasuxismgebeli organoebi.

dania uzenaesi sasamarTlo

06-05-1999

kompanias ufleba ara aqvs, daqiravebuli piri samsaxuridandaiTxovos im mizeziT, rom igi ar aris profkavSirebis wevri, Tu dax-uruli koleqtiuri SeTanxmeba (SeTanxmeba, romliTac kompanias

246


samsaxurSi mxolod profkavSiris wevrebi ahyavs) daido daqiravebu-lis samsaxurSi ayvanis Semdeg da Tu igi ar aris mocemuliprofkavSiris wevri SeTanxmebis dadebis momentSi.

1989 wlis seqtemberSi mosarCele daiqirava kompaniam, romelmac1990 wlis agvistoSi dado daxuruli koleqtiuri SeTanxmeba daniisprofkavSirTan. mosarCele gawevrianda profkavSirSi 1990 wlisoqtomberSi, magram gairicxa 1996 wlis ianvarSi. Sedegad, mosarCelegaTavisuflebul iqna samsaxuridan. gaerTianebis TavisuflebisSesaxeb kanonze da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-11muxlis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT, adamianis uflebaTa evropulisasamarTlos praqtikaze dayrdnobiT, mosarCelem gaasaCivrasamuSaodan ukanono daTxovna. uzenaesma sasamarTlom pirvel rigSizogadad ganixila daxuruli koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-11 muxlTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxi.sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropulsasamarTlos ar daufiqsirebia Tavisi pozicia daxurul koleqtiurSeTanxmebebTan dakavSirebiT arc Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi saqmeebzeiangi, jeimsi da uebsteri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg [ECH-1981-S-002] da ziguduri a. zigurionsoni islandiis winaaRmdeg [ECH-1993-S-005] (ix. qv.) da arc Sesabamis precedentul samarTalSi.

amis Semdeg uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom gaerTianebisTavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanoni amoqmedda 1982 wels im mizniT, romaRniSnuli Tavisufleba daecvaT garkveuli gaerTianebebisiZulebiTi wevrobisagan, adamianis uflebaTa evropulisasamarTlos mier me-11 muxlis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT saqmezeiangi, jeimsi da uebsteri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg [ECH-1981-S-002] gakeTebuli ganmartebis Semdeg. kanonis 2.1 muxlisTanaxmad, daqiravebuli ar SeiZleba samsaxuridan gaTavisufldes immizeziT, rom ar aris konkretuli an profkavSiris wevri da arc imit-om, rom ar aris arc erTi profkavSiris wevri. Tumca, kanoniiTvaliswinebs am wesidan Semdeg gamonaklisebsac:

Tu daqiravebulma daniSvnis momentSi icoda, rom konkretuli anromelime profkavSiris wevroba warmoadgens daqiravebiswinapirobas (muxli 2.2); an

Tu profkavSiris wevr daqiravebuls daniSvnis Semdeg ecnoba, romwevroba warmoadgens misi uvado daqiravebis winapirobas (muxli 2.3).

debulebis Sinaarsobrivi ganmartebis Semdeg uzenaesisasamarTlos mosamarTleTa umravlesobam (5 mosamarTle) daadgina,rom gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis 2.3 muxliTdauSvebelia daqiravebulis samsaxuridan daTxovna konkretulprofkavSirSi gauwevrianeblobis gamo, Tu daxuruli koleqtiuriSeTanxmeba dadebulia daqiravebulis daniSvnis Semdeg da Tu daqi-

247


ravebuli ar aris am profkavSiris wevri SeTanxmebis dadebismomentSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom gaauqma sasamarTloswinaSe orive mxaris mier gasaCivrebuli ormxrivi proceduruligancxadeba debulebis araswori ganmartebis Taobaze.mosamarTleTa umravlesobam aseve aRniSna, rom maTi mosazrebakanonis 2.3 muxlTan dakavSirebiT, ZiriTadad Seesabamebodagadawyvetilebas iangi, jeimsi da uebsteri gaerTianebuli samefoswinaaRmdeg [ECH-1981-S-002].

amrigad, mosarCelis samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba ewina-aRmdegeboda gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis 2.1 muxls.sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kompaniam mosarCeles unda aunazRauroszarali. gansxvavebul mosazrebaSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos umcire-sobam (4 mosamarTle) aRniSna, rom ormxrivi proceduruli gancxade-bis Sedegad mxareebs aRar dauyenebiaT 2.3 muxlis ganmartebissakiTxi sasamarTlos winaSe. maTve aRniSnes, rom umravlesobis mier2.3 muxlTan dakavSirebiT micemuli ganmarteba ar Seesabamebodadebulebis teqsts da travaux preparatoires-s (mosamzadebelsamuSaoebs). mosamarTleTa umciresi nawilis azriT, ar arsebobdagaerTianebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis 2.3 muxlTan samsaxuri-dan gaTavisuflebis Seusabamobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis sakmarisisafuZveli. ase rom, umciresobam mxari dauWira maRali sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebas sarCelis daukmayofileblobis Taobaze.

estoneTi uzenaesi sasamarTlo

10-05-1996

konstituciiT dadgenilia saerTaSoriso samarTliT gaTva-liswinebuli gaerTianebis Tavisufleba. konstituciis 48.1 muxli aseikiTxeba: “yvelas aqvs aramomgebiani sawarmoebis da gaerTianebebisSeqmnis ufleba. politikur partiaSi SeiZleba Sevidnen mxolodestoneTis moqalaqeebi”. konstituciis miznebisTvis, “yvela” niSnavsnebismier fizikur pirs, romelic eqceva sakanonmdeblo aqtismoqmedebis sferoSi. konstituciis 9.2 muxlis Tanaxmad,konstituciiT gansazRvruli uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da valde-bulebebi vrceldeba iuridiul pirebze. konstituciiT, aramomge-biani gaerTianebebis Seqmnis ufleba dakavSirebulia fizikuri pirisSesaZleblobasTan samoqalaqo samarTlis mixedviT. amasTan, konsti-tuciis mixedviT, gaerTianebis Tavisufleba unda hqondeT umcire-sobebsac. 1996 wlis 21 Tebervals estoneTis parlamentma (Riigikogu)miiRo kanoni aramomgebiani gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb. respublikis

248


prezidentma ar gamoaqveyna igi da daabruna parlamentSi gadasin-jvisa da xelaxali miRebisaTvis. parlamentma xelaxla miiRo igiSesworebebis gareSe da, Sesabamisad, prezidentma uzenaessasamarTlos mimarTa sarCeliT aramomgebiani gaerTianebebis Sesaxebkanonis arakonstituciurad gamocxadebis Taobaze. sarCelSi prezi-denti acxadebda, rom kanonis zogierTi debuleba bundovani iyo daqmnida aramomgebiani gaerTianebebis, maT Soris, religiuri sazoga-doebebis, wevrTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis araswori ganmarte-bis safrTxes. prezidenti aseve aRniSnavda, rom kanoniewinaaRmdegeboda bavSvis uflebebis Sesaxeb gaeros konvencias.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos sakonstitucio sakiTxTa palatam daadg-ina, rom konstituciis Tanaxmad, aramomgebiani gaerTianebebi damaTi kavSirebi warmoadgens gaerTianebis uflebis ganxorcielebiserT formas. aramomgebiani gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb kanonis 2.1muxli aRiarebs aramomgebian gaerTianebebs, romlebsac aqvT kerZosamarTlis iuridiuli piris statusi, xolo imave kanonis me-5muxli ki ambobs, rom aseTi gaerTianebebis damfuZneblebi SeiZlebaiyvnen qmedunariani fizikuri an iuridiuli pirebi. maSasadame,kanoni zRudavs gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis im formas, rogorsaciTvaliswinebs konstitucia da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi.

aramomgebiani gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb kanoniT, 18 wlamde asakispirebs ekrZalebaT aramomgebiani gaerTianebebis Seqmna da,Sesabamisad, ar SeuZliaT maTi konstituciiT ganmtkicebuligaerTianebis uflebis ganxorcieleba. srulwlovan pirebs, romleb-sac ar surT gaerTiandnen kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirisstatusiT an, romlebsac, religiuri rwmenis gamo, ar SeuZliaTgaerTiandnen kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebad, aseve, erTmevaTgaerTianebis konstituciiT ganmtkicebuli uflebis srulad real-izebis SesaZlebloba. kanoni konstituciurad ar icavs zemoxsenebu-li pirebis uflebas gaerTianebis Taobaze.

kanonis 16.2 muxli gansazRvravs: “aramomgebiani gaerTianebiswevri SeiZleba gairicxos gaerTianebidan imis miuxedavad, Tu raweria gaerTianebis wesdebaSi, Tu is ver Seasrulebs wesdebiTgaTvaliswinebul debulebebs, generaluri asambleis angaerTianebis sabWos an sxva organos gadawyvetilebebs, mniSvnelovanzians miayenebs gaerTianebas; an sxva safuZvliani mizezebiT”. esdebuleba ar Seesabameba konstituciis me-14 muxls, romelic adgens,rom uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis garantireba warmoadgens kanon-mdeblis movaleobas, vinaidan kanoniT dadgenili norma alogikurida gaurkvevelia. debulebiT daSvebulia gaerTianebidan wevrebisgaricxva iseTi procedurebis safuZvelze, romlebsac ariTvaliswinebs kanoni an wesdeba.

249


sakonstitucio sakiTxTa palatam aseve daadgina, rom kanoniewinaaRmdegeba bavSvis uflebebis Sesaxeb gaeros konvencias.estoneTis respublika miuerTda gaeros konvencias bavSvis uflebe-bis Sesaxeb 1991 wlis 26 seqtembers (Riigi Teataja 1991, 35, 428).estoneTisTvis es konvencia ZalaSi Sevida 1991 wlis 20 noembers.konvenciis 15.1 muxli adens, rom konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebiaRiareben bavSvis uflebas gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis Taobaze,romelic moicavs gaerTianebebis Seqmnis da mSvidobiani SekrebisTavisuflebebs.

konvenciis 1-li muxliT, bavSvi niSnavs 18 wlamde asakis nebismierfizikur pirs. konvenciis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos, admin-istraciuli organosa Tu sakanonmdeblo organoebis mierbavSvebTan mimarTebiT gatarebul yovel moqmedebaSi upirvelesiyuradReba eTmoba bavSvis interesebis dacvas. konvenciazemierTebiT estoneTma aRiara bavSvis ufleba gaerTianebisTavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis miermis dasacavad Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi meqanizmis Seqmnis valde-buleba. aqedan gamomdinare, aramomgebiani gaerTianebebis Sesaxebkanonis me-5 muxli CaiTvala konstituciis 15.1 muxlTan Seusabamod.sakonstitucio sakiTxTa palatam daakmayofila prezidentissarCeli da aramomgebiani gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb kanoni gamoacxadaarakonstituciurad.

safrangeTi sakonstitucio sabWo

06-11-1996

1946 wlis 27 oqtombris konstituciis preambulis me-6 paragrafisTanaxmad, “yvelas aqvs ufleba, Tavisi uflebebi da interesebi daic-vas profkavSiruli organizaciis meSveobiT...”, xolo imave preambu-lis me-8 paragrafis mixedviT, “yvela mSromeli, maTi warmomadgen-lebis meSveobiT, monawileobas iRebs Sromis pirobebis koleqtiurgadawyvetaSi da kompaniis marTvaSi”. miuxedavad imisa, rom esdebulebebi aRiareben profkavSirebis bunebriv rols mSromelTauflebebisa da interesebis dacvaSi, kerZod, koleqtiuriSeTanxmebebis saSualebiT, isini mainc ar aniWeben profkavSirebsmonopolias koleqtiur SeTanxmebaSi daqiravebulis saxeliT warmo-madgenlobaze.

daqiravebulebs, romlebsac ukaviaT iseTi Tanamdeboba,romliTac isini warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosilebas iZenen,SeuZliaT aseve monawileoba miiRon samuSao pirobebis koleqtiur

250


gadawyvetaSi, ramdenadac maTi qmedebebis arc mizani da arc Sedegiar isaxavs warmomadgeneli profkavSiris qmedebebisTvis safrTxisSeqmnas. iseTi wesebis gansazRvra, romliTac koleqtiuriSeTanxmebebis dadebaze uflebamosil organoebs SeuZliaT ganaxor-cielon TavianTi movaleobebi sruliad damoukideblad,gansakuTrebiT damqiravebelTan dakavSirebiT, eqceva im principisgamoyenebis uzrunvelmyofi garantiebis moqmedebis sferoSi, rom-lis Tanaxmadac, yvela mSromeli unda monawileobdes samuSaopirobebis koleqtiur gadawyvetaSi. rodesac parlamentma warmomad-geneli profkavSirisagan uflebamosili daqiravebulebis dacvisTaobaze specialuri SeTanxmebis miRwevaze pasuxismgebeli damqi-raveblisa da daqiravebulis warmomadgenlebi dauqvemdebara SromiskodeqsiT (muxli L. 412-18) gansazRvrul proceduras, misi mizani iyo,rom aseT dacvas uzrunveleyo iseTive garantiebi, romlebickanoniT ukve iyo regulirebuli.

sakonstitucio sabWoSi gasaCivrebuli kanonis zogierT muxlSigaerTianebis direqtiva gadmotanili iyo erovnul kanonad (sabWos1994 wlis 22 seqtembris #94/45/EC direqtiva daqiravebulTainformirebisa da konsultaciis mizniT evropuli Sromis sabWos angaerTianebis donis kompaniebSi procedurisa da gaerTianebis doniskompaniaTa jgufebis Seqmnis Taobaze), Tumca, kanonis am muxlebisarakonstituciurobis sakiTxi ar iyo dayenebuli. piriqiT, sabWoseTxova, emsjela me-6 muxlis Taobaze. igi exeboda eqsperimentuldebulebebs, romlebic iTvaliswinebdnen koleqtiuri SromiTiSeTanxmebebis dadebis axal saSualebebs im kompaniebSi, sadac ar iyvnenprofkavSirebis warmomadgenlebi. sabWom daadgina, rom 1946 wlis 27oqtombris konstituciis preambulis me-6 da me-8 abzacebi aRiarebdaprofkavSirebis bunebriv rols mSromelTa uflebebisa da interese-bis dacvaSi, Tumca, konstituciuri kanonis rangis es debulebebi araZlevda profkavSirebs monopolias koleqtiur SeTanxmebebSi daqi-ravebulis warmomadgenlobaze. da mainc, sabWom aRniSna, rom mola-parakebis Tavisufleba im daqiravebulebTan, romlebic airCies andaniSnes Sesabamis Tanamdebobaze, arc unda isaxavdes miznad da arciwvevdes warmomadgeneli profkavSirebis qmedebebis xelis SeSlas.rac Seexeba kanonis eqsperimentul debulebebs, sabWom moiwona Tavisiadrindeli praqtika (93-322 DC of 28 July 1993, CODICES: [FRA-93-X-003]), rodesac man daadgina, rom parlaments ufleba aqvs, mimarToseqsperimentul zomebs im pirobiT, Tu gansazRvrulia aseTi zomebisxasiaTi, maTi moqmedebis sfero, aseve, SemTxvevebi, romlebSicSesaZlebelia maTi miReba da maTi SefasebisTvis saWiro pirobebi daprocedurebi.

251



27-04-1999

samarTlebrivi debulebebi, romelTa mixedviT, samuSao adg-ilebis Seqmnis subsidiebis sakiTxi garkveuli vadiT eqvemdebarebasaSualoze dabali xelfasebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas, laxavsprofkavSiris avtonomias xelfasebis Taobaze molaparakebebTanmimarTebiT, magram SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos maRali donisumuSevrobis dros damatebiTi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis mizniT.

III socialuri dacvis samarTlis kodeqsis 275.2 muxli 265.1.1.muxlTan erTad da, aseve, mis win arsebuli normebi SesabamisobaSiaZiriTadi kanonis 9.3 muxlTan.

germaniis federaluri respublikis socialuri dacvis samarTliskodeqsis mixedviT, federaluri dasaqmebis samsaxuri subsidirebasuwevs saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas didi xnis umuSevrebis dasaqmebisxelSesawyobad. es saqmianoba moicavs iseTi zomebis gatarebas,romelTa mizania garemos dacva, gaumjobeseba da sazogadoebrivi daaxalgazrdobis keTildReobis dawesebulebebis momsaxurebisgaumjobeseba. daxmarebis odenoba damokidebulia umuSevrobisdaxmarebebisTvis gaweul saSualo Tviur danaxarjze. mTliani ode-noba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gadaixdeba, Tu SeTanxmebuli gadasaxadiar aRemateba Sromis Tavisufal bazarze msgavsi saqmianobebisTvisdadgenili standartuli xelfasebis 80%-s.

metalurgTa profkavSirma Seitana konstituciuri sarCeli amdebulebebis winaaRmdeg da amtkicebda gaerTianebis TavisuflebazeTavisi uflebis darRvevas. profkavSiris argumentiT, aRniSnulidebuleba asustebda/aviwroebda xelfasebis fiqsirebaze mis kompe-tencias, vinaidan samuSao adgilebis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuliRonisZiebebis gamo SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda xelfasebze Tavisufladmolaparakeba. amitom profkavSirebi iZulebuli gaxdebodnen,SeemcirebinaT koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis done samuSaoze dawinau-rebuli pirebisTvis Cveulebriv (regionalur an erovnul) kole-qtiur SeTanxmebebTan SedarebiT.

pirvelma ssenatma aar ddaakmayofila kkonstituciuri ssarCeli: pirvelma senatma aRiara, rom gasaCivrebuli debulebebiT, ra Tqma

unda, izRudeba mosarCelis gaerTianebis Tavisufleba, magram esgamarTlebulia maRali donis umuSevrobis dros damatebiTisamuSao adgilebis Seqmnis mizniT.

ZiriTadi kanonis 9.3 muxli daqiravebulebsa da damqiraveblebsuzrunvelyofs gaerTianebebis Seqmnis uflebiT samuSao daekonomikuri pirobebis dacvisa da gaumjobesebis mizniT. es ufleba

252


moicavs aseve koleqtiur SeTanxmebebze molaparakebas, rac, faqto-brivad, warmoadgens gaerTianebis ZiriTad mizans. sadavo debulebebilaxavs aseTi dacvis moqmedebis sferos. isini asusteben mosarCelispozicias struqturuli gardaqmnis RonisZiebebis farglebSidasaqmebuli pirebis anazRaurebis Taobaze gamarTul koleqtiurmolaparakebebSi. am sferoSi mosarCeles cota Sansi aqvs, miaRwiosmsgavsi samuSaosTvis normaluri standartuli xelfasis 80%-zemets. ramdenadac dasaqmebis federaluri samsaxuris daxmareba dadisiseT doneze, rasac aRemateba kanonieri maqsimaluri xelfasi,TiToeuli gadameteba niSnavs damqiraveblis ormag tvirTs. damqi-raveblebi Znelad Tu daTanxmdebian amas SromiT molaparakebebSi.

sazogadoebrivi kkeTildReobis uupiratesobis ggamo aaseTi CCarevagamarTlebulia __ ddaadgina ppirvelma ssenatma:

sadavo debulebebis ZaliT, saxelmwifo asrulebs dacvis valde-bulebas socialuri saxelmwifos principis safuZvelze (ZiriTadikanonis 20.1 muxli). saxelmwifo, amasTanave, exmareba calkeulumuSevar pirs misi pirovnulobis, saerTo pativiscemisa daTviTpativiscemis grZnobis ganviTarebaSi samuSaos meSveobiT. amdonemde saxelmwifos ganzraxva aseve SesabamisobaSia ZiriTadi kano-nis 1.1 da 2.2 muxlebTan. debulebebis mizania, uzrunvelyos arsebu-li SezRuduli biujetebis daxarjva maqsimalurad bevri umuSevaripiris dasasaqmeblad. am gziT debulebebi aseve emsaxureba saerToekonomikuri balansis uzrunvelyofis konstituciur mizans(ZiriTadi kanonis 20.1 muxli).

garda amisa, debulebebi adekvaturi da, aseve, aucilebelia kanon-mdeblobis miznis misaRwevad. igive exeba sakiTxs imis Taobaze,realurad mosalodnelia Tu ara mosarCelesTvis misaRebi iyosSromiTi molaparakebebis avtonomiaze momxdari zemoqmedebebi.

sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, molaparakebebi struqturuli gar-daqmnis RonisZiebebSi monawile daqiravebulebis standartulxelfasebze gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi SromiTi molaparakebebisagan.samuSaos anazRaureba struqturuli gardaqmnis RonisZiebebSiupirvelesad ar aris ganzraxuli imisaTvis, rom daqiravebulebmawili miiRon maTi samuSao mogebebidan. vinaidan es RonisZiebebiSemoifargleba mxolod aramomgebiani saqmianobiT, Cveulebriv,damqiravebeli interesdeba mxolod federaluri dasaqmebis samsax-uris daxmarebiT. mxedvelobaSi isic unda iqnes miRebuli, rom amsferoSi daqiravebulTa gaerTianeba ver mimarTavs imaze met zomas,vidre iyenebs Cveulebriv SromiT molaparakebebSi. damqiraveblebski SeuZliaT Tavidan aicilon gaficva arsebiTi danakargis gariskvisgareSe, Tu Tavs Seikaveben an gadadeben samuSao adgilebis SeqmnisRonisZiebas, romliTac ar arian sakmarisad dainteresebuli.

253


damqiraveblis gadawyvetilebis Sedegebi, nebismier SemTxvevaSi,exeba umuSevars da, amdenad, isev daqiravebulis sazianoa. erTi mxriv,daaxloebiT 4 milioni umuSevris arseboba da, meore mxriv, samuSaoadgilebis Seqmna warmoadgens pirvelad socialur problemas.umuSevroba xSirad iwvevs xalxis egzistencialur stress. Tu adamianscxovrebisTvis saWiro ekonomikuri safuZveli gamoecleba, amanSeiZleba gamoiwvios sakuTari Tavis pativiscemisa da piradi Rirsebisdakargva. iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac adamiani umetesad fasobs misiprofesiuli saqmianobidan gamomdinare, gamocdilebis gamousade-grobam SeiZleba migviyvanos mZime fizikur stresamde. es exebagansakuTrebiT xangrZlivad umuSevrad myof pirebs, romelTasamuSaos miRebis Sansi Zalian dabalia. dabolos, aseve mniSvnelovania,rom sadavo debulebebis moqmedebis vada mTavrdeba 2002 wels. esSezRudva kanonmdebels afrTxilebs, droulad gadaamowmos, kvlavacarsebobs Tu ara debulebebis gamomwvevi realuri winapirobebi daSesrulda Tu ara debulebebiT dasaxuli miznebi.

germania federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

27-04-1999

dadginda, rom universitetebsa da kvleviT institutebSi samec-niero sferoebSi momuSave pirebTan dadebuli vadiani SromiTixelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb kanoni SesabamisobaSi iyo ZiriTadi kanonis9.3 muxlTan, romelic icavda SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadebisTavisuflebas. ZiriTadi kanonis 9.3 muxli erTsa da imave doneze aricavs profkavSirebis da maTTan xelSekrulebis mqone partniorebisyvela saqmianobas. koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis maregulirebelidebulebebi ufro maRal donezea daculi, vidre partniorebissaxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba im sferoSi, romelic ar aris regulire-buli SeTanxmebis monawile partniorebis mier. 1985 wels kanonmdebel-ma miiRo kanoni, romliTac universitetebsa da kvleviT institutebSisamecniero sferoebSi momuSave pirebTan SromiTi xelSekrulebebiSeiZleba SeizRudos vadebSi. orma profkavSirma Semoitana konstitu-ciuri sarCeli federalur sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi, romelSicamtkicebdnen, rom aseTi kanoni arRvevda ZiriTadi kanonis 9.3 muxliTmaTTvis ganmtkicebul koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis dadebisTavisuflebas. federalurma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ar daakmay-ofila sarCeli da daadgina, rom kanonis debulebam daarRviakonstituciiT daculi gaerTianebis Tavisufleba, romelic moicavskoleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis dadebis Tavisuflebasac, magram es

254


darRveva gamarTlebulad CaTvala. federalurma sakonstituciosasamarTlom ganacxada, rom gaerTianebis Tavisufleba daculiaupirobod; Tumca, amiT eWvis qveS ar dgeba kanonmdeblis ufle-bamosileba iseTi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, romel-ic SeiZleba iyos koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis sagani.

kanonis debulebis miReba SeiZleba mesame pirTa ZiriTad uflebeb-sa an sxva konstituciur uflebebTan dakavSirebul yvelaSemTxvevaSi. sakanonmdeblo aqti unda iyos proporciuli, anumxedvelobaSi iqnas miRebuli gaerTianebis Tavisufleba. ZiriTadikanonis 9.3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli konstituciuri dacva sax-elmwifo qmedebebisagan ufro Zlieria iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesackoleqtiuri SeTanxmebis mxareebs ukeTesad SeuZliaT konkretulisakiTxis mogvareba. xelfasebisa da samuSaos sxva materialuripirobebis mowesrigeba, rogorc wesi, Sedis maT kompetenciaSi. vadi-ani SromiTi xelSekrulebebis dadebis SesaZleblobis daSveba arganekuTvneba koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis monawile mxareebiskompetenciaSi Semaval mTavar sakiTxebs. sakanonmdeblo debulebismiRebiT, kanonmdeblis mizani iyo kvlevis Tavisuflebis dacva,romelic ganmtkicebulia ZiriTadi kanonis 5.3 muxliT. samecnierosferoSi momuSave pirebis SromiTi xelSekrulebis SezRudvis gziT,axali ideebis mqone axal pirebs - mudmivad cvalebad garemoSi – gzagaexsnebaT samecniero institutebsa da universitetebSi. vinaidanprofkavSirebs arasdros surdaT am sakiTxis mowesrigeba, kanonmde-beli ar iyo valdebuli, daecada saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebisaTvis.

federalurma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRoevropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romliTac am ukanasknelmaganacxada, rom kanoni arRvevda evropuli gaerTianebebis kanonsimdenad, ramdenadac igi iTvaliswinebda SezRudvebs ucxo enebismaswavleblebisaTvis, romlebic arian evropuli gaerTianebebismoqalaqeebi. man uaryo evropuli sasamarTlos argumentebi, rommarTebuli iyo drodadro Secvliliyvnen ucxo enebis maswavle-blebi, raTa ar daekargaT axlo kontaqti TavianT sakuTar enasTan.Tumca, man ganacxada, rom kanoni ar gavrceldeba im maswavleblebze,romlebic arian evrogaerTianebebis wevri saxelmwifoebidan.

ungreTi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

07-10-2002

damnaSaveTa dasjis Taobaze saxelmwifos valdebulebasa dagaerTianebis Tavisuflebas Soris Sedarebis Sedegad sasamarTlom

255


ganacxada, rom konstituciis Tanaxmad, dakavebul pirebs SeuZliaTgamoiyenon gaerTianebis ufleba, Tu es ar arRvevs an pirdapirsafrTxes ar uqmnis sasjelis aRsrulebis mizans. am gadawyvetilebismiRebisas kanonmdebels unda gaeTvaliswinebina dasjis mizani da is,Tu ra farglebSi unda aRsruldes msjavrdebulis sasjeli, asevesafrTxes uqmnis Tu ara msjavrdebulis mier gaerTianebisTavisuflebis uflebis ganxorcieleba wesrigs sasjelaRsrulebisdawesebulebaSi. kanonmdebels ar gamouricxavs zogadadgaerTianebebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba (Tundac sasjelaRsrulebisdawesebulebaSi) da amis Sedegad aucilebeli da adekvaturia Tu aragaerTianebis Tavisuflebis SezRudva nebismier konkretulSemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba gadawydes yvelanairi garemoebis codnissafuZvelze.

sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Setanil sarCelSi mosarCele amt-kicebda sasjelis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb sakanonmdeblo aqtis (sakanon-mdeblo aqti) 36.5.v muxlis antikonstituciurobas im motiviT, romes debuleba, romelic ikiTxeba am aqtis 36.6.b muxlTan erTad,SeuZlebels xdis nebismieri sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebaSimyofi dakavebuli piris mier konstituciis 63-e muxliT misTvisminiWebuli gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis uflebis ganxorcielebas.aseve, organizaciebis (profkavSirebis) Seqmnis an gawevrianebisuflebis ganxorcielebas konstituciis 70.g muxliT ganmtkicebulimaTi ekonomikuri an socialuri interesebis dacvis mizniT.

sakanonmdeblo aqtis 36.5.v muxlis Tanaxmad, msjavrdebulmoqalaqeTa (patimarTa) uflebebi Semdegnairad Seicvala: maTigaerTianebis Tavisufleba, ganaTlebis ufleba da erovnuliTavdacvis valdebuleba izRudeba dakavebis Sedegad. sakanonmdebloaqtis 36.6.b muxlis mixedviT, dakavebis periodSi patimari droebiTkargavs uflebas Sekrebis Tavisuflebaze. sakonstituciosasamarTlom gaerTianebis Tavisufleba moaqcia gamoxatvis ufle-bebs Soris. gaerTianebis Tavisufleba niSnavs, rom yvelas aqvsufleba, Seqmnas gaerTianeba kulturuli, korporaciis Seqmnis,politikuri an sxva miznebisTvis an miiRos monawileoba aseTijgufebis saqmianobaSi. msgavsi Tavisufleba aseve moicavsgaerTianebebis Seqmnis uflebas, maTSi gawevrianebis an argawevri-anebis uflebas. gaerTianebis Tavisufleba ZiriTadi uflebaa,romelic yvela sxva ZiriTadi uflebis msgavsad, ar aris SeuzRudavi.sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebaSi dakavebuli pirebi imyofebiangansakuTrebul situaciaSi. maTac aqvT ZiriTadi uflebebi. Tumca,dakavebisa da misi kanonieri miznis gamo, samarTlebrivi debulebebizRudavs msjavrdebulis uflebas, ganaxorcielos Tavisi ZiriTadiuflebebi. #13/2001 [HUN-2001-2-005] gadawyvetilebaSi sakonstitu-

256


cio sasamarTlom ganixila sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebaSidakavebis Sedegad zogierTi ZiriTadi uflebis ganxorcielebazeSezRudvis sakiTxi.

am gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, zogierT ZiriTad konstituciuruflebaze ar moqmedebs msjavrdebulTa dakaveba, rogoricaa,magaliTad, sicocxlisa da adamianuri Rirsebis ufleba. dakavebisxasiaTidan gamomdinare, gamoricxulia piradi Tavisuflebis,Tavisufali gadaadgilebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis TavisufaliarCevis uflebis sruli ganxorcieleba. azris gamoTqmisTavisufleba Sedis im ZiriTad uflebebSi, romlebic dakavebisdrosac arsebobs, magram misi ganxorcieleba da gamoxatvaganisazRvreba sasjelis aRsrulebis faqtiT da misi garemoebebiT.ZiriTadi uflebebis ganxorcielebis SezRudvis konstituci-urobaze sakonstitucio sasamarTlom imsjela e.w. saWiroebis dad-genis testis safuZvelze. warmodgenil saqmeSi sakonstituciosasamarTlos erTmaneTisTvis unda Seedarebina danaSaulebrivisaqmianobebis warmatebiT mogvarebis saxelmwifos uflebamosilebada patimarTa gaerTianebis Tavisufleba.

rac Seexeba patimarTa ZiriTad uflebebs, sakonstituciosasamarTlom daadgina: mniSvnelovania, rom dakaveba warmoadgendessafuZvels mxolod TviTon sasjelis aRsrulebasTan mWidroddakavSirebuli interesis mqone ZiriTadi uflebebis ganxor-cielebis SezRudvis gasamarTleblad. msjavrdebulTa konstituci-ur uflebebTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi debuleba, romelicxels uSlis msjavrdebulis mier Tavisi ZiriTadi uflebis ganxor-cielebas dakavebis Sedegad, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZlebaCaiTvalos konstituciurad, Tu igi emsaxureba sasjelis kanonieriaRsrulebis mizans. mocemul saqmeSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlomaRniSna, rom saxelmwifos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis efeq-turi aRsrulebisa da sasjelis aRsrulebisas wesrigis damyarebismizniT gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis uflebis ganxorcielebisSezRudva SeiZleba aucilebeli iyos zogierT SemTxvevaSi.

saxelmwifos konstituciuri valdebulebaa, pasuxi agebinosdamnaSaveebs. es valdebuleba moicavs sasjelis aRsrulebas, rode-sac pirebs sasamarTlos mier misjili aqvT dakaveba. sasjelisaRsrulebisas saxelmwifos SeuZlia SezRudos gaerTianebisTavisuflebis ganxorcieleba mxolod im sazRvrebSi, rac aucilebe-lia sasjelis kanonieri miznis misaRwevad. dakavebis mizania,samarTlebrivi sanqciis aRsrulebis gziT xeli Seuwyos msjavrdebu-lis resocializacias da daexmaros msjavrdebuls momavalSi sxvadanaSaulis Cadenisagan Tavis aridebaSi. gaerTianebis wevrobamSesaZlebelia mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos msjavrdebulebis gare

257


samyarosTan kavSiris SenarCunebaSi; daexmaros maT cixidangamosvlis Semdeg sazogadoebaSi reintegraciaSi. mcire zomisgaerTianebis wevrobamac SeiZleba Seuwyos xeli pirovnulobisa daTviTpativiscemis SenarCunebas. sakanonmdeblo aqtis 36.5.v. muxlisTanaxmad, gaerTianebis Tavisufleba izRudeba. es samarTlebrivinorma iTvaliswinebs, rom samarTlebrivi SezRudvis proporciulo-ba ar warmoadgens ganxilvis sagans, vinaidan sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb,proporciulia Tu ara msjavrdebulis gaerTianebis Tavisuflebakonkretul SemTxvevaSi dasaxul mizanTan, ganisazRvrebasamarTlebrivi praqtikiT.

sakanonmdeblo aqti ar gansazRvravs, Tu ra doniT izRudebamsjavrdebulis gaerTianebis Tavisufleba, ra tipis gaerTianebebisSeqmnaa SesaZlebeli da romel gaerTianebebSi SeiZleba gawevriand-nen patimrebi. zogadad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gaerTianebis uflebisSezRudva ar aris adekvaturi, rodesac msjavrdebulebs ekrZalebaTiseTi gaerTianebebis Seqmna, romlebic SesabamisobaSia sasjelismizanTan da ar uqmnian safrTxes wesrigsa da usafrTxoebas.gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rodesac msjavrdebulebs surTiuridiuli piris statusis mqone gaerTianebis Seqmna sakanonmdebloaqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli maTi interesebis dasacavad. msjavrde-bulebis mier gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba, ra Tqmaunda, SezRudulia im mxriv, rom maT ar SeuZliaT monawileoba miiRongaerTianebebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sasjelaRsrulebis dawese-bulebis gareT. es SezRudva gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom dakave-bis periodSi msjavrdebulis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis ufleba dasacxovrebeli adgilis Tavisuflad arCevis ufleba droebiTSeCerebulia. sasjelis aRsrulebiT dasaxuli miznis gamo dakavebu-li piri nebismier dros ver datovebs sasjelaRsrulebis dawese-bulebas. Tumca, es SezRudva ar niSnavs, rom msjavrdebulebi veriqnebian gaerTianebis wevrebi sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebisgareT an saerTod ver miiReben monawileobas gaerTianebissaqmianobaSi. msjavrdebulebs SeuZliaT kvlavac darCnengaerTianebis wevrebad an gaxdnen axali gaerTianebis wevrebi, Tu essasjelis aRsrulebasTan SesabamisobaSia. msjavrdebulis miersasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis gareT gaerTianebis wevrobaizRudeba mxolod imdenad, rom maT ar SeuZliaT piradad miiRon mon-awileoba gaerTianebis saqmianobaSi an SeuZliaT amis gakeTeba, rode-sac sasjelis aRsrulebis maregulirebeli zogadi wesebisSesabamisad gadian sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebidan.sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebidan gasvlisas msjavrdebulebsSeuZliaT gaerTianebis Seqmnac, rogorc am SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maTmonawileobas gaerTianebis damfuZnebel krebaze ar gamouwvevia

258


raime sirTule. gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebaSesaZlebelia ara mxolod sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis gareTgaerTianebebis SemTxvevaSi, aramed sasjelaRsrulebis dawese-bulebis SigniTac, rodesac msjavrdebulebs survili aqvT, SeqmnangaerTianebebi, magaliTad, iuridiuli piris statusis mqonegaerTianebebi.

konstituciis 70/g.1 muxli iTvaliswinebs gaerTianebisTavisuflebis gansakuTrebul saxes, rogoricaa gaerTianebasocialuri da ekonomikuri interesebis dasacavad da maTi Seqmnisada maTSi gawevrianebis ufleba. vinaidan konstituciis 70/g.1 muxliTdaculi ZiriTadi ufleba warmoadgens gaerTianebis zogadiTavisuflebis gamoxatvas interesebis dacvis mizniT SeqmnilgaerTianebebTan (profkavSirebi) mimarTebiT, aRniSnuli konstitu-ciuri debulebis ganmartebaSi gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis arsTandakavSirebuli gancxadebebi normatiulia: iuridiuli piris statu-sis mqone gaerTianebebis Seqmnis ufleba, anu am uflebis –gaerTianebis TavisuflebasTan erTad – ganxorcieleba izRudeba imfaqtiT, rom msjavrdebuli dakavebulia. am muxlTan dakavSirebiTSeiZleba iTqvas, rom msjavrdebulis mier gaerTianebis Seqmnisuflebis ganxorcieleba izRudeba mxolod imdenad, ramdenadacgamarTlebulia sasjelis aRsrulebis mizniT da rom es uflebaSeiZleba SeizRudos mxolod im farglebSi, rac aucilebeliasasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebaSi wesrigis dasacavad.

litva sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

14-01-1999

Sromis uflebebis dacvis ZiriTadi principebi daculia konsti-tuciiT. profkavSirebi iqmneba mSromelTa profesiuli, ekonomikuri dasocialuri uflebebisa da interesebis dacvis mizniT. isini icavenTavianT wevrebs da konkretuli sawarmos yvela daqiravebuls.profkavSirebi icaven pirvel rigSi TavianTi wevrebis uflebebs. Tumca,nebismier mSromels SeuZlia daicvas Tavisi uflebebi da interesebiuSualod sasamarTloSi. es xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli konstituciis 30.1muxlSi. mosarCelem gaasaCivra profkavSirebis Sesaxeb kanonis preambu-lis me-2 nawilisa da amave kanonis 10.4, 17, 18.1, 21 da 23.2 muxlebisSesabamisoba konstituciasTan. mosarCelis azriT, profkavSirebisSesaxeb kanonis normebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, profkavSirebs evalebaTmxolod maTi wevrebis dacva, ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis 50-e muxls,romelSic naTqvamia, rom profkavSirebi iqmneba Tavisuflad da funq-

259


cionireben damoukideblad da icaven mSromelTa profesiul,ekonomikur da socialur uflebebsa da interesebs.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom profkavSirimSromelTa nebayoflobiTi da damoukidebeli organizaciaa.mSromelebi Sedian profkavSirebSi maTi uflebebis ukeTesad, e.i.organizebuli formiT dacvis mizniT. piri, romelic sakuTari nebiTSedis profkavSirSi, am organizacias irCevs, rogorc Tavisi SromiTiuflebebisa da interesebis dacvis erT-erT saSualebas. amasTan,profkavSirebis wevrTa uflebebis dacva, profkavSirebis Sesaxebkanonis normebis Tanaxmad, SesabamisobaSia am organizaciaTa mTavarmizanTan. profkavSirebis saqmianobis es aspeqti gansakuTrebiTmniSvnelovani xdeba individualuri SromiTi davebis mogvarebisas,rodesac profkavSirebi TavianT wevrebs icaven damqiraveblebismier miRebuli ukanono gadawyvetilebisagan da, Tu saWiroa, amwevrebs sasamarTloSi warmoadgenen profkavSirebis organizaciebi.

meore mxriv, unda aRiniSnos, rom istoriulad profkavSirebi iqm-neboda yvela mSromelis dasacavad. mravali qveynis, maT Soris,litvis respublikis konstitucia gansazRvravs, romprofkavSirebma unda daicvan mSromelTa profesiuli, ekonomikurida socialuri uflebebi da interesebi. maT unda gadaWran aramxolod maTi wevrebis socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi, aramedsxva mSromelebisac _ mTavrobisa da damqiraveblebiswarmomadgenlebTan ormxrivi da sammxrivi molaparakebebismeSveobiT.

sawarmos profkavSiri SeiZleba moqmedebdes yvela mSromelisinteresebis dasacavad da ecados, magaliTad, samarTliani xelfase-bis dawesebas an Sromis usafrTxo pirobebis uzrunvelyofas.rogorc wesi, yvela mSromelis interesebi warmodgeniliadamqiraveblebTan koleqtiuri an sxva saxis SeTanxmebebis dadebiT.koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-16 muxlis Tanaxmad,koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis monawile mxareebis warmomadgenlebma undamoamzadon koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis proeqti da mxedvelobaSi miiRondaqiravebulTa winadadebebi da molaparakebebis dros miRweuliSeTanxmebebi. SeTanxmebis proeqti unda ganixilon daqiravebulebmada Semdgomi ganxilvisaTvis waredginos mSromelTa koleqtivis kre-bas. krebaze koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis proeqtis damtkicebisasmxareTa warmomadgenlebma SeTanxmebas xeli unda moaweron samdReSi. es niSnavs, rom kanoni profkavSirebs avaldebulebs, iyossawarmoebsa an sxva organizaciebSi momuSave yvela piri warmomad-geneli maTi ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis erToblivimogvarebis procesSi.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom konstituci-

260


is 50.1 muxlis debuleba, romliTac profkavSirebi icavenmSromelTa profesiul, ekonomikur da socialur uflebebs, gamox-atavs profkavSirebis ormag mizansa da funqcias: pirveli, warmoad-ginos profkavSiris wevrebi da daicvas pirvel rigSi isini; meore,daicvas konkretuli sawarmos, dawesebulebisa an organizaciisyvela TanamSromeli kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi da formiT.damqiravebelma unda Seasrulos daqiravebulebis Sromis,ekonomikur da socialur pirobebTan dakavSirebuli kanonismoTxovnebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu damqiravebeli iRebs iseTgadawyvetilebebs, romelic raime formiT arRvevs profkavSiriswevrTa SromiT, ekonomikur da socialur uflebebs, profkavSirsufleba aqvs, moaxdinos reagireba da moiTxovos aseTigadawyvetilebis gauqmeba. Tu damqiravebeli droulad ar ganix-ilavs profkavSirebis moTxovnas aseTi gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisSesaxeb an uars ambobs mis ganxilvaze, profkavSirs ufleba aqvs,mimarTos sasamarTlos. udavoa, rom damqiraveblis gadawyvetile-bebma SeiZleba daarRvios ara mxolod profkavSirebis wevrTa ufle-bebi, aramed im mSromelebisac, romlebic ar ekuTvnian am organiza-cias.

konstituciis 30-e muxli iTvaliswinebs piris miersasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebas. is mSromelebic, romlebic ararian profkavSiris wevrebi, icaven TavianT uflebebs uSualodsasamarTloSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, romprofkavSirebis Sesaxeb kanonis preambulis me-2 nawili da imave kano-nis 10.4, 17, 18.1, 21 da 23.2 muxlebi SesabamisobaSia konstituciasTan.

litva sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

21-12-2000

sazogadoebebis, politikuri partiebisa da gaerTianebebisTavisuflad Seqmnis konstituciuri ufleba mravalmxrivia. misSinaarsSi moiazreba sazogadoebebis, politikuri partiebisa dagaerTianebebis Tavisuflad Seqmnis, maTSi gawevrianebisa da maTsaqmianobebSi monawileobis miRebis uflebebi, aseve, ufleba, ar gaw-evriande arc erT sazogadoebaSi, politikur partiasa dagaerTianebaSi; an aseTi gaerTianebebidan gamosvlis ufleba. amri-gad, konstitucia uzrunvelyofs piris uflebas, sakuTari nebiTmiiRos garkveul sazogadoebaSi, politikur partiasa angaerTianebaSi gawevrianebis Tu argawevrianebis gadawyvetileba.

