Evolution. Evolution p. 369 Inherited change in organisms over time.
EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER...
-
Upload
audrey-wentworth -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
0
Transcript of EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER...
![Page 1: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
EVOLUTION & EVOLUTION & SPECIATIONSPECIATION
![Page 3: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
VOCABULARY REVIEWVOCABULARY REVIEW
• EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME – CHANGE OVER TIME
• NATURAL SELECTIONNATURAL SELECTION - - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO THE ENVIRONMENT ARE ABLE TO THE ENVIRONMENT ARE ABLE TO SURVIVE & REPRODUCE.TO SURVIVE & REPRODUCE.– A.K.A. “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”A.K.A. “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”
![Page 4: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
NEW VOCABULARYNEW VOCABULARY
• POPULATIONPOPULATION – GROUP OF – GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS OF SAME SPECIES INDIVIDUALS OF SAME SPECIES THAT INTERBREEDTHAT INTERBREED
• GENE POOLGENE POOL – COMMON GROUP – COMMON GROUP OF OF ALL GENES PRESENT IN A ALL GENES PRESENT IN A
POPULATIONPOPULATION
![Page 5: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Gene PoolGene PoolCombined Combined
genetic info. genetic info. of all of all membersmembers
Allele frequency Allele frequency is # of times is # of times alleles occuralleles occur
![Page 6: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Variation in Variation in PopulationsPopulations2 processes can 2 processes can
lead to this:lead to this:
MutationsMutations - -
change in DNA change in DNA
sequencesequence
Gene ShufflingGene Shuffling – –
from sexual from sexual
reproductionreproduction
![Page 7: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Genetic Drift changes Genetic Drift changes populations…….populations…….•Random change in allele Random change in allele
frequency causes an allele to frequency causes an allele to become commonbecome common
![Page 8: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Founder Effect:Founder Effect: a cause a cause of genetic drift of genetic drift attributable to attributable to colonization by a colonization by a limited number limited number of individuals of individuals from a parent from a parent populationpopulation
![Page 9: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Gene FlowGene Flow: : genetic exchange genetic exchange due to the due to the migration of migration of fertile individuals fertile individuals or gametes or gametes between between populations populations (reduces (reduces differences differences between between populations)populations)
![Page 10: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Nonrandom matingNonrandom mating: inbreeding and : inbreeding and assortive mating (both shift assortive mating (both shift frequencies of different genotypes)frequencies of different genotypes)
![Page 11: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Natural Natural SelectionSelection: : differential differential success in success in reproduction; reproduction; only form of only form of microevolution microevolution that adapts a that adapts a population to its population to its environmentenvironment
![Page 12: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Sexual selectionSexual selection• Sexual Sexual
dimorphismdimorphism: : secondary sex secondary sex characteristic characteristic distinctiondistinction
• Sexual selectionSexual selection: : selection towards selection towards secondary sex secondary sex characteristics characteristics that leads to that leads to sexual sexual dimorphismdimorphism
![Page 13: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Evolution of PopulationsEvolution of Populations
Occurs when Occurs when there is a there is a change in change in relative relative frequency of frequency of allelesalleles
![Page 14: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant0.00 resistant
Resistance to antibacterial soap
How natural selection works
![Page 15: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant0.00 resistant
How natural selection works
![Page 16: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Resistance to antibacterial soap
mutation!
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant0.00 resistant
Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant0.04 resistant
How natural selection works
![Page 17: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant0.00 resistant
Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant0.04 resistant
Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant0.24 resistant
How natural selection works
![Page 18: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Resistance to antibacterial soap
Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant0.00 resistant
Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant0.04 resistant
Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant0.24 resistant
Generation 4: 0.12 not resistant0.88 resistant
How natural selection works
![Page 19: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Phenotype Phenotype ExpressionExpression•Depends on Depends on
how many how many genes genes control that control that traittrait
![Page 20: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Single-Gene vs. Polygenic Single-Gene vs. Polygenic TraitsTraitsSingle-GeneSingle-Gene::
2 Distinct 2 Distinct PhenotypesPhenotypes
PolygenicPolygenic::
Many PhenotypesMany Phenotypes
(EG: tongue rolling)
![Page 21: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Allele Frequencies
Natural Selection Genetic Drift
Single Gene Traits
PolygenicTraits
Directional Selection
Stabilizing Selection
Disruptive Selection
![Page 22: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Natural Selection on Polygenic Natural Selection on Polygenic TraitsTraits
• Shifts to Shifts to
middle rangemiddle range
• Shifts to Shifts to
2 extremes2 extremes
• Shifts to Shifts to
1 extreme1 extreme
![Page 23: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Conditions needed for Genetic Conditions needed for Genetic
EquilibriumEquilibrium
![Page 25: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
SPECIATIONSPECIATION
• THE THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIESFORMATION OF NEW SPECIES
• AS NEW SPECIES EVOVLVE, AS NEW SPECIES EVOVLVE, POPULATIONS BECOME POPULATIONS BECOME REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATEDREPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED
• REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATIONREPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION – – MEMEBERS OF 2 POPULATIONS MEMEBERS OF 2 POPULATIONS CANNOT INTERBREED & PRODUCE CANNOT INTERBREED & PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING.FERTILE OFFSPRING.
