Evolution of Electron Beam (E-Beam) Treatment for Water · o Controls mold o Inactivates pathogens...
Transcript of Evolution of Electron Beam (E-Beam) Treatment for Water · o Controls mold o Inactivates pathogens...
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Evolution of Electron Beam (E-Beam) Treatment for WaterTheresa R. Slifko, Ph.D.Water Quality Laboratory Manager: Chemistry UnitMetropolitan Water District of Southern California
Workshop on Application of Electron Beam (EB) Technology on WW & Biosolids TreatmentMay 10-11, 2018, FermiLab
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CollaboratorsJoan B. Rose, Michigan State University Bill Cooper, University of California, IrvineRegina Sommer, University of ViennaMichael G. Nickelsen, Haley & Aldrich, Inc. Kimberly Kunihiro, Orange County Utilities
E-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
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What is an “E-Beam”?Most of us (used to) have one or more in our home!
Conventional CRT computer monitors or televisions
Electron Gun è Accelerator emits electrons @ 25,000 Volts
Scanned to create images
www.e-wastesolutions.net
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egun.jpgThermionic electron gun assembly found on a color Samsung CRT monitor. The gun produces three high speed individual electron beams for the three primary colors (Red, Green, and Blue)
E-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
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E-Beam for Water TreatmentAccelerator à Electrons @ 500,000 to 1,500,000 volts (75 kW or more) scanned to penetrate water or vapor.
E-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
http://www.scienceinschool.org/2011/issue20/em (ESA/AOES Medialab)
Non-ionizing radiation Ionizing radiation
E-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
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Some Common Irradiation Uses• Foods:
o Insect controlo Inhibits sproutingo Controls moldo Inactivates pathogens (e.g. E. coli,
norovirus, Trichina parasite, etc.)o Increases shelf life
• Sterilization:o Medical supplies & packagingo Hospital wasteo Blood and tissues for transfusions
• Materials Processing:o Composite materials curingo Crosslinkingo Semi conductor enhancement
http://www.global-peace.go.jp/en/qfile/a07.htmlPhoto provided by the Shihorocho Agricultural Cooperative Isotope Irradiation Center
Not irradiated
http://www.arserrc.gov/www/fsit/FoodIrradiation.htm
www.NPR.org Lui Kit Wong/MCT /Landov Irradiated
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Industrial Applications of E-Beam Sterilization
Source: tactic-tech.com via: http://www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com/dr20120408-ebeam-technology-to-keep-food-supply-safe
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E-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
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Virginia Key WWTP (Miami, FL)Large Scale Studies
E-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
Treated Water: 100 – 150 gallons per min.
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Virginia Key E-Beam Demonstration Scale Pilot Plant
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Electron Beam Research Facility at the Austrian Research Center, Seibersdorf, Austria
• Bench scale flow through system
• Flowing aqueous stream (3 m3/hr)
• 500 kV, 25 mA, scan width 1.2 m (High Voltage Engineering, USA)
• 400 up to 2000 Gy/s
• Enabled Cryptosporidium inactivation studies
• City of Vienna, Austria unchlorinated tap water
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Mobile E-Beam System: High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
0.5 MeVICT
CPUControl
TreatmentArea
Lead Shielded Accelerator Tube and Scanner Assembly
Water Pumps &Air Cooling
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• Unchlorinated Reclaimed Water (Site 1)• UF Permeate (Site 2)• RO Permeate (Site 4) • UF/RO Membrane Concentrate (Site 6)
Recycled water treated for aquifer storage & Recovery must meet “Full Treatment” defined under Florida Administrative Code 62-610
Orange County E-Beam Pilot Testing
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Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
• AOPs are organic contaminant destruction processes.