sazogadoebebis, politikuri partiebisa da gaerTianebebis

261


Tavisuflad Seqmnis ufleba, romelic ganmtkicebuliakonstituciaSi, niSnavs, rom piri an axorcielebs an ar axorcielebsmas sakuTari nebiT. konstituciis 35.2 muxlSi sityva-sityviTnaTqvamia, rom dauSvebelia piris iZulebiTi gawevrianeba romelimesazogadoebis, politikuri partiis an gaerTianebis wevrad. es ariskonstituciuri garantia, romelic icavs pirebs romelimegaerTianebaSi Sesvlisagan sakuTari nebis sawinaaRmdegod. adamianisTavisufali neba aris sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi, politikur par-tiebsa da gaerTianebebSi misi wevrobis fundamenturi principi. eskonstituciuri principi unda daicvan nebismieri tipisgaerTianebis Seqmnisas da maTi saqmianobisa da wevrobis maregulire-beli wesebis dadgenisas, miuxedavad im kanonieri miznebisa, romelTamiRwevasac cdiloben es gaerTianebebi.

mosarCele –vilniusis pirveli olqis saqalaqo sasamarTlo –daobda binebis mflobelTa gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb kanonis da binebismflobelTa gaerTianebebis standartuli normebis (standartulinormebi) Sesabamisobaze konstituciasTan. standartuli normebidamtkicda mTavrobis 1995 wlis 15 ivnisis #852 dadgenilebiTbinebis mflobelTa gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb kanonis aRsrulebis wesisSesaxeb. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom saerToqonebis flobisa da gamoyenebis mizniT sazogadoebis Seqmnisas,mravalbinian saxlSi sacxovrebeli da arasacxovrebeli qonebismflobelebi iyeneben gaerTianebis konstituciur uflebas, romel-ic SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod adamianis Tavisufali nebissafuZvelze. amasTan, binebis mflobelTa sazogadoebis wevroba undaefuZnebodes nebayoflobiTobis princips. rodesac Seqmnis, saqmi-anobisa da gawevrianebis wesebs aregulirebs kanoni, iseve rogorcsxva gaerTianebebis SemTxvevaSi, unda davicvaT konstituciis 35.2muxlis moTxovna, rom dauSvebelia piris, fizikuri pirebis dafizikur pirTa dajgufebebis iZulebiTi gawevrianeba romelimesazogadoebaSi, politikur partiasa an gaerTianebaSi. aqedan gamomd-inare, rodesac mravalbinian saxlSi mdebare qonebis zogierTi mepa-trone gadawyvets gaerTianebis Seqmnas, sxva mepatroneebi arSeiZleba CaiTvalon am gaerTianebis wevrebad mxolod aseTigadawyvetilebis faqtis gamo. aseTi iZulebiTi gawevrianebadauSvebelia.

gaerTianebis wevrobis nebayoflobiTobis principi niSnavs, rom mepa-trones ufleba aqvs, ar gawevriandes gaerTianebaSi, Tumca, mocemulSemTxvevaSi mravalbinian saxlSi mdebare sacxovrebeli da arasacx-ovrebeli qonebis mepatrone rCeba saerTo qonebaze uflebebisganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli sxva samarTlebrivi urTierTobebismonawile. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kanonisa da stan-

262


dartuli normebis zogierTi debuleba ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituci-is 35.1 da 35.2 muxlebs, ramdenadac binebis mflobelTa gaerTianebiswevrobis faqti ar ukavSirdeba mflobelis Tavisufal nebas da/an ram-denadac kanoni da normebi ar aRiareben mflobelis uflebas, TavisinebiT gamovides binebis mflobelTa gaerTianebidan. sakonstituciosasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, sxva sadavo debulebebi SesabamisobaSiiyo konstituciasTan.

portugalia sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

18-10-2000

profkavSirebSi gawevrianebis ufleba moicavs or _ dadebiT dauaryofiT aspeqts. dadebiTi aspeqti aRiarebs mSromelTa uflebas,Seqmnan da gawevriandnen profkavSirSi, romelic SeiZleba iyos maTiwarmomadgeneli da savaldebulos ar xdis profkavSirSi SesvlazeprofkavSiris diskreciuli gadawyvetilebis miRebas. uflebisnegatiuri mxare uzrunvelyofs profkavSirebSi gauwevrianeblobisuflebas da profkavSiridan nebismier dros gasvlis uflebas.gulisxmobs ra diskriminaciisagan mniSvnelovan dacvas,profkavSirebSi gauwevrianeblobis ufleba moicavs arapirdapirSezRudvebs da unda ganimartos imdenad farTod, rom moicvaskavSiris wevrobis rogorc pirdapiri, ise arapirdapiri valdebule-bebi. aseve namdvili valdebulebebi da zewolis gamoyenebisTvisgadadgmuli nebismieri nabiji, romelic SeiZleba Tavisuflebisganxorcielebis sawinaaRmdego iyos.

ombudsmenma sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mimarTa sakanonmdebloaqtis debulebis arakonstituciurad cnobis moTxovniT. aRniSnuliaqti damtkicda amJamad moqmedi konstituciis miRebamde da masSinaTqvamia, rom mSromels ufleba aqvs, nebismier dros datovosprofkavSiri xelmZRvanelobisTvis werilobiTi mimarTvissafuZvelze. profkavSirs SeuZlia moiTxovos werilobiTimimarTvidan sami Tvis sawevros gadaxda. ombudsmenis azriT, esmoTxovna zRudavda mSromelTa uflebas profkavSirSi gauwevri-aneblobaze, xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini iyvnen profkavSiriswevrebi, profkavSiris datovebis uflebas. misive TqmiT, igi ar iyoaucilebeli profkavSirebis konstituciuri dacvisaTvis daewinaaRmdegeboda proporciulobis princips sam aspeqtSi: adek-vaturoba, aucilebloba da samarTlianoba. konstituciis 55-e muxliiTvaliswinebs profkavSirebis Seqmnis Tavisuflebas, racmSromelTaTvis sxva TavisuflebebTan erTad uzrunvelyofs gaw-

263


evrianebis Tavisuflebasac; arc erTi mSromeli ar SeiZleba iyosvaldebuli sawevros gadaxdaze im profkavSirisaTvis, romliswevric is ar aris. sasamarTlom daadgina sadavo wesis arakonstitu-ciuroba im motiviT, rom profkavSirebis dafinansebis aucileblobada, Sesabamisad, profkavSiris saqmianobis konsolidacia warmoad-gens erTaderT SesaZlo safuZvels sadavo wesiT gaTvaliswinebuliSemTxvevisTvis maSin, rodesac profkavSirebis Tavisufleba, yvelaaspeqtSi amarTlebs profkavSiris saqmianobis dacvas. amasTan,gaumarTlebelia zedmeti sawevro gadasaxadis gadaxdis moTxovna.

portugalia sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

03-04-2003

marTalia, politikurma partiebma unda daicvan maTi wevrebisuflebebi, magram politikur partiebSi monawileoba, ZiriTadad,moiTxovs partiis wesdebis miRebasa da Sesrulebas. am valdebulebiskonteqstSi partiis wevri mTlianad eTanxmeba, rom misi uflebebisganxorcieleba SeizRudeba wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesebisdebulebebiT (ivaraudeba ra, rom es wesebi uzrunvelyofs demokra-tias partiis Sida administrirebasa da funqcionirebaSi). sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlos msjelobis sagania partiis organoTa is aqtebi,romlebic albaT wesdebis Sesabamisad iyenebs disciplinarulzomebs da romlebic laxaven aqtivistTa konstituciurad daculuflebebs. SezRudvis kanonierebis dadgenis Semdeg igi aRar undaiyos araadekvaturi, araproporciuli an gadaWarbebuli. miTumetes,rom wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebul sanqciebTan dakavSirebuli wesebigamoxatulia zogadi saxiT, romelTa integrireba saWiroebs poli-tikur Sefasebas da ar unda iyos (an ar SeiZleba iyos) sasamarTlosgansaxilveli, garda moqalaqeTa ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevasa daSezRudvasTan dakavSirebuli SemTxvevebisa. sakonstituciosasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Sedis ara politikuri partiebis mierpartiis wesdebis zogadi debulebebis konteqstSi gamoyenebuli san-qciebis arsis, aramed am sanqciebis marTlzomierebisa da proporci-ulobis sakiTxis ganxilva.

portugaliis komunisturi partiis samma aqtivistma, romlebsacSeufardes partiis saqmianobidan droebiTi CamoSorebis da gar-icxvis sanqciebi, winamdebare sarCeli waradgina sakonstituciosasamarTlos Sesaxeb kanonis 103-d muxlis safuZvelze, romelicSetanil iqna 1997 wels konstituciuri gadasinjvis Semdeg.aRniSnuli muxlis safuZvelze konstituciis 51-e muxlis moqmedebis

264


sferoSi moeqca politikuri partiebis organizebisa da funq-cionirebis “principebis” ganmsazRvreli wesebi (konstituciis 51.5muxli) da ganisazRvra, rom kanoniT unda dadgindes dafinansebis,kerZod saxelmwifo dafinansebis pirobebisa da farglebis Sesaxebwesebi, da am partiaTa aqtivebisa da angariSebis rekvizitebis gansa-jaroebis moTxovnebi (konstituciis 51.6 muxli). aRniSnuli konsti-tuciuri gadasinjvis konteqstSi miRebuli wesiT sakonstituciosasamarTlos kompetencias daemata “arCevnebisa da politikurpartiaTa organoebis gadawyvetilebebis winaaRmdeg SetanilisarCelebis ganxilva, romlebic, kanonis Tanaxmad, SeiZlebagasaCivrdes.” sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb kanonis 103-dmuxli aseve awesrigebda politikuri partiebis organoebisgadawyvetilebebis gasaCivrebas aqtivistebis mier qvemoT mocemulSemTxvevebSi:

disciplinur ssaqmiswarmoebaSi ppartiis oorganoebis mmiermiRebuli ggadawyvetilebebi aaqtivistebisTvis ssanqciebisSefardebis SSesaxeb dda iim oorganoTa ggadawyvetilebebi,romlebic ppirdapir aaxdenen ggavlenas aaqtivistis uuflebazepartiis ssaqmianobaSi mmonawileobis SSesaxeb;

partiis oorganoTa ggadawyvetilebebi ppartiis kkompetenciasaan ddemokratiul ffunqcionirebasTan ddakavSirebuli ZZiriTadiwesebis sseriozuli ddarRvevis ssafuZvelze.

es is wesebia, romlebic awesrigebs sarCelis mizansa da safuZvelsda, amave dros, mis kanonierebas. rac Seexeba kanonierebas, pirvelSemTxvevaSi sarCelis Setana SeuZlia mxolod im aqtivists, romel-sac Seefarda sanqcia an romlis uflebebi partiis saqmianobaSi mon-awileobis Taobaze pirdapir iqna darRveuli. xolo meoreSemTxvevaSi kanoniereba vrceldeba yvela aqtivistze. garda amisa,Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi sarCelis Setana SeiZleba “wesdebiT dadge-nili wesis ukanonobis an darRvevis safuZvelze”, meore SemTxvevaSiigi SesaZlebelia “partiis kompetenciisa an demokratiulifunqcionirebisTvis mniSvnelovani wesebis seriozuli darRvevissafuZvelze.”

demokratiuli principis politikuri partiis struqturazegavrcelebam garduvalad gamoiwvia konfliqti erTis mxriv, poli-tikuri partiebis gamWvirvalobis, demokratiuli organizebisa daadministrirebis, aseve yvela wevris monawileobis konstituciurprincipebsa da meore mxriv, individualur uflebebs, gamoxatvisTavisuflebis uflebebsa da garantiebs, Sekrebis, demonstraciisuflebebsa da politikuri partiebis saSualebiT politikaSimoqalaqeTa monawileobis uflebas Soris. marTalia, “oligarqiisrkinis kanoni” (robert miCelsi) aRar moqmedebs Tanamedrove

265


demokratebis politikur partiebSi, magram isic simarTlea, romTanamedrove masobrivi partiebis funqcionirebisaTvis kvlavacsaWiroa mkacri Sida disciplina. aqedan gamomdinare, konfliqtiSeiZleba warmoiSvas wevrebis individualur da koleqtiuri organi-zaciis interesebs Soris, vinaidan es ukanaskneli yovelTvis daicavsTavis erTianobas Zalis efeqturi mopovebis interesiT. amasTanaveaucilebelia dadgindes, Tu ramdenad kanonieria am uflebebze dawe-sebuli SezRudvebi wesdebiT dadgenil farglebSi mainc. kanonmde-blebi ar arian erTsulovnebi Sida pirobebis gansazRvrisas, rom-lebic aucilebelia konkretuli partiis SigniT demokratiisdasacavad. miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdeblebi Tanxmdebian mini-malur pirobebze (romelic moicavs partiis SigniT mosazrebebisTavisuflad gamoTqmis SesaZleblobis garantias), partiis gareTkritikuli mosazrebebis gamoTqmis ufleba ar iTvleba aucilebelpirobad, miTumetes, rom politikuri partiis erTianoba (TumcaefuZneba partiis SigniT azrTa sxvadasxvaobasa da gacvla-gamocvlas) warmoadgens partiis efeqturobis erT-erT pirvelpirobas, partiis xelmZRvanelobis misamarTiT kritikuli mosazre-bebis partiis gareT sajarod gamoxatva (gansakuTrebiT mediiT)aucileblad gamoiwvevs am erTianobis sakiTxis dayenebas. am konkre-tul SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom komunisturi partiismier miRebuli gadawyvetileba aqtivistTa “animus”-Tan (ganzraxva)dakavSirebiT ar iyo SemTxveviTi, vinaidan aqtivistebi cdilobdnen,gaeZlierebinaT maT mier wamowyebuli moZraoba da partiis organoe-bis xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobis gamoyenebiT reklamas uwevdnen par-tiis Sida struqturis farglebze komunisturi partiis wesdebasa dafunqcionirebaSi cvlilebebis Setanas. miRebul iqna is argumentic,rom aqtivistTa qmedeba zians ayenebda partiis imijs, mis funq-cionirebas, mis xelmZRvanel organoebsa da politikur kurss.sasamarTlom daadgina, rom maTi qcevis seriozulobisa da mosalod-neli saziano Sedegebis (politikuri partiisTvis) gaTvaliswinebiT,zemoxsenebul aqtivistebze dawesebuli realuri sanqciebi araWarbebda racionalurobisa da proporciulobis zRvars.

rumineTi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

28-10-1999

is faqti, rom #387/1977 dadgenilebiT mtkicdeba wesdebamoijareTa asociaciebis organizaciisa da funqcionirebis Sesaxebsazogadoebriv interesebSi Semavali miznis misaRwevad, am

266


SemTxvevaSi mravalbiniani saxlebis saTanado marTvis uzrunvelsay-ofad, aRniSnul organoebs ar ganixilavs adamianis uflebaTa evrop-uli konvenciis me-11 muxlis mniSvnelobiT da ar arRvevs konsti-tuciis 37-e muxls, romelic gaerTianebis Tavisuflebas icavsZiriTad socialur da politikur uflebad.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos eTxova, daedgina #387/1977 dadge-nilebis 3.1 muxlis pirveli winadadebis, 3.2.g muxlisa da 23-e muxliskonstituciuroba, romelic amtkicebs moijareTa asociaciebisorganizaciisa da funqcionirebis Sesaxeb wesdebas samoqalaqosaqmeSi, romelic exeboda moijareTa asociaciebis mier dadgeniligarkveuli Tanxis gadaxdis valdebulebas moijareTa mier. sarCelismotivs warmoadgenda qvemoT mocemuli debulebebis miergaerTianebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb konstituciis 37-e muxlisdarRveva: 3.1 muxlis 1-li winadadeba, romelic gansazRvravda, romsaijaro xelSekrulebebis mxareebi avtomaturad xdebodnenmoijareTa Sesabamisi asociaciis wevrebi, xolo 23-e muxlis mixedviTki, TavianTi movaleobebis Sesrulebisas moijareTa asociaciebsrekomendacias, mxardaWerasa da monitorings uwevdnen adgilobrivsabWoebTan arsebuli komitetebi da aRmasrulebeli samsaxurebi.mosarCeleebi aseve amtkicebdnen, rom sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvisTavisuflebis Sesaxeb konstituciis 21-e muxls arRvevda dadge-nilebis 3.2.g muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, moijareTa asociaciebiswevrebs ufleba aqvT, miiRon axsna-ganmarteba xarjebis ganawilebisTaobaze maT valdebulebebTan dakavSirebiT, gadawyvetileba,romelic ar eqvemdebareba gasaCivrebas da rom sarCelis ganxilvazeuaris TqmasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi gaitanon moijareTa aso-ciaciis generalur asambleaze. konstituciis 37-e muxlis mixedviT,politikur partiebsa da formirebebSi, profkavSirebsa da sxva saxisorganizaciebSi moqalaqeTa gaerTianebis Tavisufleba, romlismeSveobiT maT SeeZloT monawileobis miReba sxvadasxva saxis poli-tikur, socialur da kulturul saqmianobebSi, warmoadgens ZiriTadsocialur da politikur uflebas. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kon-stituciis 20.1 muxliT, moqalaqeTa uflebebsa da TavisuflebebTandakavSirebuli debulebebi unda ganimartos da aRsruldes adamian-is uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis da im sxva konvenciebisa daxelSekrulebebis, maT Soris adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTadTavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis Sesabamisad, romelsac miuerTdarumineTi. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-11 muxlisTanaxmad, yvelas aqvs ufleba mSvidobian Sekrebasa da sxvebTangaerTianebis Tavisuflebaze da dauSvebelia raime SezRudvis dawe-seba am uflebaTa ganxorcielebaze, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulisgarda.

267


adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-11 muxliT reg-ulirebul SemTxvevebTan dakavSirebiT 1981 wlis gadawyvetilebaSisaqmeze le kompti, van liuveni da de maieri belgiis winaaRmdeg (LeCompte, Van Leuven and De Meyer v. Belgium) (Special Bulletin ECHR [ECH-1981-S-001], adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina,rom kanonis Sesabamisad Seqmnili belgiis samedicino organizacia arwarmoadgenda asociacias adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciisme-11 muxlis mniSvnelobiT, vinaidan organizacia atarebda sajarosamarTlis xasiaTs da misi samarTlebrivi statusi da konkretulivaldebulebebi gulisxmobda saqmianobis ganxorcielebas sax-elmwifo interesebis dasacavad. sakonstitucio sasamarTlomdaadgina, rom garkveul SemTxvevebSi parlaments SeuZliagansazRvros gaerTianebis specialuri forma, romlis mizaniasaerTo interesebis dacva, rac ar eqceva gaerTianebis Tavisuflebisim farglebSi, romlebic dadgenilia adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvenciis me-11 muxliTa da konstituciis 37-e muxliT. Mutatismutandis, #387/1977 dadgenilebaSi aRniSnuli moijareTa asociaciaSeiqmna kanonierad, saerTo interesebisaTvis, rogoricaa mraval-biniani saxlis saTanado marTva. aseTi asociaciebis ararsebobisasaRniSnuli saxlebis mobinadreTa kanonier uflebebsa da interesebsSesaZlebelia ziani miadges gaugebrobisa an davebis Sedegad.

rac Seexeba 3.2.g muxls, sasamarTlom ar aRiara sasamarTlosadmimimarTvis Tavisuflebis Taobaze konstituciis 21-e muxlisdarRveva, vinaidan #387/1977 dadgenilebis me-7 muxliT mxareebsSeuZliaT sasamarTlos mimarTon xarjebis moijareTa generaluriasambleis mier ganawilebis valdebulebebTan dakavSirebiTmiRebuli nebismieri gadawyvetilebis kanonierebis ganxilvismoTxovniT. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom #387/1977 dadgenilebis 23-emuxls aranairi Sexeba ar hqonda mocemul saqmesTan, vinaidan arukavSirdeboda konstituciis 37-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebulgaerTianebis uflebas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi es debulebebi aRar iyomniSvnelovani adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi samsaxurebis SesaxebkanoniT (#69/1991) dadgenili adgilobrivi organoebisaTvisminiWebuli valdebulebebis TvalsazrisiT.

espaneTi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

05-05-2000

nebismieri firma, romelic erTpirovnulad axdens Tavisi daqi-ravebulebis xelfasebis cvlilebas, laxavs profkavSirebis

268


Tavisuflad Seqmnisa da maTSi gawevrianebis uflebas (konstituciis28.1 muxli) koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis uflebidan gamomdinare, Tufirmis gadawyvetileba miiReba araswori koleqtiuri SeTanxmebisSedegad. SromiTi urTierTobisTvis aucilebeli ar aris Tanabarimopyrobis daweseba (konstituciis me-14 muxli) mkacri gagebiT,vinaidan isini uSveben garkveul Tavisuflebas xelSekrulebis dade-bis uflebis ganxorcielebisTvis. amasTanave, xelfasis gazrdaSesabamisobaSia obieqtur kriteriumebTan, xolo xelfasis gazrda amkonkretul SemTxvevaSi ar ukavSirdeboda mocemuli pirebis pozi-cias profkavSirSi.

mopasuxe firmam, profkavSirebis uflebamosil warmo-madgenelTan ramodenimejer Sexvedris Semdeg, romelicTanamSromlebs warmoadgenda koleqtiur SeTanxmebaze molaparake-bis miznebisTvis, gadawyvita, erTpirovnulad Seecvala mTeli misipersonalis 1993 wlis xelfasebi. obieqturi samuSaos Sefasebis kri-teriumebis gamoyenebis gziT, man xelfasebi gauzarda 416TanamSromels (3-6%-iT) da igive datova danarCeni 63TanamSromlisTvis. profkavSirma SromiTi davebis sasamarTloSiSeitana sarCeli firmis winaaRmdeg, romelSic igi amtkicebda, rommolaparakebebi parodia iyo da meti araferi. sasamarTlom sarCeliar daakmayofila im motiviT, rom mxareebi ar SeTanxmebulan kole-qtiuri SeTanxmebis ganaxlebaze, rac amarTlebda firmisgadawyvetilebas. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ki, piriqiT, aRniSna,rom amis gakeTebiT firmam Selaxa profkavSiris TavisufladSeqmnisa da gawevrianebis ufleba (konstituciis 28.1 muxli).demokratiul saxelmwifoSi mSromelTa kavSirebi asrulebenmniSvnelovan funqcias iseTi ZiriTadi saSualebebiT, rogoricaakoleqtiuri molaparakebebi samuSao pirobebis dasadgenad (konsti-tuciis me-7 da 37.1 muxli). firmas ar SeuZlia arc erT SemTxvevaSi,arc daqiravebulebTan individualuri SeTanxmebebis sababiT, aicdi-nos an xeli SeuSalos koleqtiur SeTanxmebebze molaparakebebSimonawile profkavSirebis uflebamosili warmomadgenlis monaw-ileobas. firmis qmedeba unda Sefasdes mocemuli samuSaos pirobe-bisa da xelfasebis Secvlamde gamarTuli molaparakebebis garemoe-bebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

xelmZRvanelebsa da kavSiris wevrebs Soris gamarTuliSexvedrebis raundi dasrulda firmis mier “saboloo da Seuqcevadi”xelfasis SeTavazebiT. amasTanave, davis dasrulebis mizniT ar iqnagamoyenebuli morigebis procedura. sasamarTlom daadgina, rommoCvenebiTi molaparakeba ar iyo sakmarisi daqiravebulTa interese-bis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT profkavSiris uflebis dasacavad. meoremxriv, es gadawyvetileba ar aRiarebs, rom daqiravebulTa xelfase-

269


bis gazrdis sxvadasxvaobam Selaxa Tanabari mopyrobis ufleba (kon-stituciis me-14 muxli). SromiT sakiTxebSi xelSekrulebis dadebisSesaxeb sxvadasxva kerZo piris Tavisuflebis principi gamoricxavsabsoluturad Tanabar mopyrobaze SeTanxmebas. garda amisa,xelfasebis sxvadasxvaoba efuZneboda samuSaos Sesrulebis obieq-tur kriteriumebs da ar damtkicebula, rom maT kavSiri hqondaTmosazrebasTan daqiravebulebis profkavSirebis wevrobis Taobaze.


12-06-1996

konstitucia calsaxad aRiarebs e.w. korporatiuli admin-istrirebis legitimurobas, kerZod, rogoricaa arateritoriulikorporaciebi, seqtoruli korporaciebi an sajaro seqtorisgaerTianebebi, anu rac zogadad cnobilia rogorc kanonisSesabamisad Seqmnili sxvadasxva saxis sajaro dajgufebebi sxvadasx-va sazogadoebrivi interesebisaTvis, ZiriTadad, samuSaosTandakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mosagvareblad, romlebsac xSirad sajarosamarTlis statusi aqvT da romelSi gawevrianebac, umravlesSemTxvevaSi, savaldebuloa.

am dajgufebebis mizani ganisazRvreba maT mier dasacavi sax-elmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare, romelsac adgenen saxelmwifoorganoebi. Sesabamisad, marTalia isini Seicaven garkveul asociaci-ur elements an safuZvels, magram sityva asociacia SesaZlebeliavixmaroT mxolod farTo gagebiT. gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis pozi-tiuri mxaris gamarTleba SeuZlebelia aseTi korporaciuli tipisdajgufebebTan dakavSirebiT, miTumetes, am uflebis negatiuriaspeqtebis Semcirebis seriozuli aucileblobis gamo.

organo, romelmac saqme aRZra sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi,daobda savaWro, samrewvelo da gadazidvaTa oficialuri palatebisSesaxeb 22 martis #3/1993 kanonis konkretuli muxlebis konstitu-ciurobaze. mosarCelis azriT, aseT palatebSi gawevrianebissavaldebulo xasiaTi laxavda gaerTianebis uflebas (espaneTis kon-stituciis 22-e muxli), ufro konkretulad ki am uflebis meoremxares, argawevrianebis uflebas. sakonstitucio sasamarTlomaRniSna, rom sadavo debulebebi namdvilad adgenda aRniSnulpalatebSi savaldebulo gawevrianebas, manve daasaxela is sami mini-maluri da ZiriTadi kriteriumi, romelTa gamoyeneba aucilebeliakanonierad Seqmnili sajaro xasiaTis gaerTianebaSi gawevrianebissavaldebuloebis kontituciurobis dasadgenad. es kriteriumebia:

270


korporatiul organoSi savaldebulo gawevrianeba aranairiTvalsazrisiT ar unda ukavSirdebodes Tavisufali gaerTianebisakrZalvas;

aseTi tipis administraciul qmedebaze miTiTeba, romelic war-moadgenda ex lege Seqmnili sazogadoebrivi dajgufebis formas, arSeiZleba CaiTvalos iseT wesad, romelic safrTxes ar uqmnis kanonisuzenaesobaze da Tavisuflebis umniSvnelovanes RirebulebazedafuZnebuli socialuri da demokratiuli saxelmwifos cnebas;

aRniSnul sajaro korporaciebSi savaldebulo gawevrianeba,rogorc Tavisuflebis principidan gamonaklisi, gamarTlebuliiqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konstituciur debulebebze ansaxelmwifo interesebze dayrdnobiT damtkicdeba, rom rTuli iqne-ba, am miznebis miRweva gawevrianebis savaldebuloebis dadgenisgareSe;

rac Seexeba mesame da saboloo pirobas, romlis safuZvelzecaRiZra es saqme, konstituciurobis dadgenis meTodis simkacre undaSefasdes ori SemTxvevis erTmaneTisagan mkveTri diferencirebisgziT. pirveli, rodesac aSkaraa, rom sasurveli Sedegebis miRebaSesaZlebelia gawevrianebis savaldebuloebis dadgenis gareSe dameore, rodesac maTi miRweva Zneldeba gawevrianebis savaldebuloe-bis gareSe. pirvelTan dakavSirebiT sakonstitucio sasamarTlossruli ufleba hqonda, Seecvala kanonis konstituciurobis prezum-fcia maSin, rodesac meore SemTxvevaSi arc erTi TvalsazrisiT arSeeZlo yofiliyo am “sirTulis” yovlisSemZle msajuli, radgan misiSefaseba parlamentis kompetenciaSi Sedioda, rac saWiroebdamanevrirebis farTo SesaZleblobebs.

moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, savaWro, samrewvelo da gadazidvaTaoficialuri palatebi Seiqmna sakonsultacio organoebis formiTsaxelmwifo organoebTan TanamSromlobisa da vaWrobis, mrewvelo-bisa da gadazidvebis sferoebSi saerTo interesebis warmodgenis,propagandisa da dacvis mizniT. garda im uflebamosilebebis ganxor-cielebisa, romlebic SeiZleba davalebodaT an miniWebodaT sax-elmwifo organoebis mxridan, kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, isiniasrulebdnen Zalze mniSvnelovan saxelmwifo da administraciulfunqciebsac da muSaobdnen saWiro da savaldebulo wesiT. kerZod,savaldebulo funqciebs akontrolebda saxelmwifo sazedamxed-velo samsaxuri da eqvemdebareboda mkacr administraciul reg-ulirebas. kanoniT maTTvis dadgenili uflebamosilebebis, maTikonkretuli da savaldebulo xasiaTis, maTi sajaro samarTlisgarantiebiTa da konstituciuri mniSvnelobiT sakonstituciosasamarTlom es funqciebi CaTvala gawevrianebis savaldebuloebisdadgenis sakmaris safuZvlad.

271


ukraina sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

13-12-2001

sakanonmdeblo debuleba axalgazrdobisa da bavSvTaarasamTavrobo organizaciebis umravlesobis gaerTianebis TaobazeewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciiT ganmtkicebul gaerTianebisTavisuflebas. aseTi organizaciebis umravlesobis gaerTianebisSesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba SesaZlebelia mxolod TviT amarasamTavrobo organizaciebis wevrTa mier gamoTqmuli ganzraxvisTavisufali deklaraciis safuZvelze. axalgazrdobisa da bavSvTaarasamTavrobo organizaciebis saqmianobis finansuri daxmarebissaxelmwifo biujetidan miRebis uflebis aRiareba mxolod im“gaerTianebebTan mimarTebiT, romelTa wevrebi warmoadgenen sru-liad ukrainis registrirebuli axalgazrdobisa da bavSvTaarasamTavrobo organizaciebis umravlesobas” (kanonis 10.1 da 10.2muxlebi), arRvevs konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebul adamianis ufle-bas gaerTianebis Tavisuflebaze.

gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis ufleba warmoadgens moqalaqeTaZiriTad politikur uflebas. sazogadoebis mravalferovnebis prin-cipi uzrunvelyofs konstituciuri uflebebis ganxorcielebisa dasamoqalaqo institutebis Seqmnis safuZvels. konstituciis 1-limuxlis Tanaxmad, ukraina aris demokratiuli, socialuri da kanonisuzenaesobis principze agebuli saxelmwifo. socialuri saxelmwifoniSnavs sazogadoebisa da sazogadoebrivi institutebisganviTarebisa da mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofas “sazogadoebrivisaWiroebisaTvis” gamoyofili xarjebis miznobrivi xarjvis gziT(konstituciis 95.2 muxli). konstituciuri saxelmwifos valde-bulebaa piris gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis uflebaSi da aseTigaerTianebebis saqmianobaSi Caurevloba. mosarCele daobda, romkanonis 24.1 muxlis debulebebi axalgazrdobisa da bavSvTaarasamTavrobo organizaciebis umravlesobis specialurigaerTianebis Taobaze arRvevda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebismravalferovnebis konstituciur principebs, vinaidan eqskluziurimonopoliis statuss aniWebda mxolod erT-erT Sesabamis samo-qalaqo gaerTianebas. kanonis 6.2 muxlis Tanaxmad, ukrainaSi axal-gazrdul moZraobas koordinacias uwevs ukrainis axalgazrdobisorganizaciaTa erovnuli komiteti, romlis statusia sruliadukrainis axalgazrdobisa da bavSvTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebiskavSiri. saxelmwifom am komitets daavala ukrainaSi axalgazrdulimoZraobis koordinireba da kanoniT daadgina maTi samoqalaqogaerTianebebis miznebi. saxelmwifos mxridan aseTi qmedeba

272


ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mravalferovnebis prin-cips da arRvevs gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis uflebas, kerZod,TviTon samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis monawileebis mier sxvadasxvaorganizaciebisa da saqmianobis miznebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebisTavisuflad miRebis SesaZleblobas konstituciis 36.1 muxlisTanaxmad. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom axalgazrdo-bisa da bavSvTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Sesaxeb kanonis 2.4,6.2, 10.1 da 10.2 muxlebi ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias da parlaments(radas) daavala kanonis winamdebare gadawyvetilebasTanSesabamisobaSi moyvana.

ukraina sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

29-10-1998

yvelas aqvs muSaobis ufleba, romlis ganxorcielebaSesaZlebelia individualurad an sazogadoebrivi organizaciis, maTSoris profkavSiris, meSveobiT (konstituciis 36-e muxli).mSromelTa uflebebi, valdebulebebi da garantiebi gansazRvruliaukrainis Sromis kodeqsiT, romelic iTvaliswinebs daqiravebazeTviTneburi uaris Tqmisa da usamarTlo daTxovnisagansamarTlebriv dacvas. kanoni awesebs SezRudvebs damqiraveblebisaan maT warmomadgenlobaze uflebamosili organoebis mier SromiTixelSekrulebis Sewyvetaze, rac warmoadgens usamarTlodaTxovnisagan samarTlebriv garantias. sawarmoSi, dawesebulebasaan organizaciaSi moqmedi profkavSiri aris nebismieri profkavSiri(an kavSiris filiali), romelic konstituciis da kanonis Sesabamisadaris Seqmnili im sawarmoSi, dawesebulebasa an organizaciaSi misiwevrebis Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelze, Sromis, socialuri daekonomikuri uflebebis da aseve mSromelTa interesebis dasacavad,miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara is koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis anSeTanxmebis monawile. imave sawarmoSi, dawesebulebasa TuorganizaciaSi moqmed yvela profkavSirs aqvs kanoniT dadgenilierTi da igive uflebebi. swored sawarmoSi, dawesebulebasa TuorganizaciaSi moqmedi profkavSiri eTanxmeba mis wevrebTanSromiTi xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas kanoniT gansazRvrulSemTxvevebSi da wesiT.

Tu sawarmoSi, dawesebulebasa Tu organizaciaSi ramdenimeprofkavSiria, unda Seiqmnas erToblivi warmomadgenlobiTi organo,romelic awarmoebs koleqtiur SeTanxmebebze molaparakebas da maTdadebas. sawarmoSi, dawesebulebasa Tu organizaciaSi moqmed yvela

273


profkavSirs SeuZlia monawileoba miiRos molaparakebebSi da dadoskoleqtiuri SeTanxmebebi. Tumca, koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebi daSeTanxmebebi kanonieria daidos sawarmoSi, dawesebulebasa TuorganizaciaSi moqmed ramdenime profkavSirTanac. TanamSromlebismier aseTi uflebiT aRWurvil sxva organoebsac SeuZliaT aseTiSeTanxmebebis dadeba. amgvarad, is faqti, rom profkavSiri arisSromiTi xelSekrulebis an SromiTi SeTanxmebis mxare, ar axdensgavlenas misi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebaze da ar adgens,funqcionirebs Tu ara is konkretul sawarmoSi, dawesebulebasa TuorganizaciaSi. sawarmoebSi, dawesebulebebsa Tu organizaciebSiTavianTi wesebis Sesabamisad Seqmnil da moqmed yvela profkavSirskonstituciiT miniWebuli aqvs Tanabari ufleba, daicvas mSromelTauflebebi da maTi wevrebis socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi dainteresebi. ukrainis Sromis kodeqsis Sesabamisad, masSi Sedis wevre-bis SromiTi xelSekrulebebis Sewyvetaze Tanxmoba.

ggaaffiiccvviiss uufflleebbaa

belorusiasakonstitucio sasamarTlo

8-11-1995

moqmedi kanonmdebloba ar krZalavs profkavSirebis gaficvebSimonawileobas. kanonmdebloba ukanono gaficvebisaTvis mxolodkonvenciiT nakisr pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebs. Tu respub-likuri profkavSirebisa da maTi asociaciebis saqmianobaewinaaRmdegeba belorusiis respublikis konstituciasa da kanon-mdeblobas, isini SeiZleba Sewydes generaluri prokurorismimarTvis Sedegad uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT. racSeexeba adgilobriv profesiul kavSirebs, maTi saqmianoba SeiZlebaSeCerdes adgilobrivi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT adgilobriviprokuroris mimarTvis safuZvelze.

sasamarTloSi saqme umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris sakonstitu-cio sarCelis gamo Sevida. sarCeli eWvis qveS ayenebda 1995 wlis 21agvistos prezidentis #336 brZanebis konstituciasTanSesabamisobis sakiTxs, rac belorusiis respublikaSi stabiluro-bisa da wesrigis uzrunvelsayofad garkveul RonisZiebebsSeexeboda. brZaneba iTvaliswinebs belorusiaSi moqmedi TavisufaliprofkavSirebisa da minskSi arsebuli ZiriTadi profkavSiris saqmi-

274


anobis Sewyvetas, romelic kanonSi “profkavSirebis Sesaxeb”Sesabamisi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis SemoRebamde aralegaluradmoRvaweobda.

sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvila, rom kanonmdebloba, romelicprofesiuli kavSirebis saqmianobas aregulirebs, ar moicavs cnebas“saqmianobis Sewyveta”, romelic, rogorc wesi, iwvevda maTi saqmi-anobis gauqmebas. politikuri partiebis, asociaciebisa da profe-siuli kavSirebis saqmianobis SeCerebis safuZvlebi da procedurebikanoniT aris gaTvaliswinebuli. “profkavSirebis Sesaxeb” kanonisTanaxmad, maTi saqmianobis SeCereba dasaSvebia wevrebisgadawyvetilebis safuZvelze. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom preziden-tis brZanebis garkveuli punqtebi ewinaaRmdegeboda rogorcbelorusiis kanonmdeblobasa da konstitucias, aseve, belorusismier ratificirebul saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aqtebs.

belgia saarbitraJo sasamarTlo

06-04-2000

winaswari konsultaciebis gareSe policiis oficrebis miergaficvis uflebiT sargebloba pirobiTia da xelisuflebisgarkveul organoebi uflebamosilni arian, policiis oficrebs,romlebic sargebloben gaficvis uflebiT, ubrZanon, garkveulidroiT gaagrZelon maTi ZiriTadi movaleobebis Sesruleba. es kanoniar ewinaaRmdegeba Tanasworobisa da diskriminaciis dauSveblobiskonstituciiT aRiarebul principebs (konstituciis me-10 da me-11muxlebi), iqneba is ganxiluli calke, Tu evropis socialuri qartiisme-5, me-6, me-4, 31-e da 32-e (gaficvis ufleba) da adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvenciis me-11 muxlebTan (Sekrebis Tavisufleba)mimarTebiT.

1998 wlis 7 dekembris aqtis 126-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, policiisZalebma SeiZleba isargeblon gaficvis uflebiT, Tu uflebamosil-ma profkavSirma gaficvis Sesaxeb winaswar gamoacxada da SesabamisxelmZRvanelobasTan SeaTanxma. ufro metic, xelisuflebis zogmaorganom (Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom iusticiis saministrosTankonsultaciis Semdeg, roca federalur an adgilobriv policiasexeba da mersa da policiis ufrosTan konsultaciis Semdeg, rocaadgilobriv policias exeba) SeiZleba aiZulos policiis oficrebi,rom gaagrZelon muSaoba. inter-okupaciuri profkavSirebis lid-erma da municipaluri policiis oficerma, romelicprofkavSirebis delegati iyo, sasamarTlos mosTxova 1998 wlis 7

275

gaficvis ufleba

dekembris aqtis gauqmeba. Tumca, radganac maT mier gamoTqmuliukmayofileba aqtis mxolod 126-e nawils ukavSirdeboda, maTisarCeli mxolod am nawilTan mimarTebiT iqna dasaSvebad miCneuli.sasamarTlom aRiara, rom mosarCeleebs ufleba hqondaT,gaesaCivrebinaT is debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad, adgilobrivpoliciis oficrebs gaficvisa da profesiuli gaerTianebis ufle-bebi ezRudebodaT. yvela argumenti, maT Soris, evropis socialuriqartiisa da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-11 muxlzedafuZnebuli, uaryofili iqna. magram sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom esdebuleba xelisuflebis Sesabamis organoebs ar aniWebda ufle-bamosilebas, policiis oficrebisaTvis mTlianad SeezRudaTgaficvis ufleba. dadginda, rom ar iyo aucilebeli imis garkveva,adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-11 muxliTgaTvaliswinebuli mSvidobiani Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis, aseve,sakuTari interesebis dasacavad profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnisa damasSi gaerTianebis ufleba warmoadgenda Tu ara gaficvis uflebisgarantias. bolos aRiniSna, rom am muxlis meore paragrafis,evropis socialuri qartiis 31-e muxlis meore paragrafisa daekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSorisopaqtis 8.2 muxlis Tanaxmad, zogadad Sekrebis Tavisuflebisa da,kerZod, gaficvis uflebis SezRudva, calkeul SemTxvevebSi dacalkeuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, dasaSvebi iyo.

am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, saxeze iyo policiis oficrebis mxri-dan valdebulebis Sesrulebis gansakuTrebuli saWiroeba, radganacgaficvis uflebis sadavo SezRudva demokratiul sazogadoebaSisxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebisa Tu kanonmdeblobisa da wes-rigis dasacavad iyo saWiro.


15-07-1998

konstituciis Tanaxmad, gaficvis Tavisufleba SeiZleba SeizRudosSeiaraRebul ZalebSi, policiaSi, samTavrobo administraciasa da sax-elmwifo moxeleebTan mimarTebiT kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulSemTxvevaSi (konstituciis me-60 muxli), sadac kanoni konstituciuriuflebis SezRudvis saSualebas warmoadgens. amrigad, kanonis (da araministris brZanebis) safuZvelze unda gadawydes, ra warmoadgens sax-elmwifosa da am teritoriaze myofi iuridiuli pirebisa damoqalaqeebis umTavres interess. kanonma agreTve unda daadginos, min-istris garda vin unda miiRos gadawyvetileba gaficvasTan

276


dakavSirebiT da ra samarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmi arsebobs amgadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg. kanoniT dawesebulma SezRudvebma arunda gamoiwvios gaficvis uflebis akrZalva.

saxelmwifosa da am teritoriaze myof iuridiul pirTa damoqalaqeTa interesebis dasacavad, sadavo debulebiT transportisministrs uflebamosileba eniWeboda, ganesazRvra, gaficvis drosromeli matarebeli imoZravebda, liandagebis romeli nawiliimuSavebda da romeli muSa gaagrZelebda saqmianobas.daumorCileblobas Sedegad samuSao kontraqtebis SeCereba mohyve-boda. debuleba xorvatiis rkinigzis kanonis Sesaxeb gauqmda.

miTiTeba: igive mizeziT gauqmda xorvatiis fostisa da telekomunikaciebis

Sesaxeb kanonis debuleba (gadawyvetileba #U-I-262/1998 da #U-I-332/1998). gadawyvetileba, agreTve, miRebul iqna 1998 wlis 15 ivlissda gamoqveynda Nadorne novine-Si, 98/1998,2434-2437.

germania federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

4-07-1995

Sromis kanonmdebloba ar arRvevs gaficvis uflebas, Tu is gamor-icxavs umuSevrobis SeRavaTebze moTxovnebs im piris mxridan, vinc imsawarmoo davis gamo darCa umuSevari, romelSic mas ar miuRia monaw-ileoba. aseve, Tu is daqiravebuli iyo im sawarmos mier, romelic gan-lagebulia sawarmoo konfliqtiT dazaralebul teritoriaze da rom-lis TanamSromlebic am konfliqtisgan sargebels miiReben an romelicmdebareobs sxva teritoriaze, Tumca muSebi igive pretenziebs ayeneben.

kanonmdebels didi Tavisufleba eZleva sawarmoo davebTandakavSirebuli pirobebis gadasawyvetad.