![Page 26: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
3 ISOLATING 3 ISOLATING MECHANISMS……..MECHANISMS……..• BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION-BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION- CAPABLE OF CAPABLE OF BREEDING BUT HAVE DIFFERENCES IN BREEDING BUT HAVE DIFFERENCES IN COURTSHIP RITUALS (EX. COURTSHIP RITUALS (EX. MEADOWLARKS)MEADOWLARKS)
• GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATIONGEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION – – SEPARATED BY GEOGRAPHIC SEPARATED BY GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS LIKE RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, BARRIERS LIKE RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, OR BODIES OF WATER (EX. SQUIRREL)OR BODIES OF WATER (EX. SQUIRREL)
• TEMPORAL ISOLATIONTEMPORAL ISOLATION – 2 OR MORE – 2 OR MORE SPECIES REPRODUCE AT DIFFERENT SPECIES REPRODUCE AT DIFFERENT TIMES.TIMES.
![Page 27: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Table 23.1aTable 23.1a
![Page 28: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
TigonTigonResult of male tiger and female lion mating incaptivity. Offspring are infertile.
Separated both geographically and ecologically.
![Page 29: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
LigerLiger
Result of male lion and female tiger mating in captivity. Offspring are infertile.
![Page 30: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Table 23.1bTable 23.1b
![Page 34: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Fig. 23.6Fig. 23.6
Four species of leopard frogs: differ in their mating calls. Hybrids are inviable.
![Page 36: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
These squirrels live on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon. This is an example of allopatric speciation.
![Page 37: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Hawaiian HoneycreepersHawaiian Honeycreepers
FOUNDER SPECIES
An example of adaptive radiation – these species all diverged from a common ancestor (founder species)
![Page 38: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
SPECIATION IN DARWIN’SSPECIATION IN DARWIN’S
FINCHESFINCHES• SPECIAITON IN THE GALAPAGOS SPECIAITON IN THE GALAPAGOS
FINCHES OCCURRED BY: FINCHES OCCURRED BY:
- - FOUNDINGFOUNDING OF A NEW POPULATION, OF A NEW POPULATION, - - GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION which led to which led to -- -- REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATIONREPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION and and
CHANGES IN THE NEW POPULATION’S CHANGES IN THE NEW POPULATION’S GENE POOL due to COMPETITION.GENE POOL due to COMPETITION.
![Page 39: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution
1.1. Fossil RecordFossil Record
2.2. Geographic Distribution of Living Geographic Distribution of Living SpeciesSpecies
3.3. Homologous Body structuresHomologous Body structures
4.4. Similarities in EmbryologySimilarities in Embryology
![Page 42: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Evidence of Evidence of EvolutionEvolution
Fossil Record Fossil Record provides provides evidence that evidence that living things have living things have evolvedevolved
Fossils show the Fossils show the history of life on history of life on earth and how earth and how different groups different groups of organisms of organisms have changed have changed over timeover time
![Page 43: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Rat like common ancestor
Mammalia
Placental mammals
Marsupial Mammals
Sugar Glider
Flying Squirrel
Convergent Evolution
andAnalogous Structures
![Page 47: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Big Question!!!Big Question!!!
How did life arise on the big blue planet??How did life arise on the big blue planet??
Scientists attempt to answer this Scientists attempt to answer this question scientifically.question scientifically.
