Evolving Concepts of Wide Area Measurements in the Electric Power Industry

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IEEE Toronto•August 9, 2004

Evolving Concepts of Wide Area Measurements in the Electric Power

Industry

R. Jay Murphy

Macrodyne Inc.

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WAMS Definition

Real Time, Synchronized

Data Acquisition used to Dynamically Control, Monitor, and Manage Power Grid Network Performance

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WAMS Driving Forces

• Large Interconnected

Networks• August 1996• August 2003• Rapid Network Expansion

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WAMS Facilitation

• Hardware Evolution• GPS Network• Communication

Infrastructure

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WAMS Networks

• WECC• CFE Mexico• North East China Power• Eastern Interconnect PP

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WAMS Issues and Solutions

PMU DFR Relay

Substation 2

PMU DFR Relay

Substation 1

PMU DFR Relay

Substation n

. . . . . .

Area Monitoring

System-wide Controller

Cluster Monitoring

Lack of the Information, Communication Foundation !!!

SGU (gateway) SGU

(gateway) SGU (gateway)

SGU (gateway)

UDC UDCUDCDDB DDB

GPS

NTP Server

Power Grid Information, Communication FoundationDPMDPA MSUOMU

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OMU

DPA

DPA

Networks

UDC

OMU

PMU

DFR

IDE

PMU

DFR

IDE

DPM

DPADDB

WEB

UDCDDB

WEB

SGUDDB

WEB

SGUDDB

WEB

• Large-scale, multi-input & multi-output• IP based Network focusing on real time data flow (QoS)• Scalable, Integrated and complete turn key solution • Center Management & Distributed Opt.• Resource & Information Sharing• Embedded DDB & WEB Server• Support both Legacy and advanced IEDs• Compliant with current WSCC and IEEE 1344 (R2001), IEEE C37.118 Standards

• Support current WSCC applications and 3rd party application with API• Unlimited MIPS for Real Time DPM

WSCC: PSM Tool kits Prony & Ringdown Stream Reader Spectrum Analyzer etc.

Substation Devices + Communication Network + Applications

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Real time wide area synchronized phasor measurements such as those from PMUs, allow for innovative solutions to traditional utility problems.

WAMS

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Advanced Network Protection based upon synchronized phasor measurements can be implemented, with options for improving overall system response to catastrophic events.

WAMS

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Advanced Control Schemes using remote feedback become possible in order to improve the performance of the controllers.

WAMS

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Power System Monitoring and Analysis are much improved because precise snapshots of the system states are obtained through GPS synchronization.

WAMS

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Precise Measurements of the Power System State can be obtained at frequent intervals so that dynamic phenomena can be grasped at the control center, and appropriate control actions taken.

WAMS

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An early application of WAMS information will be ensuring both Voltage and Dynamic Security on the power system.

WAMS

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Advanced Network Protection: The availability of wide area measurements in real time offers much advancement in power system protection. Excluding pilot schemes, most protection today relies on a pre-defined system study with certain assumptions. Use of real time data from different points could greatly reduce the chance of system error.

WAMS

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Advanced Control: Numbers of controllable devices are being installed by the electric utility industry. Examples are: Power System Stabilizers, Static VAR Compensators, HVDC links, and Unified Power Flow Controllers.

WAMS

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The tasks of these controllers are to act in such a way that the defined control objective functions are optimized. For example, a power system stabilizer may have as its objective the damping of electromechanical oscillations in the power system. The objective of an SVC controller may be to improve the voltage profile at certain critical buses in the network.

WAMS

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In all cases, the controllers use locally derived signals as feedback. Since the phenomenon being controlled is often defined in terms of wide-area system variables, present day controllers depend upon a mathematical model of the control process, the system dynamics, and the relationship between the local variables and system state.

WAMS

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Synchronized phasor measurements offer a unique opportunity to bring in the remote measurements of system state vector to the controller, and thus remove the uncertainty associated with the mathematical model from the control loop.