1986 wels kanonmdebelma miiRo kanoni, romelic gamoricxavsumuSevrobis SeRavaTebis moTxovnas im muSebis mxridan, vinc sawar-moo davis dros darCnen dausaqmebelni da miekuTvnebian im sawar-mos, romelic ar aris konfliqtSi CarTuli, magram mdebareobssawarmoo konfliqtiT dazaralebul teritoriaze da romlisTanamSromlebic am konfliqtisgan sargebels miiReben; an, romelicmdebareobs sxva teritoriaze, Tumca, muSebi igive pretenziebsayeneben. kanoni saxelmwifo neitralitetis principiT arisgamarTlebuli. muSebs, romelTa keTildReobisTvisac ganxorciel-da sawarmoo dava, saxelmwifom fuladi daxmareba ar undaaRmouCinos. sakanonmdeblo RonisZieba SemoRebul iqnaprofkavSirebis mier Catarebuli gaficvebis pasuxad. es aqti gavle-

277

gaficvis ufleba

nas axdens mxolod calkeul “mTavar mewarmeebze”, is Sesaferisiiqneboda am seqtorSi mewarmeobis mTeli industriis SesaCereblad.Sedegad ki sxva sawarmoTa muSebi rCebodnen umuSevrebi.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sawarmoo davebTandakavSirebiT samarTlebrivi pirobebis CamoyalibebisaTvis kanon-mdebels Sefasebis farTo SesaZlebloba gaaCnda. konstituciis 9.3muxli, romelic sawarmoo davebs Seexeba, kanonmdebels zRudavs ise,rom SeuZlebeli ar gaxados nebismieri mxaris monawileoba sawarmoodavebSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kanonmdebelsSeeZlo zemoxsenebuli debulebebis miReba, raTa Tavidan aecilebinasawarmoo davebSi saxelmwifos Careva, rac gamoixateboda gaficviTdazaralebuli xalxisTvis umuSevrobis SeRavaTebis gadaxdiT.

saberZneTisaxelmwifo sabWo

20-10-1996

sakuTari wevrebis profesiuli interesebis dacvis mizniT, advoka-turebs ufleba aqvT, mouwodon maT, Tavi Seikavon dakisrebuli valde-bulebebis Sesrulebisagan. rogorc wesi, aseTi qmedeba arewinaaRmdegeba konstituciasa da sxva kanonebs. Tumca, konstituciisme-20 muxli, romelic samarTlebrivi dacvis uflebas Seexeba,samarTliani sasamarTlos Sesaxeb adamianis uflebaTa evropuli kon-venciis me-6 da profesiul Tavisuflebisa da pirovnebis SeuzRudaviganviTarebis uflebis Sesaxeb konstituciis me-5 muxlebi zRudavenadvokaturebis uflebas gaficvebis xangrZlivobasa da gamocemuligadawyvetilebis xasiaTTan dakavSirebiT. advokatebis mxridansakuTari movaleobebis Sesrulebaze uaris gacxadeba, Tavisi WeSmaritiarsiT, ar niSnavs gaficvas da, Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba moeqces konsti-tuciur normebSi, romelic muSaTa gaficvis uflebas icavs.

1993 wels advokatebma sagadasaxado RonisZiebebis winaaRmdegxangrZlivi gaficvebi moawyves, ramac sasamarTloebis paralizebagamoiwvia. aTenis advokatTa kolegiis gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdegmimarTul saapelacio sarCelTan dakavSirebiT, saxelmwifo sabWomimsjela, iyo Tu ara gadawyvetilebebi konstituciis Sesabamisi.upirveles yovlisa, sasamarTlom umravlesobiT daadgina, romadvokatTa kolegiis gadawyvetileba, romelic wevrebssasamarTloSi gamosvlas ukrZalavda, aucilebeli iyo. wevrebi anunda damorCilebodnen am wess, an disciplinuri sasjeli elodaT.gansxvavebuli azris mixedviT, aseTi gadawyvetileba SeiZlebamxolod moqmedebis Tavisuflebis zogadi principis TvalsazrisiT

278


ganvixiloT da dauSvebelia, mas savaldebulo xasiaTi mieces (gamom-dinare iqidan, rom advokatTa kolegiis gadawyvetileba ar warmoad-genda iZulebiT gamosayenebel RonisZiebasac, romelic uaryofiTSedegs gamoiRebda, sarCelis Setana Tanamdebobis borotadgamoyenebis Sesaxeb yovlad dauSvebeli iyo).

sasamarTlom gaaanaliza advokatTa eTikis kodeqsisgansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebi da gamoTqmuli protestis xasiaTi,raTa darwmunebuliyo, Seesabameboda Tu ara es qmedeba TavisiSinaarsiT konstituciis 23-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul gaficvas.pasuxi uaryofiTi iyo. umravlesobis azriT, advokatTa kolegiassakuTari wevrebis profesiuli interesebis dacvis mizniT, SeeZlo,ebrZanebina maTTvis, Tavi SeekavebinaT valdebulebebisSesrulebisagan. Tumca, es ufleba upirobo ar iyo. advokatTakolegiis gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, es protesti SezRudulixangrZlivobis unda yofiliyo da samarTlebrivad ganxiluliyo,hqonda Tu ara adgili advokaturis uflebis gadametebas.daumorCilebloba ar isjeboda disciplinuri RonisZiebiT.radganac protestis xangrZlivoba miTiTebuli ar iyo,gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba gauqmda. garda amisa, sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebiT, protestis xangrZlivoba misaReb zRvars scilde-boda da sagrZnoblad zRudavda advokatTa uflebebs.


17-05-1995

gaficvis ufleba, rogorc koleqtiuri SromiTi davebisgadawyvetis saSualeba, sazogadoebis umniSvnelovanesi interesebisgaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba kanoniT SeizRudos. amave dros,momuSaveTa garkveul kategoriebze dawesebuli gaficvisTavisuflebis SezRudva ar SeiZleba nebismier seqtorSi yvela kate-goriis momsaxuresa da kompaniaze vrceldebodes.

samoqalaqo aviaciis zogierT kompaniaSi aviaciis TanamSromelTagaficva, saerTo sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebiT, arakanonieradiqna miCneuli, radgan “koleqtiuri SromiTi davebis gadawyvetisproceduris Sesaxeb” kanons ewinaaRmdegeboda. ruseTis federaciisaviaciis TanamSromelTa profkavSirebma, samoqalaqo aviaciis kom-paniebis gaficvebze, rogorc koleqtiuri SromiTi davebis mogvare-baze, SezRudvebis daweseba arakonstituciurad miiCnies da amsakanonmdeblo aqtis konstituciurobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxigaasaCivres. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom

279

gaficvis ufleba

konstituciiT aRiarebuli iyo gaficvis ufleba, rogorc kole-qtiuri SromiTi davebis mogvarebis saSualeba.

am pirobebis Camoyalibebisas, romelTa Soris gaficvis uflebisSemzRudavi pirobebicaa, mTeli yuradReba unda daeTmos sazogadoe-brivi interesebis dacvas, romelic SeiZleba gaficvis SedegadSeilaxos. daTqmebi SesaZlo sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebzekonstituciiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. sakonstitucio sasamarTlomagreTve daadgina, rom sadavo norma ise iyo formulirebuli, romsamoqalaqo aviaciis kompaniebis nebismieri kategoriis muSaxelismxridan aRmofxvriliyo gaficvis SesaZlebloba. anu mniSvneloba arhqonda, samoqalaqo aviaciis romeli kategoriis muSaxelTan gvqondasaqme, ra xasiaTs atarebda da ramdenad sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobisiyo maT mier Sesrulebuli saqmianoba. Sedegad, muSaTa did wresSeezRuda gaficvis ufleba da imaze metadac, vidre es konstituciismiznebis gansaxorcieleblad iyo saWiro. yovelive amisgaTvaliswinebiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRiara, rom sadavokanonis mier samoqalaqo aviaciis kompaniebSi gaficvebis akrZalvaSeesabameboda konstitucias imdenad, ramdenadac is Seesabamebodasxva debulebebs. aseT kompaniebSiGkonstitucias ar Seesabamebodagaficvebis akrZalvasTan dakavSirebuli mxolod erTi aspeqti,kerZod is, rom monawile pirebi specifikur seqtors miekuTvnebodnen.adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebma Sida-saxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi Semoitanes gaficvis uflebis reg-ulirebis sakiTxi, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ruseTis federaciisfederalur asambleas urCia, mieRo kanoni aRniSnul sakiTxze.

federaluriKkanonis miRebamde, mocemuli sakanonmdeblo normaunda gamoiyenebodes momrigeblobiTi da sasamarTlo procedurebisdros, rodesac wydeba konstituciis debulebebTan dakavSirebuligaficvis sakiTxebi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rommoskovis saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba Tavidan unda iqnesganxiluli imis gaTvaliswinebiT, miRebul iyo Tu ara igi im normebissafuZvelze, romlebic axlandeli gadawyvetilebiT, arakonstitu-ciurad iqna miCneuli.


17-02-1998

konstituciis 28.2 muxliT aRiarebuli gaficvis ufleba gaficvisSesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebasac moicavs. is agreTve

280


iTvaliswinebs uflebas, acnobos sazogadoebas gaficvis Sesaxeb.yovelive es mSvidobianad, Zaldatanebis, muqarisa da Zaladobisfaqtebis gamoyenebis gareSe unda ganxorcieldes. arCevanisamebrmuSas SeuZlia, isargeblos gaficvis uflebiT. nebismieri qmedeba,romelic ZiriTad uflebas zRudavs, unda Sefasdes proporciulo-bis kuTxiT. amisaTvis saWiroa, ganisazRvros, miRweul iqneba Tu aragamoyenebuli RonisZiebiT sasurveli Sedegi (Sefasdes misaReboba).meore, unda dadgindes, ramdenad aucilebelia es qmedeba (Sefasdesaucilebloba) da mesame, unda ganisazRvros, dabalansebulia Tu araes RonisZieba, anu ramdenad sasargebloa sazogadoebriviinteresebisaTvis im dros, roca sxva interesebsa da Rirebulebebsvnebs (proporciulobis Sefaseba).

gadawyvetileba ukavSirdeboda profkavSirebis sakonstituciosarCels profkavSirebis Tavisuflebis uflebisa (konstituciis 28.1muxli) da gaficvis uflebis (konstituciis 28.2 muxli)darRvevasTan mimarTebiT, rac gamowveuli iyo avtonomiuridasaxlebis policiis mier piketSi CareviT. am dros moxda piketisfoto da video kameraze dafiqsireba. rac Seexeba faqtebs, romlebicwinaswari sasamarTlo gamoZiebisas sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiTutyuar mtkicebulebebad iqna gamocxadebuli, sakonstituciosasamarTlom ganacxada, rom aRniSnuli piketi savsebiT normalu-rad, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis yovelgvari darRvevis gareSe mimd-inareobda da adgili ar hqonia raime braleul qmedebas. ufro metic,damtkicda, rom miuxedavad piketis ramdenime monawilis Txovnisa,avtonomiuri dasaxlebis policiam ar Sewyvita video da fotogadaReba da uari ganacxada gaficulTa piradi vinaobis dadgenaze.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom gaficvis ufleba mesamepirebisagan solidarobisken mowodebasac moicavda. rac Seexebapiketis xazis gadaRebas, sasamarTlom msjelobisas sam ZiriTad faq-torze SeaCera yuradReba:

1. zzRudavda TTu aara ees qqmedeba, zzedapirulad mmainc, ggaficvisuflebas;

2. aarsebobda TTu aara aam qqmedebis ggamamarTlebeli rraime kkonstitu-ciurad mmniSvnelovani uufleba aan ssamarTlebrivi iinteresi;

3. iiyo TTu aara kkonkretul SSemTxvevaSi SSezRudva ggamarTlebuli ddaproporciuli.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvilda imaze, arsebobda Tu aramsgavsi alternatiuli efeqturi zomebi da ramdenad proporciuliiyo sayovelTao uflebis daTmoba. sakonstitucio sasamarTlomdaadgina, rom piketis xazis gadaRebiT policia cdilobda, xeliSeeSala gaficvis uflebis Tavisufali ganxorcielebisaTvis. amri-gad, SeiZleba gvemsjela im sakiTxze, rom policiam sagrZnoblad

281

gaficvis ufleba

Seasusta am uflebis efeqturoba. aSkara iyo gadarwmunebis efeqti,romelic am qmedebam piketis mSvidobian monawileebze moaxdina, maTyovelgvari axsna-ganmartebis gareSe kameraze afiqsirebdnen ise,rom ar hqondaT informacia, raSi gamoiyenebdnen mas. ucnobi iyoSedegebic, rac aseTma qmedebam SeiZleba iqonios im xalxze,visTvisac gankuTvnili iyo piketze gavrcelebuli informacia.

Tumca, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ar gamoricxa, rom amgancxadebaSi gasaCivrebuli monitoringis RonisZiebebi SesaZloagamoyenebuliyo uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa SeuzRudavi sarge-blobis dasacavad da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevis Tavidanacilebis mizniT. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, saqmis masalebisgaTvaliswinebiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rommiuxedavad konstituciurad kanonieri interesis SesaZlo arsebo-bisa, rac moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis da sazogadoe-brivi wesrigis dacvaSi gamoixateboda da monitoringis SemzRudaviRonisZiebis gamamarTleblad SeiZleba ganxiluliyo, policiismier ganxorcielebuli qmedeba araproporciuli iyo. amasTandakavSirebiT sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom informaciis gavrcelebada gaficvis propaganda kanonis dacviT xorcieldeboda dabraleul qmedebebs adgili ar hqonda. miuxedavad konkretulimoTxovnisa, policiis oficrebma gaficulebs ar auxsnes aseTiqmedebis mizezi. garda amisa, policia ar daTanxmda, SesaZloalternatiuli RonisZiebis saxiT piradad moexdinaT gaficulTavinaobis dadgena.

bolos, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom kanonmdeblobaSi arsebobdaxarvezi aseT gadaRebebTan, am garemoebebSi monacemebisSegrovebasTan, maTi sasamarTlos mier SemowmebasTan, xelmisawvdo-mobis uflebasa da ganadgurebasTan dakavSirebiT.


21-07-1997

konstituciis 28.2 muxlis Tanaxmad, gaficvis ufleba moicavsuflebas _ kanonis farglebSi mouwodos sxvebs, SeuerTdes ammoZraobas. Tumca, gaficvis ufleba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar moicavsmesame pirebis misamarTiT daSinebis an zewolis gamoyenebas, radganaseTi qmedeba arRvevs konstituciiT garantirebul sxva principebsada uflebebs, rogoricaa muSaobis Tavisufleba an pirovnebis Rirsebada sulieri xelSeuxeblobis ufleba. saapelacio sarCeli Setanil iqnaramdenime sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg, ris safuZvelzec

282


moxda mosarCelisaTvis bralis wayeneba. mas adanaSaulebdnen pike-tirebisas Zaladobis aqtis ganxorcielebaSi, rodesac is sawarmoossabWos wevri iyo. am qmedebis Sedegad avtomanqanebs xeli eSlebodaTsamuSao adgilamde misvlasa da iqidan gamosvlaSi. sakonstituciosasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna, rom gaficvis uflebamoicavda piketirebis uflebasa da informaciis gavrcelebas, propa-gandas, sxva muSebisaTvis mowodebas, SemoerTebodnen moZraobas, aseve,im muSebis gadmobirebas, vinc muSaobas agrZelebda. Tumca, es uflebaaraviTar SemTxvevaSi ar uSvebda mesame mxarisaken mimarTulZaladobriv praqtikas. sasamarTlom aRiara, rom davebis dros, rasacSedegad gaficvebi mosdevs, Znelia muSebs zrdilobiani qcevis norme-bis dacva mosTxovo, rodesac saqme exeba informirebis, darwmunebisada zewolis ganxorcielebis samarTlebrivi uflebiT sargeblobas.amis miuxedavad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mosarCelis da piketismonawile sxva muSebis qceva informirebis, darwmunebisa da zewolisTavisuflad ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi uflebis konstituciiTgaTvaliswinebul zRvars gadacilebuli iyo. gaficvis monawileniavtomanqanebis moZraobas aferxebdnen, pirovnebebs ki daSinebis gziTaiZulebdnen, TavianTi nebis winaaRmdeg emoqmedaT.

ggaannaaTTlleebbiiss uufflleebbaa


26-06-1997

sazRvargareT miRebuli skolis damTavrebis damadasturebeliatestati (bakalavris xarisxi), romelic moiTxoveba kanoniT, anu imismtkicebuleba, rom mocemuli piri akmayofilebs universitetSisaswavleblad miRebis Taobaze sxva saxelmwifos mier dadgenilpirobebs, konstituciiT garantirebuli Tanabari mopyrobis princip-idan gamomdinare, vrceldeba avstriel moqalaqeebzec. sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlo ver xedavs imis mizezs an safuZvels, rom es saqmeevrogaerTianebebis sasamarTlos gadasces, Tu sadavo muxlis konkre-tuli debuleba mTlianad an nawilobriv ewinaaRmdegebaevrogaerTianebebis damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebis 6.1 muxliTgansazRvrul diskriminaciis akrZalvis wess. saqmis warmoeba exebaavstrieli moqalaqis saswavleblad miRebas avstriis universitetSi,romelsac skolis damTavrebis atestati miRebuli aqvs sazRvargareT.

mosarCelem – avstrielma moqalaqem – Seitana gancxadeba venis

283

ganaTlebis ufleba

veterinaruli medicinis daswrebuli swavlebis fakultetzeCaricxvis Taobaze, romelzec eTqva uari. mosarCelem waradginamxolod skolis damTavrebis damadasturebeli atestati, magram arhqonda germaniaSi veterinaruli medicinis fakultetze Caricxviscnoba. sauniversiteto ganaTlebis maregulirebeli zogadi kanoniadgens, rom im pirebisTvis, romlebsac skolis damTavrebis atestatimiRebuli aqvT sazRvargareT, avstriaSi moqmedebs saswavlebladmiRebis is moTxovnebi, rac moqmedebs skolis damTavrebis damadas-turebeli atestatis gamcem saxelmwifoSi. es wesi avstrielmoqalaqeebsa da ucxoelebze erTnairad vrceldeba.

mosarCele Cioda, rom sadavo kanonis debuleba ewinaaRmdegebakanoniT dadgenili Tanabari mopyrobis princips da usafuZvloaavstrieli moqalaqis daqvemdebareba kvotebis sistemis Sesaxeb ucx-ouri wesisadmi. rogorc sarCelSi iyo naTqvami, mas moeqcnenavstrielebisagan gansxvavebulad, romlebsac unda waredginaTmxolod avstriaSi miRebuli skolis damTavrebis damadasturebeliatestati. es wesi moicavs evrogaerTianebis moqalaqeTa diskriminaci-is farul formas. vinaidan gaerTianebis kanons upiratesi Zala aqvs, imorganoebs, romelTa winaaRmdeg iqna sarCeli Setanili, es wesi ar undagamoeyenebinaT. am organoebis gadawyvetilebas ar gaaCndasamarTlebrivi dasabuTeba da Selaxa konstituciiT garantirebuliufleba profesiuli swavlebisa da ganaTlebis Tavisuflebis Taobaze.

nebismieri tipis universitetSi miRebis sakiTxis garkvevis mizniT,universitetis kolegiam sakonstitucio sasamarTlos warudgina amsferoSi kompetenturi da zedamxedvelobaze uflebamosili feder-aluri saministros mier gacemuli dasabuTebuli mosazreba. ammosazrebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom kanonis debuleba SesabamisobaSi iyoevrogaerTianebis kanonTan da germaniasTan dakavSirebuli problemaaxsnili iyo Semdegnairad: es aris mezobeli saxelmwifo, romelTamacxovreblebi laparakoben imave enaze. Tu avstriaSi moixsnebodasaswavleblad miRebaze dawesebuli SezRudvebi, yvela fakultetispirvelkurselebis mTliani raodenoba gaizrdeboda daaxloebiT 50%-iT. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom sarCeli ar daakmayofila. sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, imsjelos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,Tu mosarCeles Seelaxa konstituciurad garantirebuli uflebebi anTu mosarCeles ziani miadga ukanono kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebiT.sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier gansaxilveli sakiTxebi moicavsmxolod misi iurisdiqciis maregulirebeli debulebebiTgansazRvrul kompetenciebs da, maSasadame, sadavo fundamenturiuflebebis Sinaarss. obieqturad gamarTlebulia kanonmdeblis mierpirvelkurselTa zedmeti nakadis Semosvlis Tavidan acilebis mcde-loba, romlebic SedarebiT naklebad arian kvalificirebulni arCeul

284


saganSi. amisaTvis kanonieria gamovideT im saxelmwifosmoTxovnebidan, sadac gacemulia skolis damTavrebis damadasturebe-li atestati. erovneba ar aris erTaderTi gadamwyveti faqtori amkonteqstSi da samarTlebrivi norma ar aris konstituciurad sadavo.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikis Tanaxmad, uflebamosiliorgano moqmedebs samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe, Tu is mxolodsityviT aRiarebs kanonis debulebas, ar mtkicdeba faqtebiT. da igiverc erT SemTxvevaSi ver iqneba gamoyenebuli. mxolod aseTi seri-ozuli administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis sakiTxis ganxilva eqce-va sakonstitucio sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi. Tu samarTlebrividebulebis ufro detalurad ganxilvisas damtkicdeba, rom debule-ba gamouyenebelia, maSin unda dadgindes, ramdenad kanonieradgamoiyena uflebamosilma organom Cveulebrivi kanoni. am sakiTxismogvarebaze pasuxismgebelia administraciuli sasamarTlo. aseTSemTxvevebSi gadawyvetilebis miReba kanonis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb areqceva sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi. mosarCele acx-adebda, rom es wesi ar aris gamoyenebadi.

konkretuli samarTlebrivi debulebis gaerTianebis kanonTanSesabamisobis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebis valdebuleba eqcevasaxelmwifo (erovnuli) organos iurisdiqciaSi mxolod imSemTxvevaSi, Tu sakiTxi imdenad aSkaraa, rom safuZvliani eWvissaSualebas aRar iZleva. sxva SemTxvevaSi, evrogaerTianebebisdamfuZnebeli xelSekrulebis 177-e muxlis mixedviT, es sakiTxigansaxilvelad unda gadaeces evrogaerTianebebis sasamarTlos.sakonstitucio sasamarTloc iqneboda amaze pasuxismgebeli, Tu misidasadgeni iqneboda uflebamosili organos gadawyvetilebis kanon-iereba. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, savaraudo winaaRmdegoba gaerTianebiskanonTan ver dadgindeba, Tu ar iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli, iwvevs Tuara kanoniT gansazRvruli norma avstrieli moqalaqeebis diskrimi-nacias. amasTan, aSkaraa, rom swavlebisa (saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kano-nis me-18 muxli) da ganaTlebis (adamianis uflebaTa evropuli kon-venciis 1-li oqmis me-2 muxli) Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb fundamenturiuflebebis darRvevis braldeba ar aris gamarTlebuli, vinaidan maSinuflebamosil organoebs unda emoqmedaT kanonis sruli darRveviT.


08-01-2003

Tu ganaTlebis Tavisuflebis principi (konstituciis 24.1 muxli)unda gatardes praqtikaSi, saganmanaTleblo organoebs, romlebic

285

ganaTlebis ufleba

uSualod ar ageben pasuxs gaerTianebis winaSe (ganaTlebis saqmeebzepasuxismgebeli federaluri organo) ufleba unda hqondeT,garkveul pirobebSi mimarTon gaerTianebas subsidiebisTvis. sub-sidiis ufleba izRudeba Semdegi mizezebis gamo: 1) gaerTianebam sub-sidiebi SeiZleba dauqvemdebaros sajaro interesebis moTxovnebs,rogoricaa ufro maRali standartis ganaTlebis aucilebloba damoswavleTa raodenobis maregulirebeli wesebis dacva; 2) arsebulifinansuri resursebi Tanabrad unda ganawildes gaerTianebissxvadasxva mimarTulebis mixedviT. ganaTlebis Tavisuflebas aqvsTavisi farglebi da brZanebebis gacemaze pasuxismgebel organosSeuZlia, daawesos dafinansebisa da subsidiebis pirobebi, raczRudavs am Tavisuflebas. aseTi zomebi TavisTavad ver CaiTvlebaganaTlebis Tavisuflebis principis darRvevad. es is SemTxvevaa,rodesac ganaTlebis Tavisuflebaze dawesebuli konkretuliSezRudvebi dasaxul miznebTan Seusabamo da araadekvaturia.

amis sapirispirod ar ilaxeba skolebis ufleba ganaTlebisgavrcelebis Taobaze, Tu arsebuli zomebiT aseT dawesebulebebseniWebaT gaerTianebis Sesabamisi organos mier dadgenili wesebisgamoyenebis mniSvnelovani Tavisufleba. maswavlebelTa staJirebisramdenime kolejma da kaTolikuri ganaTlebis generalurma samdivnomfrangul da germanulenovan sazogadoebebSi mimarTes saarbitraJosasamarTlos frangulenovani sazogadoebisaTvis savaldebulogankargulebis gauqmebis moTxovniT, romelic dawyebiTi da arasrulisaSualo skolis maswavlebelTa pirvelad staJirebas awesebs. isinifrangulenovan sazogadoebas brals sdebdnen konstituciis 24-emuxlis ramdenime debulebis darRvevaSi, romlebic gansazRvravensaganmanaTleblo sakiTxebis maregulirebel wesebs, kerZod,ganaTlebis Tavisuflebas, moswavleebs an studentebs, mSoblebs,maswavleblebsa da saswavlo dawesebulebebs Soris Tanasworobas.sasamarTlom gansaxilvel saqmesTan dakavSirebiT aRniSna, rom sakanon-mdeblo organos surda, erTmaneTisTvis Seefardebina saswavlo saqmi-anobebi da saWiro unarebi, uzrunveleyo maswavlebelTa staJirebiserTgvarovneba da logikuri ganviTareba da mis mimarT profesiulimidgoma, aseve, xazi gaesva gunduri muSaobis mniSvnelobisTvis. misimcdeloba iyo, aseve uzrunveleyo staJiori maswavleblebis mierpraqtikuli gamocdilebis SeZena maqsimalurad umokles droSi da sxvastaJirebis dawesebulebebTan kavSirebis damyareba.

sasamarTlom aRiara, rom es gegmebi Sedioda sajaro interesebSi,vinaidan isini miznad isaxavda dawyebiTi da arasruli saSualo sko-lis maswavlebelTa staJirebis xarisxisa da erTgvarovnebis uzrun-velyofas. zomebi ganxorcielda am miznebis Sesabamisad da arewinaaRmdegeboda proporciulobis wess, radgan isini kompetenturi

286


organos mier dadgenili wesebis gamoyenebaSi mniSvnelovaniTavisuflebis saSualebas iZleodnen. arc gankargulebaewinaaRmdegeboda ganaTlebasTan mimarTebiT Tanasworobisa daaradiskriminaciulobis konstituciur wesebs (konstituciis 24.4muxli), vinaidan obieqturi gansxvavebebi iyo, erTi mxriv, dawyebiTida arasruli saSualo da, meore mxriv, sruli saSualo skolebismaswavlebelTa staJirebaze pasuxismgebel dawesebulebebs Soris.

erT-erTi gansxvaveba is iyo, rom meore saxis staJirebagansazRvruli iyo universitetdamTavrebuli an ekvivalenturikvalifikaciis mqone kandidatebisaTvis. meore gansxvaveba ki mdgo-mareobda moswavleTa tipebSi, romelTa swavlebisTvisac es maswavle-blebi kvalificirebulni unda yofiliyvnen. rogorc wesi, dawyebiTida arasruli saSualo skolebis maswavleblebi aswavlidnen eqvsiwlidan TxuTmet wlamde asakis bavSvebs (dawyebiTi ganaTleba da aras-ruli saSualo ganaTleba), xolo sruli saSualo skolebis maswavle-blebi _ TxuTmetidan Tvramet wlamde asakis mozardebs (srulisaSualo ganaTleba). am ori jgufis staJior maswavleblebsa dastaJirebis ganmaxorcielebel dawesebulebebs Soris arsebuliobieqturi gansxvavebebis gamo kompetentur organos ar unda daewe-sebina erTi da igive samarTlebrivi wesebi maTi staJirebisaTvis.

dabolos, sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila sarCeli sakanonmdebloorganosa da mTavrobas Soris uflebamosilebaTa samarTliani gami-jvnis principis (konstituciis 24.5 muxli) darRvevis nawilSi. kon-stitucia kompetentur organos akisrebda ganaTlebis organizebis,aRiarebisa da subsidirebis fundamentur aspeqtebzegadawyvetilebis miRebis pasuxismgeblobas, magram ariTvaliswinebda imas, rom sxva organoebs ver eqnebaT garkveulpirobebSi ganaTlebis organizebis ufleba. aseTi ufleba SeiZlebaexebodes mxolod TviT sakanonmdeblo organos mier miRebuliprincipebis gamoyenebas. aseTi uflebamosilebis miniWebiT mTavrobaver gaamarTlebs gaurkveveli principebis arsebobas an arasak-marisad detaluri wesebis SemuSavebas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, ufle-bamosilebis nebismieri saxiT gadacema rCeboda im farglebSi,romelic SesabamisobaSi iyo konstituciis debulebebTan.


13-06-1995

Tavisufali ganaTlebis ufleba studentebs da maT mSoblebs ansxva pirebs ar aTavisuflebs damxmare saswavlo saSualebebis yidvis

287

ganaTlebis ufleba

valdebulebisagan. Tavisufali ganaTlebis ufleba niSnavs, rom sax-elmwifom unda ikisros skolebisa da saskolo dawesebulebebis gaxs-nisa da maTi eqspluataciis xarjebi. pirvel rigSi, es niSnavs, rom arunda dawesdes swavlebis gadasaxadebi, anu dawyebiTi da saSualoganaTleba unda iyos ufaso. amasTan, Tavisufali ganaTlebis uflebaar gulisxmobs ganaTlebis uflebis ganxorcielebasTandakavSirebiT wamoWrili yvelanairi xarjis saxelmwifosTvis dak-isrebas. Tu ra raodenobiT gascems mTavroba saskolosaxelmZRvaneloebsa da aucilebel masalebs ufasod, arganisazRvreba Tavisufali ganaTlebis cnebiT.

CexeTis respublikis parlamentarTa jgufma Seitana sarCelimTavrobis #15/1994 gankargulebis gauqmebis moTxovniT. gankar-guleba gansazRvravs saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebisa da aucilebelimasalebis raodenobas, romlebic ufasod miecemaT dawyebiTi dasaSualo skolebis moswavleebs. sarCelis motivi iyo is, rom essamarTlebrivi norma winaaRmdegobaSia ZiriTadi uflebebisa daTavisuflebebis qartiis 33.2 muxlTan (moqalaqeebs aqvT dawyebiTida saSualo ganaTlebis ufasod miRebis ufleba) da, aseve, adamianisuflebebTan dakavSirebul saerTaSoriso konvenciebTan, vinaidansaxelmwifom studentebi unda uzrunvelyos ufaso saskolosaxelmZRvaneloebiT da masalebiT. plenarulma sasamarTlom daadg-ina, rom ufaso ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba ar aTavisuflebssaxelmZRvaneloebisa da masalebis yidvis valdebulebisagan da rommTavrobas ufleba aqvs daadginos, Tu ra raodenobiT gascems sax-elmwifo aseT masalebs ufasod. plenarulma sasamarTlom ganacxada,rom aRniSnuli wesi ar ewinaaRmdegeba arc konstitucias da arcsaerTaSoriso konvenciebs da, Sesabamisad, ar daakmayofila misigauqmebis moTxovna.


17-12-1975

nordhaim-vesTfalenis miwis konstituciis me-12 muxlis Tanaxmad,Sereuli tipis religiuri skolebi, rogorc skolis tipi,SesabamisobaSia ZiriTad kanonTan. maT mSoblebsa da bavSvebs ar surTviwro religiuri ganaTlebis miReba im dros, rodesac konstituciaiTvaliswinebs sarwmunoebisa da sindisis Tavisuflebas (gadawyvetile-ba BVerfGE 41, 29, [GER-1975-R-001]). arsebul religiur skolebTanerTad an maT nacvlad aseTi Sereuli tipis religiuri skolebisgaxsnis prioritetuloba SesabamisobaSia ZiriTadi kanonis 6.2 da 4.1

288


muxlebTan (mSobelTa ufleba da sindisis, Sesabamisad, religiisTavisufleba). ar SeiZleba sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi konstitu-ciuri sarCelis Setana da ZiriTadi kanonis 2.1 muxlis darRvevismtkiceba im motiviT, rom miwis kanoni ewinaaRmdegeba miwis konsti-tucias da, maSasadame, ar warmoadgens sakonstitucio sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebis nawils ZiriTadi kanonis 2.1 muxlis mniSvnelobiT.

saberZneTisaxelmwifo sabWo

24-05-1996

saberZneTis konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanasworobisprincipis Tanaxmad, kanonmdebloba maqsimalurad TanabarmdgomareobaSi unda ayenebdes saberZneTis yvela moqalaqes. igi arunda iwvevdes uTanasworobas, kerZod, privilegiebis daSvebas anusafuZvlo diskriminacias, romlis gamarTlebac SeuZlebeliasamarTlianobis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebiT. umaRlessaswavlebelSi misaRebad SerCevis arsebuli sistemis Tanaxmad, kan-didatebs ufleba aqvT, misaReb gamocdebze erT an met saganSimiRebuli niSnebi ZalaSi datovon. maTi surviliT, SerCevis proce-dura gagrZeldeba sami akademiuri wlis ganmavlobaSi, ris Sedegadackandidatebis kvalifikacia Sefasdeba am samwliani periodis Semdeg.

vinaidan yvela kandidats SeuZlia isargeblos niSnebis ZalaSidatovebis wesiT, yvela maTgans saSualeba aqvs, gamoiyenos TanabariSesaZleblobebi. kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili sistemis mixedviT,romelic, zogadad, gamoyenebadi da obieqturia, ar ewinaaRmdegebaTanasworobis princips. kandidatebis SerCeva, romlebic abarebenmisaReb gamocdas im umaRles saswavlebelSi, sadac SezRuduli rao-denobis adgilebia, mowesrigebulia kanoniT dadgenili sistemisSesabamisad. aRniSnul sistemas xSirad akritikebdnen.kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebulia procedura, romelic ramden-ime akademiuri weli grZeldeba. kandidats Tavisi surviliT SeuZliayovel wels Caabaros gamocda garkveuli raodenobis saganSi da igiveniSnebi ZalaSi datovos momaval welsac. garda amisa, kandidatebs,romlebic gamocdebs erTbaSad abareben da ver agroveben minimalurqulas, ufleba aqvT, ZalaSi datovon zogierT saganSi miRebuliniSani, romelTa gadabarebisagan gaTavisuflebulni arian momdevnoakademiur wels.

saxelmwifo sabWos mier ganxilul saqmeSi mosarCelem, romelsacsurda umaRles saswavlebelSi Caricxva, pirvelad 1992 wels Caabaragamocda. vinaidan man ver daagrova saWiro raodenobis qula, gamoc-da 1993 da 1994 wlebSi gadaabara. 1994 wels, rogorc saswavlebelSi

289

ganaTlebis ufleba

miRebis proceduris nawili, man inglisurSi Caabara gamocda. 1995wels gamocdaze meoTxed gasvlisas mosarCelem gadaabara gamocdebizogad sagnebSi, magram ara inglisurSi. igi fiqrobda, rom am saganSiZalaSi datovebda 1994 wels miRebul niSans. rodesac Sedegebi gamo-qveynda, 1994 wels inglisurSi miRebuli niSani ar iyo dajamebuli1995 wels zogad sagnebSi miRebul niSnebTan erTad. mosarCelem verdaagrova sakmarisi qula saswavlebelSi misaRebad. amitom saqmeaRZra sasamarTloSi uflebamosilebis gadaWarbebis motiviT dagaasaCivra niSnebis dajamebis meTodis ukanonoba. am sarCelis ganx-ilvaze kompetentur sasamarTlos qvedanayofis umravlesobamdaadgina, rom wina wlis niSnebis ZalaSi datovebis wesi antikonsti-tuciuri iyo. sadavo gadawyvetilebis araswori mizezebisgamosworebis gziT qvedanayofma daadgina, rom mosarCelisCauricxveloba kanonieri iyo, Tumca saqmis aqtualurobis gamo saqmegansaxilvelad saxelmwifos sabWos generalur asambleas gadasca.

generalur asambleaSi mosamarTleTa umravlesobam CaTvala, romwesebi SesabamisobaSi iyo konstituciasTan, kerZod ki,Tanasworobis principTan, radgan yvela kandidats hqonda niSnebisZalaSi datovebis privilegiiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba. saqmeSiarsebobda gansxvavebuli mosazrebac, romlis Tanaxmad, gameorebu-li iyo generaluri asambleisaTvis saqmis gansaxilvelad gadacemisSesaxeb ganaCenis mizezebi da argumentebi: umaRles saswavlodawesebulebebSi misaReb studentTa adgilebis SezRuduli raode-nobis gamo saWiro gaxda yvelaze kvalificirebuli kandidatebisSerCeva misaRebi gamocdebis gziT. Tanasworobis principisTanaxmad, misaRebi gamocdis Cambarebeli yvela kandidati undagamoicados Tanabar pirobebSi mosamzadebeli sagnebis raodenobisada sagamocdo sakiTxebis TvalsazrisiT. kanoniT dadgenili sistema,romlis mixedviTac, kandidatebs ufleba hqondaT, ZalaSidaetovebinaT erT an met saganSi miRebuli niSani da amiTesargeblaT seriozuli SeRavaTiT momavali wlis gamocdebisCabarebisas, gaumarTlebel privilegias aniWebda im kandidatebs,romlebmac gadaabares gamocda, xolo usamarTlo iyo maT mimarT,vinc pirvelad abarebda gamocdas.


25-04-1997

konstitucia moiTxovs, rom savaldebulo sabiujeto dafinanse-bis garda, saxelmwifom an adgilobrivma xelisuflebam eklesiebiskuTvnili skolebi uzrunvelyos damatebiTi finansuri daxmarebiT,

290


radgan aRniSnul skolebs akisriaT valdebulebebi, romlebsac sxvaSemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi saxelisuflebo organoSeasrulebda. mosarCelem moiTxova saxelmwifo ganaTlebis Sesaxebkanonis (SemdgomSi „kanoni“) debulebis ex post facto gadasinjva.saxelmwifosa da adgilobrivi saxelisuflebo organoebis mierfinansuri daxmarebis gaweva im skolebisTvis, romlebic ar ekuTvnissaxelmwifosa da adgilobriv xelisuflebas, damokidebulia aseTiskolebis mier valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze, romlebic sxvaSemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos an adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mierSesruldeboda. am debulebebis mixedviT, saxelmwifos SeuZlia,aRniSnul skolebs gauwios savaldebulo sabiujeto dafinansebisgarda damatebiTi daxmarebac. kanoniT gansazRvruli savaldebulosabiujeto dafinanseba iTvaliswinebs aRniSnuli skolebis mimd-inare xarjebis mxolod 63-64 procents, am xarjebis danarCeni nawiliunda dafaros TviTon eklesiam. skolebs, romlebic ar ekuTvnis sax-elmwifos an adgilobriv saxelisuflebo organoebs, SeuZliaTmTavrobasTan dadon saxelmwifo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, risSedegadac ganaTleba iqneba ufaso. aseTi SeTanxmebis mTavrobasTandadeba SesaZlebelia, Tu eklesiis kuTvnili skola ikisrebs imvaldebulebebis Sesrulebas, romlebsac sxva SemTxvevaSi sax-elmwifo an adgilobrivi saxelisuflebo organoebi Seasrulebdnen.

am skolebisTvis damatebiTi finansuri daxmarebis gawevis Sesaxebgadawyvetilebis miRebaze kompetenturia adgilobrivi saxelisu-flebo organo an kulturisa da ganaTlebis ministri. sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kanonis es debuleba SeiZleba gani-martos arakonstituciurad am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifosTvisminiWebuli farTo uflebamosilebis gamo. amasTan, misi gamoyenebaSeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlos mier winamdebare gadawyvetilebaSidadgenili konstituciuri moTxovnis Sesabamisad.


27-11-1998

ori fundamenturi principi, romelic awesrigebs skolebis orga-nizebis, maTi xelmisawvdomobis da, aseve, maT mier gaweuli momsax-urebis sakiTxebs, unda ganimartos erToblivad, vinaidan arSeiZleba arsebobdes arc erTi organizebis forma, romelic ariTvaliswinebs uflebebis dacvas da ar arsebobs momsaxurebazexelmisawvdomobis iseTi ufleba, romelic ar axdens gavlenas orga-nizebaze.

saxelmwifo ganaTleba regulirdeba erTiani sistemis safuZ-

291

ganaTlebis ufleba

velze, magram sauniversiteto sistemaSi, sadac “avtonomiuri norme-bi” moqmedebs, erTianobas “saxelmwifos kanonebiT dadgenili far-glebi” uzrunvelyofs. universitetebi ganxilul unda iqne aramxolod Sida organizebis, aramed maTi gare funqciebis WrilSic,rac gulisxmobs uflebebs da am uflebebis asaxvas. saxelmwifoSikanonmdebeli adgens universitetebis avtonomiis farglebsrogorc organizaciuli, aseve, maTSi swavlis xelmisawvdomobisuflebasTan mimarTebiT. es mosazreba gamomdinareobsdemokratiuli sistemis principebidan, romlis mixedviT,moqalaqeTa uflebebi SeiZleba SeizRudos mxolod im organosTanxmobiT, romelic uSualod maT emsaxureba da adgens zogad sax-elmwifo politikis _ Tundac parlamentis TanxmobiT. amrigad, uni-versitetebze xelmisawvdomobis kvotebis SesaZlo miRebasac ki undahqondes sakanonmdeblo safuZveli.

saerTod, sakanonmdeblo organos monopolias uzrunvelyofs“saparlamento sakanonmdeblo sferoebis” dadgena. aseTi monopoliaxorcieldeba konstituciuri normebiT dadgenili sferoebidanZiriTadi sferoebis arCevis meSveobiT, anu, imisaTvis romSesruldes masze dakisrebuli funqcia, unda aikrZalos “meoradi”norma, anda moTxovnil iqnes “pirveladi” norma. vinaidan esRirebuleba saerToa nebismieri “saparlamento sakanonmdeblosferosTvis”, TiToeuli konstituciuri norma gansazRvravs,misaRebia Tu ara Sesabamisi sferosTvis is faqti, rom kanoni meoradsaSualebebs/wyaroebs aZlevs Sefasebis uflebas am sferoebis da maTmier gakeTebuli arCevanis mixedviT.

kanonmdeblobiT gansasazRvr sferoebSi, konstituciuridebulebebis Tanaxmad, daSvebulia, rom kanonis debulebamaRmasrulebels mianiWos normaSemoqmedebiTi uflebamosileba impirobiT, Tu am uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebasTandakavSirebiT, kanonmdebloba daadgens farglebs, romlebicSesaZloa, gamomdinareobs mTlianad sakanonmdeblo sistemidan. amkonteqstSi, analogiuri funqcia, romelic miznad isaxavsaRmasrulebeli organoebis normaSemoqmedebiTi uflebamosilebisfarTo kompetenciaze SezRudvebis dawesebas, aRiarebul unda iqnesgaerTianebis normebSi, romlis Tanaxmad, wamoiWreba saxelmwifovaldebulebebi universitetis organizebasTan dakavSirebulisirTuleebiT.

konstituciis Tanaxmad, universitetSi swavlis xelmisa-wvdomobasTan dakavSirebuli “saparlamento sakanonmdeblo sfero”ar gulisxmobs, rom am sferos yvela norma mocemulia sakanonmde-blo aqtebSi. pirvel rigSi aucilebelia, mxedvelobaSi iqnesmiRebuli kanonsa da universitetebis avtonomias Soris arsebulikonstituciiT dadgenili urTierToba, romlis safuZvelzec

292


sakanonmdeblo debulebebs mxolod “SezRudvebis” dawesebis roliaqvs. aseve, gasaTvaliswinebelia urTierToba sakanonmdebloxelisuflebasa da mTavrobis normaSemoqmedebiT uflebamosilebasSoris, vinaidan meoradi debuleba SeiZleba moiTxovos igive kanonmaZiriTadi sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebisa da ganxorcielebisaTvis,rodesac, rogorc mocemul SemTxvevaSi, moiTxoveba unitarulinormebi. meore mxriv, aRniSnuli normebi unda Seiqmnas specialuradmravalferovani da cvalebadi garemoebebisaTvis da maTi regulire-ba ar aris fiqsirebuli sakanonmdeblo debulebebiT. saparlamentosakanonmdeblo sfero unda uzrunvelyofdes rogorc univer-sitetebis avtonomiis SeuzRudvelobis aucileblobas, romlisdrosac saqme am avtonomiasTan dakavSirebuli debulebis aspeqtebsexeba, aseve, aRmasruleblis normaSemoqmedebiTi uflebamosilebisganmsazRvreli kanonis arsebobas, raTa zustad moawesrigossakanonmdeblo debulebebi. maTi ganxorcieleba, romelsacesaWiroeba saerTo Sefaseba, ver aixsneba universitetis avtonomi-uri qmedebiT maSinac ki, Tu is aRiarebuli iyo. gaerTianebis direq-tivebi, evrokavSiris damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad,savaldebuloa yvela wevri saxelmwifosTvis.

rodesac saqme erovnuli organoebis mier formisa dasaSualebebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebas exeba, gaerTianebulidireqtivebi unda ganxorcieldes sakanonmdeblo organosa da ufle-bamosili organoebis mier im konstituciuri normebis dacviT, rom-lebic adgenen sakanonmdeblo organosa da uflebamosili organoe-bis uflebamosilebebs da awesrigebs maT Soris urTierTobebs.konstituciiT gansazRvrul saparlamento sakanonmdeblosferoebSi normaSemoqmedebiTi monawileoba SeuZlia miiRos ufle-bamosilma organom. gaerTianebis TviTaRsrulebadi direqtivebisarseboba niSnavs sakiTxis uSualod mowesrigebis valdebulebisdasustebas aRmasruleblis farTo kompetenciaSi Semaval sferoSi,TviT direqtivis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom axsna-ganmartebiT gadawyve-tilebaSi sarCeli ar daakmayofila da garkveviT miuTiTa mizezebze.sasamarTlom daadgina, rom usafuZvlo iyo sxvadasxva regionaluriadministraciuli sasamarTloebis mier wamoWrili konstituciuro-bis sakiTxi (konstituciis 3, 33, 34 da 97 muxlebi) kanonis 9.4 muxlTandakavSirebiT, romelSic Sesworeba Sevida #127/97 kanonis 17.116muxliT. sadavo norma (arsebuli versiiT) gansazRvravs, rom “uni-versitetebisa da samecniero da teqnologiuri kvlevebis sakiTxTaministrma, erovnuli sauniversiteto sabWos TanxmobiT, unda daawe-sos ara marto specializirebul saswavlo kolejebsa dauniversitetSi swavlis xelmisawvdomobis maregulirebeli zogadikriteriumebi, aramed im saswavlo dawesebulebebSic, romlebSic

293

ganaTlebis ufleba

misaReb studentTa ricxvi SezRudulia ministris mier gamocemuliaqtiT.”

administraciulma sasamarTloebma gaasaCivres ministrisaTviskanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli uflebamosilebebis kanoniereba imkolejsa da universitetSi swavlis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,romlebSi Caricxvac xdeba kvotebis safuZvelze, konstituciis 33-eda 34-e muxlebze dayrdnobiT da, kerZod, Sesabamisi saparlamentosakanonmdeblo sferos TvalsazrisiT. garda amisa, zogierTisasamarTlo amtkicebda konstituciis me-3 da 97-e muxlebisdarRvevas. 33-e muxlSi inter alia naTqvamia, rom “saxelmwifo adgensganaTlebis zogad wesebs da qmnis yvela tipisa da safexuris sax-elmwifo skolebs”. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs umaRlessaswavleblebs, maT Soris, universitetebs, romlebsac “uflebaaqvT, TviTon SeimuSaon sakuTari debulebebi saxelmwifoskanonmdeblobiT dadgenil farglebSi”.