![Page 49: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Relative Relative Dating Dating
versus versus Absolute Absolute DatingDating
![Page 50: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Relative DatingRelative Dating• Can determine Can determine
a fossil’s a fossil’s relative agerelative age
• Performed by Performed by estimating estimating fossil age fossil age compared with compared with that of other that of other fossilsfossils
• Drawbacks – Drawbacks – provides no provides no info about age info about age in yearsin years
![Page 51: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Absolute datingAbsolute dating• Can determine the Can determine the
absolute age in absolute age in numbersnumbers
• Is performed by Is performed by radioactive dating radioactive dating – based on the – based on the amount of amount of remaining remaining radioactive radioactive isotopes remainisotopes remain
• Drawbacks - part Drawbacks - part of the fossil is of the fossil is destroyed during destroyed during the testthe test
![Page 52: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Carbon-14 DatingCarbon-14 Dating
![Page 53: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Fossil FormationFossil Formation
![Page 54: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
A cosmic explosion that hurled matter and in all A cosmic explosion that hurled matter and in all directions created the universe 10-20 billion years directions created the universe 10-20 billion years agoago
Evidence Evidence
it explains why distant galaxies are traveling it explains why distant galaxies are traveling away from us at great speeds away from us at great speeds
Cosmic radiation from the explosion can be Cosmic radiation from the explosion can be observedobserved
The Big Bang theory probably will never be The Big Bang theory probably will never be proven; consequentially, leaving a number of tough, proven; consequentially, leaving a number of tough, unanswered questions. unanswered questions.
Big Bang TheoryBig Bang Theory
![Page 55: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
What was early earth like?What was early earth like?Earth was Hot!!Earth was Hot!!
Little or no oxygenLittle or no oxygen
Gasses in atmosphere:Gasses in atmosphere:
Hydrogen cyanide (poison to you!)Hydrogen cyanide (poison to you!)
Hydrogen sulfideHydrogen sulfide
Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide
NitrogenNitrogen
waterwater
![Page 56: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
So how did the earth So how did the earth get oxygen?get oxygen?
Some of that oxygen was generated by Some of that oxygen was generated by photosynthetic cyanobacteriaphotosynthetic cyanobacteria
Some came from the Some came from the chemical chemical separationseparation of water molecules into of water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen.oxygen and hydrogen.
![Page 57: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Oxygen drove some life Oxygen drove some life forms to extinction forms to extinction Others evolved ways of Others evolved ways of using oxygen for respirationusing oxygen for respiration
![Page 58: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
How did life begin?How did life begin?
Miller and Urey’s Miller and Urey’s Experiment Experiment
Passed sparks Passed sparks through a mixture of through a mixture of hydrogen methane hydrogen methane ammonia and waterammonia and water
This produced This produced amino acids – the amino acids – the building blocks of lifebuilding blocks of life
![Page 59: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Miller’s Miller’s experiment experiment suggests that suggests that lightning could lightning could have produced have produced amino acidsamino acids
![Page 60: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
How can simple amino How can simple amino acids result in life?acids result in life?
There are 3 theoriesThere are 3 theories
11. Formation of microspheres. Formation of microspheres
Large organic molecules can Large organic molecules can sometimes form tiny proteinoid sometimes form tiny proteinoid microspheresmicrospheres
Store and release energy, selectively Store and release energy, selectively permeable membranes, may have permeable membranes, may have acquired more characteristics of living acquired more characteristics of living cellscells
![Page 61: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
22ndnd Hypothesis for Life Hypothesis for LifeEvolution of RNA to DNAEvolution of RNA to DNA
• RNA was assembled RNA was assembled from simple organic from simple organic molecules in a molecules in a primordial soupprimordial soup
• RNA was able to RNA was able to replicate itself and replicate itself and eventually form DNAeventually form DNA
• Not scientifically Not scientifically proven to be possibleproven to be possible
![Page 62: EVOLUTION & SPECIATION VOCABULARY REVIEW EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062618/551461b0550346b0158b4948/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
33rdrd Theory of Life Theory of LifeEndosymbiotic theoryEndosymbiotic theory
eukaryotic cells eukaryotic cells arose from living arose from living communities formed communities formed by prokaryotic by prokaryotic organismsorganisms
Ancient prokaryotes Ancient prokaryotes entered primitive entered primitive eukaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells and remained there as remained there as organellesorganelles