Evolutionary Biology Chapter 2 Spring 2015

7/25/2019 Evolutionary Biology Chapter 2 Spring 2015

1/34

!"#$%&'()%"

+,-.&%(/.0 1(23 4567486 93:3; 9%&< -2$#0 2$%0. =$%, #>. ?$%'"& 2"& #>."

200.,@/.& A"#% =%$,0 2&2-#.& #% #>.A$

."BA$%",."#0

C>%0. #>2# &A& "%# &A.&

D..& #% E'&?. #>.%$A.0 @20.& %F %=

G"%H/.&?. 2# #>. ),. %= A"(.-)%"

I(A.")J( 2--$%2(> 9'A/& %" -$.BA%'0 H%$G

K// -$.BA%'0 H%$G A0 2/H2


2/34

!"#$%&'()%"

L$A%$ #% M2$HA"

N2"< O'.0)%"0 2@%'# #>. "2#'$2/ H%$/&

I.B.$2/ A&.20 20 #% #>. %$A?A" %= /A=.

P%H -.%-/. #$A.& #% ,2G. 0."0. %= #>. "2#'$2/ H%$/&Q

0%,.),.0 =2A/A"? 2"& 0%,.),.0 0'((..&A"?

R"&.$0#2"&A"? ."2@/.0S

9.T.$ (%,-$.>."0A%" %= >%H 2"& H>< M2$HA" (2,.

#% >A0 (%"(/'0A%"0

U>< >A0 &.#.$,A"2)%"0 H.$. 0% ?$%'"&@$.2GA"?

C>. A&.2 A0S

I(A."(. ,%B.0 =%$H2$& @< @'A/&A"? %" H>2# %#>.$

-.%-/. 2/$.2&< G"%H


3/34

D2#'$2/ B03 I'-.$"2#'$2/ +V-/2"2)%"0

:$.2)%" ,0 K"2VA,2"&.$ 1(23

WXY7Z4W 93:3;

K"(A."# [$..G

->A/%0%->.$

\A$0# #% '0.,.#>%&%/%?A(2/"2#'$2/A0,

D2#'$2/ 2"& ,.#>%&A(2/H2< %= /%%GA"? 2# #>.H%$/&

D2#'$2/ .V-/2"2)%" %=#>. 0%/2$ 0


4/34

D2#'$2/ B03 I'-.$"2#'$2/ +V-/2"2)%"0

].& #% 0%,. #% >.0A0 =%$,'/2)%" D%# '0.& @< .2$/< [$..G ->A/%0%->.$0

P.0.0 =%$,'/2#.& @'# ".B.$ #.0#.&

K$A0#%#/. 1(23 8^47866 93:3;

9./A.B.& A" >.0A0 #.0)"? !"#$%"& ()*#+%, +- ./)0"&*

+"0'$. -$A"(A-/.0 2"& =2(#0 &% "%# (%"#$2&A(# .2(> %#>.$

MA& "%# 2/H2 ,.#>%&0 N." >2B. ,%$. #..#> #>2" H%,."

I(A.")J( #>A"GA"?

C%%G ),. @.=%$. #>. "%$,

]%?A( 2/%". &A& "%# -$%BA&. #>. .")$. =$2,.H%$G $.O'A$.% -$%&'(. #>. .B."#'2/ @$.2G#>$%'?>0 %= .B%/')%"2$2"?A"?

I%,. $.(%?"A_.& .BA&."(. #% #>.(%"#$2$$%'?>0'&&." (2#20#$%->A( .B."#0


7/34

CA,. 2"& 2 :>2"?A"? U%$/&

]


8/34

f$A?A"0 %= ]A=. 2"& !#0 MAB.$0A#. =2#>.$ %= "2#'$2/ >A0#%$ 0-.(A.0 A0 /A"G.& A" 2 (>2A" @.(%,A"? A"($.20A"?/2"?.2@/.