34-e muxlis Tanaxmad, “yvelas unda SeeZlos ganaTlebis miReba”.Rirseul da unarian studentebs ki, romlebsac ar aqvT finansurisaSualeba, ufleba aqvT, “gadavidnen swavlebis maRal safexurebze”.sasamarTlom daadgina, rom zogierTi is normac unda iqnesmoSveliebuli, romelic ar iyo dasaxelebuli: sasamarTlom aRniSna,rom universitetebis organizebis sakiTxi moicavs adamianis konsti-tuciur uflebebs, rogoricaa ganaTlebisa (ix. konstituciis me-2muxli) da profesiis arCevanis uflebebi (ix. konstituciis me-4muxli).

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTleebma daadgines, romsadavo norma ise unda ganimartos, rom ministrisTvis miniWebuliuflebebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi da im doneze ganxorcieldes,rogorc es sxva sakanonmdeblo debulebebidan gamomdinareobs.normebis Secvlis kriteriumebis dadgena gamarTlebulia aseve imkolejebisa da universitetebisTvis, romelTa raodenobisa damisaReb studentTa ricxvis SezRudva SesaZlebelia ministris sada-vo normis amoqmedebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze.

imisaTvis, rom sadavo norma konstituciurad CaiTvalos,saparlamento kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, mis mier saxelisufleboorganoebs ar unda mieces misgan miniWebuli uflebebis gamoyenebissruli Tavisufleba. swored am mizniT unda gaerTiandes sadavonorma aseTi uflebebis ganmsazRvrel sxva debulebebTan. aseTidebulebebi SeiZleba Segvxvdes gaerTianebis msgavsi mniSvnelobismqone sxvadasxva direqtivebSi, romlebic wevr-saxelmwifoebSi uni-versitetis diplomebis urTierTaRiarebasa da momsaxurebis gawevisTavisuflebas exeba. aRniSnuli direqtivebi exeba eqimTa, veterinarqirurgTa, kbilis qirurgTa da arqiteqtorTa diplomebs dagansazRvravs minimaluri codnis standartebs.

294


diplomi adasturebs, rom pirs namdvilad aqvs miRebuli is codna,romelic am sferoebSi muSaobisTvisaa saWiro. am direqtivebiT reg-ulirebul yvela sferoSi, Teoriuli codnis gasamyareblad, saWiropraqtikuli gamocdilebac moiTxoveba. es, saswavlo RonisZiebebTanmimarTebiT, arsebul struqturebsa da studentTa raodenobasSoris saTanadod dabalansebas gulisxmobs. aRniSnuli direqtivebiganxorcielda sakanonmdeblo aqtebis meSveobiT, romlebSicmocemulia zemoxsenebuli sferoebis analitikuri prognozi. direq-tivebis mier dasaxuli miznebis ganxorcieleba (romlebic,evrokavSiris damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebis 189-e muxlis Tanaxmad,savaldebuloa wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis) uflebamosil organoebsekisrebaT. es niSnavs, rom direqtivebiT regulirebul sferozeuflebamosili organoebisaTvis miniWebuli uflebebi gaerTianebisnormebiT gansazRvruli valdebulebebis Sesabamisad unda ganxor-cieldes. amasTan dakavSirebiT, mniSvneloba ara aqvs es uflebebidireqtivebis ganxorcielebisas ganisazRvreba Tu mocemuliSemTxvevis msgavsad, kanonmdeblis mier sxvagvarad uzrunvely-ofisas.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konstituciis me-3 da 97-e muxlebTanSesabamisobis Taobaze aRZruli dava usafuZvloa, vinaidan isiniceyrdnobian im araswor mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad, ministris sada-vo uflebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mTlianad misiSexedulebisamebr. gadawyvetilebis daskvnaSi sasamarTlom aRniSna,rom universitetSi swavlis potenciuri kandidatebisTvis gau-rkvevlobisa da sxva saziano davebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, dRemdeararsebuli detaluri sakanonmdeblo cvlileba unda gatardes.


19-11-1996

savaldebulo swavla ar ewinaaRmdegeba sindisis Tavisuflebas.savaldebulo swavlis Sesaxeb 1969 wlis kanonis me-2 muxlisTanaxmad, nebismieri piri, romelic sargeblobs bavSvis mSoblisuflebiT an pasuxismgebelia mis movlaze, valdebulia, aRniSnulikanonis debulebebis Tanaxmad, uzrunvelyos bavSvis Caricxva,Semdeg ki misi skolaSi regularuli daswreba. aRiZra sakasaciosaqmiswarmoeba im moTxovniT, rom es valdebuleba arRvevs adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-9 muxliT dacul mSoblis ufle-bas religiis an rwmenis gamoxatvis Taobaze.

uzenaesma sasamarTlom wardgineba ar miiRo. sasamarTlom CaTvala,rom mSoblebs ufleba aqvs, Svilebi TavianTi surviliT arCeul

295

ganaTlebis ufleba

skolaSi Seiyvanon, an im skolaSi, romelic TviTon gaxsnes da sadacswavleba maT principebs Seesabameba. 1969 wlis savaldebulo swavliskanoni aseve uSvebs gamonaklisebs. magaliTad, mSoblebi SeiZlebagaTavisufldnen am valdebulebisagan, Tu maT gaaCniaT safuZvlianiargumenti yvela im skolis rwmenis miuReblobis Taobaze, romlebicmdebareobs maT saxlebTan axlos (ix. muxli 5b). aqedan gamomdinare,savaldebulo swavlis Sesaxeb 1969 wlis kanonis me-2 muxli ar arRvevsadamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis 1-li oqmis me-2 muxls.

poloneTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

08-11-2000

debulebebi umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb ganmartebulia rogorczogierTi saxis swavlebaze gadasaxadebis SemoRebis nebarTva. igiSeesabameba konstituciiT garantirebul ganaTlebis uflebas, rom-lis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo skolebSi ganaTlebis miReba ufasoa.sasamarTlom ganixila saqme sarCelis safuZvelze. mosarCele daobda,rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis debulebebi adgenda gadasax-adebs dRis swavlebis garda yvela sxva swavlebaze da amiT zRudavdaumaRles ganaTlebaze xelmisawvdomobis uflebas. saxelmwifoumaRles skolebSi ufaso ganaTlebis garantia ar aris absoluturi daSeuzRudavi. umaRles skolebSi ufaso swavlebis xelmisawvdomobaunda SeizRudos da mxedvelobaSi miRebul iqnes saxelmwifo finanse-bis SesaZlebloba. sasamarTlos azriT, kanoni ar krZalavs sxva raimeformiT (mag. saswavlo kursebze swavla) swavlis SesaZleblobas.

kanonis sadavo debulebebiT, gadasaxadebi universitetis dafi-nansebis erT-erT wyaros warmoadgenda, Tumca igi gamoricxavda sax-elmwifo universitetebSi dRis daswrebul swavlebaze gadasaxade-bis SemoRebas. es niSnavda, rom saxelmwifo umaRlesi skolebi ufle-bamosilia SemoiRos gadasaxadebi saswavlo kursebze da saRamosdaswrebulisa da universitetis dauswrebeli swavlebissistemisTvis. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom aRniSnuli debulebebi arunda iqnes ganxiluli ise, TiTqos igi saxelmwifo skolebs aniWebsswavlaze gadasaxadebis SemoRebis Tavisuflebas im doniT, ramdenissaSualebasac iZleva skolis gankargulebaSi arsebuli saxelmwifoTanxebi. sasamarTlos azriT, swavlaze gadasaxadebis dawesebavrceldeba skolis saqmianobis mxolod im formebze, romlebicscdeba umaRlesi skolis saqmianobis ZiriTad sferos. sasamarTlomdaadgina, rom saxelmwifo umaRles skolebSi ufaso ganaTlebisgarantia unda Sefasdes sxva konstituciuri Rirebulebebis para-lelurad, rogoricaa ganaTlebis ufleba an ganaTlebis sistemebze

296


sayovelTao xelmisawvdomoba. am uflebis ganxorcielebamSesaZlebelia miiRos ramdenime forma, maT Soris, fasianisaganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis formac.


21-10-1999

moqalaqeebi, romlebic swavloben daswrebuli swavlebis fakul-tetebze kerZo umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi, romleb-sac saxelmwifosagan ar miuRiaT licenzia, ara aqvT maTi swavlisperiodSi samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis gadadebis ufleba. esdebuleba konstituciuria. q. omskis raionulma sasamarTlommoismina samarTlisa da ekonomikis institutis (kerZo umaRlesisaswavlebeli, romelic licenzirebuli ar aris saxelmwifos mier)ramdenime studentis mier Setanili sarCelis safuZvelze aRZrulisaqme. studentebi asaCivrebdnen komisiis uars swavlis periodSisamxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis gadadebaze. uari eyrdnoboda feder-aluri kanonis debulebas samxedro samsaxurisa da valdebulebisSesaxeb. am debulebis mixedviT, moqalaqeebs, romlebic swavlobenprofesiuli codnis miRebis mizniT saxelmwifo an municipalur ansaxelmwifos mier licenzirebul saswavlo dawesebulebebSi daswre-buli swavlebis fakultetebze, aqvT samxedro samsaxuris gadadebisufleba. raionulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aRniSnuli normaewinaaRmdegeboda ramdenime konstituciur debulebas, amitomsakonstitucio sasamarTlos sTxova misi konstituciasTanSesabamisobis dadgena.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom konstituciis 59-emuxlis Tanaxmad, samSoblos dacva aris moqalaqis movaleoba davaldebuleba. samxedro samsaxuris gavla gawvevis gziT iTvleba amkonstituciuri valdebulebis Sesrulebis ZiriTad saSualebad.sadavo kanonis 24-e muxli gansazRvravs iseTi pirebis kategoriebs,romlebsac aqvT samxedro samsaxuris gadadebis ufleba: 18-dan 27-wlamde asakis farglebSi gawvevis TariRi SeiZleba droebiT gadai-dos. moqalaqeebi, romlebic ulicenzio umaRles saganmanaTleblodawesebulebebSi daswrebuli swavlebis fakultetebze swavloben,aseve isini, romlebsac ar aqvT samxedro samsaxuris gadadebis ufle-ba, aRniSnul konstituciur valdebulebas ixdian swavlebisdamTavrebamde. xolo moqalaqeebi, romlebic swavloben daswrebuliswavlebis fakultetebze saxelmwifos mier licenzirebul umaRlessaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi, samxedro samsaxurSi msaxurobenswavlis damTavrebis Semdeg.

297

ganaTlebis ufleba

konstitucia aRiarebs TiToeuli moqalaqis ganaTlebis uflebasda adgens, rom yvelas aqvs ufleba, ufasod da konkursis safuZvelzemiiRos umaRlesi ganaTleba saxelmwifo an municipalursaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi. agreTve, moqalaqeebs SeuZliaTumaRlesi profesiuli swavleba gaiaron kerZo umaRlessaswavleblebSi, sadac, Cveulebriv, swavla fasiania. kanonmdeblobisTanaxmad, moqalaqeebs aqvT damoukideblobis da arCevanisTavisufleba umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis arCeul meTodTan, arCeulsaswavlo dawesebulebasa da swavlebis kursTan dakavSirebiT.

konstituciuri debulebebis gamoyenebisas saxelmwifo ganaTlebissferoSi federalur standartebs adgens. saxelmwifo licenziagaicema kerZo umaRles saswavleblebze da pirobiTia SefasebisSedegebis mixedviT. igi adasturebs, rom swavlebis Sinaarsi, done daxarisxi zemoxsenebul standartebs akmayofilebs. saxelmwifo licen-ziis flobas ramdenime samarTlebrivi Sedegi aqvs: inter alia, kerZoumaRles saswavlebels ufleba aqvs, gasces saxelmwifo diplomi.xolo pirs, romelic am saswavlebelSi swavlobs daswrebuliswavlebis fakultetebze, SeuZlia, gadados samxedro samsaxurSigawveva. parlaments ufleba aqvs, daadginos samxedro samsaxurisgavlis gansxvavebuli procedurebi im moqalaqeebisaTvis, romlebicswavloben umaRles saswavleblebSi. amave dros, ulicenzio umaRlesisaswavleblebis studentebs SeuZliaT gaagrZelon swavla samxedrosamsaxuris gavlis Semdegac. am gziT TiToeuli moqalaqiskonstituciiT garantirebuli ganaTlebis ufleba Serwymulia samxe-dro samsaxuris gavlis Sesaxeb konstituciur valdebulebasTan,magram kanoniT dadgenili gansxvavebuli procedurebis gavliT. amri-gad, Tanasworobis, moqalaqeTa Tanabari uflebebisa da Tavisuflebiskonstituciuri principebi ar aris darRveuli. sadavo debulebasavaldebuloa yvela im moqalaqisaTvis, romlebzec igi vrceldeba, daSesabamisad, igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias. igi gulisxmobsTanabar SesaZleblobas, maT Soris, umaRlesi saswavleblis arCevisdros. aseTi saxis Tavisufali arCevanidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxvasamarTlebrivi Sedegebi ver CaiTvleba konstituciuri garantiebisdarRvevad. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gansaxilvelidebuleba konstituciuria.


23-12-1994

konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli kastiliuri enis codna (konsti-tuciis me-3 muxli) ganaTlebis mxolod kastiliur enaze miRebis

298


uflebis moTxovnis safuZveli ver iqneba. gasaCivrebas ar eqvemde-bareba konstituciuri moTxovna, romelic adgens, rom swavlebissaSualebad gamoyenebul iqnas im avtonomiuri regionis ena, romel-ic kastiliurTan erTad mis teritoriaze oficialur enad arisaRiarebuli. ganaTlebis ufleba (konstituciis 27.2 muxli) araZlevs SesaZleblobas mSoblebs an bavSvebs, ganaTlebis misaRebadavtonomiuri regionis ori oficialuri enidan airCion mxolod erT-erTi. konstitucia adgens Tanabrad oficialuri enebis sistemaskastiliursa (qveynis saxelmwifo ena) da sxva espanur enebs Soris,romlebic ZiriTad enebad iTvleba sxvadasxva avtonomiurregionebSi. es wesi orenovanebis, ori oficialuri enis“Tanaarsebobis” sistemas qmnis, romelic ukve arsebobs sakuTarienis mqone regionebSi. sistemis Tanaxmad, yvela saxelmwifo organovaldebulia, xeli Seuwyos da uzrunvelyos avtonomiuri regionisteritoriaze moqmedi ori oficialuri enis swavleba. man unda dac-vas TiToeuli moqalaqe, raTa ar iyos diskriminirebuli avtonomiurregionSi erT-erTi oficialuri enis gamoyenebis Sedegad.

avtonomiur regionebs, sadac or Tanaoficialur enazelaparakoben, ufleba aqvT, ganaxorcielon nebismieri politikurizoma an administraciuli qmedeba Tanaoficialur enebTandakavSirebiT moqalaqeTa uflebebis efeqturad ganxorcielebisuzrunvelsayofad. kerZod, SeuZliaT, miiRon debulebebi, romlebicTavianT teritoriebze adgenen lingvistur standartebs sakuTarienis gamoyenebisTvis da istoriulad kastiliur enasTanuTanasworobis situaciis gamosasworeblad. ufro konkretulad,sakonstitucio sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom enobrivi Tanaarsebobismodeli, romliTac aqcenti avtonomiuri regionis enazeagakeTebulia, ar ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias, vinaidan igi uzrunve-lyofs kastiliuris codnasa da gamoyenebas avtonomiuri regionisteritoriaze da ar gamoricxavs mas, rogorc swavlebis enas. kastil-iuri enis codnis valdebuleba garantirebuli iqneba, Tumoswavleebs moeTxovebaT orive Tanaoficialuri enis adekvaturadcodna da maTi sworad gamoyeneba dawyebiTi ganaTlebis miRebisSemdeg.

avtonomiuri regionis enis swavlebis enad gamoyenebis dawese-bisas, avtonomiuri regionis xelisuflebam unda uzrunvelyospedagogTa daxmarebis saTanado zomebis ganxorcieleba. isiniganaTlebis sistemasTan adaptaciisa da masSi integrirebis mizniT,moswavleebs unda daexmaron kastiliuris garda, avtonomiuriregionis Tanaoficialuri enis sakmarisi codnis SeZenaSi. gardaamisa, saxelmwifo organoebma unda miiRon zomebi imis uzrunvelsay-ofad, rom kanoniT dadgenili saganmanaTleblo sistemaSeesabamebodes im moswavleTa individualur moTxovnebs, romleb-

299

ganaTlebis ufleba

mac swavla daiwyes avtonomiur regionSi, sadac kastiliuri ariserTaderTi savaldebulo ena, Semdeg ki swavla Tanaoficialurienebis sistemis mqone avtonomiur regionSi gaagrZeles.

kastiliuri da avtonomiuri regionis enebis Tanaoficialurienis mqone statusad aRiarebis gamo saxelmwifosa da avtonomiuriregionis saxelmwifo organoebma orive oficialuri enisgamoyenebis ufleba unda uzrunvelyon saswavlo programaSi amenebis savaldebulo sagnebad Setanis gziT. am valdebulebismeSveobiT, ar SeiZleba ugulebelyofil iqnes avtonomiuri regionisenis “sakmarisi codnis” moTxovna dawyebiTi ganaTlebis zogadi ser-tifikatis miniWebisa an miRebisaTvis.


07-11-2002

federaluri konstituciis me-19 (dawyebiTi ganaTlebis ufleba),36-e (fundamenturi uflebebis SezRudvebi) da 62-e (ganaTleba)muxlebi, bernis kantonis konstituciis 29.2 muxli, fundamenturisocialuri uflebebi, skolidan disciplinuri garicxva da feder-aluri konstituciis me-19 muxli gansazRvraven ufaso dawyebiTiganaTlebis miRebis uflebas bavSvebis individualuri personaluriSesaZleblobebisa da saxelmwifo skolebSi maTi pirovnebebisganviTarebis Sesabamisad minimum 9 wliT savaldebulo swavlisTvis(punqti 4).

bernis kantonis konstituciis 29.1 muxli ara marto avrcelebs amuflebas yvela skolaze savaldebulo swavlis ganmavlobaSi, aramed,aseve, iTvaliswinebs bavSvis ufro farTo uflebas dacvis, daxmare-bisa da mxardaWeris Taobaze (punqti 5). Tu SezRudvebi dawesebuliafundamentur socialur uflebebze, federaluri konstituciis 36-e muxli analogiurad gamoiyeneba imis dasadgenad, sruldeba Tu araprioritetuli saxelmwifo an kerZo interesis da proporciulobissamarTlebrivad dasabuTebis pirobebi (punqtebi 6-9). adgilobrivmaxelisuflebam unda miiRos saTanado zomebi imisaTvis, rom garicx-ul moswavleebs aswavlidnen kvalificirebuli pirebi an saxelmwifodawesebulebebSi, savaldebulo swavlis bolomde mainc (punqti 9.5).savaldebulo swavlis Sesaxeb bernis kantonis kanonis 28-e muxliTgansazRvruli zomebis farglebi, romelic adgens umaRles sanqcias(ultima ratio) _ erT saswavlo welSi maqsimum ori kviriT skolidandroebiT (nawilobrivi an mTliani) garicxvas, SeiZleba ganimartoskonstituciis Sesabamisad (punqti 10).

savaldebulo swavlis Sesaxeb kanonSi, kerZod, disciplinisa da

300


disciplinuri qmedebis Sesaxeb 28-e punqtSi bernis kantonis didmasabWom cvlileba Seitana. maswavleblebs ufleba aqvT, urCimoswavleebis winaaRmdeg gaataron disciplinuri zomebi skolisjerovani funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. aseve, saskolosabWos SeuZlia, gasces brZaneba uRirsi moswavlis maqsimum orikviriT an mTlian garicxvaze. mSobelTa garkveulma nawilma feder-alur sasamarTlos kantonis bavSvebis skolidan garicxvis Sesaxebdebulebis gauqmeba mosTxova. isini amtkicebdnen, rom dairRva fed-eraluri konstituciis me-19 muxli, romelic ufaso da adekvaturizogadi ganaTlebis uflebas iTvaliswinebda. maT miuTiTes berniskantonis konstituciis 29.2 muxlze, romelic gansazRvravs bavSvisuflebaTa dacvas, daxmarebasa da zedamxedvelobas, aseve, ufasoganaTlebis uflebas bavSvis individualuri SesaZleblobebisSesabamisad. federalurma sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila konstitu-ciuri sarCeli da ganacxada, rom sadavo debulebis gamoyenebaSeiZleba konstituciis Sesabamisad.

federaluri konstituciis me-19 muxli adgens fundamentursocialur uflebebs. igi saxelmwifos mier gaweul momsaxurebazeuflebas gansazRvravs. zogadi ganaTlebis mizani aris bavSvispirovnuli ganviTarebis da Tanabari SesaZleblobebis ganxor-cielebisa da xelSewyobis uzrunvelyofa. kantonelebs miniWebuliaqvT farTo kompetencia ganaTlebis sferoSi, magram maTmoeTxovebaT, uzrunvelyon TiToeuli piris saTanadod ganaTleba.kantonis konstituciis debuleba scdeba federalur konstituci-ur kanons, romelic icavs bavSvis uflebas dacvaze, daxmarebasa dazedamxedvelobaze. socialuri uflebis sfero ganisazRvreba misirealuri Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT. federaluri konstituciis 36-e muxliT dadgenili pirobebi fundamenturi uflebebis SezRudvisTaobaze ar vrceldeba socialur uflebebze. Tumca, sasamarTlosmoeTxoveba, socialur uflebebTan dakavSirebul saqmeSimxedvelobaSi miiRos rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo interesebi daproporciulobis principi.

skolidan ganusazRvreli vadiT disciplinuri garicxva adekva-turi zogadi ganaTlebis konstituciur uflebasTan Seusabamo iqne-boda. gansazRvruli vadiT skolidan disciplinuri garicxvaSemdegis safuZvelze unda Sefasdes: saxelmwifos interesSi Sedisskolebis mier swavlis daubrkoleblad ganxorcielebisa damoswavleTa ganviTarebisaTvis Sesabamisi garemos Seqmnis uzrunve-lyofa. amgvari saxelmwifo interesi ufro maRla dgas, vidrezogierTi moswavlis individualuri interesebi da amarTlebszogierT disciplinur SezRudvas. moswavleTa individualuriinteresebi aseve izRudeba adekvaturi zogadi ganaTlebis miRebisuflebis mqone sxva moswavleebis interesebiT. ar SeiZleba imis

301

ganaTlebis ufleba

damtkiceba, rom urCi moswavlis garicxva ar aris sasurveli miznismiRwevis saSualeba, rac skolaSi sasiamovno garemos Seqmniswinapirobaa. Tumca, saWiroa, jer naklebad seriozuli disciplin-uri zomebi iqnes miRebuli, garicxva ki ukidures zomas warmoadgen-des. kantonis konstituciis debuleba aseve saskolo asakisbavSvisTvis daxmarebisa da zedamxedvelobis uflebasiTvaliswinebs. sadavo kanonmdebloba sxvadasxva simkacris disci-plinur zomas gansazRvravs. maswavleblebi iReben skolisSeuferxeblad funqcionirebisTvis aucilebel zomebs. saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi, skolas SeuZlia, saskolo sabWos acnobos da moiTxovosspecialistis rCeva imisaTvis, rom, Tu aucilebelia, miRebul iqnesiseTi zoma, rogoricaa bavSvis erTi klasidan meoreSi an sxvaskolaSi an sxva regionSi gadayvana. disciplinis mniSvnelovani ansistematuri darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavle SeniSvnas an gar-icxvis muqaras miiRebs. amasTan, disciplinuri sistemaiTvaliswinebs moswavlis garicxvas, rogorc ukidures zomas. gar-icxvis vada yovel TiToeul SemTxvevaSi cal-calke dgindeba.Tormetkviriani ardaSveba SeiZleba dawesdes mxolod ukiduresSemTxvevaSi. garicxvis SemTxvevaSi mSoblebma bavSvis saTanadoddasaqmeba unda uzrunvelyon, Tu aucilebelia, SeuZliaT gamoiyenonspecialistis da saganmanaTleblo organos daxmarebac. xolo skolawinaswar unda moemzados moswavlis aRsadgenad. es valdebulebebisamoqalaqo kodeqsis mniSvnelobiT mSoblebis movaleobebsSeesabameba da iTvaliswinebs bavSvis uflebas saxelmwifosagan dax-marebisa da zedamxedvelobis Taobaze. garicxvis dros moswavleebzeyuradRebis miqceva mxolod mSoblebis pasuxismgebloba ar undaiyos. savaldebulo swavlis Sesaxeb kanonis axali debuleba arewinaaRmdegeba adekvaturi zogadi ganaTlebis uflebas da SeiZlebaaRsruldes konkretul SemTxvevebSi konstituciuri moTxovnebisSesabamisad.

TurqeTisakonstitucio sasamarTlo

16-09-1998

saxelmwifo kontrolisa da zedamxedvelobis qveS 8 wlisganmavlobaSi savaldebulo da uwyveti ganaTlebis sakiTxiSeesabameba konstitucias. saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs, swavlasavaldebulo gaxados 8 an meti wlis uwyveti vadiT. konstituciasaseve Seesabameboda gadasaxadebis dadgena aseTi saxisganaTlebisaTvis saWiro xarjebis dasafarad. 1997 wlis 16 agvistos#4306 kanoniT dawyebiTi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis zogierT

302


muxlSi Sesworeba Sevida, romelmac gansazRvra debulebebi amsakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb. wamyvanma opozi-ciurma partiam sasamarTloSi Seitana sarCeli kanonis gauqmebismoTxovniT. ZiriTadi moTxovna iyo is, rom aseTi kanonis SemdegSeuZlebeli iqneboda moswavleebisaTvis ganaTlebis miReba umaRlessamlocvelo skolebSi (Ymam Hatip Liseleri).

#4306 kanonis 1-li da me-5 muxlebis Tanaxmad, dawyebiT skolebSiswavlis xangrZlivoba 8 weli unda iyos. aseT skolebSi swavla uwyve-tad unda mimdinareobdes da moswavleebs dawyebiTi ganaTlebisdiplomi mieceT. konstituciis 42-e muxlis Tanaxmad, swavlasavaldebuloa. igi unda mimdinareobdes saxelmwifo kontrolisa dazedamxedvelobis qveS aTaTurqis principebisa da reformebissuliskveTebiT. kanonmdebelma unda daadginos, iqneba Tu araswavleba uwyveti. umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad, saxelmwifovaldebulia, Semosavlebis Sesabamisad miiRos aucilebeli zomebi.amasTan dakavSirebiT, kanonmdebelma SeiZleba daawesos 8 an metiweli uwyveti swavlisTvis. amrigad, sadavo debulebebi arewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis 42-e muxls. konstituciis 24-e muxliawesrigebs religiisa da sindisis Tavisuflebas. sarCelSi naTqvamiiyo, rom sadavo kanoni moqalaqeebs arTmevda religiisa da sindisisTavisuflebis uflebas, radgan dawyebiT skolebSi 5 wlis swavlisSemdeg samlocvelo skolebSi swavla SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda. sam-locvelo skolebi ki rvawliani savaldebulo uwyveti dawyebiTiganaTlebis Semdeg SeZleben moswavleebis miRebas imamebisa da sxvamaRali rangis religiuri pirebis ganaTlebisTvis. religiuriganaTleba, romelic mocemuli pirebis an bavSvebis mSoblebisasarCevia, safrTxes ver Seqmnida. sadavo debuleba ar ewinaaRmdegebakonstituciis 24-e muxls.

konstituciis 166-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo valdebulia,dagegmos qveynis resursebi. ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba sadavo kanon-sa da am muxlis Sesabamisad SemuSavebul gegmas Soris. gegma ariTvaliswinebs uwyvet an wyvetil ganaTlebas. ar arsebobs asevewinaaRmdegoba konstituciis 166-e muxlTan. sasamarTlom imsjelasadavo debulebebis konstituciurobis sakiTxze konstituciis me-5,me-10 da me-17 muxlebTan mimarTebiT. aseve, ganixila saxelmwifosZiriTadi miznebi da valdebulebebi, kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba,piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba, piris materialuri da suliericxovreba. Sesabamisad, kanonis dasabuTebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom igi miz-nad isaxavda moswavleebis mier TavianTi profesiebis zemoqmedebisgareSe, cnobierad arCevas. es mizani ar ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciisme-5, me-10 da me-17 muxlebs. konstituciis me-12 muxli adgens, romyvelas aqvs xelSeuxebeli fundamenturi uflebebi daTavisuflebebi. vinaidan dawyebiT saswavlo dawesebulebebSi vlinde-

303

ganaTlebis ufleba

ba bavSvis unari da xdeba misi gonebrivi ganviTareba, rac profesiulida religiuri ganaTlebis Zlier saZirkvels warmoadgens. amitom,sadavo kanoni ar ewinaaRmdegeba mSoblebis uflebas maTi SvilebisganaTlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. sarCeli aseve exebodakonstituciis preambulasa da me-2 muxls – adamianis uflebebis dac-vasa da kanonis uzenaesobas. sadavo debuleba gansazRvravs, rommoqalaqeebi miiReben ganaTlebas ufro xangrZlivi droiT. esdebuleba Seesabameba ganviTarebis arsebul dones.

adamianis uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, aucilebelia,gaumjobesdes da gaizardos swavlis xangrZlivoba. igi arewinaaRmdegeba konstituciis preambulasa da me-2 muxls. rac Seexebakonstituciis 65-e muxls (socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi),sadavo debulebebi ar aris antikonstituciuri. xangrZlivi swavladadebiT gavlenas iqoniebs moqalaqeze da sazogadoebaze. sadavokanonis me-3 muxli iTvaliswinebda, rom moqalaqeebma ganaTleba undamiiRon maTi SesaZleblobebisa da unaris Sesabamisad garkveuli tipisskolebSi da programebiT. muxli ar ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciasimave mizeziT, riTic dadginda 1-li da me-5 muxlebis Sesabamisoba.sadavo kanonis me-2, me-4, me-6, me-7, me-8 da me-9 muxlebi (romlebicmoicaven detalur debulebebs rvawliani dawyebiTi ganaTlebis sis-temis savaldebulo da uwyveti xasiaTis Sesaxeb) ar ewinaaRmdegebakonstitucias imave mizeziT, riTic dadginda 1-li da me-5 muxlebisSesabamisoba. sarCelis meore nawili exeboda gadasaxadebs rvawlianisavaldebulo da uwyveti dawyebiTi ganaTlebisaTvis saWiro xarje-bis dasafarad. umravlesobis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT igi ariqna dakmayofilebuli. mosamarTleebma, batonebma kiliCma, adalim,hiunerma, dinserma, buminma da aCargunma gamoTqves gansxvavebulimosazrebebi gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli debulebebis zogierTnawilTan dakavSirebiT.

aarrCCeevvnneebbSSii mmoonnaawwiilleeoobbiissuufflleebbaa

somxeTi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

29-06-2002

Tu saarCevno siebi ar iqneba Sedgenili kanoniT dadgenili wesismixedviT, arCevnebis CatarebisTvis aucilebeli winapirobebi kon-

304


stituciis me-3 muxlis moTxovnebis (romelic awesrigebs saarCevnouflebebs da arCevnebis/referendumebis Catarebis princips)Sesabamisad ar dakmayofildeba. Tu moqalaqes ar SefardebiaTavisuflebis aRkveTa da ar ixdis sasjels sasjelaRsrulebiTdawesebulebaSi ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCenis safuZvelze, ar SeiZleba masCamoerTvas arCevis ufleba da ufleba, iyos arCeuli. kandidatma,romelic kenWs iyrida 2002 wlis 19 maisis erovnuli krebisdamatebiT arCevnebSi #67 saarCevno olqidan, sarCeliT mimarTasakonstitucio sasamarTlos, am ubanze arCevnebis gauqmebuladcnobis moTxovniT. kandidatis mtkicebiT, arCevnebis organizebisada mimdinareobisas adgili hqonda saarCevno kodeqsis iseTdarRvevebs, romlebmac gavlena iqonies arCevnebis Sedegebze.

kerZod, mosarCele daobda, rom adgili hqonda winasaarCevno kam-paniis maregulirebeli wesebisa da kenWisyris procedurebisdarRvevebs, da rom saarCevno siebi arCevnebis dRes ar Seesabamebodarealobas. erT-erT saarCevno ubanSi saarCevno siebi ar iyoSedgenili kanoniT dadgenili wesis Tanaxmad, da xmis mimcemTadaaxloebiT 15%-s CamoerTva arCevis ufleba saarCevno siebis uzus-tobis gamo.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Tavis 1999 wlis 21 ivnisisgadawyvetilebaSi daadgina, inter alia, rom imave #67 olqSisaarCevno siebis Sedgenisas daSvebuli iyo seriozuli Secdomebi.Tumca naklovanebebisa da Secdomebis gamosworebis nacvlad maTiricxvi kidev ufro gaizarda. aRniSnul saqmeze gadawyvetilebisgamotanamde sasamarTlom ixelmZRvanela konstituciis 27-e muxliT(arCevisa da arCeviTobis ufleba) da saarCevno kodeqsis SesabamisidebulebebiT. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom arCevnebis organizebisasda mimdinareobisas saarCevno kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebulimoTxovnebis masiurma darRvevebma, romelmac gavlena iqoniaarCevnebis Sedegebze, gviCvena, rom saarCevno komisiebma ugulebe-lyves wina arCevnebis SedegebTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuliSeniSvnebi da miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi (maT Soris sasamarTlosmier gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi).

mocemul olqSi damatebiTi arCevnebis organizebisas da mimd-inareobisas saarCevno kodeqsis 9.4 muxlis (saarCevno siebis Sedgenada gamoyeneba), 11.3 muxlis (saarCevno siebTan dakavSirebulimoTxovnebi), 13.2 muxlis (saarCevno siebis miwodeba ubnis saarCevnokomisiebisTvis), 42.11 muxlis (olqis saarCevno komisiis uflebebi)da 50.2 muxlis (kenWisyrisTvis mzadeba) moTxovnebi da arCevnebisCasatareblad aucilebeli sxva winapirobebi ar dakmayofilebula,konstituciis me-3 muxlis moTxovnebis (romelic awesrigebssaarCevno uflebebs da arCevnebis/referendumebis Catarebis prin-cips) Sesabamisad.

305

arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba

mosarCele mxare aseve daobda, rom mocemul ubanSi gamarTuldamatebiT arCevnebSi monawile erT-erT kandidats ar hqondaarCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, konstituciis 27-e muxlisTanaxmad, vinaidan mas pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos mierSefardebuli hqonda gamosasworebeli zoma da sasjels ixdida TavissamuSao adgilze. am argumentTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlomSeafasa kanonTa aRsrulebis praqtika, Seiswavla sxva qveynebis kon-stituciuri praqtika da ixelmZRvanela konstituciis 27-e muxliT,romlis Tanaxmad Tu moqalaqes Sefardebuli aqvs TavisuflebisaRkveTa da sasjels ixdis sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebaSiZalaSi Sesuli ganaCenis safuZvelze, mas ara aqvs arCevnebSi arCevisufleba da ufleba, iyos arCeuli.

sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom Tu moqalaqes ar SefardebiaTavisuflebis aRkveTa da ar ixdis sasjels sasjelaRsrulebiTdawesebulebaSi ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCenis safuZvelze, mas ar SeiZlebaCamoerTvas arCevis ufleba da ufleba iyos arCeuli. sasamarTlomzemoxsenebul olqSi Catarebuli damatebiTi arCevnebi gauqmebuladgamoacxada da saqmis Seswavlis dros gamovlenili darRvevebisSesaxeb masalebi gadasca generalur prokuraturas saTanadodSesaswavlad.

somxeTi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

16-10-1999

somxeTis respublikaSi mudmivad mcxovreb devnilebs arSeiZleba CamoerTvaT adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiTi organoebisarCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba. mosarCelis azriT, saarCevnokodeqsis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da devnilTa Sesaxebkanonebis zogierTi debuleba devnilebs arTmevda adgilobrivimmarTvelobiTi organoebis arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebas.adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb kanonis sadavo muxlismixedviT, “adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobiT organoebs irCevsraionis mosaxleoba. raionis mosaxleoba niSnavs respublikismoqalaqes, romelic mudmivad cxovrobs am raionSi an Tu bolosami wlis ganmavlobaSi Setanilia gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTasiaSi”.

saarCevno kodeqsis me-2 muxlis sadavo debulebiT dadgenilia,rom “somxeTis respublikis moqalaqeebs, romlebsac SeusruldaT18 weli, aqvT arCevis ufleba”, xolo 122.1 muxlis mixedviT ki,“somxeTis respublikis yvela moqalaqes, romelsac Seusrulda 25weli, minimum bolo erTi welia cxovrobs mocemul raionSi da aqvs

306


arCevis ufleba, ufleba aqvs arCeul iqnas raionis xelmZRvanelad”.devnilTa Sesaxeb kanonis me-18 muxli adgens, rom “somxeTisrespublikaSi, devnilebs ara aqvT arCevisa da politikur partiaSigawevrianebis uflebebi da maT ar SeuZliaT, daniSnul iqnansomxeTis respublikis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil Tanamdebobebze”.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo debulebebi,romelic devnilebs arTmevs adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis arCevnebSimonawileobis uflebas, ewinaaRmdegeboda konstitucias. konstitu-cia mkacrad gamijnavs erTmaneTisagan “adgilobriviTviTmmarTvelobis” da “saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis” cnebebs. konsti-tuciis 105-e muxliT, “raionebs marTaven adgilobriviTviTmmarTvelobis organoebi”, xolo 107-e muxlis mixedviT ki,“olqebs marTaven saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebi”. gardaamisa, konstituciis me-2 muxlSi naTqvamia, rom “xalxi TavisZalauflebas axorcielebs Tavisufali arCevnebisa da referendume-bis meSveobiT”. aseTi formulireba mkacrad gamijnavs Zalauflebisganxorcielebis sxvadasxva funqcionalur da institucionalursistemebs. es midgoma Setanil iqna axal samoqalaqo kodeqsSi. samo-qalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, somxeTis respublika da raioni warmoad-gens rogorc samoqalaqo samarTlis, aseve, sakuTrebis uflebebisindividualur da damoukidebel subieqtebs.

konstituciis 105-e muxli gansazRvravs, rom raionis qonebismarTvisa da adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebis mowesrigebismizniT, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobiTi organoebi airCevian samiwlis vadiT”. garda amisa cneba, “adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba”somxeTis kanonmdeblobaSi mocemuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad,gulisxmobs, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba raionis qonebismarTvis da adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebis mowesrigebis ufle-basa da SesaZleblobas moicavs. maSasadame, Tu devnilebi, romlebicaTi welia somxeTSi cxovroben da Seadgenen 71 raionSi amomrCevelTanaxevarze mets, ar monawileoben adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobiTiorganoebis arCevaSi demokratiuli principebis safuZvelze, esniSnavs, rom maT CamorTmeuli aqvT qonebis gankargvis, gamoyenebisada marTvis ufleba, aseve kanoniT garantirebuli ufleba raionisqonebis momavlis gansazRvraze.

saarCevno uflebebTan dakavSirebuli debulebebi mocemulia kon-stituciis me-2, me-3, 27-e, 44-e, 50-e, 51-e, 52-e, 53-e, 64-e da 110-emuxlebSi. konstituciis zogadi midgoma am sakiTxTan aseTia: me-2muxli iTvaliswinebs xalxis uflebas Zalauflebis ganxorciele-baze, maT Soris, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiTi organoebis arCevnebismeSveobiT. konstitucia, romelic erTmaneTisagan gamijnavs cnebebs“adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba” da “saxelmwifo mmarTveloba”cnebebs (105-e, 107-e muxlebi). igi somxeTis respublikis moqalaqeebs,

307


romlebsac SeusruldaT 18 weli, aniWebs saxelmwifosmmarTvelobaSi monawileobis uflebas. konstitucia ar zRudavsmocemuli raionis moqalaqeobis armqone mudmivi macxovreblebisuflebas, monawileoba miiRon adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobiTiorganoebis SeqmnaSi da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiTi funqciisimplementaciaSi. es muxli ar gamoricxavs somxeTSi kanonierad mud-mivad mcxovreb gansakuTrebuli statusis mqone pirebisaTvissaarCevno uflebis miniWebas adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisdoneze. xolo konstituciis 110-e muxli adgens, rom “adgilobriviTviTmmarTvelobiTi organoebis arCevnebis procedura da maTiuflebamosileba unda dadgindes konstituciiTa da kanonebiT”.

kanonmdeblisaTvis saarCevno proceduris dadgenis kompetenciisminiWebiTa da konstituciis zogadi moTxovnis mixedviT, aseTi kom-petencia unda ganxorcieldes konstituciuri wyobis dasaerTaSoriso samarTlis principebisa da normebis Sesabamisad.saerTaSoriso praqtika gviCvenebs, rom bevr qveyanaSi moqalaqeobisarmqone pirebs aqvT arCevis ufleba da ufleba, iyvnen arCeulni adg-ilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze. aseT midgomas iTvaliswinebsevrokavSiris damfuZnebeli xelSekruleba da evrosabWos 1992 wlis5 Tebervlis konvencia adgilobriv doneze sazogadoebrivcxovrebaSi ucxoelTa monawileobis Sesaxeb (ETS #144).

latvia sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

30-08-2000

ufleba iyo arCeuli SeiZleba SeizRudos im pirebisaTvis, rom-lebic aqtiurad monawileobdnen iseT organizaciebSi, romlebiccdilobdnen axali demokratiuli saxelmwifos dangrevas da cno-bili iyvnen antikonstituciurad. aseTi SezRudvebi kanonieria, TumaTi mizania demokratiuli saxelmwifo sistemis, erovnuliusafrTxoebisa da saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis dacva.Tumca, kanonmdeblis saqmea SezRudvis vadebis dadgena. aseTiSezRudvebi SesaZlebelia gagrZeldes mxolod gansazRvruli vadiT.

saqme aRiZra parlamentis 23 wevris mier, romlebic amtkicebdnenrom parlamentis arCevnebis Sesaxeb kanonis da qalaqis domis, regio-nis domis da soflis sakrebulos arCevnebis Sesaxeb kanonis debule-bebi, romlebic adgenen sxvadasxva saxis SezRudvebs uflebaze iyoarCeuli, ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis 89-e da 101-e muxlebs,adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-14, da am konvenciis 1-li oqmis me-3 muxlebs da samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebisSesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis 25-e muxls. kanonebi iTvaliswinebda

308


SezRudvebs qvemoT CamoTvlil pirTa uflebebze, arCeul iyvnen par-lamentis da municipalitetebis deputatebad. eseni arian: pirebi,romlebic 1991 wlis 13 ianvris Semdeg aqtiurad moRvaweobdnensabWoTa kavSiris komunistur partiaSi, latviis ssr mSromel xalxTasaerTaSoriso frontSi, SromiTi koleqtivebis gaerTianebulsabWoSi, omisa da Sromis veteranTa organizaciaSi, sruliad latviisxsnis komitetSi an mis regionalur komitetebSi; pirebi, romlebicarian an iyvnen ssrk-s, latviis ssr-s an ucxouri saxelmwifosuSiSroebis, dazvervisa an kontrdazvervis samsaxurebis StatianiTanamSromlebi. konstituciis 101-e muxli gansazRvravs latviisyvela moqalaqis uflebas, romelic gamtkicebulia kanoniT, monaw-ileoba miiRos saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiTi orga-noebis saqmianobaSi. es ufleba uzrunvelyofs demokratias da sax-elmwifos demokratiuli sistemis legitimurobas.

