eBook of The Evolution Of Man Scientifically Disproved, by William A_ Williams
Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for...
Transcript of Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for...
![Page 1: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Evolution
![Page 2: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why not invoke the supernatural
(god or gods) to explain how we
got here?
• The task of science is to make use of nature’s
redundancy to describe the world simply.
• We can use only empirical data.
• Everything else is outside the realm of
science.
• We can’t use the methods of science to
confirm or reject the supernatural. (Science is
falsifiable; the supernatural is not.)
![Page 3: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The National Association of Biology Teachers affirms that teaching biology must be in a standards-based instructional framework, upholding scientific integrity and the right to teach accurate and current science without penalty of political or religious influences on content. Experimentation, logical analysis, and evidence-based revision, based on detectable and measurable data, are procedures that clearly differentiate and separate science from other ways of knowing. Explanations or ways of knowing that invoke metaphysical, non-naturalistic or supernatural events are outside the scope of science and not part of a valid science curriculum.
Submitted by the NABT Board of Directors April 8, 2008.
![Page 4: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Theories of Evolution
*Heraclitus:
543 – 477 BC
“Evolution might involve conflict and a struggle for survival.”
![Page 5: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
*Lamark: 1809
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
1. Organisms try to improve themselves and become more and more Advanced
2. The effort to improve causes the most used body structures to develop, while unused structures waste away (Principle of Use vs. Disuse)
3. Once a structure is modified, it is inherited by the organism’s offspring (Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics)
![Page 6: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Weismann
Weismann performed an experiment that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred.
*Phenotype changed
*Genotype did not change
![Page 7: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Darwin 1831 1. There is Variation in populations
2. Some variations are favorable allowing you to live longer and reproduce more
3. Differential Reproduction: More offspring are produced each generation than can survive
4. Natural Selection: Those that survive and reproduce are those with favorable variations
5. Gradualism: Over enormous spans of time, small changes accumulate, and population change
![Page 8: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Darwin
Was different because he came up with a MECHANISM that was TESTABLE:
The theory of evolution BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION
Unlike many theories, his has not yet been disproven. Amazing!
![Page 9: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Darwin Supporters 1. Darwin Awards 2. Moth & Finch experiments 3. Fossil evidence 4. Gradualism: geological processes are slow 5. Malthus-too many humans, not enough
resources=competition * Malthus was Darwin's good friend who
was an economist and they discussed the idea of competition for resources and it's effect on species.
6. Wallace-same idea as Darwin’s: * Evolution by natural selection. Wallace was the first to publish this theory, but Darwin had 20 years of research to back it up.
![Page 10: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Early Earth
4.6 billion years old
Originally chaotic:
Volcanoes
• Produced gases
– N2, CO2, H2O, CO, CH4
– No O2; O in CO2, H2O, CO, CH4
» Know because rocks aren’t oxidized
• Extreme temperature variations
Lightening & UV Light
• Energy sources
![Page 11: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
How did the first organic
chemicals form?
• Oparin and Haldane hypothesized that
organic chemicals were made from the
gases of the early atmosphere and the
energy from lightening, UV light, and
radioactivity from the Earth’s core.
• These organic molecules accumulated in the
ocean creating an “organic soup” or
“primordial soup.”
![Page 12: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Miller - Urey Experiment
Stanley Miller
![Page 13: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Results of more recent, refined
Miller – Urey experiments
• 13 of 20 amino acids
• All bases of DNA and RNA
• Ribose
ALSO: found amino acids in
meteorites and
formaldehyde in the tail of
Haley’s comet.
![Page 14: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Life may have originated in
undersea vents
![Page 15: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Biological Evolution
• Organic compounds had to come together to
form complex molecules.
– Clay could have attracted, held, and catalyzed
the reactions between them.
• Molecules have to self-replicate
– Some RNA can, AND they work as enzymes
• May have been original molecule of life.
![Page 16: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Biological Evolution, cont’
• Membranes have to form:
– Put amino acids and fat in water, fat will surround amino acids in spheres similar to cells.
• Split when they get too big.