WAMS

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Through this, the controller becomes primarily feedback-based, rather than model-based, in its implementation.

WAMS

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Advanced System Monitoring: To date, most monitoring has been relegated to post mortem analysis of catastrophic events on power systems. The extreme time accuracy of PMUs can greatly enhance this analysis if the units are widely deployed throughout the system and easily accessible.

WAMS

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However, one area that has not received excessive analysis is the application of wide area sensors on a utility global level for on-line analysis. This type of system could revolutionize the way that present utility systems are operated and interact.

WAMS

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These types of networks can provide real time monitoring, analysis, control, and trading potential for an area or even a country.

WAMS

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One of the most important elements of modern Energy Management Systems currently deployed by electric utility companies is the State Estimation of the power system from real-time measurements.

WAMS

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The state of the power system is defined as the collection of the positive sequence voltages at all the network buses obtained simultaneously.

WAMS

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The technology of state estimation currently in use was developed in the 1960s, and is based on measurements that are unsynchronized. This results in a nonlinear equation that must be solved on-line to estimate the state of the system.

WAMS

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Consequently, the state vector estimated in the present technology is updated on a periodic basis, and is incapable of providing information about the dynamic state of the power system.

WAMS

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Synchronized phasor measurements provide a completely new opportunity to re-cast the entire state estimation process. With the use of the technology, much of the uncertainty and approximation inherent in the present state estimation systems will be removed, and the utilities will be in a position to move on to advanced static and dynamic contingency analyses of their network in real-time.

WAMS

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This new approach to system state estimation, or state measurement, could revolutionize the way systems are operated. System loading, intelligent adaptive contingency analysis, load shedding, stability and other applications could be greatly improved.

WAMS

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Another extension of the dynamic state measurement is transaction clearing for energy trading. Instead of relying on “estimated” power system values from competing state estimators, the energy exchange could use the synchronized measurement technology, coupled with high-speed data transmission networks to provide this information in real time.

WAMS

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Future applications will be automatic controls to prevent or mitigate system disturbances, and operation planning assistance. Equipment outage data can be used in maintenance optimization. WAMS will coordinate with existing software and with FACTS devices. Benefits include faster access to real-time information, enhanced automated control, increased asset utilization, and enhanced reliability.

WAMS

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WAMS - Adaptive Relay

• Changing Operating Levels Affect Ideal Relay Settings

• Phase Angle Across Network Can be Utilized to Adjust Under Frequency Trip Levels

• Modification to PMU Firmware Allows Output of Relay Trip Setting

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Adaptive Relay

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Adaptive Relay

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Active Disturbance Damping

• Northwest US Develops Oscillation with Southwest.

• Low Frequency Oscillations may Lead to System Breakup.

• Power Transfer Levels Must be Reduced to Inhibit Instability.

• Active Modulation of DC Intertie Permits Increased Transfer while Maintaining Stability.

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jfh

HVDC Terminal

SUNDANCE

FT. PECK

KEMANO

PEACE CANYON

MICA

VANCOUVER

SEATTLE

PRINCE RUPERT

AREA

AREA

COLSTRIP

BOISE

PORTLANDAREA

MALIN

TABLE MTN

ROUND MTN

SALT LAKECITY AREA

MEXICO

EL PASOAREA

PALO

DEVERS

LUGO

SAN FRANCISCOAREA

MIDPOINT

LOS ANGELESAREA ALBUQUERQUE

AREA

VERDE

NAVAJO

DENVER

AREA

MOJAVE

HOOVER

PHOENIXAREA

HOT SPRINGS

HELLSCANYON

JOSEPH GRAND

BURNS

PINTO

COULEE

SHASTA

WILLISTON

LANGDON

CORONADO

DELTA

CHIEF

MONTROSE

LANDINGMOSS

MIDWAY

jfh

FOURCORNERS

PPSM

PPSM

PPSM

PPSM

PPSM

PPSM

PPSM

PPSM

PPSM

PPSM

PPSM

PPSM

PPSM

Active Disturbance DampingWAMSWWW

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Model Verification

• Computer Models are Heavily Relied Upon to Predict Transfer Capacity, Stability, and Transient Performance.