Tumca, es ufleba ar aris upirobo. 101-e muxli iTvaliswinebspirobas “kanoniT gansazRvruli wesis Sesabamisad”, konstitucia kikanonmdebels utovebs SezRudvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisuflebas. “kanoniT gansazRvruli wesis Sesabamisad,” kanonmdebelmadaadgina, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi fraza “latviis yvela moqalaqe”ise unda iqnas ganmartebuli, rom igi kanoniT dadgenil SezRudvebsmoicavdes. konstituciis 101-e muxli wakiTxul unda iqnes konsti-tuciis me-9 muxlTan erTad: “latviis yvela sruluflebianmoqalaqes, romelsac arCevnebis pirveli dRisTvis Seusrulda 21weli, ufleba aqvs arCeul iyos parlamentSi”. konstituciis me-9muxli parlaments uflebas aZlevs, daazustos cnebis “latviis sru-luflebiani moqalaqe” Sinaarsi. amas ki asrulebs kanoni seimis (par-lamentis) arCevnebis Sesaxeb. am uflebis SezRudvebi dasaSvebiamxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SezRudva ar ewinaaRmdegeba demokratiiscnebas konstituciis 1-li muxlis mniSvnelobiT, samarTlianiarCevnebis zogad da sxva principebs.

amrigad, kanonmdebelma, rodesac iRebda sadavo normebs,imisaTvis, rom ganxorcielebul arCevis uflebis samarTlebrivinorma, Seasrula konstituciis 101-e muxliT miniWebuli funqcia.daSvebulia jerovani SezRudvebi arCevis uflebaze da uflebaze iyoarCeuli namdvil periodul arCevnebSi, romelic dadgenilia samo-qalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis 25-emuxliT. yvela saxis gansxvavebuli mopyroba ar warmoadgensakrZalul diskriminacias. jerovani da obieqturi akrZalvebi paqtismier legitimurad cnobili miznebisTvis, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalosdiskriminaciulad. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis 1-lioqmis me-3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul saarCevno uflebebzeSezRudvebi unda dawesdes universaluri proceduris Sesabamisad.

miuxedavad imisa, saxelmwifoebs aqvT Tu ara “am sferoSi moqmede-

309


bis Tavisuflebis farTo farglebi”, nebismieri zoma unda isaxavdeskanonier mizans da unda arsebobdes proporciulobis jerovanikavSiri gamoyenebul saSualebebsa da dasaxul mizans Soris. uflebe-bi SeiZleba SeizRudos mxolod ise, rom ar moakldes Tavisi arsi daar Sesustdes misi efeqtianoba. aucilebelia Tanabari mopyrobisprincipis dacva, xolo usafuZvlo SezRudvebi ar unda iqnas dawese-buli. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-14 muxli ariTvaliswinebs konvenciiT daculi uflebebisa da TavisuflebebisrealizaciasTan mimarTebiT yvela saxis gansxvavebuli mopyrobisakrZalvas. Tanabari mopyrobis principi darRveulad iTvlebamxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gansxvavebul mopyrobas ara aqvsjerovani da obieqturi gamarTleba.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mosarCeleebis gancxadeba imisTaobaze, rom sadavo normebi diskriminacias uwevda moqalaqeebsmxolod maTi politikuri wevrobis gamo, usafuZvlo iyo. sadavonormebi ar iTvaliswinebs gansxvavebul mopyrobas mxolod pirispolitikuri mrwamsis gamo, aramed isini aweseben SezRudvas ganaxle-buli demokratiuli sistemis winaaRmdeg mimarTul saqmianobebze.sadavo normebSi gamoyenebuli fraza “aqtiurad” niSnavs mudmivadraRacis keTebas, aqtiur monawileobas, qmedebas. ase rom, kanonmde-belma SezRudvebi daukavSira TiToeuli piris individualuripasuxismgeblobis dones sadavo normebSi naxsenebi organizaciebismiznebisa da programebis realizaciaSi. nebismieri zemoT aRniSnuliorganizaciis formaluri wevroba ver iqneba piris kandidatTa siaSiarSeyvanisa da misi arCevis akrZalvis erTaderTi mizezi. ase rom,sadavo normebi mimarTulia mxolod im pirebis winaaRmdeg, rom-lebic 1991 wlis 13 ianvris Semdeg Tavisi saqmianobiTa da saokupacioarmiaSi yofniT cdilobdnen yofili reJimis aRdgenas, magram aramxolod gansxvavebuli politikuri mrwamsis mqone pirebze.konstituciaSi Setanili adamianis uflebaTa maregulirebelinormebi unda ganimartos adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSorisonormebis gamoyenebis praqtikis Sesabamisad. imisaTvis, rom dadas-turdes Seesabameba Tu ara sadavo SezRudvebi konstituciis 89-e da101-e muxlebs, unda Sefasdes, gansazRvravs kanoni Tu ara sadavonormebSi mocemul SezRudvebs miRebulia Tu ara saTanado proce-duris dacviT; gamarTlebulia Tu ara kanonieri mizniT da aucile-belia Tu ara iyo demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. vinaidan es saqme arexeba davas imis Taobaze, SezRudvebi gansazRvrulia kanoniT TumiRebulia saTanado proceduris dacviT, Sefasebas saWiroebs boloori sakiTxi. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1990 wels aRdgenil iqna pirvelad1922 wels formirebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifo, latviis komu-nisturi partia ar apirebda, uari eTqva “mmarTvel da wamyvanZalauflebaze”. man daiwyo antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobebi.

310


latviis komunisturi partiisa da misi damxmare organizaciebismcdelobebis wyalobiT Seiqmna sruliad latviis xsnis komiteti.aRniSnuli organizaciebis saqmianobebis miznebi arsebuli sax-elmwifo xelisuflebis dangreva ukavSirdeboda da Sesabamisad iyoantikonstituciuri. 1991 wlis agvistoSi kanonmdeblobam akrZalaaseTi organizaciebi, daadgina ra maTi antikonstituciuroba.maSasadame, saarCevno uflebebis SezRudvebis mizania latviisdemokratiuli saxelmwifo sistemis, erovnuli uSiSroebis da teri-toriuli mTlianobis dacva. sadao normebi mimarTulia ara latviaSipluralizmisa an piris politikuri mrwamsis winaaRmdeg, aramed impirebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic TavianTi saqmianobiT cdilobdnendemokratiuli saxelmwifo wyobis dangrevas. adamianis uflebebiTsargebloba ar unda iqnas gamoyenebuli demokratiis, rogorcaseTis, winaaRmdeg.

uflebebis arsi da efeqturoba zneobriobaSic devs. politikuriwarmomadgenlebis mxridan demokratiisadmi erTgulebis moTxovnaSedis demokratiuli sazogadoebis kanonier interesebSi.demokratiuli saxelmwifo sistema daculi unda iqnas imisagan, romzneobrivad aramdgradi pirebi ar gaxdnen politikur an adminis-traciul doneze demokratiuli saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi. sax-elmwifo daculi unda iyos im pirebisagan, romlebic muSaobdnenyofil okupaciur da represiul aparatSi an damoukideblobisaRdgenis Semdeg cdilobdnen antidemokratiuli totalitarulireJimis aRdgenas da winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen legitimur sax-elmwifo Zalauflebas.

saarCevno uflebis SezRudvebi mimarTulia xsenebuli organi-zaciis ara yvela, aramed mxolod im wevrebisadmi, romlebic 1991wlis 13 ianvris Semdeg aqtiurad moRvaweobdnen am organizaciebSi.am mizeziT, kandidatTa siidan piris amoReba ar warmoadgens adminis-traciul TviTnebobas. amis safuZvelia konkretuli sasamarTlogadawyvetileba. ase rom, principi, romelic yvela moqalaqisadmiTanabar mopyrobas moiTxovs, ar darRveula, sasamarTlos mierdacva garantirebulia da SezRudvebi ar aris usafuZvlo. aqedangamomdinare, SezRudvebis mizani kanonieria. imisaTvis, rom dadge-nili iyos saarCevno uflebis SezRudvis proporciuloba latviisdemokratiuli saxelmwifo sistemis, erovnuli uSiSroebisa da ter-itoriuli mTlianobis dacvis miznebTan, kanonmdebelma arCevnebiswin saarCevno kanonis miRebamde an Sesworebamde.

kidev erTxel Seafasa ra demokratiis ganviTarebis politikurida istoriuli pirobebi saarCevno uflebis sakiTxebTandakavSirebiT, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom amJamad gamoyenebuliSezRudvebis proporciulobis dadgena ar iyo aucilebeli. Tumca,kanonmdebelma, saxelmwifoSi politikuri situaciis da

311


SezRudvebis aucileblobis periodulad Sefasebis dros, undagansazRvros am SezRudvebis moqmedebis vada. saarCevno uflebebisamgvari SezRudvebi SeiZleba moqmedebdes mxolod gansazRvrulivadiT. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba miRebul iqnaumravlesobiT, oTxi xmiT samis winaaRmdeg. gansxvavebuli azrismosamarTleebi ar daeTanxmnen umravlesobas ramdenime mizezisgamo. maTi azriT, adamianis uflebebis SezRudva demokratiulsazogadoebaSi aucilebeli iyo ara marto maSin, Tu isini isaxavdnenkanonier mizans, aramed maSinac, Tu arsebobda SezRudvebis dasawe-seblad gadaudebeli sazogadoebrivi aucilebloba da SezRudvebiki adekvaturi iyo. dRes, damoukideblobis aRdgenidan 10 wlisSemdeg, sadao normebSi naxsenebi pirebis arCevnebi veRar SeuqmnissafrTxes demokratias latviaSi. Sesabamisad, aRar arsebobsSezRudvebis dawesebis gadaudebeli sazogadoebrivi aucileblo-ba. adamianis uflebebis SezRudva adekvaturia mxolod imSemTxvevaSi, Tu ar arsebobs sxva aranairi saSualeba, romeliciseTive efeqturi, magram naklebad SemzRudveli iqneba. saarCevnouflebebi izRudeba im donemde, rom adamianebi, faqtobrivad,saerTod ver sargebloben uflebiT; kanonmdebels SesaZleblobaaqvs, gamoiyenos sxva “ufro rbili” formebi, magram zoma mainc ariyos adekvaturi.

ruseTi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

25-12-2001

moqalaqeTa saarCevno uflebebis darRvevis TaobazegadawyvetilebaTa dauyovnebliv ZalaSi Sesvla zRudavs sasamarTlodacvis konstituciur uflebas. radgan SeuZlebeli xdeba maTigasaCivreba da, kerZod, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis drosdaSvebuli Secdomis gamosworeba, saqme aRiZra ramdenime moqalaqismier Semotanili sarCelis safuZvelze, romelic samoqalaqo sapro-ceso kodeqsis debulebebiT maTi konstituciuri uflebebisdarRvevas, am debulebaTa mixedviT, moqalaqeTa saarCevno uflebe-bis darRvevis Taobaze gadawyvetilebebi ZalaSi Sedis maTimiRebisTanave (garda gadawyvetilebebisa im saqmeebze, romlebSicgasaCivrebulia arCevnebisa da referendumebis Sedegebi).mosarCeleebis gancxadebiT, am debulebis wyalobiT maT aRarSeuZliaT gaasaCivron samarTlebriv sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTmocemuli gadawyvetilebebi, da erRvevaT konstituciiT garantire-buli ufleba, romelnic sasamarTloSi iyvnen daculni.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom gadawyvetileba ver

312


CaiTvleba samarTlianad, Tu SeuZlebelia marTlmsajulebis ganx-orcielebis dros daSvebuli Secdomis gamosworeba.gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvis ufleba vrceldeba ara mxolodsisxlis samarTlis, aramed samoqalaqo da administraciul saqmee-bzec. garda amisa, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom regularuli arCevnebi,romlebic tardeba mkacrad gansazRvrul vadebSi da eqvemdebarebasasamarTlo kontrols, mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo da adgilobrivimmarTvelobiTi organoebis demokratiisa da kanonierebisaTvis. amsferoSi arsebuli gadawyvetilebebisa da moqmedebebisgasaCivrebisTvis arsebobs specialuri procedura, romlis mizaniamoqalaqeTa uflebebis dacva sxvadasxva saxis darRvevebisagan, rom-lebmac, SesaZlebelia, garkveul garemoebebSi, safrTxe SeuqmnasarCevnebSi xalxis nebis Tavisufali gamovlinebis princips, eWvisqveS daayenos maTi konstituciuri Rirebuleba da Seqmnas maTigauqmebis safuZveli. kerZod, saarCevno uflebebis garantiebismaregulirebeli kanonmdebloba SedarebiT mokle vadasiTvaliswinebs sasamarTloebis mier im sarCelebis gansaxilvelad,romlebic exeba moqalaqeTa saarCevno uflebebis darRvevas, raTauzrunvelyos saarCevno kampaniis dros samarTlebrivi davebisoperatiulad mogvareba.

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis sadavo debuleba gulisxmobs,rom sasamarTlos aseTi gadawyvetilebebi unda aRsruldes dauy-ovnebliv da upirobod. debuleba vrceldeba rogorckenWisyramde, aseve mis Semdeg miRebul is gadawyvetilebebze dagamoricxavs samarTlebriv sakiTxTan dakavSirebul sarCelebs.gamonaklisia kenWisyramde cota xniT adre an arCevnebis dResmiRebuli is gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic moqalaqeTa saarCevnouflebebis arss ar exeba, arCevnebSi xalxis nebis Tavisufal gamov-linebas ar krZalavs da Sedegad arCevnebis Sedegebze ar axdensgavlenas, warmoadgens gamonakliss. Tu maTze gamoviyenebT imgadawyvetilebaTa ZalaSi Sesvlis maregulirebel zogad wesebs,romlebic samarTlebriv sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli apelaciisTvisdadgenili vadis amowurvas umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier saqmisganxilvis Semdeg exeba es saarCevno process da SeuZlebels gaxdissaarCevno procesis Semdgomi etapebis kanoniT dadgenili vadebisdacvas.

saarCevno procesis stabilurobis, xalxis nebis Tavisufaligamovlinebisa da moqalaqeTa saarCevno uflebebis efeqturisasamarTlo dacvis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, kanonSi SeiZlebaganisazRvros specialuri vadebi Sesabamisi saqmeebisSeswavlisTvis, am saqmeebze gadawyvetilebaTa apelaciisTvis damaTi ganxilvisTvis. sadavo debuleba Cadebul iqna samoqalaqosaproceso kodeqsSi imisaTvis, rom xeli Sewyoboda saarCevno kam-

313


paniebis mkacrad gansazRvrul vadebSi Catarebas, Tu uzrunvely-ofil iqneboda sasamarTloebis mier saqmeebis mosmena dagamotanili gadawyvetilebebis dauyovnebliv aRsruleba.samarTlebriv sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebisgasaCivrebis akrZalviT debuleba arRvevs balanss dacul konsti-tuciur Rirebulebebs Soris, vinaidan garantirebuli ar arismoqalaqeTa saarCevno uflebebis sruli, efeqturi sasamarTlodacva, maSinac ki, rodesac isini arsebiTad irRveva. sadavo debule-ba aseve arTulebs marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis procesSidaSvebuli Secdomebis identificirebasa da aRmofxvras.Sesabamisad, Znelia darRveuli saarCevno uflebebis aRdgenas,vinaidan samoqalaqo saqmeze ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT dad-genili faqtebi ar gadaisinjeba sxva samoqalaqo saqmeebSi,romlebSic igive xalxi monawileobs. garda amisa, rodesacgadawyvetileba ZalaSi Sedis, mxareebs ar SeuZliaT analogiurisarCeliT mimarTon sasamarTlos da gaasaCivron mis mier axalsaqmeSi dadgenili faqtebi da samarTlebrivi daskvnebi. sadavodebulebiT gamowveuli normaTa naklovanebebi ver aRmoifxvrebagadasinjvis sistemiT saqmis Seswavlis dros, vinaidan am etapzeSesabamisi proceduris amoqmedebis dadgena damokidebulia arauflebadarRveuli moqalaqis survilze, aramed kompetenturiTanamdebobis pirebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaze. sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo debuleba arSeesabameboda konstitucias.


17-11-1998

konstitucia pirdapir ar aregulirebs saxelmwifo dumaSideputatTa arCevnebis sistemas. konstitucia gansazRvravs, romfederaluri kreba, rogorc warmomadgenlobiTi da sakanonmdebloorgano, unda Sedgebodes ori palatisagan, saxelmwifo duma _ 450deputatisagan, romlebic unda airCnen 4 wlis vadiT deputatTaarCevis procedura unda ganisazRvros federaluri kanoniT.aRniSnulma federalurma kanonma gansazRvra saxelmwifo dumisarCevnebis Sereuli sistema (maJoritaruli da proporciuliwarmomadgenloba). Sereuli saarCevno sistemebi arsebobs mravaldemokratiul qveyanaSi da ZiriTadad Seesabameba saarCevnokanonmdeblobis principebsa da wesebs, romlebic aRiarebuliasaerTaSoriso doneze da daculia adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTadTavisuflebaTa konvenciiT da samoqalaqo da politikuri

314


uflebebis 1966 wlis saerTaSoriso paqtiT. aseTi sistema miznadisaxavs arCevnebSi xalxis Zalauflebis pirdapir gamovlenas. misisaSualebiT SesaZlebelia moqalaqeTa mosazrebebi TavisufalarCevnebSi sayovelTao da Tanabari saarCevno uflebis safuZvelzeaisaxos Ria da saidumlo kenWisyriT da maTi nebis saTanadodgamoxatva parlamentis, rogorc saxelmwifos warmomadgenlobiTiorganos, SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. sakonstitucio sasamarTlommoismina “ruseTis federaciis federaluri krebis saxelmwifodumis deputatTa arCevnebis saqme, romelic Sesaxeb” 1995 wlis 21ivnisis federaluri kanonis debulebebis konstituciurobasexeboda.

saqme aRiZra saratovis regionaluri dumis mier SetanilisarCelis safuZvelze. zemoxsenebuli federaluri kanonis me-5muxlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo dumis 225 deputati airCevaerTmandatiani saarCevno olqebidan (erTi deputati TiToeulolqze), 225 ki kandidatTa federaluri siidan, romelic federalursaarCevno olqSi politikuri jgufebisa da kavSirebis mier xmaTaraodenobiTaa Sedgenili (punqti 3). mosarCele daobda, rom esdebuleba arRvevda saarCevno uflebebis Tanasworobis princips daSesabamisad, laxavda ruseTis federaciis konstituciis me-3, me-19da 32-e muxlebs. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavofederaluri kanonis qvemoT CamoTvlili debulebebi Seesabamebakonstitucias:

me-5 muxlis debuleba saxelmwifo dumis arCevnebis sistemisSesaxeb, romlis mixedviT, deputatebis nawili airCevaerTmandatiani saarCevno olqebidan (erTi deputati TiToeulolqze), nawili ki _ federalur saarCevno olqSi politikuridajgufebisa da kavSirebis xmaTa raodenobis proporciulad mierSedgenili kandidatTa federaluri siidan;

5.2 da 11.2 muxlebis debulebebi ruseTis federaciis [Semadgenelinawilis] subieqtis teritoriaze iseTi saarCevno olqis SeqmnisTaobaze, sadac amomrCevelTa raodenoba standartuli olqiszomaze naklebia;

36.3 muxlis debuleba politikuri dajgufebebis da kavSirebisuflebaze, saxelmwifo dumis deputatobis kandidatebaddaasaxelon iseTi pirebi, romlebic ar arian am dajgufebebisa dakavSirebis sazogadoebis wevrebi;

37.5 muxlis debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad, federalur siaSiSeiZleba Seyvanil iyvnen saxelmwifo dumis deputatobiskandidatebi, romlebic erTmandatian saarCevno olqSi kenWs iyrianigive politikuri dajgufebidan an kavSiridan;

39.2 muxlis debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad, politikurma dajgufebaman kavSirma, romelic waradgens kandidatTa federalur sias, unda

315


Seagrovos minimum 200,000 amomrCevlis xelmowera am siismxardasaWerad, maTgan ara umetes 7%-sa ruseTis federaciisTiToeuli subieqtis farglebSi;

67-e muxlis debuleba, romlis mixedviT, vakanturi adgiliSeiZleba daikavos federaluri siidan arCeulma deputatma.sasamarTlom daadgina, rom 19.1, 19.2 da 32.2 muxlebi irRvevafederaluri kanonis 39.3 muxlis debulebiT, romlis Tanaxmad, imkandidatis mxardasaWerad Segrovebuli xelmowerebi, romelickenWs iyris erTmandatian saarCevno olqSi politikuridajgufebidan an kavSiridan da registrirebulia olqis saarCevnokomitetSi, Setanilia centraluri saarCevno komisiis mier imxelmoweraTa mTlian raodenobaSi, romlebic Segrovebulia amdajgufebisa an kavSiris kandidatTa federaluri siismxardasaWerad.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom federaluri kanonis 62.2 muxlisdebuleba, romlis mixedviT, mxolod im politikur dajgufebebs ankavSirebs SeuZliaT gainawilon adgilebi federalur saarCevnoolqSi, romlebmac moipoves micemuli xmebis minimum 5%,konstituciuria im pirobiT, Tu 5%-iani barieris gamoyenebaSesaZlebels xdis adgilebi gadanawildes minimum or politikurdajgufebas Soris, romlebic erTad warmoadgenen mTlianisaarCevno siis 50%-ze mets. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT,rodesac dadginda federalur saarCevno olqSi arCevnebisSedegebi. federalur krebas konstituciis safuZvelze damatebebiunda Seetana federalur kanonSi, raTa saTanadodganxorcielebuliyo proporciulobis principi, sakonstituciosasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom 5%-iani barieri ar unda iqnasgamoyenebuli proporciuli arCevnebis miznis sawinaaRmdegod.federaluri kreba unda ecados, maqsimalurad ganxorcieldes. romkvotebis gamoyenebisas proporciuli warmomadgenlobis principiamasTanave, mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos, rom konstituciis 1-li dame-13 muxlebis mixedviT, politikuri pluralizmisa damravalpartiuli sistemis safuZvelze agebuli demokratiadamokidebulia opoziciis arsebobaze da ver dauSvebs Zalauflebismonopolias. Sesabamisad, Tu mxolod erTi politikuri dajgufebaan kavSiri gadalaxavs 5%_ian bariers, mas federalur olqSi yvelaadgilze, ver eqneba pretenzia maSinac ki, Tu man moipova micemulxmaTa umravlesoba, vinaidan es daarRvevs demokratiuli saarCevnoproporciulobis princips, rac gaauqmebs 5%-iani barierisgamoyenebas.

kanonis gadasinjvisas, federalurma krebam kanonis doneze undagansazRvros maregulirebeli meqanizmi, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnasdemokratiulad Seqmnili konstituciuri sistemis moTxovnebis

316


Sesruleba. krebas unda SeemuSavebina aseTi meqanizmis praqtikulidebulebebi (mag. “cvalebadi” barieris an iseTi wesebis SemoReba,romelTa mixedviT, dajgufebebma winaswar unda acnobon kavSirisSeqmnis Sesaxeb).


24-11-1995

moqalaqeTa mier maTi sacxovrebeli adgilis droebiTi datovebaar niSnavs, rom isini amoRebul unda iyvnen mudmivi an ZiriTadisacxovrebeli adgilis reestridan. amitom, saarCevno siebisSedgenis dros moqalaqeTa adgilze ar yofna ar SeiZlebagamoyenebul iqnas Sesabamisi saarCevno olqis siaSi Setanaze uarisTqmis motivad. kanoni “CrdiloeT oseTis respublikis - alaniisparlamentis arCevnebis” Sesaxeb iTvaliswinebs saarCevno siebSi impirebis Setanas, romlebsac aqvT arCevis ufleba da mudmivadcxovroben Sesabamisi saarCevno olqis teritoriaze. aRniSnulikanonis safuZvelze, CrdiloeT oseTis alaniis respublikisparlamentis deputatTa arCevnebisTvis Seqmnilma centralurmasaarCevno komisiam gadawyvita, ar Seetana saarCevno siaSi ismoqalaqeebi, romlebic ar cxovrobdnen respublikis teritoriazeda imyofebodnen mis sazRvrebs gareT, maTi aryofnis mizezebismiuxedavad. inguSeTis respublikis mTavrobam mimarTasakonstitucio sasamarTlos zemoxsenebuli kanoniskonstituciurobis gadasinjvis moTxovniT.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom moqalaqissaarCevno siaSi Seyvanis uflebis aRiareba, mniSvnelovani iyo misikonstituciurobis TvalsazrisiT, radgan igi pirdapir ukavSirdebamoqalaqeTa Tavisufal arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebas,rogoricaa xalxis Zalauflebis uzenaesi gamovlineba. “ruseTisfederaciis moqalaqeTa saarCevno uflebebis ZiriTadi garantiebisSesaxeb federaluri kanonis” Tanaxmad, saarCevno olqis saarCevnosiaSi moqalaqeTa Seyvanis kriteriums warmoadgenda am olqisteritoriaze maTi cxovrebis faqti, romelic gansazRvrulia“federaluri kanoniT ruseTis federaciis farglebSi moqalaqeTaTavisufali gadaadgilebis da adgilsamyofelisa da sacxovrebeliadgilis arCevis Sesaxeb ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeTa uflebebisTaobaze” da aseve “ZiriTadi sacxovrebeli adgili”.

rac Seexeba iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs, maTiadgilsamyofeli, “iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa Sesaxeb ruseTisfederaciis kanonis” Tanaxmad, klasificirebulia rogorc

317


droebiTi sacxovrebeli da, maSasadame, rogorc mxolodadgilsamyofeli da ara sacxovrebeli adgili. moqalaqeTa mier maTisacxovrebeli adgilis droebiTi datoveba ar iwvevs maT amoRebasmudmivi an ZiriTadi sacxovrebeli adgilis reestridan. amitom,saarCevno siebis Sedgenis dros moqalaqeTa adgilze ar yofna arSeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas Sesabamisi saarCevno olqis saarCevnosiaSi Setanaze uaris Tqmis motivad.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kanoni “CrdiloeToseTis respublikis - alaniis parlamentis arCevnebis” SesaxebSeesabameboda konstitucias im nawilSi, romliTac iTvaliswinebdasaarCevno siebSi Seyvanas im pirebis, romlebsac arCevis ufleba aqvTda mudmivad cxovroben Sesabamisi saarCevno olqis teritoriaze. arikrZaleboda aseve krZalavda maT saarCevno siaSi Seyvana maT mierCrdiloeT oseTis respublikis teritoriis droebiTi datovebisSemTxvevaSic, amave dros, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom kanoniantikonstituciurad cno, vinaidan igi ar iTvaliswinebda saarCevnosiebSi im moqalaqeTa Seyvana, romlebsac aqvT arCevis ufleba, magramSesabamisi olqis teritoriaze mdebareobs maTi ZiriTadisacxovrebeli. saWiro iyo, rom kanoni “CrdiloeT oseTisrespublikis - alaniis parlamentis arCevnebis” SesaxebSesabamisobaSi konstituciasa da “ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeTasaarCevno uflebebis ZiriTadi garantiebis” Sesaxeb federalurkanonTan. gadasinjvas saWiroebda aseve mocemuli saarCevnokomisiebis gadawyvetilebebi CrdiloeT oseTis respublikis -alaniis – parlamentis im deputatTa uflebamosilebebis aRiarebisSesaxeb, romelTa arCeva-ararCevaze SesaZloa saarCevno organosaraswor interpretacias emoqmeda.

slovenia sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

09-03-2000

konstituciis 43-e muxliT gansazRvruli arCevis uflebisTanasworobis principi moiTxovs, rom TiToeul amomrCevelshqondes TiTo xmis ufleba. arCevnebis Sedegebis dadgenis drosyoveli xma Tavidanve erTnairi SesaZleblobiT unda iyosgaTvaliswinebuli (anu adgilebis ganawilebisas). Tumca ar arisaucilebeli mopovebul xmaTa raodenobasa da ganawilebuladgilebs Soris sruli proporciulobis uzrunvelsayofad yvelaxmas erTnairi gavlena hqondes arCevnebis Sedegebsa an saarCevnosistemaze. garda amisa, arCevis uflebis Tanasworobis principi armoiTxovs, rom yvela politikurma partiam erTi adgilis

318


mosapoveblad moipovos xmaTa erTnairi raodenoba. sakmarisia, rompolitikur partiebs (ufro zustad, kandidatebs an kandidatTasiebs) winaswar aqvT garantirebuli adgilis an adgilebis mopovebisTanabari SesaZleblobebi. saarCevno sistemis Sesabamisoba arCevisuflebis Tanasworobis principTan ganxilul unda iqnasamomrCevelTa Tanasworobis TvalsazrisiT xmis micemis momentSi daara adgilebis ganawilebis dros. sadavo debulebebi aregulirebsadgilebis ganawilebis wess da ar axdens gavlenas xmaTa TanabarRirebulebaze. mopovebul xmaTa da ganawilebul adgilebs Sorismkacri proporciulobis darRveva ar niSnavs, rom amomrCevlebiaraTanabar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian xmis micemis dros, vinaidanadgilebis ganawilebisas erTnairad SesaZlebelia, rom TiToeulxmas hqondes ufro meti an ufro naklebi wona. yvela saarCevno olqSierTi da igive siebisTvis micemuli darCenili xmebis saerToraodenobis safuZvelze zogierTi adgilis ganawilebiT gamowveulizusti proporciulobis darRveva da is faqti, rom xmis sabolooSedegi damokidebulia partiaze, romelsac xma misca amomrCevelma,ar arRvevs arCevis uflebis Tanasworobis princips.

konstituciis 43.1 muxliT arCevis ufleba sayovelTao daTanasworia. sasamarTlos 1996 wlis 13 ivnisis #U-I-44/96gadawyvetilebaSi (oficialuri Jurnali RS, #36/96 da DecCC V, 98)arCevis uflebis Tanasworobis principi niSnavs, rom TiToeulamomrCevels TiTo xmis ufleba aqvs da TiToeuli maTganierTnairad Rirebulia. saxelmwifos evaleba proporciulmasaarCevno sistemam, romliTac adgilebi nawildeba kandidatTaTiToeuli siisaTvis micemul xmaTa raodenobis proporciulad,uzrunvelyos, rom yovel xmas hqondes Tanabari wona. aseve undagaiTvaliswinos, rom saarCevno sistemaSi proporciulobisprincipis nebismierma darRvevam SeiZleba arCevis uflebisTanasworobis darRveva gamoiwvios. #U-I-44/96 gadawyvetilebaSigamoTqmuli mosazrebis ganuxrelad gaTvaliswineba niSnavda, rommxolod is saarCevno sistema iqneboda arCevis uflebisTanasworobis principTan Sesabamisi, romelic proporciulobas(ramdenadac es maTematikurad SesaZlebelia) mopovebul xmebsa daganawilebul adgilebs Soris srul proporciulobasuzrunvelyofs.

amasTanave, gamonaklisebis daSveba SeiZleboda mxolod imSemTxvevaSi, Tu isini icavdnen sxva romelime konstituciurRirebulebas, aucilebeli iyo mis misaRwevad da proporciulidasaxuli miznisa (mag. saarCevno barieri). mopovebul xmebsa daganawilebul adgilebs Soris sruli proporciulobis sxvanebismieri darRveva antikonstituciuri iqneboda. ase rom, ammosazrebis Tanaxmad, arCevis uflebis Tanasworobis principTan

319


SesabamisobaSi myofi saarCevno sistemis SerCevisas kanonmdebliskompetencia Semoifargleba proporciuli sistemiT, romelicuzrunvelyofs maqsimalur proporciulobas mopovebul xmebsa daganawilebul adgilebs Soris.

arCevis uflebis Tanasworobis konstituciuri principis amgvariinterpretacia SezRudulia. konstitucia am mimarTebiT araviwroebs kanonmdeblis politikur gadawyvetilebas. konstituciis43-e muxliT gansazRvruli arCevis uflebis Tanasworobis principimoiTxovs, rom TiToeul amomrCevels hqondes TiTo xmis ufleba darom arCevnebis Sedegebis dadgenisa da adgilebis ganawilebis. yvelaxma daeqvemdebaros erTsa da imave wess. amasTan, aucilebeli ar aris,rom yvela amomrCevlis arCevanma erTnairi gavlena iqoniosarCevnebis Sedegebsa Tu saarCevno sistemaze, romlis mixedviT,mopovebul xmaTa raodenobasa da ganawilebul adgilebs Sorissruli proporciuloba. uzrunvelsayofad. amasTanave, arCevisuflebis Tanasworobis principiT ar moiTxoveba, rom yvelapolitikurma partiam moipovos xmaTa erTnairi raodenoba erTiadgilis mosapoveblad.

sakmarisia, rom politikur partiebs (an kandidatebs ankandidatTa siebs) winaswar aqvT garantirebuli adgilis anadgilebis mopovebis Tanabari SesaZlebloba. maSasadame, arCevisuflebis Tanasworobis principi moiTxovs, rom TiToeulmaamomrCevelma kenWisyrisas gamoiyenos da Rirebulebis erTi da imaveraodenobis xma, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTma xmam SesaZlebelia,arCevnebis Sedegebze iqonios gavlena. mcire Tu yvela amomrCevelseqneba erTi da igive odenobis xma da Tu maT xmebs eqneba arCevnebisSedegebze (da adgilebis ganawilebaze) zemoqmedebis winaswargansazRvruli Tanabari SesaZlebloba, kenWisyris dros kanoniTisini Tanasworad iTvleba; Tumca, erTnairad SesaZlebelia, romnebismieri amomrCevlis xmas hqondes ufro meti an ufro naklebiwona adgilebis ganawilebisTvis. adgilebis ganawilebismaregulirebeli wesebi Tanabrad vrceldeba yvela amomrCevelze dadiskriminacias ar uwevs arc erT maTgans. amasTan, arCevis uflebisTanasworobis principis darRvevas adgili eqneba im SemTxvevaSi, TusaarCevno olqebSi arCevis uflebis mqone pirTa ricxvTandakavSirebiT arsebuli mniSvnelovani Seusabamobebis gamokenWisyramde an kenWisyrisas gamoaSkaravda, rom erTi saarCevnoolqis wevris xmas ufro naklebi Rirebuleba hqonda, vidre sxvasaarCevno olqis wevris xmas.

aqedan gamomdinare, saarCevno sistemis Sesabamisoba arCevisuflebis Tanasworobis konstituciur principTan ganxilul undaiqnas amomrCevelTa Tanasworobis TvalsazrisiT xmis micemismomentSi da ara adgilebis ganawilebis dros. sadavo debulebebi

320


aregulirebs adgilebis ganawilebis wess da ar axdens gavlenas xmaTaTanasworobaze kenWisyris dros. marTalia, rom garkveul donezeisini proporciulobis principidan gadaxvevas axdenen. Tumca, es arniSnavs imas, rom amomrCevlebi xmis micemis dros, araTanabarmdgomareobaSi imyofebian, vinaidan erTnairad SesaZlebelia, romTiToeul xmas hqondes ufro meti an ufro naklebi wona adgilebisganawilebisas.

yvela saarCevno olqSi erTi da igive siebisTvis micemulidarCenili xmebis raodenobis safuZvelze zogierTi adgilebisganawilebiT gamowveuli zusti proporciulobis darRveva da isfaqti, rom xmis saboloo Sedegi damokidebulia amomrCevlis mierarCeul siaze, ar gulisxmobs arCevis uflebis Tanasworobisprincipis darRvevas. #U-I-44/96 gadawyvetilebaSi gamoTqmulimosazrebidan amgvari gadaxveva ar niSnavs, rom araswori iyosasamarTlos gadawyvetileba mocemul saqmeze. marTalia, misiargumentacia gansxvavebulia, magram sxva saqmesTan dakavSirebiTsasamarTlos daskvna konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis Taobaze igiveiqneboda, Tuki sasamarTlo daeyrdnoboda am saqmeSi moyvanilargumentacias.


22-07-1999

kandidatis warmomadgenlobiT politikur TanamdebobazekenWisyris akrZalva diskvalifikaciis samarTlebrivi wesiTgamocxadebis Semdeg (arCevnebis maregulirebeli zogadi wesebisSesaxeb organuli kanonis 2.2,3 da 6.1 muxlebi) pirdapir axdensgavlenas amomrCevlis uflebaze monawileoba miiRos, maT mierarCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisganxorcielebaSi (konstituciis 23.1 muxli), imdenad ramdenadac esufleba xorcieldeba saarCevno kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad dakrZalavs im pirTa arCevas, romlebsac ara aqvT ufleba iyvnenarCeuli. im piris arCeva, romelsac ara aqvs ufleba, iyos arCeuli,ewinaaRmdegeba saarCevno kanons, Seuracxyofs eleqtorats da xelsuSlis demokratiis funqcionirebas. piradi cxovrebisxelSeuxeblobis uflebis (konstituciis 18.1 muxli) mixedviT,yvelas unda SeeZlos, mesame mxares aukrZalos Tavis pirad daojaxur cxovrebaSi Careva da isargeblos am sferoSi yvelanairiinformaciis gasxvisebis uflebiT, raTa daicvas igi arasasurvelisajaroobisagan an mesame mxaris cnobismoyvareobisagan. piradicxovrebis xelSeuxeblobas, pirvel rigSi, unda hqondes kanoniT

321


dadgenili farglebi da meore, saxelmwifo organoebi mas undaicavdes SesaZlo darRvevebisagan, rodesac kanonmdeblobagansazRvravs, rom calkeuli piradi informacia imave saxelmwifoorganoebSi arsebul failebsa da reestrebSi unda inaxebodes. pirisnasamarTlobis Sesaxeb informacia warmoadgens pirad informaciasda aqedan gamomdinare, misi damuSaveba da xelmisawvdomoba undaregulirdebodes samarTlebrivi debulebebiT nasamarTlobasTandakavSirebuli informaciis Taobaze. aseTi saxis informaciazexelmisawvdomoba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis(konstituciis 18.1 muxli) darRvevas warmoadgens.

sisxlis samarTlis sakiTxTa sasamarTlom mosarCeles CamoarTvaarCevis ufleba im dros, rodesac unda Catarebuliyo adgilobrivida avtonomiuri regionis saparlamento arCevnebi, romelSicmosarCele kenWs iyrida, rogorc kandidati. sasamarTlomgadawyvita, pirdapir ar ecnobebina kandidatis droebiTidiskvalifikaciis Sesaxeb (arCevnebis maregulirebeli zogadiwesebis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-2, me-3 da 6.1 muxlebisSesabamisad) saarCevno komisiebisTvis, romlebic, espaneTissaarCevno kanoniT, pasuxs ageben saarCevno procesis uproblemodCatarebaze da imis Semowmebaze, ekuTvnis Tu ara pirs arCevis uflebada ufleba iyos arCeuli.

sabolood, komisiebma Seityves faqtebis Sesaxeb, CamoarTvesufleba, mosarCele arCevnebSi kenWisyrisaTvis Seuferebladgamoacxades da gadawyvetilebis aRsasruleblad Sesabamisi zomebimiiRes. es yvelaferi swored arCevnebis dRes da administraciulisaqmis warmoebis Semdeg moxda, romelsac SeiZleba ewodos mxolod“movlenebiT mdidari”. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, romsaarCevno komisiis gadawyvetilebebi ar ewinaaRmdegebodakonstitucias. arCevnebis dRes mosarCeles CamoerTva arCevis uflebada ufleba, yofiliyo arCeuli, miuxedavad misi kandidaturissajarod gamocxadebisa. diskvalifikaciam misi kandidaturamTlianad gaabaTila. garda amisa, gadawyvetileba warmoadgendaamomrCevelTa uflebebisa da politikuri warmomadgenlebisarCevnebis demokratiulobis dacvis erTaderT saSualebas.

es movlena sakonstitucio sasamarTlom “movlenebiT mdidar”administraciul saqmiswarmoebaSi ukanonod da gadamwyvetadmiiCnia. erT-erTi saarCevno komisiis Tavmjdomarem (saapelaciosasamarTlos mosamarTle akvirdeboda saarCevno procedurissworad Catarebas) telefoniT gamoiTxova informacia mosarCelisnasamarTlobis Sesaxeb, misi msjavrdebulobis gasagebad.mosarCelis arCevis ufleba droebiT iqna CamorTmeuli.sakonstitucio sasamarTlos azriT, arc nasamarTlobis Sesaxebinformaciis maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba da arc specialuri

322


kanonmdebloba saarCevno komisiebis Sesaxeb ar uSvebda nebismierpirTan dakavSirebiT nasamarTlobis Sesaxeb informaciazexelmisawvdomobas, Tundac imis dasamtkiceblad, hqondaT Tu ara maTufleba yofiliyvnen arCeulni. maSasadame, mosarCelisnasamarTlobis Sesaxeb informaciaze xelmisawvdomobis ukanonoba,warmoadgenda misi piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis darRvevas.