• Are selectively permeable
![Page 17: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Oldest Fossils
• Are composed of
microorganisms
• 3.485 billion years old
• Found in stromatolites
(mats of bacteria)
![Page 18: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Earliest Life
• Bacteria (prokaryotes)
– Heterotrophs
• Didn’t have the machinery to photosynthesize
• Absorbed organic nutrients from the primordial soup
• Anaerobic, no O2 on early Earth
– Probably a bag of RNA and that’s it
• Similar to today’s prokaryotes (Ribose, Nucleic
Acid & Phosphate Group bound by Hydrogen)
![Page 19: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Life on Earth
3.5 BYA: first anaerobic prokaryotes, (no O2 yet), heterotrphic
3.2 BYA: chemosynthetic prokaryotes, anaerobic, autotrophic
2.8 BYA: photosynthetic prokaryotes, anaerobic, autotrophic
2.5 BYA: aerobic prokarytoes (O2!), autotrophic, heterotrophic
1.5 BYA: eukaryotes, autotrophic, heterotrophic
![Page 20: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Earliest Eukaryotes
• Developed by endosymbiosis:
– Theory by Lynn Margulis
– Large bacteria incorporated smaller, energy
producing bacteria
– Mutualistic, symbiotic relationship formed
eukaryotes from prokaryotes
• Large bacteria get nutrients
• Small bacteria get protection
![Page 21: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Earliest Eukaryotes
Evidence for endosymbiosis:
• Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have
– Own DNA – like today’s bacteria
– Own ribosomes – like today’s bacteria
– Double membranes (outer may have been from
vacuoles that engulfed the bacteria)
![Page 22: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Biodiversity Increased With the
Accumulation of Oxygen
Presently Earth has about 3 million different
kinds of organisms.
For variation you need sexual reproduction.
For sexual reproduction you need a lot of
energy.
To get a lot of energy (ATP) you need aerobic
respiration.
![Page 23: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Biodiversity Increased With the
Accumulation of Oxygen
For aerobic respiration you need oxygen.
For oxygen you need photosynthesis.
For photosynthesis you need plants.
Variation did not come about until plants had
produced significant quantities of oxygen so
that aerobic respiration could take place.
![Page 24: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Biodiversity and Oxygen
Level of Oxygen Gas (O2)
Number of different
kinds of organisms
600 million ybp 4.6 billion
SO: # of critters = sex = energy = O2 = photosynthesis
![Page 25: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Darwin's ideas underlying evolution
1. variation exists among individuals in a population (varying phenotypes due to varying genotypes, variations due to mutations)
2. in some environments resources may become limited and individuals must compete for the resources (survival of the fittest)
3. those individuals best adapted to their environment will survive and pass their genes on to the next generation
(this is the Theory on Natural Selection)
Adaptation: inherited trait or characteristics that increases an individual's survival in a particular environment
![Page 26: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Empirical Evidence of Evolution
Fossil Evidence
• Study of fossils = paleontology
• Record is incomplete
– Most organisms decay
– Not all found
• NOTE: Older fossils found in deeper rock
– Not many people who hunt for them
![Page 27: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Empirical Evidence of Evolution
Fossil Evidence
• Best finds: Intermediate forms (species to species)
– E.g., Archaeopteryx & China fossils
• Feathers and wings of birds, but teeth and tails of reptiles.
![Page 28: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Empirical Evidence of Evolution
Homologous Structures
![Page 29: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Empirical Evidence of Evolution
Embryology
![Page 31: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Empirical Evidence of Evolution
Genetic Information
![Page 32: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Origin of Species
• Individuals do not evolve, populations do.
• Evolution
– change in a population through time
– Source of changes in genes
• Mutations
• Recombination at fertilization
• Crossing over
• Independent assortment
![Page 33: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Meiosis
![Page 34: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Origin of Species
• Microevolution
– Change in gene frequency within an individual
population.
• Studies can help us tell what is going on in the
environment.
• Have to look at the gene pool
![Page 35: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Hardy-Weinberg Law (useful for studying large, sexually
reproducing populations)
A population will NOT change IF
1. There is no mutation
2. Mating is completely random
3. There is no migration in or out
4. Natural selection does not occur (one
individual is not favored over another)
![Page 36: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Hardy-Weinberg Law And How often does this happen?
NEVER – all populations evolve because
eventually the environment changes
http://zoology.okstate.edu/zoo_lrc/biol1114/tutorials/Flash/li
fe4e_15-6-OSU.swf
![Page 37: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Microevolution Example
Natural Selection of the Peppered Moth
![Page 38: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Microevolution Example
Kinds of Selection: based on fitness
Stabilizing Directional Disruptive
![Page 39: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Microevolution Example
Genetic Drift in Beetles: Occurs in small populations
because the chances of coming up with the
expected results is low compared to a large
population.
![Page 40: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Microevolution Example
Founder Effect
Migrate out and
found a new
population with
different gene
frequency.