I-%"#2".%'0 ?.".$2)%"

:%,-/.V /A=.7=%$,0 2$A0.Q $.-.2#.&/< HA#>%'# .V#.$"2/0),'/A =$%, "%"/ABA"? ,2T.$

\$%?0 =$%, ,'&

KT.,-)"? #% '0. "2#'$2/ $2#>.$ #>2" 0'-.$"2#'$2/

.V-/2"2)%"0


9/34

f$A?A"0 %= ]A=. 2"& !#0 MAB.$0A#2$2(#.$A0)(0

C$2A#0 2(O'A$.& &'$A"? #>. /A=. %= #>.%$?2"A0, (2" @. -200.& &%H" #%-$%?."2,@.$0 1X^Y67X^aX;

I(%j0> ?.%/%?A0#

23*453* +- #63 !"#$%"& ()*#+%, +- 7%3"4+/

L$A"(A-/.0 %= -$%?$.00AB. &.B./%-,."#

N%$. ='//< &.B./%-.& >%H ".H 0-.(A.0 %$A?A"2#.&=$%, .VA0)"? 0-.(A.0

:%,-%0A)%" >20 (>2"?.& %B.$ ),.

:>2"?. A0 0/%HQ ?$2&'2/Q 2"& "%# /A"G.& #%(2#20#$%->.0

C>%'?># A" #.$,0 %= -%-'/2)%"02"& "%#

A"&ABA&'2/0 [$%'-0 %= A"&ABA&'2/0 %= #>. 02,. 0-.(A.0 #>2# 2$.

=%'"& A" 2 &.J".& 2$.2Q 2"& A= 2 0.V'2/ 0-.(A.0QA"#.$@$..& HA#> %". 2"%#>.$

]2(G.& #>.%$< 20 #% H>< ".H 0-.(A.0 .B%/B.


12/34

f$?2"A0,0 2"& C>.A$ +"BA$%",."#0

C>$.. -$.7M2$HA" 0(A.")0#0S D%#.& #>2# %$?2"A0,0 H.$. H.// 2&2-#.& #%

#>.A$ ."BA$%",."#0

UA//A2, L2/.< 1Xa487X^YZ; KT$A@'#.& 2// #% [%& 20 #>. H2#(>,2G.$

&.0A?"A"? -$.(A0. A"0#$',."#0 :>2"(. &%.0 "%# -/2< 2 $%/.

b.2"792-)0#. ]2,2$(G 1Xa447X^65; R0.& ,.#>%&%/%?A(2/ "2#'$2/A0,

!">.$A#2"(. %= 2(O'A$.& (>2$2(#.$A0)(0

#>.%$< P2@A#0 %= #>. %$?2"A0, @$A"?0 2@%'# (>2"?.0 A" A#0

0#$'(#'$. 2"& 0'(> 0#$'(#'$2/ (>2"?.0 2$. -200.&&%H" #% %F0-$A"?

\A$0# #$'/< .B%/')%"2$< #>.%$< =%$#$2"0=%$,2)%" %= %". 0-.(A.0 #% 2"%#>.$


13/34


14/34

N2E%$ M.B./%-,."#0 L$A%$ #% M2$HA"

N%BA"? =$%,S I'-.$"2#'$2/ .V-/2"2)%"0 #% ,.#>%&%/%?A(2/

"2#'$2/A0,

:2#20#$%->A0, #% '"A=%$,A#2$A2"A0,

]%?A( 2"& -'$. $.20%" #% %@0.$B2)%"Q #.0)"?Q 2"&

$.='#2)%"

R"(>2"?A"? H%$/& #% 2"& 2" .B%/BA"? H%$/&

I-%"#2".%'0 ?.".$2)%" #% #>. A&.2 #>2# ".H0-.(A.0 (%,. =$%, (/%0./< $./2#.& 0-.(A.0


15/34

M2$HA"d0 C>.%$A" #>.."BA$%",."# &.#.$,A". >%H #$2A#0 >./-%$ >A"&.$ 2// /ABA"? 2"& "%"/ABA"?%$?2"A0,0 2"& 2//%H =%$ "2#'$2/0./.()%"

N.(>2"A0)( .V-/2"2)%"

:%,,%" 2"(.0#$< D.H 0-.(A.0 .B%/B. =$%, -$..VA0)"?