Sveicaria federaluri sasamarTlo

28-04-1999

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb federaluri kanonis85.a muxli (politikuri uflebebis darRvevis gasaCivreba),samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis 25.tmuxli. didi sabWos (kantonis parlamenti) wevrebi, romlebic asevekantonis sajaro moxeleebad iTvlebian, kantonis sajaro samsaxurisSesaxeb zogierT debulebaze kenWisyraSi monawileobas ar miiReben.wesi, romliTac kantonis parlamentis wevrebs, romlebic asevekantonis sajaro moxeleebi arian, zogadad CamoerTmevaT samuSaopirobebTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi wesis Sesaxeb kenWisyraSimonawileobis ufleba, SeusabamobaSia (yovel SemTxvevaSi aqmocemuli formiT) arCevis uflebis principebTan.

arCevis uflebis principebis darRvevas warmoadgens, rom wesi,romelic aregulirebs im proceduraSi savaldebulo wesiTarmonawileobas, radgan igi ufro mkacrad ganimarteba kantonisparlamentis wevrisaTvis (romelic imavdroulad kantonis sajaromoxelecaa) vidre parlamentis sxva wevrebisaTvis. bazellendiskantonis parlamentis organizebisa da procedurismaregulirebeli kanoni Sesworda da damtkicda referendumismeSveobiT. igi detalurad gansazRvravs im wesebs, romlis mixedviT,parlamentis wevrebma ar unda miiRon monawileoba proceduraSi,rodesac parlamenti ganixilavs uSualod maTTan dakavSirebulsakiTxebs, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT SeiZleba sargebelimiiRon an piradad dazaraldnen. parlamentis wevrebma, romelTaxelfasebi finansdeba kantonis biujetidan, ar unda miiRonmonawileoba im proceduraSi, romelic exeba sajaro moxeleTasamuSao pirobebs, rogoricaa xelfasebi, pensiebi, samuSao dro daSvebuleba (xsenebuli kanonis 7.2.g muxli).

federalur sasamarTloSi sajaro samarTlis saqmeze aRZrulsarCelSi q-ni ester buher helfenSteini da sxvebi daobdnen aRniSnulisakanonmdeblo Sesworebis Taobaze. isini asaCivrebdnen, kantonisparlamentis wevrebi ar monawileobdnen savaldebulo wesiT sajaro

323


moxeleTa samuSao pirobebis ganxilvis proceduraSi. isini amtkicebdnenmaTi politikuri uflebebis darRvevas da moiTxovdnen kanonis 7.2.gmuxlis gauqmebas. federalurma sasamarTlom sarCeli miiRo da sadavodebuleba gaauqma. bazellendis kantonis konstituciiT xelisuflebisda sasamarTlos zogierT wevrsa da maRalCinosan sajaro moxeleebsufleba ara aqvT, arCeul iqnen parlamentis wevrebad. yvela sxvamoqalaqes aqvs amis ufleba. am gziT konstituciam miiRo demokratiulisaarCevno sistema, romelic maqsimalurad srulyofilia. amiT gadaiWrademokratiisa da uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis principebs Sorisarsebuli faruli kolizia imdenad, ramdenadac sajaro moxeleebs,maRalCinosani sajaro moxeleebis garda, ufleba hqondaT, arCeuliyvnenparlamentSi. es gadawyvetileba badebda princips, romlis dacvaparlaments moeTxoveboda proceduraSi savaldebulo wesiTarmonawileobis Taobaze normebis miRebisas. mniSvnelovani sakiTxebisganxilvaSi ar monawileobis valdebuleba asustebs im parlamentiswevrebis pozicias, romelTa xelfasebi finansdeba kantonis biujetidan.amomrCevlebi, romlebmac xma misces aseT wevrebs, wagebulmdgomareobaSi arian im amomrCevlebTan SedarebiT, romlebmac xma miscesim wevrebs, romlebzec ar vrceldeba SezRudvebi da Sesabamisad,SeuZliaT, srulad ganaxorcielon TavianTi saparlamento funqcia.aqedan gamomdinare, adgili aqvs sayovelTao arCevnebis fundamenturiprincipis darRvevas, romliTac yvela xmas aqvs erTnairi wona, da ararsebobs aseTi gamonaklisis daSvebis uzenaesi mizezi. piriqiT,demokratiuli principebi moiTxovs, rom parlamentSi warmodgeniliiyos sxvadasxva politikuri mrwamsi da maT SeeZloT, gamoxaton TavianTimosazrebebi. parlamentSi proceduraSi armonawileobismaregulirebeli moTxovnebi ar Seesabameba sasamarTloSi imave tipisprocedurebis maregulirebel moTxovnebs.

dabolos, sadavo kanoni ver akmayofilebs Tanabari mopyrobisprincips. im dros, rodesac deputatebs, romelTa xelfasebs afi-nansebs kantoni, ekrZalebaT monawileobis miReba sajarosamsaxurTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis ganxilvaSisxva seqtorebis, warmomadgenlebze, rogoricaa soflis meurneoba,ar vrceldeba es SezRudva, rodesac parlamenti ganixilavs maTseqtorTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.

TurqeTi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

16-11-1994

kanoniT dadgenili pirobebis Sesabamisad, moqalaqeebs aqvTarCevis ufleba da ufleba, iyvnen arCeulni. aseve maT SeuZliaT,

324


damoukideblad axorcielebdnen politikur saqmianobas, anmoRvaweobdnen politikur partiaSi da monawileobas iRebdnenreferendumSi. arCevnebi da referendumebi unda CatardessayovelTao saarCevno uflebis Sesabamisad. konstituciiT daculisayovelTao saarCevno ufleba ar unda SeizRudos am principissawinaaRmdegod.

Tavisufali da konkurentunariani arCevnebis principisTvisaucilebelia sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba. termini “sayovelTao”niSnavs, rom yvelas, visac aqvs arCevis ufleba, SeuZlia es uflebagamoiyenos arCevnebSi. arCevis uflebasTan dakavSirebiTkonstituciebiTa da kanonebiT gansazRvruli pirobebi ar arRvevssayovelTao saarCevno uflebis princips, vinaidan es pirobebi dad-genilia sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacviT. saarCevno siebisganaxlebisas, yvela, visac aqvs arCevis ufleba, unda iyos SeyvanilisaarCevno siebSi. saqme aRZra didi erovnuli krebis wevrTa erTmamexuTedma, romelic moiTxovda 1994 wlis 28 seqtembris #4044 kano-nis gauqmebas. kanoni iTvaliswinebda axal debulebebs didierovnuli krebis da adgilobrivi administraciuli organoebisdamatebiTi arCevnebis Sesaxeb, romelic unda Catarebuliyo 1994wlis dekemberSi. #4044 kanonis me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, saarCevnosiebis ganaxlebis mizniT, saarCevno siebSi amomrCevlebis saxiT undaiyvnen Seyvanilni mxolod is ganTavisuflebuli jariskacebi daaxali sajaro moxeleebi, romlebic saarCevno olqebSi ariandaniSnulni.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saarCevno siebi unda ganaxldes kon-stituciis 67-e muxlis Sesabamisad. es imas niSnavs, rom axali kanoniTgaTvaliswinebuli SezRudvebi antikonstituciuria, vinaidan igiSeicavs sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis gaumarTlebel SezRudvebs.gadawyvetileba miRebul iqna erTxmad.


20-05-1998

konstitucia icavs yvela moqalaqis sazogadoebrivi saqmianobebisganxorcielebaSi Tanabar pirobebSi monawileobis miRebisa da sazo-gadoebriv samsaxurze uflebamosilebas (konstituciis 44-e muxli).es principi irRveva im kanonebiT, romlebic adgenen gansxvavebulTanamdebobriv statuss sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel dasasamarTlo xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebis warmomad-genlebisTvis, agreTve adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da adminis-traciuli erTeulebis organoebisa da samsaxurebis warmomadgen-

325


lebisa da am erTeulis warmomadgenlobiTi organos wevrebisTvis.sasamarTlom ar miiRo winadadeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisada administraciuli erTeulebis warmomadgenlobiTi organoebiswevrebis arCevnebis Sesaxeb kanonis konstituciurobis gadasinjvisTaobaze. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, konstituciiT dadgeniliSeusabamobebis garda (respublikis prezidentis, CveulebrivimosamarTleebisa da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTleebisgansxvavebuli Tanamdebobrivi statusebis SemTxvevebSi) arsebobsiseTi Seusabamobebic, romlebic unda ganisazRvros kanoniT.

CexeTis rrespublika sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

10-10-2000

Tu kanoni iTvaliswinebs mudmivi sacxovreblis pirobas imisaTvis,rom gqondes municipaluri organos arCevnebSi monawileobis ufle-ba, warmomadgenlebma es piroba unda Seasrulon. SeuZlebelia iyoerTi municipalitetis moqalaqe sajaro samarTlis erT sferoSi dameore municipalitetis moqalaqe sajaro samarTlis meore sferoSi.mosarCeleebi acxadeben, rom 1998 wlis municipalur arCevnebSi Ing.arch. R arCeul iqna qalaqis sabWos moadgiled, xolo 1999 wlis 3noembers gaxda sabWos wevri. 1999 wlis 14 dekembridan 2000 wlis 3ianvramde periodSi man Tavisi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili daareg-istrira municipalitetSi. regionaluri samsaxuris ufrosmaqalaqis sabWos Seatyobina am faqtis Sesaxeb. qalaqis sabWom arganacxada mandatis Sewyvetis Taobaze. regionaluri samsaxurisufrosma gamoacxada mandati Sewyvetilad. mosarCeleebi amgadawyvetilebas arasworad da kanonTan Seusabamod miiCneven.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad ganixila sakiTxi imisSesaxeb, warmoadgens Tu ara konstituciuri sarCeli mosarCelisuflebebis dacvis erTaderT saSualebas. sarCelSi daobdnen, rommoqmedi kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs mandatis Sewyvetis sakiTxzesasamarTlo kontrolis maregulirebel specialur proceduras.marTalia, ar arsebobs zustad aseTi specialuri debulebebi, magramsakonstitucio sasamarTlos ar sjera, rom es gamoricxavs regionissamsaxuris ufrosis gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebas zogad-adminis-traciuli sarCelis meSveobiT. es gamomdinareobs administraciulikanonis “zogadi nawilidan”, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu konkretulsakiTxze ar aris akrZaluli sasamarTlo kontrolis ganxorcieleba,maSin SesaZlebelia aseTi kontroli ganxorcieldes. am sakiTxismniSvneloba da xasiaTi aRemateboda mosarCeleebis interesebs da,amitomac sasamarTlom uari ar Tqva konstituciuri sarCelis

326


miRebaze. igive sarCeli paralelurad Setanil iqna humpolekisqalaqis sabWos mier, romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom regionaluri samsax-uris ufrosis qmedeba adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiTi organoebissaqmianobebSi saxelmwifos mxridan ukanono Carevas warmoadgenda.

mudmivi sacxovrebeli SeiZleba CaiTvalos saarCevno uflebebisSeZenisa da ganxorcielebisTvis standartul aucilebel pirobad.ase rom, Tu kanoni gansazRvravs, rom yvela amomrCevels, romlismudmivi sacxovrebeli municipalitetSia, anu ufleba aqvs, xma miscesam municipalitetSi da arCeul iqnas municipalurwarmomadgenlobiT organoSi, es piroba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalosarakonstituciurad. uflebis SeZenis amgvarad formulirebulipirobidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom mxolod is pirebi miiReben mon-awileobas raionis adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi, romlebic am raionsekuTvnian. ramdenad logikuri da ekonomikuric ar unda iyosmosarCeleebis argumenti rom sakmarisia de faqto mudmivi sacx-ovrebeli, SeuZlebelia, misi warmatebiT aRsrulebis SemTxvevaSi,winaswar daadgino, swori iyo Tu ara saarCevno uflebis miRebispiroba da mandatis arsebobis sakiTxis Sesabamisi Sefaseba. kanonisuzenaesobis principze agebul saxelmwifoSi yovel konkretulqmedebas unda hqondes prognozirebadi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi.sakonstitucio sasamarTlos azriT, saarCevno uflebis dakargva damandatis Sewyveta gamowveulia mudmivi sacxovreblis SecvlisfaqtiT. es samarTlebrivi faqti ver gamoswordeba da vercaRmoifxvreba da, maSasadame, mniSvneloba ara aqvs oficialuradSewydeba Tu ara faqtis da TviT warmomadgenlobiTi organos an sxvaorganos gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebamde. nebismieri sxvagvariinterpretacia Seqmnida situacias, romelic sakmaod gaugebari, dagarkveulwilad alogikuric iqneboda.

saarCevno uflebis dakargvis da, Sesabamisad, mandatis SewyvetisSemTxvevaSi, dabruneba SesaZlebelia mxolod axali arCevnebis gziT.regionaluri samsaxuris ufrosis gadawyvetileba aRniSnavs mxolodimas, rom Seqmnilia mandatis Sewyvetis gamomwvevi garemoeba. Tumca,realurad igi gadawyvetilebis miRebis dRemde ar wydeba. manamdearsebuli kanoni iTvaliswinebda mandatis “gauqmebas” da “Sewyvetas”.praqtikaSi es xSirad iwvevda iseT situaciebs, rodesac qalaqissabWom ar icoda an ar surda, scodnoda mandatis gauqmebis Sesaxeb,warmomadgeneli agrZelebda kenWisyraSi monawileobas da adgilo-brivi mmarTvelobiTi organos imdroindeli gadawyvetilebebiSeiZleboda saeWvo gamxdariyo. amitom, axali kanoni aRariTvaliswinebs mandatis gauqmebis sakiTxis kanoniT mowesrigebas daaregulirebs mxolod Sewyvetas.

raionuli arCevnebis Sesaxeb kanonis Sesworebisas sakonstituciosasamarTlom aRniSna, rom aucilebelia saxelmwifo administraciasa

327


da adgilobriv xelisuflebas Soris SesaZlo davebis sasamarTloSidacvis uzrunvelyofa regionaluri warmomadgenlobiTi organoe-bis arCevnebis Sesaxeb kanonis msgavsad, anu regionalurisasamarTlosadmi mimarTviT, romelmac gadawyvetileba mokledroSi unda miiRos. araefeqturi da uazroa, rom municipalurwarmomadgenlobiT organoSi mandatis Sewyvetis gasaCivrebiserTaderTi saSualeba iyos konstituciuri sarCeli.

TTaavvSSeessaaffrriiss uufflleebbaa

gaerTianebuli ssamefo lordTa palata

20-03-2003

savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurze uaris TqmisTvis SesaZlo dapa-timreba mosarCelisaTvis devnilis statusis misaniWeblad ar war-moadgenda sakmaris safuZvels. mosarCeleebi iyvnen qurTi warmoSobisTurqeTis moqalaqeebi, romlebic gaerTianebul samefoSiTavSesafars moiTxovdnen im motiviT, rom TurqeTSi dabrunebisSemTxvevaSi maT mouwevdaT savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuris moxda.samxedro samsaxurze uaris Tqmam SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios 6 Tvidan 3wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. mosarCeleebi samxedro samsaxurzeuars ambobdnen ara religiuri mosazrebiT, aramed isiniaprotestebdnen TurqeTis maSindeli mTavrobis politikas qurTixalxis mimarT. kerZod, mosarCeleebi daobdnen, rom TurqeTis armiaSimsaxurobis dros SesaZlebeli iyo, isini Tanamemamule qurTebiswinaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gaewviaT. saxelmwifo mdivanma daadgina,rom devnilTa statusis Sesaxeb konvenciis 1.a.2 muxlis da misi oqmisTanaxmad, mosarCeleebi ar iyvnen devnilebi. es gadawyvetileba ZalaSidatova gaerTianebuli samefos specialurma mosamarTlem, imigraciissakiTxTa saapelacio tribunalma da lordTa palatam.

lordTa palatam daadgina, rom konkretuli faqtebidan gamomd-inare, mosarCeleebs ar hqondaT TavSesafris moTxovnis ufleba.saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT, savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri ganix-ileboda, rogorc gamonaklisi iZulebiTi Sromis zogadi akrZalvidan.maTma brwyinvalebam lordebma ganacxades, rom es dokumentebi, adami-anis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis msgavsad, “cocxal dokumentebs”unda niSnavdes. maT daadgines, rom ar arsebobda aSkara saerTaSorisokonsensusi, romelic sindisis Tavisuflebis motiviT, samxedro sam-saxurze uaris Tqmis uflebas aRiarebda. lordTa palatis azriT,

328


udavoa mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom devnilis statusi unda mieniWospirs, romelmac samxedro samsaxurze uari Tqva im motiviT, rom samsax-uris dros moeTxoveboda an SeiZleba moeTxovebodes sastiki qcevisCadena an adamianis uflebebis uxeSi darRveva. devnilis statusi aseveSeiZleba mieniWos im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac pirs mosTxovessaerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier dagmobil konfliqtSi monawileobaan rodesac, samsaxurze uaris Tqmis gamo, maT SeefardaT zedmetadmeti an araadekvaturi sasjeli. saqmis faqtebidan Cans, rommosarCeleebi ar eqcevian arc erT am kategoriaSi.

amasTanave, maTma brwyinvaleba lordebma daadgines, rommosarCeleebis mimarT ar ganxorcielebula devna konvenciismniSvnelobiT. saqmisTvis mniSvnelovani ar iyo is faqti, rommosarCeleebs devnidnen qurTuli eTnikurobis gamo. mTavari is iyo,Tu ra mizeziT moqmedebdnen, mosarCeleebis TqmiT, maTi mdevnelipirebi. saqmis konkretul garemoebebSi yvela pirs, romelic uarsambobs samxedro samsaxurze, moepyrobodnen erTnairad, rogoric arunda yofiliyo uaris Tqmis piradi motivebi.


18-03-2003

finansuri daxmareba SeiZleba SeuwydeT pirebs, romlebmacTavSesafari ar moiTxoves gaerTianebul samefoSi CamosvlisTanavedadgenili wesis Sesabamisad, Tu arsebobda samarTliani proceduraaseTi Sefasebis gakeTebisTvis da Tu amiT mosarCele ar darCa usaxs-rod. erovnuli imigraciisa da TavSesafris Sesaxeb kanonis 55-emuxlSi naTqvamia, rom Tu TavSesafris maZiebeli piris monacemebi arakmayofilebs saxelmwifo mdivans, romelsac, dadgenili wesisSesabamisad, mimarTes TavSesafris moTxovniT gaerTianebulsamefoSi CamosvlisTanave, maSin saxelmwifo mdivanma ar unda miiRoszomebi an ar misces daxmareba pirs, romelmac mogvianebiT moiTxovaTavSesafari. 55.5 muxlis mixedviT ki, daxmarebaze uaris Tqma aseTgaremoebebSi saxelmwifo mdivans ar aTavisuflebs adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT misTvis dadgenili valdebulebebisSesrulebisagan.

mosarCeleebi gaerTianebul samefoSi Camovidnen da mogvianebiTmoiTxoves TavSesafari. mosarCeleebma ver daumtkices saxelmwifomdivans, rom TavSesafari CamosvlisTanave moiTxoves, amitom maT armiecaT finansuri daxmareba minimaluri sacxovrebelisaWiroebebisTvis da dasabinaveblad. aqedan gamomdinare, dadgasakiTxi, niSnavs Tu ara saxelmwifo mdivnis mier umweo adamianisTvis

329

TavSesafris ufleba

daxmarebaze uaris Tqma am ukanasknelis mimarT araadamianur da damam-cirebel mopyrobas, romelic adamianis uflebaTa evropuli kon-venciis me-3 [ENG-ECH-0-3] da me-8 [ENG-ECH-0-8] muxlebis (piradi daojaxuri cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba) darRvevas warmoadgens.

saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom im SemTxvevaSi, TuTavSesafris maZiebelma TavSesafari CamosvlisTanave moiTxova, impirobiT unda dadgindes, Tu gaerTianebul samefoSi Camosvlismizani TavSesafris moTxovna iqneba, rogorc TavSesafris maZieblismoTxovnis praqtikuli SesaZleblobis, ise piradi garemoebismxedvelobaSi miRebiT.

saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, saxelmwifo mdivnisqmedeba unda yofiliyo samarTliani, rodesac dgindeboda,CamosvlisTanave moiTxova Tu ara mosarCelem TavSesafari. saqmisgaremoebebidan gamomdinare ki, aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis sistemausamarTlo iyo. amis mizezi ki, sxva mizezebTan erTad, iyo Semdegi:

1. TTavSesafris mmoTxovnis SSesaxeb gganacxadis SSetanisas ssax-elmwifo mmdivnis mmier TTavSesafris mmaZiebelTan CCatarebuligasaubrebis mmizani aar iiyo aaxsnili dda gganmartebuli;

2. mmxedvelobaSi aar iiqna mmiRebuli mmosarCelis ssulieri mmdgomareo-ba qqveyanaSi CCasvlisas;

3. ssamarTlianobisaTvis ssaWiro iiyo, ssaxelmwifo mmdivans ddaesax-elebina zzusti mmizezebi iimisa, TTu rratom aar iiqna TTavSesafarimoTxovnili CCamosvlisTanave; sstandartuli kkiTxvaris bblanki aar iiyosakmarisi;

4. mmosarCeles aar mmieca SSesaZlebloba mmisi ssandoobis mmimarTgamoTqmuli eeWvebis ggasaqarwyleblad.

amasTanave, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom daxmarebaze uaris Tqma impirebisTvis, romlebmac TavSesafari ar moiTxoves CamosvlisTanave,SeiZleba dakvalificirdes, rogorc araadamianuri da damamcirebe-li mopyroba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlisSesabamisad. TavSesafris maZieblebisTvis samuSaos SovnisSezRuduli SesaZlebloba da daxmarebasa da SeRavaTebze uaris Tqma,romelic 2002 wlis kanonSi dadginda, warmoadgenda mopyrobisdadebiT gamovlinebas. Tu saxelmwifo mdivani ar darwmundeboda,rom mosarCele TavSesafars eZebda CamosvlisTanave, mosarCeleseZleoda daxmarebis moTxovnis SesaZlebloba im motiviT, rom igiaucilebeli iyo adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 da me-8 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis darRvevis Tavidanacilebis mizniT. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saxelmwifo mdivnismxridan daxmarebis gawevaze uaris Tqma ar iyo ukanono, sanam ardamtkicdeboda, rom saqvelmoqmedo daxmareba ar gacemula da pirsar SeeZlo Tavis dacva. saxelmwifo mdivans gadawyvetileba argausaCivrebia.

330



24-06-1998

kanonis uzenaesobis principis moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebskanoni. devnilebis mier TavSesafris moTxovnis Taobaze gancxadebe-bi ar dakmayofilda, radgan isini qveyanaSi usafrTxo mesameqveynidan Semovidnen. maT apelaciisTvis mxolod ori dRe aqvT.

devnilTa avtonomiurma federalurma samsaxurma (UnabhengigerBundesasylsenat) ramdenjerme Seitana sarCeli TavSesafris Sesaxeb 1997wlis kanonis 32.1 muxlis konkretuli nawilis gauqmebis moTxovniT,romelic konstituciasTan Seusabamobas amtkicebda ori mizeziT:

1. zzogadi aadministraciuli ssaproceso kkodeqsis ((AllgemeinesVerwaltungsverfahrensgesetz 1991) 663.5 mmuxlis TTanaxmad, mmosarCelesgasaCivrebisTvis aaqvs oori kkvira. ffederalur kkanonmdebels, kkonsti-tuciis 111.2 mmuxliT, SSeuZlia, SSecvalos aadministraciuli ssaprocesokodeqsis zzogadi wwesebi, TTu aamas kkodeqsiT mmowesrigebuli ssakiTximoiTxovs. iigi ((kanonmdebeli) aar mmoqmedebda aam uuflebamosilebisSesabamisad, rrodesac TTavSesafris uuflebis SSesaxeb 11997 wwlis kkanonSigasaCivrebis vvada SSeamcira;

2. TTavSesafris mmoTxovnis kkompleqsur ssakiTxTan ddakavSirebiT,apelaciis SSetanis vvadis oor ddRemde SSemcireba eewinaaRmdegeba kkanonisuzenaesobis pprincips. ssasamarTlos kkanonis uuzenaesobis pprincipTandakavSirebuli pprecedentuli ssamarTliT, ssamarTlebrivi ddacvisnebismieri ssaSualeba eefeqturi uunda iiyos mmosarCeleebisaTvis. ssada-vo kkanonma ees ggarantia ddaarRvia.

sarCelebis arsebiTi ganxilvis Semdeg sasamarTlom gaauqma sada-vo kanonis Sesabamisi nawilebi. garda amisa, sasamarTlom daakonkre-ta, rom apelaciis vada SeiZleba Semcirdes (federaluri) kanonmdeb-lis mier ise, rom mosarCeles sakmarisi dro hqondes profesionalkonsultantebTan dasakavSireblad, raTa kargad gaecnosuaryofiTi gadawyvetilebis materialur da procedurul mxares daSeeZlos sakmarisad dasabuTebuli apelaciis Setana. sasamarTlomdamatebiT aRniSna, rom apelaciisTvis erTi kviris vada daakmay-ofilebda kanonis uzenaesobis princips, romliTac devnilebi mini-malur de faqto efeqturobas SeiZendnen.


07-05-1998

TavSesafris moTxovnasTan dakavSirebuli saqmiswarmoebisgasaCivrebaze uflebis miRebis winapirobebis ganxilvis Taobaze

331

TavSesafris ufleba

konstituciuri moTxovnebi Seesabameba ZiriTadi kanonis 19.4 muxls.mosarCelem, TurqeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebma

qurTuli warmoSobis pirma, politikuri TavSesafari moiTxovagermaniaSi 1995 wlis martSi Camosvlisas. TavSesafris moTxovnasTandakavSirebul Sesabamis saqmiswarmoebaSi igi inter alia amtkicebda,rom 1994 wlis martSi daapatimres da scemes TurqeTis uSiSroebis sam-saxurebma PKK-s mxardaWeris gamo. igi gaaTavisufles mxolod samidRis Semdeg. misi sarCeli, romelSic ucxoeTidan devnilTa aRiarebisfederaluri samsaxuris uars asaCivrebda, ar dakmayofilda.

1996 wlis TebervalSi administraciuli sasamarTlogadawyvetilebiT, mosarCelem ver warmoadgina saTanado argumente-bi, rom igi politikuri devnis qveS imyofeboda. sasamarTlom daadg-ina, rom mas usafrTxod SeeZlo egrZno Tavi, vinaidan ar gamocxade-bula qveynis masStabiT misi Zebna. amitom, sasamarTlos azriT, ararsebobda misi deportaciis xelisSemSleli garemoebebi. ar dakmay-ofilda arc mosarCelis mier maRal administraciul sasamarTloSiSetanili sarCeli aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebazeuflebis misaRebad. gadawyvetilebis motivebis ganmartebisas,maRalma administraciulma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom man ukve upa-suxa mTavar kiTxvas: unda eSinodes Tu ara qurTs TurqeTis terito-riaze politikuri devnis, romelic PKK-s mxardaWeraSi erTxel ukveeWvmitanilia TurqeTis, anu misi samSoblos, adgilobriviuSiSroebis samsaxurebis mier. aRniSnuli sakiTxi gadawydasasamarTlos mier 1996 wlis seqtembris dadgenilebaSi. Sesabamisad,arc samxreT-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi mcxovrebi pirebi, romlebicadgilobrivi uSiSroebis samsaxurebis mier arian eWvmitanilniradikaluri qurTuli organizaciis mxardaWeraSi, ar arian sak-marisad daculni dasavleT TurqeTSi politikuri devnisagan.

amis Semdeg mosarCelem federalur sakonstitucio sasamarTloSigaasaCivra maRali administraciuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba,kerZod, sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis garantirebuli uflebis(ZiriTadi kanonis 19.4 muxli) darRveva. mosarCelem ganacxada, rom,rodesac man moiTxova gasaCivrebis nebarTva, maRali adminis-traciuli sasamarTlos 1996 wlis seqtembris gadawyvetileba jer ariyo miRebuli. maSasadame, pirveli sarCeli, romelic samarTlebrivisakiTxis arsebiT mniSvnelobas efuZneboda, maRal administraciulsasamarTlos xelaxla unda ganemarta, rogorc pirveli da meoreinstanciebis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gansxvavebazedafuZnebuli sarCeli. mas usafuZvlod CamoarTves TavSesafrisufleba mxolod imitom, rom maRalma administraciulma sasamarTlomamoirCia Tanabari arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone sxva saqme.

meore senatis pirvelma palatam konstituciuri sarCeli aSkaradusafuZvlod CaTvala. rac Seexeba motivebs, meore senatma ganmarta,

332


rom ZiriTadi kanonis 19.4 muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos ufleba araaqvs, arasakmarisad Seamciros materialuri kanonis samarTlebriviaRsrulebis ufleba proceduruli wesebis zedmetad zustiganxorcielebiT. es exeba saapelacio sasamarTloebsac, romlebsacaseve ara aqvT ufleba, samarTlebrivi sistemiT gansazRvrulisasamarTlo dacvis saSualebebi araefeqturad ganaxorcielon da“aamoqmedos” isini marTlmsajulebis maZiebeli pirisaTvis. meoresenatis dadgenilebiT, aRniSnul moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebsmaRali administraciuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.sasamarTlos xelaxla unda ganemarta sarCeli samarTlebrivisakiTxis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis safuZvelze, iseve, rogorc igipirveli da meore instanciebis sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTasxvadasxvaobas efuZneboda.

gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros, administraciul sasamarTlossxva saqmiswarmoebisas ukve miRebuli hqonda gadawyvetileba, rom-lis mixedviT, devnisagan dacva Zaladakargulad unda CaiTvalos aramxolod maSin, rodesac gamocxadebulia qveynis masStabiT Zebna,aramed maSinac, rodesac adgilobrivi uSiSroebis samsaxurebi eWvsSeitanen piris mier radikaluri qurTuli organizaciismxardaWeraSi. es Seesabameba mosarCelis samarTlebriv daskvnas,magram administraciuli sasamarTlos mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba.amitomac iyo gansxvaveba pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos 1996 wlisTebervlis gadawyvetilebasa da maRali administraciulisasamarTlos ganCinebas Soris. maSasadame, mosarCelis gancxadebagasaCivrebis uflebis miRebaze, romelic samarTlebrivi sakiTxisarsebiT mniSvnelobas efuZneboda, xelaxla unda ganmartebuliyo.

federalurma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom saqme gadaugzavnamaRal administraciul sasamarTlos xelaxla gansaxilvelad.sarCelis miRebisTanave maRal administraciul sasamarTlosSesaZlebloba mieca, ufro Rrmad ganexila administraciulisasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Seecvalaigi TavSesafris maregulirebeli samarTlebrivi debulebebisWrilSi faqtebis gansxvavebulad Sefasebis safuZvelze.


05-08-1998

saqme exeba konstituciur moTxovnebs, romlebic sasamarTloebmadevnis RonisZiebebis politikurobis dadgenisas unda daicvan,TavSesafris sakiTxis maregulirebeli kanonis Sesabamisad. feder-aluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos iurisdiqciiT, devna poli-

333

TavSesafris ufleba

tikuria, Tu TavSesafris misaRebad dadgenili kriteriumebismixedviT, igi pirs ayenebs ganzrax zians da amiT urRvevs simSvides.simSvide ki saxelmwifoSi samarTlebrivi wesrigis damyarebissaSualebaa. aris Tu ara devnis miznebi gansakuTrebuli ammniSvnelobiT da aqvs Tu ara adgili devnas Sesabamisi kriteriumis“gamo”, unda gadawydes misi xasiaTis, Sinaarsis da TviTon RonisZiebisaSkara ganzraxvis safuZvelze. mniSvneloba ara aqvs subieqturmizezebsa Tu motivebs, romliTac xelmZRvaneloben mdevnelebi. sax-elmwifos Tavdacvis RonisZiebebic SeiZleba TavSesafris uflebisminiWebis mizezi iyos. vinaidan TavSesafris ZiriTadi uflebisdacviTi speqtri aqtiur politikur rwmenas moicavs, saxelmwifosmier im aqciebis devna, romliTac politikuri rwmena xorcieldeba,SeiZleba iyos politikuri. specialur sasamarTloebs miniWebuliaqvT Sefasebis garkveuli farglebi aRniSnuli kriteriumebisSesamowmeblad. Sefaseba arakonstituciuria, Tu sasamarTlos miermoxmobili safuZvlebi SeuZlebels xdis Sefasebis gakeTebas.

mosarCele, libanis moqalaqe, germaniis federalur respublikaSiCamovida 1992 wlis oqtomberSi da moiTxova, eRiarebinaTTavSesafris maZieblad. sarCelSi amtkicebda, rom igi daapatimres,rodesac arCevnebisaTvis bukletebs arigebda boikotis mowodebiT.dapatimrebis Semdeg, rogorc igi ambobda, sastikad awames generalaounis jgufis wevrobis gamo. igi gaaTavisufles mxolod TavdebiT.sisxlis samarTlis saqmis warmoebis molodinSi, romelic savarau-dod samidan xuT wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT dasruldeboda,germaniaSi wasvla gadawyvita. 1994 wels ucxoeli devnilebisaRiarebis federalurma samsaxurma misi ganacxadi ar daakmayofila.amitomac, aRniSnuli samsaxuris azriT, ucxoelTa Sesaxeb kanonisTanaxmad, aRar arsebobda misi deportaciis xelis SemSleli gare-moebebi. amave dros mosarCelem Seityo misi libanSi deportaciisSesaxeb. samsaxuris gadawyvetilebiT, mosarCelis gancxadeba ar iyodamajerebeli. samsaxuris azriT, mocemuli saqme ara politikuridevnis, aramed sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis SemTxvevas warmoad-gens. usafuZvloa varaudi sasjelis politikuri miznis Taobaze.mosarCelem aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba gaasaCivra administraciulsasamarTloSi. sasamarTlo sxdomaze mosarCelem detalurad aRweramisi dapatimrebis garemoebebi da bukletebis darigebis mizezebi.amis safuZvelze sasamarTlom gaauqma deportaciis SesaxebgafrTxileba da federalur samsaxurs mosTxova, eRiarebina, romucxoelTa Sesaxeb kanonis 53.4 muxlis Tanaxmad, arsebobdadeportaciis damabrkolebeli garemoeba.

gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilSi sasamarTlom aRniSna, rompiris sandooba saeWvo ar aris. Tumca, sasamarTlos TqmiT, mismimarT libanSi ar xorcieldeboda politikuri devna, radgan nakleb

334


savaraudoa, rom uflebamosil organoebs surdaT misi dasja poli-tikuri mrwamsis gamoc. saxeze ar aris politikuri devnis Taobazevaraudis winapiroba. sasamarTlo darwmunda, rom libanisxelisuflebisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo ara piris politikurimrwamsisTvis dasja da Seviwroeba, aramed samarTlisa da wesrigisdamyareba da arCevnebis usafrTxoeba. arc wamebaa politikuri dev-nis maniSnebeli, vinaidan libanSi braldebulTa uflebebis amgvaridarRvevebi miRebuli praqtikaa, rogorc “politikuri”, ise“Cveulebrivi” damnaSaveebis mimarT. es ki SeiZleba CaiTvalos,rogorc mxolod deportaciis damabrkolebeli garemoebaucxoelTa Sesaxeb kanonis 53.4 muxlis Tanaxmad. mosarCelemgaasaCivra es gadawyvetileba konstituciuri sarCelis meSveobiT,romelSic amtkicebda politikuri TavSesafris ZiriTadi uflebisdarRvevas. kerZod:

meore kolegiis pirvelma palatam nawilobriv gaauqma adminis-traciuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba “TavSesafris ZiriTadiuflebis” Sesaxeb ZiriTadi kanonis 16.a.1 muxlis darRvevis gamo daaRniSnul sasamarTlos saqme gadaugzavna xelaxla gansaxilvelad.

SesavalSi CamoTvlil principebTan Sesabamisobis dadgenissafuZvelze, administraciuli sasamarTlos argumenti devnispolitikurobasTan dakavSirebiT, uZluria konstituciuri kontro-lis winaSe. administraciuli sasamarTlos mosazrebisagangansxvavebiT, mniSvnelovani ar aris, “politikurad motivirebuli”iyo Tu ara bukletebis darigebis sawinaaRmdego zoma, Tu igimxolod arCevnebis daubrkoleblad Catarebas uzrunvelyofda.gadamwyvetia, Tu rogor ganixileba mosarCelis mimarT gatarebulizomebi maTi aSkara ganzraxvis TvalsazrisiT. administraciulisasamarTlos gadawyvetilebidan naTlad ar Cans, rom zomebsSesaZloa hqonoda sxva mizani, vidre mosarCelesaTvis Tavisi poli-tikuri mrwamsis (arCevnebis boikoti) ganxorcielebaSi xelis SeSla.arc sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili iZlevainformacias imis Taobaze, Tu ra saxis danaSaulebrivi elementiSeiZleba axldes bukletebis darigebis kampanias, garda mosarCelispolitikuri mrwamsis stimulirebisa. magaliTad, samarTlebrividacvis obieqtebisTvis safrTxis Seqmna.

libanSi mosarCelis mimarT araswori mopyrobis safrTxisSefasebisas, sasamarTlom TviTon aRiara, rom pasuxebis gacemisaslibanis prokuraturis organoebi cnobili arian “gansakuTrebuliuxeSobiT”, rodesac saqme saxelmwifo uSiSroebis normebs exeba.amitom sasamarTlom daadgina “politikuri malus”. am faqtebisgaTvaliswinebiT, gaugebaria, Tu ratom gamoavlina sasamarTlommxolod deportaciis damabrkolebeli garemoeba da uaryo poli-tikuri devnis safrTxe. saxelmwifo uSiSroebis normebis

335

TavSesafris ufleba

darRvevisas araswori mopyrobis didi albaToba, sasamarTlosvaraudiT, gulisxmobs devnis politikurobas.


14-05-1996

ZiriTadi kanonis 16a.3 muxliT, TavSesafris moTxovnis Sesaxebganacxadi SeiZleba ar dakmayofildes, Tu ganmcxadebeli piriswarmoSobis qveyana usafrTxo saxelmwifoa. es kanoni ar zRudavsTavSesafris uflebis privilegiebs, romliTac sargebloben espirebi, vinaidan ZiriTadi kanonis 16a.4 muxliT, am pirebs SeuZliaTdaamtkicon, rom saxelmwifo, romelic usafrTxod iTvleba, dev-nis maT. imisaTvis, rom qveyanas mieces usafrTxo saxelmwifoskvalifikacia, saWiroa am qveynis nebismier nawilSi da pirTa yve-lanairi wreebisTvis arsebobdes politikuri devnisagan saTanadodacvis meqanizmi. araadamianuri da damamcirebeli sasjelisa anmopyrobisagan dacvis garantia, rogorc es ZiriTadi kanonis 16a.3muxlSia gansazRvruli, miuTiTebs ra amave dros adamianisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlze, uzrunvelyofs, romsaxelmwifos aseT kanonebi gamoiyeneba piris politikuri devnisfaqtis gadamowmebisas.

imisaTvis, rom qveyana dakvalificirdes, rogorc warmoSobisusafrTxo saxelmwifo, kanonmdebelma Tavisi gadawyvetilebaunda miiRos politikur devnasTan dakavSirebuli garemoebebisda samarTlebrivi situaciis, kanonis gamoyenebis da, zogadad,politikuri situaciis safuZvelze. kanoni, romliTac qveyanakvalificirdeba warmoSobis usafrTxo saxelmwifod, efuZnebakonstitucias. faqtebis mopovebisa da Sefasebisas kanon-mdebels miniWebuli aqvs moqmedebis Tavisufleba. sakanonmde-blo dadgenilebis ganxilva damokidebulia mxolod imaze, sak-marisad safuZvliania Tu ara kanonmdeblis gadawyvetileba.ZiriTadi kanonis 16a.3 muxli ar uSvebs imis prezumfcias, romucxoels ar emuqreba araadamianuri da damamcirebeli mopyro-ba. warmoSobis saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis prezumfciaSeiZleba gabaTildes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu damtkicdeba,rom politikuri devnis SiSi devnis riskis calkeul SemTxvevebsefuZneba. 1993 wels ZiriTadi kanonis 16a.3 muxlSi SeswordaTavSesafris konstituciurad ganmtkicebuli ufleba, risSemdegac kanonmdebels kanonis safuZvelze SeeZlo,ganesazRvra, usafrTxoa Tu ara calkeuli warmoSobis sax-elmwifo. amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom pirs, romelic amt-

336


kicebs, rom idevneba politikurad, SeuZlia warmoadginosfaqtebi.

e.w. usafrTxo mesame qveynis orma moqalaqem, orive ganadan,moiTxova TavSesafari germaniis federalur respublikaSi. maTiganacxadebi ar dakmayofilda da TavSesafris maZieblebma cal-calke Seitanes konstituciuri sarCelebi federalur sakonstitu-cio sasamarTloSi. sasamarTlom sarCelebi ar miiRo. sarCelebSinaTqvami iyo, rom ZiriTadi kanonis 16a.3 muxli, ZiriTadi kanonis16a.2 muxlisagan gansxvavebiT, ar zRudavs im pirebis TavSesafrisuflebas, romelTa warmoSobis qveyana usafrTxo saxelmwifoa.ubralod, igi cvlis proceduras. kanonmdebels SeuZlia daadginos,Tu romeli qveyana unda CaiTvalos usafrTxo qveynad.sasamarTloebma ki unda Seiswavlon TavSesafris maZieblis mier war-modgenili yvela faqti, romliTac SeiZleba damtkicdes, romaRniSnuli saxelmwifo pirs politikurad devnis. saerTosasamarTloebma unda daadginon, irRveva Tu ara ZiriTadi kanoni,rodesac calkeuli qveyana kanoniT kvalificirdeba usafrTxo sax-elmwifod. aseT SemTxvevaSi, maT sakiTxi unda daayenon federalurisakonstitucio sasamarTlos winaSe.

qveynis kvalificireba warmoSobis usafrTxo saxelmwifodgulisxmobs, rom adgili ara aqvs devnas am saxelmwifos teritori-is arc erT nawilSi da arc erTi jgufis mimarT da araadamianur dadamamcirebel mopyrobas. is, rom qveyanaSi moqmedebs sikvdiliTdasja, ar gamoricxavs am saxelmwifos aRiarebas usafrTxod. TuusafrTxo saxelmwifos moqalaqes, TavSesafris maZiebels, emuqre-ba sikvdiliT dasja, mas ufleba aqvs, darCes germaniaSi. imisaTvis,rom qveyana dakvalificirdes rogorc warmoSobis usafrTxo sax-elmwifo, gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes samarTlebrivi praqtika dazogadi politikuri situacia. kanonmdebeli sargeblobs moqmede-bis TavisuflebiT, rodesac adgens, usafrTxoa Tu ara calkeulisaxelmwifo. maSin, rodesac federalur sakonstituciosasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos, sworia Tu ara kanonmdeblis mierqveynis kvalificireba usafrTxo saxelmwifod, warmoSobis sax-elmwifos usafrTxoebis prezumfcia gulisxmobs ara mxolod amsaxelmwifoSi politikuri devnis ararsebobas, aramed imasac, romam saxelmwifoSi deportaciisTvis sxva dabrkoleba ar arsebobs.Tumca, es ar vrceldeba araadamianuri da damamcirebeli mopyro-bis ararsebobaze. warmoSobis saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis prezum-fcia SeiZleba gaabaTilos konkretulma faqtebma, romlissafuZvelzec SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom TavSesafris maZieblismimarT ganxorcieldeba devna im saxelmwifoSi, romelicusafrTxod iTvleboda.

337

TavSesafris ufleba


28-05-1993

TavSesafris maZieblis moTxovna, romelic cdilobda cxovrebisnebarTvis miRebas, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8muxls efuZneboda, vinaidan nebarTvis molodinSi igi Tavis dasTanda disSvilebTan erTad cxovrobda.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlismniSvnelobiT ojaxuri cxovrebis prezumfcia ar SeiZleba mxolodbiZasa da mis disSvilebs Soris sisxliT naTesaobis safuZvelze.adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxli ar Seicavs iseTelements, romliTac SesaZlebelia piris ojaxuri cxovrebisuflebis dacva aseTi donis sisxliT naTesaobis SemTxvevaSi. amrigad,samarTlianad eTqva uari sacxovreblis nebarTvis miRebaze.