• Faulty Models will Lead to Erroneous Action and System Failure.

• PMUs Permit, not only Accurate State Measurement, but Permit Comparison of Actual System Response with Model Prediction.

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Power swings on total California-Oregon Interconnection (COI) for WSCC breakup of August 10, 1996. Standard WSCC model (MW).

4000

4200

4400

4600

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

4000

4200

4400

4600

Time in Seconds

Simulated COI Power (initial WSCC base case)

Observed COI Power (Dittmer Control Center)

Model Verification

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NECP WAMS Project Phase I

• Three Provinces with Population of 120 Million• 500kV Power Grid, with E1 (2Mbps) Fiber Optic Network for WAMS

• 21 PMU (17 Macrodyne, 4 Sifang) • 7 SGU, 1 UDC• China EPRI App

• Phasor data stream rate @ 50 frame/second• Save 30 day of record w. same rate

伊敏Yi Min

方正Fang Zheng

哈南Ha Nan

合心He Xin

东丰Dong Feng

辽阳Liao Yang

锦州Jin Zhou

绥中Sui Zhong

元宝山Yuan Bao Shan

沈阳Shen Yang

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EASTERN INTERCONNECT PHASOR PROJECT

• RESPONSE TO AUGUST 14, 2003 EVENT

• DOE AND UTILITY FUNDED

• IMPLEMENTATION BY AUGUST, 2004

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• AEP, ENTERGY, NYPA, TVA

• PDC DATA INTERCHANGE VIA IP

• 50 PMUs INTERCONNECTED

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• INITIAL GOALS

– REAL-TIME DATA PRESENTATION– RAPID POST-MORTEM ANALYSIS– INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM ANALYSIS– NYPA STATE ESTIMATOR

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• FUTURE GOALS

– REAL-TIME DATA ANALYSIS– IMPROVED SYSTEM TRANSFER– SYSTEM STATE MEASUREMENT

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IMPLEMENTATION

• SPECIAL PROBLEMS

• SYSTEM UPGRADE

• NEW CONSTRUCTION

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IMPLEMENTATION

• MOST BENEFITS ARE INCREMENTALLY DERIVED

• COSTS ARE INCREMENTALLY INCURRED

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Wide Area Measurement Systems

WAMS/IEEE TORONTOWAMS/IEEE TORONTO

August 9, 2004August 9, 2004`

QUESTIONS

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PHOENIXAREA

MIGUEL

N.GILA

VAIL

PALOVERDE

CHOLLA

GLENCANYON

NAVAJO

SPRING-ERVILLE

FOURCORNERS

GREENLEE

WESTMESA

SAN JUAN

BLACKWATER

CORONADO

ARTESIA

AMRAD

CALIENTEDIABLO

DENVERAREA

CRAIG

RIFLEBONANZA

BENLOMOND

CAMPWILLIAMS

MIDPOINT

VALMY

TRACY

HARRY ALLEN

MARKETPLACE

INTER-MOUNTAIN

SIGURDHUNTER/EMERY

PINTORED BUTTE

DEVERSLOS

ANGELESAREA

MEDFORD

MALIN

ROUNDMT.OLINDA

TABLE MT.VACA-DIXON

TESLA

SAN LUIS

GATES

DIABLOCANYON

MIDWAY

SUMMERLAKE

GRIZZLY

BROADMAN

PORTLANDAREA

HARTFORDMIDWAY

CHIEFJOESPH

GRANDCOULEENANEUM

LOWERMONUMENTAL

DWORSHAK

TAFT

GARRISON

TOWNSEND

BROADVIEW

COLSTRIP

JIMBRIDGER

LARMIERIVER STA.

BORAH BRADY

SEATTLE/TACOMAAREA

SANFRANCISCOAREA

WSCC Grid

Evolving Concepts of Wide Area Measurements in the Electric Power Industry

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