0-.(A.0

8%)5)/ +- 9:3;)3*

\A$0# H%$G #% -$.0."# 2 (%,-/.#. #>.%$. "..&.& #% /2< %'# >A02$?',."# B.$< (2$.='//%0. #% '0. &%,.0)(2#.& 2"A,2/0 2"&

('/)B2#.& -/2"#0 20 2 ,.2"0 #% (%,,'"A(2#.#>. A&.2 %= 2$)J(A2/ 0./.()%"


18/34

M2$HA"d0 C>.%$. A&.2 %= 2$)J(A2/ 0./.()%"

($.2)"? ".H B2$A.).0 @'# ".H 0-.(A.0 H20(%"#$%B.$0A2/

M2$HA" 2$?'.& #>2# #>. /A". @.#H.." 0-.(A.0 2"&B2$A.).0 A0 @/'$$.&

!= B2$A.).0 2$. 0A,A/2$ #% 0-.(A.0 @%#> $.0-%"& #%0A,A/2$ -$%(.00.0 1.3?3 2$)J(A2/ %$ "2#'$2/0./.()%"; /.2&A"? #% (>2"?.0 %B.$ ),. 1".H0-.(A.0;


20/34

M2$HA"d0 C>.%$A0 &AF.$."(.

fB.$ ),. #>A0 0,2// &AF.$."(.0 H%'/& @.(%,. ,2E%$(>2"?.0


21/34

M2$HA"d0 C>.%$. ),.

K"< $.-$%&'()B. 2&B2"#2?. HA// @. 2(#.& %" @2# M2$HA" =%'"& @'# M2$HA" -/2(.& ,%$.

.,->20A0 %" ?.%?$2->A( =.2#'$.0 $2#>.$ #>2" (/A,2#.2"& ->A(2/ @2$$A.$0 1.3?3

,%'"#2A"0Q %(.2"0; 2$. ,%$. 0A,A/2$ #% %". 2"%#>.$#>2" #>%0. #>2# 2$. 0.-2$2#.&

I'--%$#.& "%)%" #>2# .2(> 0-.(A.0 2$A0.0 %"(. A" 2 0A"?/.),. 2"& 0-2(.

K// 0-.(A.0 %" .2$#> 0>2$. (%,,%" 2"(.0#%$


30/34


31/34


32/34


33/34

g.2()%" #% M2$HA"

CH% (2,-0 %= .B%/')%"2$< @A%/%?A0#0

N."&./A2"0

:%")"'%'0 B2$A2)%" %@0.$B.& A" ,2"< #$2A#0 H20 "%#

-$A,2$A/< ?.".)(

f"/< 02H &A0($.#. B2$A2)%" 2"& &A& "%# 2//%H =%$

(%")"'%'0 B2$A2)%"

kA.H.& .B%/')%" 20 2 02/#2)%"2/ -$%(.00

9A%,.#$A(A2"0

L/2(.& A,-%$#2"(. %" #>. J". ?$2&2)%"0 %= &AF.$."(. c

(%")"'%'0 #$2A#0


34/34

g.2()%" #% M2$HA"

N%&.$"n.B%/')%"2$< 0.%$.)(2/ ,%&./0 2"& .V-.$A,."#2/ ,2"A-'/2)%"0

M.,%"0#$2#.&S [.".0 2$. -200.& &%H" =$%, -2$."# #% %F0-$A"? c "% @/."&A"? %= ?.".0

N'#2)%" A0 2 0%'$(. %= ?.".)( B2$A2)%"

[.".)( B2$A2)%" A0 A">.$A#.& A" #>. 02,. H2< H>.#>.$ #>. ?.".)(B2$A2"# ?.".$2#.0 2 /2$?. %$ 0,2// ->."%#. ?.".$2)%" %= ?.".)( B2$A2)%"

I%,. #$2A#0 2$. %= #>. $.0'/# %= #>. A"#.$2()%" %= ,2"< ?.".0 2"& 0%,.?.".0 (2" 2F.(# ,%$. #>2" %". #$2A#

P./-0 #% .V-/2A" #>. .B%/')%" %= (%,-/.V #$2A#0 HA#>%'# 200',A"? 02/#2)%"2/(>2"?.

N2"< (>2"?.0 A" ?."%#."%#."%#. $2H ,2#.$A2/ =%$ "2#'$2/ 0./.()%"

Evolutionary Biology Chapter 2 Spring 2015

Documents

Transcript of Evolutionary Biology Chapter 2 Spring 2015