22-06-1995

konstitucia icavs TavSesafris uflebas ucxoelebisa damoqalaqeobis armqone pirebisTvis, romlebsac devnian an emuqrebaTdevna demokratiis, socialuri an erovnuli Tavisuflebis, xalxTaSoris mSvidobis da adamianis uflebebisa da TavisuflebismxardamWeri saqmianobebis gamo. kanoni gansazRvravs politikuridevnilis statuss. TavSesafris ufleba sami aspeqtisagan Sedgeba:

1. ssaerTaSoriso, mmesame ssaxelmwifos vvaldebuleba; 2. ssubieqturi ddevnili ppirisaTvis;3. oobieqturi, rrogorc kkonstituciuri RRirebulebebis

dacvis ssaSualeba.ucxoelisaTvis iuridiul daxmarebaze uaris Tqma, romelsac

surda, gaesaCivrebina ministris gadawyvetileba ucxoelis mierTavSesafris moTxovnis daukmayofileblobis Taobaze, uSualodexeba gasaCivrebis ZiriTad uflebas, romelic warmoadgens adminis-traciuli sasamarTloebis mier saqmis mosmenis saSualebas da amiTdiskriminacias uwevs im pirebs, romlebsac esaWiroebaT finansuridaxmareba. sasamarTlos mier saqmis mosmenaze ufleba CadebuliaTanasworobis principSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos eTxovasasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gadasinjva, romelic iuridiuli dax-marebis Sesaxeb kanonis debulebebisa konstituciasTan Seusabamobasadgenda. es debuleba krZalavda advokatis safasuris gadaxdas, anuiuridiuli daxmarebis gawevas im ucxoelisaTvis, romelsac, poli-

338


tikuri TavSesafris moTxovnis Semdeg surda, gaesaCivrebina admin-istraciuli gadawyvetileba devnilis statusis miniWebaze uarisTqmis Taobaze.

ekonomiurad an socialurad gaWirvebul TavSesafris maZiebelsufleba ara aqvs, gaasaCivros misTvis uaryofiTi administraciuligadawyvetileba, vinaidan administraciuli saqmis warmoebaSisavaldebuloa advokatis yola. ufro metic, apelaciis uflebaxSirad mosarCelis bolo Sansia politikuri devnilis statusismosapoveblad. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavodebuleba ar Seesabameba konstitucias, vinaidan igi arRvevs,rogorc Tanasworobis, aseve portugaliaSi myof an mcxovreb ucx-oelebze uflebebis – miTumetes ZiriTadi uflebebis –gavrcelebis principebs. agreTve, laxavs piris uflebassasamarTlos mier saqmis mosmenaze.


19-12-2001

devnilTa statusis Sesaxeb Jenevis 1951 wlis konvenciiT,TavSesafris maZiebels ufleba hqonda, mieRo pasuxi misi devnilobisTaobaze im qveynis Sesabamisi samsaxurisgan, sadac man moiTxovaTavSesafari miuxedavad imisa, dgas Tu ara igi am qveynidan gaZevebisuSualo safrTxis winaSe. mosarCeleebi TavSesafars moiTxovdnengaerTianebul samefoSi. Sinagan saqmeTa saxelmwifo mdivanma (SinagansaqmeTa ministri) daadgina, rom isini ar akmayofilebdnen devnilisgansazRvrebas. mosarCeleebma es gadawyvetileba gaasaCivres imi-graciis sakiTxTa saapelacio sasamarTloSi. amasobaSi maT miiResgaerTianebul samefoSi droebiTi yofnis nebarTva, magram maincsurdaT apelaciis procesis dasruleba. imisaTvis, rom dadgeniliyomaTi devnilobis namdviloba, Tavdapirvelad saqmeTa warmoebisasdetalurad iqna ganxiluli devnilis statusis momTxovn pirTauflebebi statusis miRebis Taobaze, romelic miniWebuli aqvTdevnilTa statusis Sesaxeb Jenevis 1951 wlis konvenciiT. imigraciissakiTxTa saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom, vinaidan ar arse-bobda gaZevebis safrTxe, igi TavSesafris momTxovnis gancxadebisganxilvaze ar iyo kompetenturi. es dadgenileba gabaTilda saapela-cio sasamarTlos mier, romelmac daadgina:

konvenciis Tanaxmad, TavSesafris maZiebels ufleba aqvs, miiRospasuxi misi devnilobis Taobaze im qveynis Sesabamisi samsaxurisgan,sadac man moiTxova TavSesafari. es asea maSinac, Tu ar arsebobsgaZevebis uSualo safrTxe. konvencia devnilebs aniWebs sxvadasxva

339

TavSesafris ufleba

uflebebs, maT Soris, uflebas _ ar iyvnen gaZevebulni, xolo ofi-cialurad aRiareba am uflebebis ganxorcielebis praqtikulwinapirobas warmoadgens.

konvencia TavSesafris maZiebels ar aniWebs mis statusTandakavSirebuli uaryofiTi gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis uflebas.Tumca, 1993 wlis TavSesafrisa da imigraciasTan dakavSirebuliapelaciebis Sesaxeb kanonis sworad interpretaciis SemTxvevaSi,aseTi ufleba mas zogadad miniWebuli hqonda aRniSnuli kanoniT.saimigracio sakiTxTa saapelacio sasamarTlo efuZneboda mis miervemiRebul gadawyvetilebas, magram igi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo Zalzeviwro gamoyenebisTvis.


19-12-2000

imisaTvis, rom dadgindes, emuqreba Tu ara pirs devna devnilTastatusis Sesaxeb Jenevis konvenciis miznebisTvis, mTavrobis pasux-ismgebelma ministrma unda ganmartos konvencia misi erTaderTiWeSmariti saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobiT. gaerTianebuli samefosmTavrobam da sasamarTloebma daadgines, rom WeSmariti mniSvnelobagulisxmobda devnas arasaxelmwifo samsaxurebis mier. amrigad,rodesac ganixileba TavSesafris maZieblis mesame qveyanaSidabrunebis sakiTxi, Tu am mesame qveyanaSi am cnebis interpretaciasxvagvaria da devnas axorcielebs mxolod saxelmwifo samsaxurebi,ministrma ar unda dauSvas TavSesafris maZieblis am saxelmwifoSidabruneba. ministrs ufleba ar hqonda eTqva, rom misi qmedeba kanon-ieri iyo, maSin, rodesac mesame qveyana konvencias gansxvavebulad,magram sworad ganmartavda.

erTi somaleli da meore alJireli TavSesafris maZiebeligaerTianebul samefoSi Camovidnen “mesame qveynebidan”. somaleliSemovida germaniidan da amtkicebda, rom iyo klanuri umciresobiswevri, romelsac klanuri umravlesoba devnida. alJireli kiCamovida safrangeTidan da amtkicebda, rom mas alJirSi politikuridajgufeba emuqreboda, alJiris xelisuflebas ki ar SeeZlo misidacva. TavSesafrisa da imigraciis Sesaxeb 1996 wlis kanonis 2.2.g.1muxliT, saxelmwifo mdivans ufleba aqvs, TavSesafris maZiebelidaabrunos mesame qveyanaSi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is daadasturebs, romam qveynis mTavroba mas gaagzavnis sxva qveyanaSi devnilTa statusisSesaxeb Jenevis konvenciis Sesabamisad.

konvencia xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs ukrZalavs devnilisdabrunebas iseT qveyanaSi, sadac mis sicocxles an Tavisuflebas

340


safrTxe daemuqreba misi rasis, religiis, erovnebis, konkretulisazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis wevrobis an politikuri mrwamsis gamo.konvenciis 1.a.2.b muxli devnils ganmartavs rogorc pirs, romeliczemoT aRniSnuli niSnebiT devnis safuZvliani SiSis qonis gamo, imy-ofeboda misi warmoSobis qveynis gareT da ar SeeZlo an am SiSis gamoar surda, esargebla am qveynis dacviT.

gaerTianebuli samefos mTavrobam aRiara, rom konvenciis 1.a.2muxli iTvaliswinebs devnas arasaxelmwifo organoebis mier, magramgermaniisa da safrangeTis mTavrobaTa interpretaciiT, konvenciavrceldeba mxolod saxelmwifos mier devnaze. saxelmwifo mdivanmaaRiara, rom Tu somaleli TavSesafris maZiebeli dabrundebodagermaniaSi, xelisufleba mas somaliSi daabrunebda, vinaidan am qvey-nis mTavroba daiSala, Sesabamisad, aRar arsebobda saxelmwifo da mismimarT veRar ganaxorcielebda devnas. saxelmwifo mdivanma isicaRniSna, rom albaT, safrangeTis mTavroba alJireli TavSesafrismaZiebels daabrunebda alJirSi im motiviT, rom alJiris saxelmwifoarc nebas rTavda da arc xels uwyobda misTvis saSiS devnas. mdivanmamainc gasca kanoniT dadgenili cnobebi TavSesafris maZiebelTa ger-maniasa da safrangeTSi dabrunebis Taobaze. maT cnobebi gaasaCivressasamarTloSi. somalelis sarCeli ar iqna miRebuli, alJirelis ki,piriqiT.

saapelacio sasamarTloSi Setanil sarCelTan dakavSirebiT, sax-elmwifo mdivani amtkicebda, rom igi moqmedebda kanonis Sesabamisad,Tu CaTvlida, rom mesame qveynis midgoma konvenciis interpretaciaiyo, romlis uflebac am qveyanas hqonda. saapelacio sasamarTlomdaadgina, rom saxelmwifo mdivani unda darwmunebuliyo, rom mesameqveynis praqtika Seesabameboda konvenciis erTaderT WeSmarit dasaerTaSoriso interpretacias, kerZod, rom konvencia vrceldeba impirebze, romlebsac arasaxelmwifo organoebis mxridan devniseSinodaT. man miiRo somalelis sarCeli da ar daakmayofila sax-elmwifo mdivnis sarCeli sxva saqmeSi. saxelmwifo mdivanma sarCeliTmimarTa lordTa palatas, romelSic daobda, rom kanoni ise unda gan-martebuliyo, TiTqos igi miuTiTebs konvenciaze, “romelic kanon-ierad ganmartebulia mocemuli mesame qveynis mier”. igi asaCivrebdasaapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas imis Taobaze, rom konven-cias mxolod erTaderTi WeSmariti mniSvneloba aqvs.

lordTa palatam daadgina, rom kanonis 2.2.g muxli konvenciismniSvnelobas axsenebs, rogorc sworad ganmartebuls da ara“mocemuli qveynis mier kanonierad ganmartebuls”. sawinaaRmdegomosazreba gulisxmobda kanonSi sityvaTa interpolacias da arainterpretacias da ar iyo garantia, rom swored am frazasigulisxmebdnen. aRniSnulis Tanaxmad, gamokvleul unda iqnesTviTon konvenciis mniSvneloba, romelsac unda mivudgeT, rogorc

341

TavSesafris ufleba

xelSekrulebis damdebi saxelmwifoebis SeTanxmebiT miRebulsaerTaSoriso dokuments da ara rogorc erovnuli uwyebebis mierSeqmnil maregulirebel sistemebs. amitomac aucilebeli iyo 1.a.2muxlis erTaderTi WeSmariti avtonomiuri da saerTaSoriso ganmar-teba. am mniSvnelobiT konvenciis dacva vrceldeba im pirebze, rom-lebsac devnidnen saxelmwifos SigniT arsebuli dajgufebebi imSemTxvevaSi, Tu mocemul saxelmwifos ar SeeZlo maTi dacva aseTidajgufebebisagan. aqedan gamomdinare, aranairi materialuri gansx-vaveba ar aris im or qveyanas Soris, sadac, erTi mxriv, ar arsebobsmTavroba, meore mxriv ki, mTavrobas ar SeuZlia moqalaqeTasaWiroebisamebr dacva.

iseve, rogorc sasamarTloebi unda ecadon, romevrogaerTianebebis damfuZnebeli xelSekrulebis sityvebs (mag.,“mSromeli”) miscen “gaerTianebaSi” miRebuli mniSvneloba, aseve sax-elmwifo mdivani da sasamarTloebi (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar arsebobssaerTaSoriso sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba an sayovelTao sax-elmwifo praqtika) ganmartebisas unda iTvaliswinebdnen Jeneviskonvencias, romelic mTlianad unda ikiTxebodes saerTaSorisosamarTlis, maT Soris, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis maregulire-beli samarTlis Sesaxeb venis konvenciis Sesabamisi wesebis WrilSi.fraza “ara sxvagvarad, aramed konvenciis Sesabamisad” ar niSnavs “arasxvagvarad, aramed Sesabamisi saxelmwifos savaraudod marTebuli,dasaSvebi an kanonieri mosazrebis Sesabamisad, imis Taobaze Tu raaris konvenciis mniSvneloba”. saxelmwifo mdivani arasworadmsjelobda or erTnair sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, rom arsebobda kon-venciis debulebebis dasaSvebi ganmartebebis jaWvi da rom germani-asa da safrangeTSi gavrcelebuli praqtika eqceoda mis mieraRniSnul dasaSveb farglebSi. misi sarCelebi ar dakmayofilda.


22-04-1998

belgiis teritoriaze ucxoelebisTvis Sesvlasa an cxovrebazeuaris Tqma SeiZleba gaxdes oridan maqsimum rva Tvemde vadiT dapa-timrebis sagani im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi deportaciisTvis aucilebe-li nabijebi gadadgmulia. aRniSnuli zoma ar aris diskriminaciulipatimrobaSi myofi pirebis situaciasTan SedarebiT, vinaidan amukanasknelebs danaSaulis CadenaSi edebaT brali. amasTan, ramde-nadac kanoni, droebiTi saSualebis saxiT, ucxoelebze dapatimrebisRonisZiebebis SeuzRudav gavrcelebas iTvaliswinebs, amdenad espirad TavisuflebaSi araadekvatur Carevas niSnavs. kanonmdeblobiT

342


SeiZleba dadgindes, rom ucxoelebi, romlebmac miiRes konkretulvadaSi qveynis datovebis brZaneba, aRar miiReben socialur daxmare-bas, garda gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebisa imisaTvis, rommocemulma pirma SeZlos brZanebis Sesruleba. da mainc, es zomadiskriminaciulia im pirebTan mimarTebiT, romlebsac aqvTsocialuri daxmarebis miRebis ufleba da aseve sasamarTlo dacvissaSualebis miRebis uflebis efeqturi ganxorcielebis ufleba.ucxoelebs aRar miecemaT daxmareba miuxedavad imisa, rom umaRlesadministraciul sasamarTloSi maT mier Setanili saapelaciosarCeli TavSesafris miRebis Sesaxeb ganacxadis daukmayofileblo-bis winaaRmdeg jer ar ganxilula.

adamianis uflebaTa damcvelma orma organizaciam SeitanasarCeli ucxoelebis Taobaze belgiis axali kanonis gauqmebismoTxovniT. erT-erT sadavo sakiTxs warmoadgenda is faqti, romucxoelebi SeiZleba dapatimrebul iyvnen maqsimum rva TviTdeportaciis mizniT. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis 5.4muxlis TvalsazrisiT da im mkacri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT,romlebSic SeiZleba aRsruldes es zoma, sasamarTlos zedamxed-velobis qveS ori Tvis vadiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa adminis-traciuli wesiT iTvleboda aradiskriminaciulad. Tumca, vinaidanmaqsimum 8 TviT SezRudva ZalaSi Sevida mxolod 1998 wlis 1 ianvri-dan, rac niSnavda, rom gardamaval fazaSi mosalodneli iyoTavisuflebis aRkveTa SeuzRudavi vadebiTac, sasamarTlom ganacxa-da, rom adgili hqonda araadekvatur Carevas pirad TavisuflebaSi.

meore sadavo sakiTxi exeboda im faqts, rom ucxoelebi, romleb-sac uari uTxres TavSesafarze da romlebmac miiRes qveynis datove-bis brZaneba, aRar miiReben socialur daxmarebas. winagadawyvetilebaSi (#51/94 29 ivnisi 1994 w.) sasamarTlom ukve daadg-ina, rom aseTi zoma ar aris arakonstituciuri. axla ki daadgina, romadgili hqonda araadekvatur Carevas ZiriTad uflebebSi, vinaidanigi aseve gamoiwvevda daxmarebis Sewyvetas im ucxoelebisaTvis,romelTa saqmeebi jer kidev ganixileboda saxelmwifo sabWoSi.


14-07-1994

konstituciis me-12 muxli iTvaliswinebs adamianis Tavisuflebisdacvas. im ucxoelebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic moiTxovendevnilis statusis miRebas, es Tavisufleba ganmtkicebulia 1951wlis 28 ivlisis Jenevis konvenciis 31-e muxliT. adamianis uflebaTaevropuli konvenciis 5.1 muxliT, yvelas aqvs Tavisuflebis ufleba.

343

TavSesafris ufleba

Tumca, kanonma SeiZleba gadauxvios am princips winamdebare muxliTgaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. kanoniT dadgenili zoma, romeliciTvaliswinebs Tavisuflebis aRkveTas maqsimum ori TviT, miznadisaxavs im pirTa damalvis Tavidan acilebas, romelTa ganacxadidevnilis statusis miRebis Taobaze ar dakmayofilda aSkarausafuZvlobis gamo. sadavo debuleba warmoadgens erT-erT imzomaTagan, romelTa mizania ganacxadebis raodenobis gazrdasTandakavSirebuli problemis mogvareba, romlebic Tavidanve absolu-turad usafuZvloa. ucxoels, romelsac Seefarda patimroba,SeuZlia moiTxovos sasamarTlo dacvis saSualeba. sasamarTlomdaadgina, rom mocemul pirebs ar SelaxviaT maTi piradiTavisufleba (b.7).


14-07-1994

devnilTa statusis Sesaxeb 1951 wlis 28 ivlisis Jenevis konvenci-is 31-e muxls, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-4 oqmisme-2 muxlsa da samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebze saerTaSorisopaqtis me-12 muxlebs aerTianebT is faqti, rom am dokumentebiTgansazRvruli SezRudvebidan gamomdinare, isini icaven amdokumentebiT daculi pirebis gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebas da,aseve, bolo ori debulebis SemTxvevaSi, sacxovrebeli adgilisarCevis Tavisuflebas.

aRniSnuli debulebebi SezRudvebs maT mier dadgenil farglebSiuSveben. sadavo kanoni, romelic moiTxovs registracias konkretuliraionis administraciul reestrSi devnilis statusis moTxovnisganacxadTan dakavSirebuli saqmis ganxilvis dros, im ucxoelebTanmimarTebiT, romlebsac belgiaSi cxovrebis nebarTva SeuZliaTmiiRon mxolod aseTi ganacxadis safuZvelze, SesabamisobaSiaaucileblobis moTxovnasTan, romelsac iTvaliswinebensaerTaSoriso samarTlis zemoxsenebuli debulebebi (b.4.3 – b.4.8).


22-04-1997

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros da Jandarmeriis oficrebis ufle-bamosileba devnilis statusis maZiebeli pirebis TiTis anabeWdebiskompiuterul failebze Seadgens TavSesafris uflebis darRvevas,

344


vinaidan safrangeTis devnilTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTadacvis samsaxurSi (OFPRA) Senaxuli informacia warmoadgenssamarTlebriv garantiebs, romelic TavSesafris uflebisSemadgeneli nawilia.

ucxoelebs, romelTa sacxovrebeli safrangeTSi stabiluri dakanonieria, ufleba aqvT, moqalaqeebis msgavsad, icxovron nor-maluri cxovrebiT. ucxoelTa da moqalaqeTa piradi cxovrebiserTnairad dacvis uflebis seriozulma darRvevam SesaZlebeliaziani miayenos maT pirad Tavisuflebas. cxovrebis nebarTvisgagrZelebis moTxovniT ganacxadis Setanisas, romelic gaicema aTiwlis vadiT, ucxoelma SeiZleba warmoadginos safrangeTis terito-riaze minimum aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi kanonierad yofnis faqti.qveyanaSi stabilurad cxovrebis Semdeg savsebiT SesaZlebelia, romucxoelsa da maspinZel qveyanas Soris damyardes garkveuli kavSiri.

arakonstituciuria debuleba, romelic krZalavs cxovrebisnebarTvis avtomatur gagrZelebas, Tu “ucxoelis yofna safrTxes uqm-nis sazogadoebriv wesrigs”, vinaidan moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi arsad araris naTqvami, rom cxovrebis nebarTvis mqone pirebic SeiZlebagaZevebul iqnen nebismier dros sazogadoebrivi wesrigisaTvis seri-ozuli safrTxis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. #93-325 DC 1993 wlis 13 agvis-tos gadawyvetilebis [FRA-1993-2-007] safuZvelze, romelic aseve exe-boda saimigracio kontrolisa da ucxoelebis Semosvlisa da cxovre-bis pirobebis Sesaxeb kanons, parlamentma kenWi uyara konstituciisgadasinjvis sakiTxs. qvemoT ganxilulma kanonma, romelic ganamt-kicebda 1993 wlis agvistos kanons, gamoiwvia mravalmxrivi winaswaridebatebi da diskusiebi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gaakeTa mxolodori SeniSvna, magram SezRuda kanonis interpretacia misi erT-erTiregularuli meTodis meSveobiT, rogoricaa Semamsubuqebeli inter-pretacia, romlis sailustraciod gamodgeba ori sadavo saqme.

gansaxilveli kanoniT, policias da Jandarmerias ufleba aqvT,qveyanaSi ukanonod myof ucxoels CamoarTvan pasporti. sakonsti-tucio sabWos TqmiT, aseTi CamorTmevis erTaderTi mizania dokumen-tis efeqturad flobis uzrunvelyofa, riTac ucxoeli SeZlebssafrangeTis teritoriis datovebas. man aseve xazgasmiT aRniSna, rompasportis sanacvlod ucxoels unda mieces ZiriTadi uflebebiT daTavisuflebebiT sargeblobis damadasturebeli cnoba, miuxedavadimisa, legalurad cxovrobs Tu ara igi am qveyanaSi. manve ganacxada,rom CamorTmevis zoma, sasamarTlo zedamxedvelobis qveS, gamoiyene-ba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es mkacrad aucilebelia da, aseveimisaTvis, rom ucxoels SeeZlos pasportis dabruneba safrangeTisteritoriidan gasvlisTanave.

meore debulebis Tanaxmad, prefeqts ufleba aqvs, aranakleb erTikviris intervalis Semdeg, administraciuli patimroba Seufardos

345

TavSesafris ufleba

ucxoels, romelmac ar Seasrula teritoriis datovebis brZanebawina patimrobis vadis moxdis Semdeg. es debuleba CaiTvalakonstituciiT dasaSvebad mxolod imitom, rom igi gagebul undaiqnes, rogorc patimrobis xelaxali Sefardebis nebarTva da mxolodbrZanebis Sesrulebaze ucxoelis TviTneburi uaris SemTxvevaSi.

SSrroommiiss TTaavviissuufflleebbaa

belgia saarbitraJo sasamarTlo

29-03-2001

federalur parlaments, romelsac evaleboda belgiaSiucxoelTa dasaqmebis maregulirebeli moTxovnebis daweseba, ardaurRvevia Tanasworobisa da aradiskriminaciulobis principi(konstituciis me-10 da me-11 muxlebi), rodesac Sromis bazarzedaSveba pirobiTi gaxada. man daawesa, rom pirvelad saWiroa, damqi-ravebelma miiRos dasaqmebis nebarTva, xolo daqiravebulma SromisnebarTva, im pirobiT, Tu monarqi dauSvebda gamonakliss ucxoele-bze, kerZod ki, evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebsa dabelgiaSi oficialurad miRebul devnilebze, romlebsac, maTierovnebisa da statusis gamo, ar SeiZleba moeTxovebodeT belgiaSimuSaobis nebarTvis miReba.

1999 wlis 30 aprilis kanoni ucxoeli muSaxelis dasaqmebis SesaxebgansazRvravs ucxoeli muSaxelis dasaqmebis maregulirebel axalsamarTlebriv sistemas. parlamentma SeimuSava midgoma CarCo kanon-is gamoyenebis Taobaze imisaTvis, rom aRmasrulebelma swrafadmoaxdinos Sesabamis debulebebTan adaptireba moulodneli situa-ciebisa da Sromis bazris tendenciebis kvaldakval.

aramomgebianma organizaciam “moZraoba rasizmis, antisemi-tizmisa da qsenofobiis winaaRmdeg” (Mouvement contre le racisme,l’antisémitisme et la xénophobie) sasamarTlos mimarTa 1999 wlis 30aprilis kanonis gauqmebis moTxovniT im motiviT, rom parlamentiCaeria regionebis kompetenciis sferoebSi da ugulebelyoTanasworobisa da aradiskriminaciulobis konstituciuri normebi(konstituciis me-10 da me-11 muxlebi). sasamarTlom pirvel rigSidaadgina, rom federaluri sakanonmdeblo organo uflebamosiliiyo ucxoeli muSaxelis daqiravebis Sesaxeb debulebebis dawese-baze. kerZod, mis kompetenciaSi Sedioda belgiaSi ucxoelimoqalaqeebis dasaqmebis maregulirebeli moTxovnebis dadgena,

346


romelic SeiZleba belgiaSi ucxoelebis SeSvebis maregulirebelmoTxovnebs moicavdes. aseve, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, Tuucxoeli qveyanaSi Cadis muSaobis mizniT, damqiravebeli undaflobdes daqiravebis nebarTvas. regionebis kompetenciebiucxoelTa dasaqmebis maregulirebel debulebebTan mimarTebiT,exeboda mxolod kanonmdeblobis moqmedebas. Tanasworobisa daaradiskriminaciulobis normebis dacvis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom kanoni ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT gansx-vavebuli statusis mqone ucxoel muSaxels Tanabar mdgomareobaSiayenebda.

evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebi da belgiaSi ofi-cialurad miRebuli devnilebi warmoadgendnen or gansaxilvelsaqmes. aRniSnul or kategoriasTan mimarTebiT, kanonis debulebebiTiTqos ugulebelyofda belgiis saerTaSoriso valdebulebebs,romlebic belgiis Sromis bazarze maT daSvebaze uaris TqmaskrZalavda. meore magaliTs warmoadgens is ucxoeli moqalaqeebi,romelTa muSaobis ufleba, maTive statusis gamo, ver gaxdebapirobiTi nebarTvis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT (rogorc es naTqvamiagadawyvetilebis reziumeSi). sasamarTlom droebiT ar miiRo eskanoni, Tumca, bolomde ar gaauqma da monarqis ufleba _ zogierTikategoriis muSa-xelisaTvis maTi erovnebis an statusis gamo gamon-aklisebis daSvebis Sesaxeb _ ganmarta, rogorc valdebuleba. manaRniSna, rom travaux préparatoires (mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi) iZleodaaseTi ganmartebis safuZvels.

sasamarTlom diskriminaciulad ar miiCnia mosarCelis mierwamoWrili gansxvavebuli mopyrobis sxva SemTxvevebi. misi azriT,gamarTlebuli iyo sakanonmdeblo zomebi, romlebic muSaobismizniT qveyanaSi Camosul ucxoelebs exeboda da romlebic miznadisaxavda im ucxoeli muSaxelis SemosvlisTvis xelis SeSlas,romelTa momaval damqiravebels jer ar hqonda moTxovnili anmiRebuli maTi daqiravebis nebarTva. aRniSnuli mizani SeesabamebodamTlianad kanons, romlis mixedviT, axali muSaxeli daiSvebodamxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu belgiis Sromis bazars SeeZlo maTi dak-mayofileba. aseve, parlamentma gaafarTova belgiaSi mxolodlegalurad mcxovrebi ucxoeli muSaxelis mimarT muSaobisnebarTvaze uaris Tqmis an CamorTmevis gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobebi.sasamarTlos azriT, mizanSewonili iyo im ucxoeli muSaxelis gamor-icxva, romlebic aralegalurad cxovrobdnen belgiaSi. belgiaSiucxoelebis daSvebis da ucxoelTa cxovrebis Sesaxeb politikasziani miadgeba, Tuki damkvidrdeba iseTi tendencia, romliTacbelgiaSi aralegalurad mcxovreb ucxoel muSaxelze gavrceldebaigive moTxovnebi, rac legalurad mcxovreblebze. sazRvargareTlegalurad mcxovrebi da belgiaSi samuSaos maZiebeli ucxoeli

347

Sromis Tavisufleba

muSaxelisaTvis gasaCivrebis uflebis akrZalva kanonieri iyo igivemotiviT.

amas garda, sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom “kompetenturi organos”mier ucxoelTa dasaqmebis Sesaxeb 1999 wlis 30 aprilis kanonismiznebisaTvis miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sax-elmwifo sabWos administraciul qvedanayofSi misi gauqmebis an misimoqmedebis SeCerebis moTxovniT, Tumca, mxedvelobaSi ar miiRo,vrceldeboda Tu ara adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6muxli am saqmeze. dazaralebul ucxoels an damqiravebels nebismierSemTxvevaSi SeuZlia, damoukidebel sasamarTloSi gaasaCivrosmuSaobis an daqiravebis nebarTvaze uaris Tqma an misi CamorTmeva.

damatebiTi iinformacia:principSi, federalur belgiaSi ar arsebobs uflebamosilebaTa

“horizontaluri” gamijvna, romlis mixedviT, erTi mxare pasuxis-mgebelia kanonmdeblobaze, xolo meore - mis ganxorcielebaze.uflebamosilebaTa gamijvna, ucxoelTa dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebiT,warmoadgens gamonakliss.


07-08-2000

debuleba, romelic zRudavs profesiuli saqmianobis ganxor-cielebis Tavisuflebas, arRvevs ZiriTadi kanonis 12.1 muxls, Tu esdebuleba gamarTlebuli ar aris saxelmwifo interesebis dacvisaucileblobiT. mosarCele eweva optikasTan dakavSirebul bizness,sadac igi, sxvebTan erTad, sTavazobs ukontaqto Sida Tvalis wnevisgazomvas (tonometria) da mxedvelobis Semowmebas kompiuterulisazomi aparatiT (perimetria). arasamarTlian konkurenciasTanmebrZoli centraluri institutis mier Setanil sarCelTandakavSirebiT, federalurma sasamarTlom saqmis saboloogasaCivrebisas mosarCeles ubrZana, momavalSi aseTi momsaxurebisgawevisa da reklamirebisagan Tavi Seekavebina. federalurisasamarTlos gadawyvetileba efuZneba praqtikosi eqimebis Sesaxebkanonis 1-l punqts, romlis Tanaxmad, nebismiers pirs, romeliceweva daavadebebis diagnostikasTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas da araris registrirebuli, rogorc praqtikosi eqimi, moeTxovebanebarTva aseTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis, vinaidandiagnostikaSi Sedis iseTi saqmianobebic, romlebic saWiroebs spe-cializirebul samedicino codnas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,SesaZlebelia ziani miadges adamianis janmrTelobas. federalurisasamarTlos azriT, praqtikosi eqimebis Sesaxeb kanonis moTxovnis

348


Tanaxmad, mosarCelis mier ganxorcielebuli diagnostikuri saqmi-anoba ukanono iyo. federalurma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom amkonteqstSi sakmarisia arsebobdes janmrTelobisaTvis arapir-dapiri riski, rac SeiZleba gamoixatebodes mZime mdgomareobisdiagnostikis dagvianebaSi. aseTi riski, federaluri sasamarTlosazriT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia dadges tonometriisa da avtomaturiperimetriis SemTxvevaSi.

moTxovnam imis Sesaxeb, rom okulistebi TavianT pacientebsacnobeben imis Taobaze, rom mxolod ofTalmologis mierCatarebul gamokvlevas SeuZlia daavadebis sarwmuno dadgena, verdaarwmuna federaluri sasamarTlo miuxedavad imisa, rom esmoTxovna sxva sasamarTloebis mier janmrTelobis riskisagandacvis sakmaris safuZvlad iTvleboda. federaluri sasamarTlosmosazreba eyrdnoboda im varauds, rom bevri adamianis diagnosti-ka rTulia. isini aseT mdgomareobaSi myofi okulistebis mierCatarebuli tonometriisa da avtomaturi perimetriis proce-durebis imediT SeiZenen daculobis cru grZnobas, TiTqos ar iyv-nen daavadebulni. okulistis mier Catarebuli tonometriisa daavtomaturi perimetriis Sedegad dgeba riski, rom Tvalis mZimedaavadebebi ganviTarebis adreul etapze, romlisTvisac SeiZlebasaWiro gaxdes mkurnaloba, darCeba diagnozis gareSe. mosarCelemSeitana konstituciuri sarCeli federaluri sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg, romelic eyrdnoboda sakonkurenciokanons da gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba ZiriTadi kanonis 12.1 muxlisdarRvevis motiviT. federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlospirveli kolegiis meore palatam gaauqma federalurisasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da ukan daabruna xelaxaliganxilvisTvis.

gadawyvetilebis ssafuZvels wwarmoadgenda SSemdegi: gasaCivrebulma gadawyvetilebam Selaxa mosarCelis saqmianobis

an profesiis ganxorcielebis Tavisufleba. rogorc federalurmasakonstitucio sasamarTlom ukve daadgina, saqmianobis an profesi-is ganxorcielebis Tavisuflebis Selaxva Seesabameba ZiriTadi kano-nis 12.1 muxls mxolod im SemTxvevaSi:

1. TTu iigi ggamarTlebulia ssaxelmwifo iinteresebis ddacvisaucileblobiT;

2. TTu aarCeuli ssaSualebebi ssaTanadoa dda aaucilebelia ddasaxulimiznis mmisaRwevad; dda

3. TTu mmTlianobaSi SSelaxvis sseriozuloba pproporciuliaSelaxvis ggamamarTlebeli mmizezebisa.

4. TTu ssaqmianobisa dda pprofesiis gganxorcielebis TTavisuflebisSelaxva, rromelic ggamoixateba gganxorcielebis aakrZalvaSi,gamarTlebulia mmxolod ssazogadoebis jjanmrTelobisaTvis aarapir-

349

Sromis Tavisufleba

dapiri rriskis ggaCeniT, aakrZalva dda ddaculi ssikeTe iimdenaddaSorebulia eerTmaneTs, rrom iinteresebis ddasabalanseblad aaucile-belia ggansakuTrebuli ssifrTxile. rriski uunda iiyos rrealurad nnava-raudevi dda aarCeuli ssaSualebebi uunda aasaxavdes wwarmatebis aaSkaraperspeqtivas.

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba ar akmayofilebs aRniSnulmoTxovnebs. federalur sasamarTlos unda ganexila SemdegisakiTxi: am SemTxvevaSi ramdenad ukeTesad da meti pasuxismgeblobiTatareben wminda teqnikuri xasiaTis gazomvis procedurebs special-izirebuli samedicino damxmare profesiis ganmaxorcielebelokulistebTan SedarebiT is eqimebi, romelTac aqvT eqimis saqmi-anobis ganxorcielebis ufleba? aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTmowveuli eqspertis mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, msgavsi varaudissafuZveli ar arsebobs. garda amisa, mxolod is, romofTalmologTan aucilebeli konsultacia ver Sedgeba, ver iqnebasafuZveli janmrTelobisaTvis arapirdapiri riskisa, romelicamarTlebs Carevas. aseTi riski yovelTvis arsebobs, Tu pacienti arganicdis daavadebis araviTar simptoms. okulistis mier Catarebulitonometriis an perimetriis proceduris Sedegad aRmoCenili mosa-lodneli Tvalis daavadebebi an maTi arsebobis albaToba ufro metiunda iyos, vidre imis riski, rom okulistis mier Catarebuligamokvlevis negatiuri Sedegebis Semdeg daavadebuli pacientiveRar gaivlis konsultacias ofTalmologTan, rasac igi Tavidanapirebda.

mowveuli eqspertis mosazrebiT, naklebad SesaZlebelia, romokulistisaTvis mocemuli procedurebis Catarebis akrZalva war-moadgendes janmrTelobis gaumjobesebis xelSewyobas. nebismierSemTxvevaSi, arc okulistebis mier Catarebuli aRniSnuli gazomve-bis zogadi akrZalva da arc am konteqstSi reklamirebis akrZalva armoiTxoveba mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dasacavad. pacientisjanmrTelobis dacvis uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia bevrad ufroukeTesi gziT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gamokvleva, manamde kidamatebiTi samedicino informaciis miwodeba, romelsac moiTxovensxva organoebi.

mosaxleoba ar flobs informacias am problemis Sesaxeb, rasacofTalmologTa profesiuli kavSiric usvams xazs, sazogadoebrivijanmrTelobis gaumjobesebas ar unda velodoT im procedurebisakrZalvidan, romelic eqvemdebareba damatebiTi samedicino infor-maciis uzrunvelyofas. imis safrTxe, rom Tvalis seriozulidaavadebebi, romlisTvisac mkurnaloba saWiroa adreul etapze,gamouvleneli darCeba, ufro seriozulia okulistebis mierCatarebuli gamokvlevebis gareSe, romlebic, sabolood maincsworad avlenen zogierT maTgans.

350



13-03-2003

saxelmwifo samsaxurebTan SromiTi urTierTobebi arc erTSemTxvevaSi ar unda ganixilebodes kerZo seqtorSi arsebuliSromiTi urTierTobebis analogiurad. sajaro samsaxurSi daSvebismaregulirebel mTavar princips warmoadgens konkursis principida igi ar vrceldeba kerZo seqtorSi arsebul SromiTurTierTobebze (konstituciis 97-e muxli). aseTi principis arsebo-ba, romlis mizania saxelmwifo samsaxurebis swori funqcionirebisada miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelyofa, mTlianad amarTlebs parla-mentis mier iseTi kanonis miRebas, romelic krZalavs vadianiSromiTi xelSekrulebis transformacias uvado SromiTxelSekrulebad. ase rom, Tu saxelmwifo samsaxurma daarRviamuSaxelis mudmivi vadiT/uvado xelSekrulebiT daqiravebis andasaqmebis maregulirebeli savaldebulo debulebebi, mxolodSedegebma unda miiRos kompensaciis forma. pizis sasamarTlom sax-elmwifo samsaxurebTan SromiTi urTierTobebis maregulirebelikanonis debulebebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi gadasca sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlos im motiviT, rom igi ar iTvaliswinebda iseTSemTxvevebs, rodesac saxelmwifo samsaxurebma SeiZleba daarRvionvadiani xelSekrulebiT muSaxelis dasaqmebis an daqiravebis mareg-ulirebeli savaldebulo normebi, rac niSnavs mocemul muSaxelTanuvado SromiTi xelSekrulebebis avtomatur gaformebas. saqmisgadamcemi sasamarTlos azriT, mocemuli debulebaewinaaRmdegeboda Tanasworobis princips im motiviT, rommarTalia, saxelmwifo samsaxurebTan SromiTi urTierTobebiganviTarda da ufro kerZo xasiaTi SeiZina, magram kanoni ariTvaliswinebda kerZo seqtorSi muSaxelis dasaqmebisa da daqirave-bis maregulirebeli savaldebulo normebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSivadiani SromiTi xelSekrulebis uvado SromiT xelSekrulebadtransformacias.

saqmis gadamcemma sasamarTlom aseve gaakritika mocemulidebulebis Seusabamoba konstituciis 97-e muxlTan, vinaidan isfaqti, rom igi ukrZalavda vadiani SromiTi xelSekrulebiT daqi-ravebuli kerZo seqtoris muSaxels, esargebla stabiluriSromiTi xelSekrulebiT SromiTi xelSekrulebebis maregulire-beli normebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, savaraudod, zians miayeneb-da maT Sesrulebas. amasTan, igi daarRvevda saxelmwifo samsaxure-bis swori funqcionirebis princips, romelic gaTvaliswinebuliaaRniSnul muxlSi. sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila saCivari SemdegimotiviT: miuxedavad imisa, rom kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebis 1993

351

Sromis Tavisufleba

wels ganxorcielebulma reformam daamkvidra saxelmwifosamsaxurebTan SromiTi urTierTobebis privatizebis tendencia,aseTi urTierTobebi mainc gansxvavdeboda kerZo damqiravebelTanarsebuli urTierTobebisagan, vinaidan sajaro samsaxurSidaSvebis maregulirebeli fundamenturi principi, anu konsti-tuciis 97.3-e muxliT gansazRvruli konkursis principi gulisx-mobda, rom SeuZlebeli iyo am konkretul SemTxvevaSi dabaliinstanciis sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebuli SemTxvevebis Sedareba.


04-03-1999

Sromis uflebebis dacvis safuZveli Cadebulia konstituciaSi.konstituciis 33.1 muxli adgens, rom `yvela moqalaqes (...) aqvsTanabari ufleba, imuSaos litvis respublikis saxelmwifosamsaxurSi”. Tumca, es debuleba ar aris calsaxa. saxelmwifos arSeuZlia, Tavis Tavze aiRos yvela piris saxelmwifo samsaxurSidaSvebis valdebuleba. saxelmwifo samsaxuris specifikidan gamom-dinare, imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes saxelisuflo da sxvaorganoebis efeqturi da ukeTesi funqcionireba, dadgeniliamoTxovnebi saxelmwifo moxeleebisa da Tanamdebobis pirebisaTvis.aRniSnuli debuleba ar zRudavs aseTi Tanamdebobebis dakavebisakrZalvis dawesebas. msgavsi akrZalvebi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalossisxlissamarTlebriv dasjad, vinaidan isini zogadi xasiaTisaa dayoveli sisxlissamarTlebrivi sanqcia individualurad gamoiyene-ba. nebismier pirs, romlis konstituciuri uflebebi daTavisuflebebi irRveva, ufleba aqvs Tavisi uflebebisa da intere-sebis dasacavad mimarTos uSualod sasamarTlos (konstituciis 30-e muxli 1-li nawili).

1998 wlis 16 ivliss parlamentma (Seimas) miiRo kanoni `sabWoTakavSiris saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis (NKVD, NKGB, MGB, KGB)da am organizaciis mudmivi TanamSromlebis mimdinare saqmianobebisSefasebis Sesaxeb. kanoni gansazRvravs SezRudvebs saxelmwifouSiSroebis komitetis TanamSromelTa mimdinare saqmianobebze.aseve, kanoni iTvaliswinebs iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac SezRudvebiar vrceldeba saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis yofilTanamSromlebze. kanonis debulebaTa amoqmedebis proceduragansazRvrulia imave dRes miRebuli kanoniT `sabWoTa kavSiris sax-elmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis (NKVD, NKGB, MGB, KGB) da am orga-nizaciis mudmivi TanamSromlebis mimdinare saqmianobebis SefasebisSesaxeb kanonis amoqmedebiT.