• Rely on in-situ formation of hydroxyl radicals: •OH
• Involve two stages of oxidation:o Formation of the strong oxidants (e.g. •OH)
o Reaction of the oxidants with organic contaminants
• Provide a barrier to both microbial and chemical contaminationo One process = multiple benefits & barriers
o Effectively reduces/rem0ves low concentrations of organic chemicals
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E-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
Some Advanced Oxidation Processes
AOP In-situ generated radical species
Electron Beam •OH (oxidizer)•H (both oxidizer & reducer)e-
aq (reducer)Ozone/H2O2 •OH
TiO2/UV light e-aq
H+
Fenton’s chemistry (Fe(II)/H2O2) •OH
Sonolysis •OH•H
UV/H2O2 •OH
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Water Radiolysis: Formation of Free Radical Species in Water by Means of Ionizing Radiation
E-beam Workshop at FermiLab,May 2018
Gehringer, P. 2003 IAEA-TECDOC-1407.
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Simplified Model of the Competition for the Free Radical Species in a Natural Groundwater
E-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
Gehringer, P. 2003 IAEA-TECDOC-1407.
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• Direct effects are extremely rapid (10-16 seconds)
• Induced through energy deposition at sensitive target sites, typically
vital sub-cellular components:o Enzymes
o Nucleic acids
o Genetic material
E-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
E-Beam Disinfection Mechanism
International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Research Applications and Utilization of Accelerators, Vienna, Austria 2009. Eb-Tech, Daejeon 305-500, Korea
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http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/01/12/145107755/why-x-rayed-food-isnt-radioactive-and-other-puzzlesE-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
Irradiated foods, materials, water, etc., do not become radioactive.• Particles that transmit
radiation are not radioactive.• Irradiated water creates
transient radicalso Hydroxyl radical (•OH-)o Hydrogen atom (•H+)o Solvated electrons (e-
aq)
• Free radicals damage DNA and intercellular structures within living cells.
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Bacteriophage & E. coli Inactivation in Tap Water
Gerhinger et al., 2003. Bacteriophages as viral indicators for radiation processing of water: A chemical approach.
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Efficacy of E-Beam on Seeded Microorganisms-1.0
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Efficacy of E-Beam on HPC
R2 = 0.9377
R2 = 0.928
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0.0
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rypt
ospo
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mElectron Beam Inactivation of Cryptosporidium(Potable Water)
0 $0.01 à à à $0.12
$/1000 galE-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
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Efficacy of E-beam on Selected DBPs for each Dose on Unchlorinated Reclaimed Water (Site 1)
Compound Percent Removal Ebeam Dose (Kgray) 1 5 10 15 20 Dichloroacetic acid 0.00 52.94 77.94 80.44 85.29 Total Haloacetic acids 4.04 62.32 84.85 86.57 89.90 Trichloroacetic acid 12.90 82.90 >93.87 >93.87 >93.87 Bromodichloromethane 16.67 >94.44 >94.44 >94.44 >94.44 Chloroform 45.15 87.97 >99.05 >99.05 >99.05 Total Trihalomethanes 52.38 89.56 >99.27 >99.27 >99.27 Removal Range 0 - 52% >53% >78% >80% >85%
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Effects of E-beam Treatment on Select Organic CompoundsDEET
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Sample Collection Site and E-beam Dose (Kgray)
DEE
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Caffeine
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Efficacy of E-Beam on DOCDOC
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Efficacy of E-Beam on Color of UnchlorinatedReclaimed Water (250nm UV)
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Dose Ranges & Cost for Various Applications
Gray (Gy) – SI unit for absorbed dose
(1 Gy = 100 rads)
kGyRubbervulcanization
Disinfection, treatmentof water, wastewater,and sludge ($0.075-$0.75/1000 gal)
Foodpreservation
Curing ofcoatings
Prevention ofpotato sprouting
Sterilization ofmicroorganisms
Cellulosedepolymerization
-150-
-100-
-50-
-10-
-5-
-1-
-0.5-
-0.1-
Monomerentrapment
Crosslinking ofpolyethylene
Grafting
Treatment ofstack gases
CW Surrogates
Anthrax (Mail Treatment)
$5.82
$3.88
$1.94
$0.39
$0.19
$0.04
$0.02
<$0.01
$/ton
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Ionizing effects are stated in terms of the absorbed doseDose= energy absorbed per unit massDose is typically measured in kiloGray(1 kGy = 1 kJ/kg)
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E-Beam for Water Treatment Timeline
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E-Beam Applications for Water Treatment: • Process is technically sound and founded on good science.• Demonstrated capable of non-selective destruction of organic
compounds:o Endocrine disruptorso Pharmaceuticalso Toxic Organic Chemicals o Pesticideso Disinfection By-Products (DBPs)
• THM• Nitrosamines• Brominated compounds
• Biosolids Treatment - De-watering and Compostingo Original Application of Miami and Deer Island (Boston)
• Disinfection achieved in complex matrices (highly turbid water, sludge, and RO membrane concentrate, textile dyes, etc., etc., etc…).