![Page 41: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Microevolution Example
Bottleneck: number of organisms is drastically
reduced for a few generation and the ones that
survive have a different gene frequency.
This population increases.
![Page 42: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Origin of Species
• Macroevolution
– Change in species
– Source of change in species = MUTATIONS
– Inherited variations give some individuals an improved chance to survive and reproduce as the environment changes.
• NOTE: ENVIRONMENT = LIVING THINGS TOO!
– Viruses and Bacteria
– Competitors
![Page 43: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Origin of Species
• Organisms do not intentionally change.
They cannot “will” a mutation because they
“need” it. Those with mutations that help
them survive do. Those without, die.
![Page 44: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Origin of Species
• For new species to evolve
– Two populations become so different in their
genetic makeup that they can no longer
interbreed.
– Most common mechanism that separates
populations: geographic isolation.
![Page 45: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Geographic Isolation
Prezygotic Isolation
![Page 46: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Other Forms of Isolation
Gamete Isolation –
sperm not
chemically
attracted to egg or
not gain entry to
egg
Prezygotic Isolation
![Page 47: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Other Forms of Isolation
Seasonal
Isolation –
Trees may
give off
pollen at
different
times of
year
Prezygotic Isolation
![Page 48: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Other Forms of Isolation
Zygote
doesn’t
develop
normally,
or produces
a sterile
offspring.
Postzygotic Isolation
![Page 49: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Back to Geographic Isolation
New environments with few competitors
allow populations to easily separate and
go their own ways. Speciation will result
– Called adaptive radiation
![Page 50: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Evolution - Rate
• Darwin:
– gradualism
• Niles Eldridge and Stephan J. Gould:
– Punctuated Equilibrium
• Fossil evidence shows long periods of stasis
followed by rapid change
![Page 51: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Gradualism
Punctuated
Equilibrium
![Page 52: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Extinctions - Many
![Page 53: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
So What Do We Have
Today?
3,000,000 different types
of organisms.
“Types” means “species”
![Page 54: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Species Concept
Two organisms are of the same species IF they
• Breed naturally
• Produce fertile offspring
“Species” is a man-made
term to help us organize
our thinking
![Page 55: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Classification of Organisms
= Taxonomy
Now based on evolutionary
relationships (DNA) rather
than just physical
characteristics.
Physical characteristics are
important still
– About the only thing we can
see in fossils!
![Page 56: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Classification System Kingdom, Phylum (Division for plants), Class,
Order, Family, Genus, Species
Why not common names?
Which one of these is a gopher?
Florida Washington
![Page 57: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Classification System
Binomial nomenclature = Two-name naming
system
• Invented by Carolus Linnaeus
– Uses Latin (dead language doesn’t change)
![Page 58: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Classification System
• Species name = genus + specific epithet
– E.g.,
• Homo sapiens (humans)
• Amphiprion percula
(clown fish)
![Page 59: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Classifying Organisms
• Cladistics - based on evolutionary
relationships and homologous
structures
– Compare shared derived characteristics
![Page 60: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Classifying Organisms
• Elves, Gnomes, Leprechauns, and Fairies are thought to form an evolutionary group of little people with magic powers. However, the exact relationships are unknown.
• Infer the phylogenetic pattern based on the following information.
![Page 61: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Classifying Organisms
• Pointy ears evolved from ears that were not pointy.
• Inhabiting woods is more primitive than inhabiting other places
• Ability to find hidden treasure evolved from the lack of such ability
• Ability to fly is primitive
![Page 62: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Classifying Organisms
• Elves: pointy ears; haunt woods; can't find treasure; can't fly
• Fairies:ears not pointy: live in woods; can't find treasure; can fly
• Gnomes: ears not pointy; live in mines and quarries; find treasure; can't fly
• Leprechauns:ears not pointy; live in woods; find treasure; can't fly
![Page 63: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Classifying Organisms
Fairies
X X Leprechauns
X X X Gnomes
X X Elves
NOT fly Find
Treasure
NOT
woods
Pointy
Ears
![Page 64: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Classifying Organisms Fairies Gnomes Leprechauns Elves
Not Fly
Find Treasure
Pointy Ears Not live in
woods
Have Don’t Have
![Page 65: Evolution€¦ · that disproved Lamarck's hypothesis. Weismann cut off the tails of mice for hundreds of generations. No inherited change in tail length ever occurred. *Phenotype](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050205/5f5859b420f6ee5a432fcd35/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Evolution Nothing in Biology Makes Sense
Except in the Light of Evolution
Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975)