352


1990 wlis Semdeg centralur da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSidaiwyo sasamarTlos gziT imis garkveva, Tu ra kavSiri hqondaTekonomikisa da politikis sferoebSi gavleniani Tanamdebobebismqone pirebs yofili komunisturi reJimis saidumlo samsaxurebTan.miRebul iqna zomebi imis gasarkvevadac, Tu ramdenad loialurebiiyvnen uSiSroebis samsaxurebis (maT Soris, saidumlo samsaxurebis)mudmivi TanamSromlebi saxelmwifosadmi da TiToeuli saxelmwifosusafrTxoebis mizniT, hqondaT Tu ara maT mniSvnelovani da sapasux-ismgeblo Tanamdebobebis dakavebis unari.

mas Semdeg, rac dadginda arsebuli da momavali saxelmwifomoxeleebis da Tanamdebobis pirebis kolaboracionizmi xseneb-ul samsaxurebTan, samuSaos Tavisuflad arCevis ufleba,rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo samsaxurebSi, garkveuli droiTSeizRuda an saerTod CamorTmeul iqna. sakmaod xSirad es pro-cesi ganixileba, rogorc lustracia (laT. lustracio – ganwmenda,ramis Sewirva garkveuli sazRauris sanacvlod), misi mareg-ulirebeli kanonebi ki _ rogorc lustraciis kanonebi. kanonis1-li muxli adgens: sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo uSiSroebiskomiteti (NKVD, NKGB, MGB, KGB) warmoadgenda danaSaulebrivorganizacias, romelsac Cadenili aqvs sxvadasxva danaSauliomis dros: genocidi, represia, terori da sabWoTa kavSiris mierpolitikuri devna okupirebul litvis respublikaSi.mosarCelem aRniSna, rom kanonis 1-li muxlis Tanaxmad, parla-menti (seimas), aRiarebs ra saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetsdanaSaulebriv organizaciad, adgens, rom am komitetSi momuSavepirebi arian damnaSaveni da dasjas imsaxureben. amgvarad,aRniSnuli kanonis meSveobiT, parlamenti axorcielebsmarTlmsajulebas, romlis ufleba konstitucias ar miuniWebia.

amasTanave, mosarCelem wamoWra sakiTxi, ramdenad Seesabameba kon-stitucias kanonis me-2 muxlis debuleba, romelic saxelmwifouSiSroebis komitetis yofil mudmiv TanamSromlebs 10 wlisganmavlobaSi ukrZalavs saxelmwifo samsaxurebSi, mTavrobaSi,sasamarTloebsa da sxva sferoebSi moxeleebad an Tanamdebobis pire-bad muSaobas, ayenebs am pirTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs da awesebsmaTTvis sisxlissamarTlebriv sanqcias.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom kanoni axdensistoriuli faqtis konstatacias, magram ar asaxelebs saxelmwifouSiSroebis komitetis yvela TanamSromlis sisxlissamarTlebrivipasuxismgeblobisTvis kanonmdeblis mier formulirebul safuZvlebs.kanonis 1-li muxli ar iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetismier Cadenili danaSaulebisTvis koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobas.Sesabamisad, igi ar aris dakavSirebuli arc sisxlis samarTlis an sisxlissaproceso samarTlis sakiTxebTan. imave kanonis me-2 muxliT dadgenili

353

Sromis Tavisufleba

SezRudvebi ar iTvaliswinebs sisxlissamarTlebriv sanqciebs. aRniSnuliSezRudvebi ar gulisxmobs pasuxismgeblobas (e.i. arc sisxlis-samarTlebriv, arc samoqalaqo da arc sxva formis pasuxismgeblobas,xolo pirebi, romlebzec vrceldeba es SezRudvebi, ar ageben pasuxs).isini zRudaven samuSaos Tavisuflad arCevis uflebas, romelicganisazRvreba samuSaos sferos, xasiaTis an specifikurobis mixedviT.mosarCelem daayena sakiTxi, ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara konstituciis 33.1muxli (romlis Tanaxmad, `yvela moqalaqes (...) aqvs Tanabari ufleba,imuSaos litvis respublikis saxelmwifo samsaxurSi”) aRniSnuli kanonisme-2 da kanonis amoqmedebis Sesaxeb 1.2 muxlebs, romelTa mixedviT, yofilmudmiv TanamSromlebs ar aqvT ufleba, imuSaon saxelmwifo samsaxurSimoxeleebad an Tanamdebobis pirebad. amasTanave, mosarCelem gaasaCivrakanonis me-2 muxliT dadgenili debuleba, rom saxelmwifo uSiSroebiskomitetis yofil mudmiv TanamSromlebs ekrZalebaT muSaoba ara mxolodsaxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi, aramed iseT kerZo sawarmoebSic, rogori-caa bankebi, sakredito kavSirebi, dacvis samsaxurebi, komunikaciebi dasxva, aseve, kerZo iuristad an notariusad an sxva kerZo saqmianobis ganx-orcieleba, romelic CamoTvlilia kanonis me-2 muxlSi.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom konstituciis 33.1muxli, romelic gansazRvravs, rom yvela moqalaqes unda hqondeslitvis respublikis saxelmwifo samsaxurSi muSaobis Tanabariufleba, ar aris calsaxa. okupirebuli litvis respublikaSisabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis daniSnulebidanda saqmianobidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia iseTi moTxovnebis dad-gena, romlebic gansazRvraven komitetis im yofili mudmiviTanamSromlebis loialobasa da sandoobas, romlebic muSaoben ansurT imuSaon saxelmwifo samsaxurSi. aseTi pirebi Segnebulad,nebiT wavidnen samuSaod komitetis mudmiv TanamSromlebad. isiniaxorcielebdnen an xels uwyobdnen im pirebisa da organizaciebispolitikur devnas, romlebic propagandas uwevdnen litvisdamoukideblobis ideas da suliskveTebas.

litvis respublikas sakmarisi safuZveli aqvs, eWvi Seitanos sax-elmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis yofil mudmiv TanamSromlebSi da dar-wmundes maT loialobasa da sandoobaSi. amasTan, saxelmwifos mcdelo-ba, SeezRuda komitetis yofili mudmivi TanamSromlebis saxelmwifosamsaxurSi muSaobis SesaZleblobebi, gasagebi da safuZvliania. kanon-is me-2 muxliT dadgenili SezRudvebi ar uaryofs konstituciis 48.1muxliT garantirebul uflebas samuSaos Tavisuflad arCevis Sesaxeb.kanoni asaxelebs mxolod zogierT Tanamdebobas an sawarmos, dawese-bulebas, organizacias da saqmianobis konkretul sferos, romelic,kanonmdeblis azriT, mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis, saxelmwifosa damaTi usafrTxoebisaTvis, xolo iq momuSave xalxis sandooba daloialoba ar unda iyos saeWvo.

354


mosarCelem moiTxova konstituciasTan kanonis 3.2 muxlisdebulebis Sesabamisobis dadgena, romliTac saxelmwifo uSiSroebiskomitetis yofil mudmiv TanamSromlebze saqmianobis SezRudvisgauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs prezidentis mierSeqmnili samkaciani komisia, romlis wesdebasac aseve prezidentiamtkicebs. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, romkonstituciiT, respublikis prezidents ufleba ara aqvs, miiRosgadawyvetileba adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvissakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, ar arsebobs iseTikanonis konstituciuri winapiroba, romelic respublikis prezi-dents uflebas aZlevs, Seqmnas komisia msgavsi xasiaTis sakiTxebisgadasawyvetad.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aRniSna: miuxedavad imisa, rom kanon-is me-2 muxliT dadgenili SezRudvebi ar warmoadgens raime saxissanqcias, isini mainc zRudaven adamianis zogierT uflebasa daTavisuflebas, rac SesaZlebelia mxolod kanoniT da mxolod imSemTxvevaSi, Tu garantirebulia sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvisSesaZlebloba darRveuli uflebebis dacvis motiviT.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kanonis normebi, rom-lebic adgenen akrZalvebs da/an SezRudvebs, Seesabameba konstitu-cias. konstitucias ewinaaRmdegeboda kanonis 3.2 muxlis debulebe-bi, romliTac saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis yofil mudmivTanamSromlebze saqmianobis SezRudvis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxebgadawyvetilebebs iRebs prezidentis mier Seqmnili samkacianikomisia. mis wesdebas amtkicebs prezidenti (rac realurad aruzrunvelyofs pirs masTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebissasamarTloSi gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobiT) da miiReba litvis erisgenocidisa da winaaRmdegobis kvleviTi centris, saxelmwifouSiSroebis departamentis da, aseve, respublikis prezidentis mierSeqmnili komisiis mier.


13-01-1995

65 wlis muSakis gaTavisufleba sagamocdo vadis ganmavlobaSi arSeadgens asakobrivi da sqesobrivi niSniT diskriminacias.daqiravebulma SromiTi xelSekruleba dado ganusazRvreli vadiT.xelSekrulebaSi pirveli ori Tve sagamocdo vadad ganisazRvra.saTao ofisSi Seityves, rom daqiravebuli 65 wlis iyo, amitomdauyovnebliv iqna gaTavisuflebuli, vinaidan kompania krZalavda 65wlis an ufrosi asakis mqone pirTa dasaqmebas.

355

Sromis Tavisufleba

uzenaesi sasamarTlos azriT, mosaxleobis didi nawilisamarTlianad miiCnevs wess, rom SromiTi urTierToba wydeba masSemdeg, rac daqiravebuli gaxdeba 65 wlis. amas garda,gaTavisuflebis konkretuli SemTxvevis obieqtur da marTlzomiersafuZvlad gamodgeba gavrcelebuli argumentebi, romlebicgamoiyeneba 65 wlis asakSi samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebisgasamarTleblad. gaTavisuflebis es konkretuli SemTxveva arewinaaRmdegeboda kanons asakobrivi niSniT uTanasworobis Sesaxeb.daqiravebulis argumenti, rom kompaniis damokidebulebawarmoadgenda diskriminacias sqesobrivi niSniT, aseve uaryofiliqna, vinaidan naklebad savaraudoa, rom 65 wlis asakSi samsaxuridanaTavisufleben proporciulad ufro met qals, vidre mamakacs.


16-04-1993

ruseTis federaciis saxalxo sasamarTloebma gansaxilvelad armiiRes sasarCelo gancxadebebi prokuraturis yofiliTanamSromlebis Tanamdebobebze aRdgenis moTxovniT, romeliceyrdnoboda ruseTis federaciis prokuraturis departamentTandakavSirebuli moqmedi kanonmdeblobis da Sromis samarTliszogierT wess, romelTa mixedviT, garkveuli kategoriis muSakTamonawileobiT SromiT davebs sasamarTloebi ver ganixilaven. sxvasityvebiT rom vTqvaT, prokurorebisa da gamomZieblebisaTvisgansazRvruli normebi aSkarad gansxvavdeboda SromiTi davebismaregulirebeli Cveulebrivi kanonisagan.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aseTi zomebiantikonstituciuri iyo, laxavda moqalaqeTa uflebebisa daTavisuflebebis samarTlebrivi dacvis konstituciur uflebas,arRvevda Tanasworobas Sromis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT daugulebelyofda saerTaSorisod aRiarebul normebsa da standartebs.


04-01-1992

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, antikonsti-tuciurad CaiTvala sapensio asakis miRwevisTanave im muSakTasamsaxuridan gaTavisufleba, romlebsac pensiis miRebis uflebahqondaT, sxva garemoebebis mxedvelobaSi miuReblad. aseTi praqtika

356


eyrdnoboda Sromis kodeqsis debulebebs, romliTac kompaniis(dawesebuleba an organizacia) xelmZRvanelobas hqonda daqi-ravebulTa samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis ufleba. sasamarTlomaRniSnuli debulebebi konstituciasTan da 1991 wlis fizikuripirisa da moqalaqis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis deklaraciasTanSeusabamod miiCnia. aRniSnuli debulebebi aseve ewinaaRmdegebaadamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb saerTaSorisoteqstebs, vinaidan iwvevs diskriminacias Sromisa da adamianursaqmianobaTa sferoSi da safrTxes uqmnis arCevanisa da dawinaurebisTanabar SesaZleblobebs.


01-06-1995

konstituciiT garantirebuli muSaobis da profesiisTavisuflad arCevis uflebebi SeiZleba SeizRudos, Tu sanotarosaqmianobisTvis dawesdeba specialuri pirobebi, vinaidan sxvapirebs ufleba aqvT, iyvnen samarTlebrivad daculni kanoniersaqmianobaSi, romelsac notariusi Tavisi codniT, gamocdilebiTada pirovnuli TvisebebiT uzrunvelyofs. konstituciuria, TuaseTi SezRudvebi moiTxovs, rom sanotaro saqmianobis Sesrulebisunaris garda, notariusi sargeblobdes sazogadoebis ndobiT. Tukanonmdebeli uaryofs sazogadoebrivi ndobis faqts mxolodsisxlissamarTlebrivi saqmis warmoebis arsebobis safuZvelze, maSines winaaRmdegobaSi iqneba udanaSaulobis prezumfciasTan dakonstituciuri uflebebis dauSvebeli SezRudvis akrZalvasTan,vinaidan amiT is krZalavs profesiis SeZenas an sisxlissamarTle-brivi danaSauliT gamowveul saziano Sedegebs kanoniT savalde-bulo gadawyvetilebis gareSe.

samarTlebrivi Sedegebi SesaZlebelia mohyves sisxlis-samarTlebriv danaSaulze miRebul iseT sasamarTlo gadawy-vetilebas, romliTac notariusis Tanamdebobis kandidatma SeiZlebaar daimsaxuros sazogadoebis ndoba. magram arc es da arc moTxovnaimis Sesaxeb, rom Seswavlil iqnes kandidatis biografia dayofaqceva imis gasarkvevad, Seasrulebs Tu ara igi Tavissamsaxurebriv movaleobebs patiosnad da saimedod, niSnavs romkanoni ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias.

sanotaro kantora ekuTvnis sajaro samsaxurs da misidaniSnulebaa kanonieri saqmianobis usafrTxoeba/dacva. igi arismniSvnelovani koleqtiuri sikeTe, romlis wyalobiT, Se-

357

Sromis Tavisufleba

darebiTobis principis Tanaxmad, dasaSvebia, SeizRudos konsti-tuciiT garantirebuli muSaobis ufleba, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi,samuSaos an profesiis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebis ufleba (muxli49.1). konstituciis 15.3 muxlSi gansazRvrulia, rom adamianisuflebebi da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi SeiZleba SeizRudos mxolodsxvaTa uflebebiT da konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi.notariusis profesiiT Tavisuflad muSaobis ufleba izRudebasxvaTa uflebebiT, raTa isini samarTlebrivad daculi iyvnenkanonier saqmianobaSi. amas ki notariusi uzrunvelyofs TavisicodniT, gamocdilebiT da pirovnuli TvisebebiT.

profesiis Tavisuflad arCeva vrceldeba notariuszecmiuxedavad imisa, rom es Tavisufleba izRudeba uflebiT, romyvelas aqvs sajaro samsaxurSi muSaobis Tanabari ufleba(samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis25.g muxli; sloveniis socialisturi respublikis oficialuriJurnali, #7-35/71).

kanonmdebeli samarTlianad awesebs obieqturi (mag. kompaniisteritoria) an subieqturi xasiaTis SemzRudvel pirobebs sajarosamsaxurisTvis gankuTvnili profesiebisTvis. subieqturi xasiaTisSemzRudvel pirobebs Soris aris pirovnuli xasiaTis da pirovnuliSesaferisobis moTxovnebi, romelic uzrunvelyofs konkretulgarantias, rom sajaro samsaxuri Sesruldeba patiosnad daerTgulad da ar moxdeba misi borotad sargebloba klientebissasargeblod. aseTi SezRudvebi ganisazRvreba calkeuliprofesiebisTvis, ase rom, igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias, Tucalkeuli SezRudvebi da pirobebi ganisazRvreba ise, rogorc esdaSvebulia sasamarTlo kontroliT. amgvarad, notariusis samuSaosSesrulebisTvis sazogadoebrivi ndobis pirobebis dadgenaTavisTavad ar ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias imdenad, ramdenadacmaTi gansazRvra xdeba zemoxsenebuli saxelmZRvanelo wesebisSesabamisad da ar warmoadgens zneobriv-politikuri Sesaferisobiskriteriumebs. aRniSnuli ganisazRvra yofili sistemiT, romelicuSvebda privilegiisa da diskriminaciis SesaZleblobasideologiur an politikur rwmenasa da saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT.

socialur-politikuri Sesabamisobis instituti warmoadgendarepresiis mTavar da gardauval instruments politikuri partiisavtoritetis SesanarCuneblad, romelsac ekuTvnoda monopoliayofil totalitarul reJimSi. procedurebi, romelTa SesabamisadmiiReboda gadawyvetilebebi samuSao adgilebze da sajaroTanamdebobebze daSvebis Sesaxeb, aseve moiTxovda, rom kandidatebsdaekmayofilebinaT “socialur-politikuri kriteriumebi”.sloveniis socialistur respublikaSi sakadro politikisganxorcielebis Sesaxeb koleqtiuri SeTanxmeba (sloveniis

358


socialisturi respublikis oficialuri Jurnali #20(79)socialur-politikur organizaciebsa da gaerTianebebSi,gansazogadoebuli Sromis mTavar organizaciebSi, TviTmarTvaddainteresebul jgufebSi, adgilobriv sazogadoebebSi, socialurorganizaciebsa da sxvadasxva gaerTianebaSi yvelazesapasuxismgeblo postebze kadrebis daniSvnis principi dastandarti gaxda. mocemuli muxlidan naTeli xdeba, rom esSeTanxmeba moicavs sazogadoebaSi saqmianobis praqtikulad yvelaformas. kadrebis SerCevisas gansakuTrebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia,kandidatebma TavianT samuSaoSi gamoavlinon ideologiuridamokidebuleba socializmisadmi, socialistur demokratiulisistemis istoriuli interesebis realizaciisa da pozitiuridamokidebuleba socialisturi revoluciisadmi, socialuriTavdacvis koncefciis realizaciisa da socialisturiTviTmarTvadi sistemis mSeneblobis SemoqmedebiT valdebuleba(muxli 24).

calkeuli problemebi da winadadebebi konkretuli kadrebissakiTxis gadaWrisa da ufro farTo socialisturi interesisgansasazRvrad ganxilul da gadawyvetil iqna sakadro sakiTxTasakoordinacio komitetis mier sloveniis mSromelTasocialisturi ligis konferenciebze (muxli 28). aRniSnulisocialisturi xelSekruleba ganisazRvra socialur-politikuriSesaferisobis cnebis Sinaarsis msgavsad, romelic Sinaarsobrivadganimarta gadawyvetilebaSi zogierTi im moqalaqis iniciativisSesaxeb, romlebic daobdnen lublianas municipalitetisteritoriaze mTavar sakadro politikur kursebze socialuriSeTanxmebis konstituciurobaze (sloveniis socialisturirespublikis oficialuri Jurnali #11(76). aseve, sloveniissocialisturi respublikis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 1981 wlis2 aprilis #u-i-110/77-18 rezoluciis axsna-ganmartebiT nawilSi,romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom iniciativa ar iqna miRebuli.rezoluciis axsna-ganmartebiT nawilSi aRniSnulia, rom socialuristandartebi sakadro politikis erT-erT orientirs warmoadgens.agreTve, naxsenebia kandidatis damokidebuleba socialisturirevoluciisadmi, iugoslavieli erebisa da erovnebebis Zmobisa daerTianobisadmi da TviTmarTvadi urTierTobebis ganviTarebisa daSromis ganawilebisadmi. sasamarTlos azriT, aRniSnulistandartebi efuZneboda ZiriTad konstituciur principebs,maSindeli konstituciis ZiriTadi principebis pirvel da meorepunqtebs.

sloveniis socialisturi respublikis konstituciis (sloveniissocialisturi respublikis oficialuri Jurnali #6(74) 285.2muxlis mixedviT, mosamarTleTa daniSvnis procedura unda

359

Sromis Tavisufleba

iTvaliswinebdes maT mier mosamarTlis funqciis SesrulebisaTviszneobriv-politikuri Sesaferisobis Sefasebas. saerTosasamarTloebis Sesaxeb kanonma (sloveniis socialisturirespublikis oficialuri Jurnali #10/77, 4/82/37/82, 7/86, 41/87 da24/88) konstituciuri principi ise ganixila, rom socialur-politikuri Sesaferisoba mosamarTled daniSvnis savaldebulopirobas warmoadgenda (muxli 65). mosamarTle SeiZlebagaeTavisuflebinaT Tanamdebobidan misi vadis dasrulebamde, Tudadgindeboda rom igi ar iyo socialur-politikurad Sesaferisi(muxli 75). zneobriv-politikuri kriteriumebis Sesaferisoba asevesavaldebulo piroba iyo msajulTa daniSvnisaTvis (muxli 83). isiniSeiZleba gaeTavisuflebinaT samsaxuridan, Tu zneobriv-politikuri niSniT Seufereblebi iyvnen (muxli 85).

absoluturad identuri pirobebi iqna dadgenili gansa-zogadoebuli Sromis sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb kanoniT (oficialuriJurnali, #38/74, 7/86 da 41/87) am sasamarTloebSi mosamarTleebisdaniSvnis (muxli 31) da maTi vadamde gaTavisuflebis Taobaze (muxli41), kanoniT prokuraturis Sesaxeb (oficialuri Jurnali, #10/77,7/86 da 41/87) prokurorebis (muxli 31) da maTi vadamdegaTavisuflebis (muxli 33) Taobaze, saxalxo damcvelis SesaxebkanoniT (oficialuri Jurnali, #10/77, 7/86 da 41/87) saxalxodamcvelis daniSvnis (muxli 12) da misi vadamde gaTavisuflebisTaobaze (muxli 17), mxolod yvelaze mniSvnelovani saxelmwifosamarTlebrivi funqciebis TvalsazrisiT.

yvelasaTvis cnobili normatiuli zoma, romlis Tanaxmad,“zneobrioba gadaiqca politikis instrumentad” da “idealizmidavida dakanonebuli farisevlobis doneze” (Sead. zbigniubrJeJinski, izven nadzora, lubliana, 1995, 56), adamianisuflebebisaTvis niSnavda mudmivi safrTxis rogorc pirdapir, isefarul formas. arc erTi TvalsazrisiT ar aris SesaZlebeli misigaTanabreba Cveulebriv demokratiul qveynebSi moqmed kri-teriumebTan, romlebsac saxelmwifo moxeleebi xalxis ndobismopovebis mizniT unda akmayofilebdnen.

aris Tu ara notariusebis samarTlianoba da patiosnebamoTxovna. es moTxovna gamoxatulia zogadi debulebis saxiT,vinaidan warmoadgens sayovelTaod miRebul Rirebulebas, romel-ic dakristaldeba calkeul SemTxvevaSi. igi aris araRirebulebaTa daxuruli katalogi, aramed mis Sinaarss avsebspraqtika. samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi es niSnavs realizebas,sakanonmdeblo da zneobrivad misaRebi iuridiuli saqmianobisdawyebas, iuridiul saqmianobaSi monawileebisaTvis zianis dauflebebis borotad gamoyenebis Tavidan acilebas, xelSekrulebismxareTa interesebs Soris dabalansebas. notariusi aris ara rome-

360


lime partiis warmomadgeneli, aramed piri, romelsac SeiZlebaendos xelSekrulebis orive mxare (anu “sazogadoebrivi” ndobismoTxovna). zemoxsenebulidan gamomdinare, aseve undaganisazRvros calkeuli elementebi, romlebic kompetenturorganos avalebs, notariusisTvis pirobebis dawesebisas Seafasos,ramdenad Sesrulebadia es piroba.

samarTlianobisa da patiosnebis kriteriumebi, udavod, exebarogorc notariusis, iseve sxva profesiis adamianTa muSaobas,romlebisTvisac SesaZlebelia aseTi pirobebis daweseba saerTokeTildReobis da mesame pirTa farTo wris dacvis TvalsazrisiT.unari da ndoba, samarTlianoba da patiosneba is kriteriumebia, rom-lebic sxva qveynebSic savaldebuloa iseTi profesiebisTvis,rogoricaa notariusi, advokati, sagadasaxado inspeqtori, auditida sxv.

evrokavSiris kanonis Tanaxmad, axali gadawyvetilebebismiRebis nacvlad, qveynebi aRniSnul kriteriumebTan dakavSirebiTsaxelmwifo organoTa dadgenilebebiT xelmZRvaneloben. es araris zneobriv-politikur SesaferisobasTan gaigivebuli kri-teriumi. konstituciis 157.2 muxlis mixedviT, administraciuldavasa da konstituciur sarCelSi garantirebuli samarTlebrivisarwmunooba aris imis garantia, rom samarTlianobisa da patios-nebis kriteriumebi adamianis uflebaTa sazianod ar iqnebagamoyenebuli.


29-10-1998

yvela adamians aqvs Sromis ufleba da misi gamoyeneba SeuZliaindividualurad an sazogadoebrivi organizaciis, maT Soris,profkavSiris meSveobiT (konstituciis 36-e muxli).

mSromelTa uflebebi, movaleobebi da garantiebi mowesrigebu-lia ukrainis Sromis kodeqsiT, romelic samuSaod ayvanazedausabuTeblad uaris Tqmisa da samsaxuridan usamarTlodgaTavisuflebisaTvis samarTlebriv dacvas iTvaliswinebs. kanonmadamqiravebelTa da maT warmomadgenlobaze uflebamosili orga-noebis mier SromiTi xelSekrulebis gauqmebaze daawesaSezRudvebi, rac samsaxuridan usamarTlod daTxovnissamarTlebrivi dacvis garantias warmoadgens. sawarmoSi, dawese-bulebasa an organizaciaSi moqmedi profkavSiri aris nebismieriprofkavSiri (an kavSiris filiali), romelic konstituciisa dakanonis Sesabamisad aris Seqmnili organizaciaSi misi wevrebis

361

Sromis Tavisufleba

Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelze, Sromis, socialuri daekonomikuri uflebebis, aseve, mSromelTa interesebis dasacavad,miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara is koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis anSeTanxmebis monawile.

imave sawarmoSi, dawesebulebasa Tu organizaciaSi moqmed yvelaprofkavSirs aqvs kanoniT dadgenili erTi da igive uflebebi.swored sawarmoSi, dawesebulebasa Tu organizaciaSi moqmediprofkavSiri eTanxmeba mis wevrebTan SromiTi xelSekrulebisSewyvetas kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da wesiT. TusawarmoSi, dawesebulebasa Tu organizaciaSi ramdenimeprofkavSiria, unda Seiqmnas erToblivi warmomadgenlobiTiorgano, romelic koleqtiur SeTanxmebebze molaparakebas awar-moebs. aRniSnul organizaciebSi moqmed yvela profkavSirs SeuZliamonawileoba miiRos molaparakebebSi da koleqtiur SeTanxmebebsmiaRwios. Tumca, koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebisdadeba kanonieria sawarmoSi, dawesebulebasa Tu organizaciaSimoqmed ara mxolod yvela, aramed ramdenime profkavSirTanac.TanamSromlebis mier amgvari uflebiT aRWurvil sxva organoebsacSeuZliaT aseTi SeTanxmebebis dadeba. profkavSiri aris SromiTixelSekrulebis an SromiTi SeTanxmebis mxare, magram igi ar axdensgavlenas misi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebaze da ar adgens,funqcionirebs Tu ara is konkretul sawarmoSi, dawesebulebasa TuorganizaciaSi. aq TavianTi wesebis Sesabamisad Seqmnil da moqmedyvela profkavSirs konstituciiT miniWebuli aqvs Tanabari ufle-ba, daicvas mSromelebisa da maTi wevrebis socialuri daekonomikuri uflebebi da interesebi. ukrainis Sromis kodeqsisSesabamisad, masSi Sedis wevrebis SromiTi xelSekrulebebisSewyvetaze Tanxmoba.


01-07-1998

ZiriTadi kanonis Tanaxmad, kanonmdebels moeTxoveba resocial-izaciis efeqtiani koncefciis SemuSaveba, rogorc aRmasrulebelixelisuflebis praqtikis safuZveli. am dros kanonmdebelsminiWebuli aqvs farTo kompetencia. patimrobis dros iZulebiTiSroma aris resocializaciis efeqturi saSualeba, Tu SesrulebulisamuSao saTanadod dafasebulia, rac materialuri uzrunvelyofiTan sxva formiT gamoixateboda. amasTan, mizanSewonilia, patimrebmamaterialuri privilegiis formiT Seityon, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvsmomavali damoukidebeli cxovrebisTvis cixis gareT regularulad

362


muSaobas. finansuri saxiT anazRaurebuli iZulebiTi muSaobis gziTresocializaciis samarTlebrivma cnebam SesaZlebelia xeli SeuwyoskonstituciiT moTxovnil resocializacias mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,Tu patimari, misTvis dawesebuli anazRaurebiT minimalur donezeiqneba informirebuli im faqtis Taobaze, rom momgebiani samuSaoadamianis arsebobis wyaroa. ZiriTadi kanonis 12.3 muxli krZalavsdaSvebul iZulebiT samuSaos im dawesebulebebSi, sadacaRmasrulebeli organoebi saxelmwifos winaSe pasuxs ageben maTizedamxedvelobis qveS myof patimrebze.

I. sasjelis aRsrulebis maregulirebeli kanonis (Strafvol-lzugsgesetz StVollzg) 41-e muxlis Tanaxmad, patimrebi, romlebic sas-jels ixdian germaniaSi, valdebulni arian, imuSaon TavianTifizikuri SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad. 1976 wels ganxorcielebu-li saaRsrulebo procedurebis reformirebiT, kanonmdebelma gan-sazRvra patimrebis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos pirobebis axalisqema da gadaafasa maTi samuSao. cixeSi muSaoba ZiriTadadpatimarTa “mkurnalobas” isaxavda miznad da, erTi mxriv, maTi pro-fesiuli integraciisTvis xelSewyobas, meore mxriv, samomavloekonomikuri safuZvlis Seqmnas uzrunvelyofda. principSi, cixeSiSesrulebuli samuSao unda Sefasdes cixis gareT miRebulianazRaurebis proporciulad. patimrebi srulad unda iyvnenCarTulni socuzrunvelyofis sadazRvevo sqemaSi. aT welze metidro gavida reformirebuli saaRsrulebo normebis amoqmedebidanda patimrebi Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis kvlavac iRebenxelfasebs, romelTa odenoba rogorc adre, mcire “anazRaurebas”Seadgens. StVollzg-is 200.2 muxlSi gansazRvruli anazRaurebis ode-noba ar gazrdila, arc muSa-patimrebis integracia momxdarajanmrTelobis dazRvevis da socuzrunvelyofis sadazRvevosqemebSi (StVollzg-is 198.3 muxli). piriqiT, patimrebs uwevT maTTvisdavalebuli samuSaos Sesruleba, romelSic uxdian “ZiriTadxelfass” anu socuzrunvelyofis sadazRvevo samsaxurSi mTlianadregistrirebulis saSualo sazRauris 5%-s (StVollzg-is 200.1 muxlismeore winadadeba). amgvar calkeul SemTxvevebSi, samuSaos tipidanda Sesrulebidan gamomdinare, ZiriTadi xelfasis diferencirebaxdeba patimrebis saxelfaso sqemis mixedviT(Strafvollzugsverguetungsordnung). realurad yovelTviuri xelfasiSeadgens daaxloebiT 200 germanul markas. momuSave patimrebidazRveulni arian ubeduri SemTxvevisa da umuSevrobisgan, magramara janmrTelobis da socuzrunvelyofis pensiiT (ix. 190-e muxlis1-10, 13-18 StVollzg-is 198.3 muxlTan erTad). gansxvavebuli situaci-aa im mcirericxovan patimrebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebsac,StVollzg-is 39.11 muxliT dadgenili winapirobebis Tanaxmad,

363

Sromis Tavisufleba

Tavisufali dasaqmebis ufleba aqvT (gare sawarmosTan CveulebriviSromis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze). maT xelfasi eZlevaT sruladsaarsebo minimumisTvis yovelTviurad (minus 400-600 markis odeno-bis Senatani) da dazRveulni arian socuzrunvelyofis sapensiodazRvevis sqemiT. 1976 wlis Semdeg ramdenjerme iyo sakanonmdeblocvlilebebis Setanis mcdeloba. marTalia, federaluri mTavrobadadebiTad Sexvda 1988 wels bundesratis mier SeTavazebul bolokanonproeqts, magram me-11 sakanonmdeblo sesiis dros misisaboloo ganxilva ar Catarebula da arc misi wardgena aRar momx-dara. patimrebis Sromis maregulirebeli saaRsrulebo normebisgadasinjvis Taobaze oTxi sakonstitucio sarCelis da sasamarTloprocesis farglebSi federalur sakonstitucio sasamarTlosunda Seeswavla, Seesabameboda Tu ara ZiriTad kanons xelfasisodenoba da momuSave patimrebis araintegrireba socuzrunvely-ofis sapensio dazRvevis sqemaSi. amave dros, sasamarTlos undagadaewyvita mTavari sakiTxi - StVollzg-is mixedviT patimrobisperiodSi muSaobis movaleobis Sesabamisoba iZulebiTi SromisakrZalvasTan.

I I. 1) federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos meore kolegiamdaadgina, rom saaRsrulebo xelisuflebis praqtikis warmarTvapatimarTa resocializaciis kursiT warmoadgenda konstituciurmoTxovnas. TiToeul patimars ufleba aqvs moiTxovos, rom es mizanidakmayofildes masze dawesebuli nebismieri zomis miuxedavad.resocializacia niSnavs ara mxolod imas, rom patimars gauCndespasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT cxovrebis SesaZlebloba da survili.misi mizania, aseve, mTlianad sazogadoebis dacva, vinaidan amukanasknelis uSualo interesSi Sedis, Tavidan iqnes acilebulipatimris mier ganmeorebiT danaSaulis Cadena da Tana-moqalaqeebisaTvis da sazogadoebisaTvis zianis miyeneba. aRniSnulimiznebis Sesabamisad, kanonmdebeli valdebulia, SeimuSaos reso-cializaciis efeqturi koncefcia, rogorc saaRsrulebo xelisu-flebis praqtikis safuZveli. resocializaciis moTxovnis ganxor-cielebisas kanonmdebels miniWebuli aqvs farTo kompetencia. arse-buli codnis gamoyenebiT kanonmdebelma SeiZleba miiRos debuleba,romelic harmoniaSia sxva saxelmwifo movaleobebis donesa daaucileblobasTan, Tundac saWiro xarjebis saTanadod gaTva-liswinebiT.

iZulebiTi Sroma patimrobis dros aris resocializaciis efeq-turi saSualeba, Tu Sesrulebuli samuSao saTanadod dafasebulia.amasTan, mizanSewonilia, patimrebma materialuri privilegiisformiT Seityon, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs regularulad muSaobasmomavali damoukidebeli cxovrebisTvis cixis gareT. adekvaturi

364


dafaseba SeiZleba iyos finansuri an sxva saxis. fuladi kompensaciisgarda an mis nacvlad, patimrebma SeiZleba SeiZinon ufleba momavalpensiaze an daxmareba valebis gastumrebaze.

mxolod an ZiriTadad finansuri saxiT anazRaurebuli iZulebiTimuSaobis gziT resocializaciis samarTlebrivma cnebam Sesa-Zlebelia xeli Seuwyos konstituciiT moTxovnil resocializaciasim SemTxvevaSi, Tu patimari, misTvis dawesebuli anazRaurebiT mini-malur doneze mainc iqneba informirebuli im faqtis Taobaze, rommomgebiani samuSao adamianis arsebobis wyaroa. Tumca, kanonmdebelsSeuZlia mxedvelobaSi miiRos cixeSi cxovrebis tipiuri pirobebi,kerZod ki, distancia bazrebTan. Tavis rols iTamaSebs aseve patim-ris muSaobis Rirebuleba mewarmisTvis da sxva konkurentimwarmoeblebisTvis. kanonmdebeli am sferoSi sargeblobs farTokompetenciiT.

kanonmdebelma iZulebiTi Sroma SeiZleba imiTac daafasos, Tupatimrebs Seiyvans socuzrunvelyofis sistemebSi. ZiriTadi kanoniar moiTxovs, rom socuzrunvelyofis sistemebiT dacva cixeSiiZulebiT Sromazec gavrceldes.

iZulebiTi Sromis dawesebisas kanonmdebelma unda daicvasZiriTadi kanonis 12.3 muxli (“iZulebiTi Sroma SeiZlebadauwesdeT mxolod sasamarTlo ganaCeniT TavisuflebaaRkveTilpirebs”). iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalvis wesidan es gamonaklisi reg-ulirdeba im principiT, rom cixeSi muSaoba unda xorcieldebodesaRmasrulebeli organoebis pasuxismgeblobis da sazogadoebrivizedamxedvelobis qveS. patimarTa mimagreba anu zedamxedvelobisgareSe maTze mesame pirTa pasuxismgeblobis daweseba samuSaosSesrulebaze ar Seesabameba iZulebiTi Sromis tradiciulsuraTs.

I I I . 1) aRniSnuli kriteriumebis mixedviT, StVollzg-iT SemuSavebuliresocializaciis koncefcia, ramdenadac igi ZalaSia daiTvaliswinebs iZulebiT Sromas da mis anazRaurebas, principSi,akmayofilebs konstituciur moTxovnebs. Tuki StVollzg-iTSemuSavebuli resocializaciis koncefcia srulad amoqmeddeboda,anu xelfasi gaizrdeboda da patimrebi srulad CaerTvebodnensocuzrunvelyofis sadazRvevo sistemebSi, kanonmdebeli daakmay-ofilebda resocializaciis moTxovnas ara marto moTxovnil mini-malur donemde, aramed sakmarisze metadac. StVollzg-is arsebuli ver-sia resocializaciis koncefcias, rogorc torss, ise axorcielebs.patimrebi dazRveulni arian ubeduri SemTxvevisa daumuSevrobisagan, magram ara janmrTelobisa da socuzrunvelyofissapensio dazRveviT. xelfasis gamoTvlis safuZveli kvlavackanoniT dadgenili sawyisi odenobis 5%-ia. es ar niSnavs, rom

365

Sromis Tavisufleba

muSaobis valdebulebam dakarga resocializaciasTan Tavisi funq-ciuri kavSiri. iZulebiTi Sroma axla rogorc adre, ukavSirdebaanazRaurebis uflebas.

2) StVollzg-is 41-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli muSaobis valde-buleba Seesabameba ZiriTadi kanonis 12.3 muxlsac, vinaidan esvaldebuleba arsebobs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac samuSaosruldeba aRmasrulebel organoebze dakisrebuli sajaro pasuxis-mgeblobis qveS. mTeli pasuxismgeblobis ase farTod gadacema,kerZod ki, patimrebis mimagreba kerZo piris eqskluziuri kontro-lis qveS, kanoniT dauSvebelia. aRniSnuli moTxovnebi SeiZleba dak-mayofildes cixis teritoriis gareT zedamxedvelobis gareSepatimrebis dasaqmebiTac (iZulebiTi Sroma gare sawarmoebTan).Tumca, zogierTi miwis saaRsrulebo praqtika TavisufalmuSaobasTan (StVollzg-is 39.1 da 39.11 muxlebi - cixis teritoriisgareT zedamxedvelobis gareSe patimrebis muSaoba) da, gamonaklisSemTxvevebSi, aseTi muSaobis daSvebasTan dakavSirebiT, ewi-naaRmdegeba resocializaciis moTxovnas. Tu patimars, romelicakmayofilebs cixis teritoriis gareT zedamxedvelobis gareSedasaqmebis pirobebs, sasjelaRsrulebiTi dawesebulebis mcdelo-bis miuxedavad ver uzrunvelyofen gare samuSaoTi – magramSesaZlebelia, patimari Tavisi TanxmobiT gaigzavnos gare kerZosawarmoSi garkveuli samuSaos Sesasruleblad _ am SemTxvevaSiaucilebelia uzrunvelyofil iqnes patimrisaTvis sasjel-aRsrulebiTi dawesebulebis minimaluri organizebuli sajaropasuxismgebloba. praqtika, romelic mxolod gamonaklis SemTxve-vaSi ewinaaRmdegeba cixis teritoriis gareT zedamxedvelobisgareSe patimrebis dasaqmebis SesaZleblobas, unda Sewydes araugvianes 1998 wlis 31 dekembrisa. am dRemde, senatis rCeviT,aRmasrulebel organoebs dro miecaT kerZo kompaniebisagan ufrometi mxardaWeris misaRebad im patimarTa dasaqmebis saqmeSi, rom-lebic akmayofileben pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis moTxovnebs.

3) StVollzg-is 43-e muxli, romelic iZulebiTi Sromis qveS momuSavepatimrebs aniWebs anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas, konstituci-uria. “ZiriTadi xelfasis” dadgeniT, kanonmdebels Tanasworobisprincipis daurRvevlad SeuZlia miaRwios im mizans, romelicpatimarTa Semosavlebs Soris zedmetad didi gansxvavebebis Tavidanacilebasa da cixis cxovrebaSi am gansxvavebebiT gamowveulinegatiuri Sedegebis Tavidan acilebas isaxavs. ramdenadac StVollzg-is43-e muxlis me-2 punqti iTvaliswinebs anazRaurebis gradacias,kanonic uSvebs calkeuli garemoebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebas daanazRaurebis adekvatur diferencirebas.

366


4) garda amisa, konstitucias ar ewinaaRmdegeba is faqti, rompatimarTa CarTva kanoniT dadgenil socuzrunvelyofis sadazRvevosqemaSi eqvemdebareba specialuri federaluri kanoniT mowesrige-bas, romelic jer ar aris miRebuli. ganzraxuli debuleba, romelicjer ar aris ZalaSi, iTvaliswinebs patimarTa integrirebassocuzrunvelyofis sistemebSi kanoniT dadgenili sawyisi odenobis90%-is safuZvelze. aseTi farTo regulireba ar moiTxoveba arcresocializaciis konstituciuri pirobiT da arc TanasworobisprincipiT (ZiriTadi kanonis 3.1 muxli). piriqiT, socuzrunvelyofissadazRvevo sistemaSi patimarTa integrirebis Sesaxeb samar-Tlebrivi debuleba unda daecvaT Tanasworobis principis motiviTgamoTqmuli sawinaaRmdego azrisagan.

5) StVollzg-is 200.1 muxliT mowesrigebuli anazRaurebis sakiTxiewinaaRmdegeba resocializaciis konstituciur moTxovnas.anazRaurebis arsebuli done patimris resocializacias verSeuwyobs xels, vinaidan Tanxas, romelsac patimari realurad iRebs,cotaTic ki ar arwmunebs mas momgebiani samuSaos da sacxovrebladsaWiro finansuri safuZvlis Seqmnis mniSvnelobaSi. 1997 wlismdgomareobiT, anazRaureba kanoniT dadgenili sawyisi odenobissafuZvelze Seadgens 1.70 germanul markas saaTSi. patimrisaTvis esniSnavs saSualod TveSi 200 germanul markaze odnav mets. es romresocializaciisTvis moTxovnil minimumze naklebia, eqspertebiceTanxmebian anazRaurebis donesTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmulkomentarebSi. garda anazRaurebisa, patimars Tavisi SromisaTvis armieniWeba sxva araviTari mniSvnelovani privilegia. aRniSnuli aseveexeba dasasvenebeli da gasarTobi adgilebis da RonisZiebebis arse-bobas sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebaSi. igi iTvleba ara patimrismier Sesrulebuli samuSaos dafasebad, aramed fizikur dasocialur dacvad, romelic SeiZleba dadebiTad Sefasdes reso-cializaciis konstituciuri moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT da romelicama Tu im formiT xelmisawvdomia nebismieri patimrisaTvis.aRniSnuli SexedulebebiT iyo nakarnaxevi kolegiis gadawyvetilebaStVollzg-is 200.1 muxlis resocializaciis konstituciurmoTxovnasTan Seusabamobis Taobaze. SesaZloa, konstituciuradgamarTlebuli yofiliyo is, rom kanonmdebelma ufleba misca patim-rebs StVollzg-is SemoRebis (1976) Semdeg wlebSi anazRaureba mieRoTkanoniT dadgenili sawyisi odenobis 5%-is safuZvelze. magramamasobaSi gavida kanonmdeblisaTvis dadgenili gardamavali perio-di. axali debulebis molodinSi aucilebelia arsebobdessamarTlebrivi safuZveli. kolegiam daadgina, rom am etapze, araugvianes 2000 wlis 31 dekembrisa, ZalaSi rCeba StVollzg-is 200.1 muxli.miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdebels ekisreba zomebis dauyovnebliv

367

Sromis Tavisufleba

miRebis valdebuleba, sasamarTlom es TariRi samarTlebriviprincipebis gadasinjvisaTvis daawesa.

I V. federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTlem,momxsenebelma kruizma, xma misca gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg. igidaeTanxma sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas iZulebiTi Sromis nawilSi,magram misi mosazrebiT adamianuri Rirsebis dacvis TvalsazrisiTadekvaturi anazRaurebis sakiTxi (ZiriTadi kanonis 1.1. muxli) reso-cializaciis konstituciuri moTxovnisa da Sromis meSveobiT reso-cializaciis miznisagan calke dgas.

368


evropis qqveynebis sakonstitucio ssasamarTloebis ... da Tavisuflebebze SemoRebuli garkveuli...

Documents

Transcript of evropis qqveynebis sakonstitucio ssasamarTloebis ... da Tavisuflebebze SemoRebuli garkveuli...