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What is the most viable application of this profound and highly effective water treatment technology??
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E-Beam Process
• High density electron stream injection throughout water volume resulting in formation of:– Electrically excited states– Free radicals
• Rapid Reaction Rate– 10-7 seconds after irradiation yields
• Unique – no other AOP can generate oxidizing and reducing chemistry simultaneously
• Importance of the three free radicals (•OH, H•, and e-aq)
2322
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[0.45]H O[2.6]H O[0.7]H
OH[2.7] [0.6]H [2.6]e OH-
++
+•+•+¾®¾+
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E-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
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The Real Difference Is The Result
• Facilitate contaminant destruction by allowing for multiple reaction pathways– Greater potential to mineralize– Less potential for reformation
• Residual disinfectant (H2O2)• Energy Efficiency• High Energy Delivery = Excellent Disinfection Capacity
– Lethal doses– Instantaneous/short duration– USEPA approved for sludge disinfection
• Non-selective destruction of organics• Rapid chemical reactions
– Supports flow through applications– Excellent process flexibility
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Why?
• pH Independento Equal performance from pH 3 to 11
• Solids Independento Sediments, soils, sludges
• Non Contact Apparatuso No fouling of lamps or membranes
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Why?…continued
• Temperature Independento Variations have no treatment impact
• No organic sludgeo Organics are mineralizedo Reduces sludge generation from secondary treatment processes (like
filtration)
• No air emissionso Aqueous technology
• No NOX and SOX
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Why…continued
• Flexibility for use at either end of pipeo Pretreatment/post treatment
• Organics, Microbiological• Extend membrane life (prevents fouling)
o Synergy with other processes
• Sterilize ahead of RO/filtration• Improve performance of Biological treatment processes• Treats recalcitrant compounds
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Electron Beam Economics
• Electron beam accelerators are available from 0.5 - 10 MeV in power levels from 5 - 1000 kW
• Capital cost ($10,000 - $35,000/kW)o Function of system size – power requirements
• Dose requirement• Linear dependence on process rate• Logarithmic dependence on contaminant concentration
o Offset by low operating cost• $0.04/ton per kGy• $0.15/1000 gal per kGy
– assumes electricity cost at $0.10 kWh and 70% E-beam utilization efficiency
Cost
E-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
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Nitrite Oxidation
• Nitrite ion readily/rapidly oxidized to nitrate ion via two pathways
�OH + NO2-à �NO2 + OH-
�OH + CO32- à CO3�
- + OH-
�OH + �NO2 à H+ + NO3-
CO3�- + �NO2 àNO3
- + CO2
E-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018
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• NDMA formed from*:– Oxidation of UDMH (CH3)2NNH2– Reaction of DMA + HNO2/NOx/NH2Cl
• NDMA reversibly oxidized to dimethylnitramine
R2NO R2NO2
*Tuazon et al., Env. Sci. Tech. 15, 283, (1981)
Ox/hn
Red
NDMA Destruction
E-beam Workshop at FermiLab, May 2018