EVOLUTION OF EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTUREARCHITECTURE

Ancient Ancient E Eyptian yptian ArchitectureArchitecture (from 3000 BC to 700 BC)

Egyptian architecture is easily recognizable, thanks to its most famous buildings – pyramids. The construction of these impressive burial places for pharaohs and their families required between 20,000 and 30,000 workers. Construction materials were limestone and sun-baked bricks. Workers had to transport materials by sled and than they had to lift the blocks using the system of ramps and pulleys. Other Egyptian structures were temples and tombs, which were often decorated with hieroglyphics and carvings. Exterior and interior walls, as well as the columns and piers, were covered with hieroglyphic and pictorial frescoes and carvings painted in brilliant colors. Many motifs of Egyptian ornamentation are symbolic, such as the scarab, or sacred beetle, the solar disk, and the vulture. Other common motifs include palm leaves, the papyrus plant, and the buds and flowers of the lotus. Hieroglyphs were inscribed for decorative purposes as well as to record historic events or spells. In addition, these pictorial frescoes and carvings allow us to understand how the Ancient Egyptians lived, statuses, wars that were fought and their beliefs. This was especially true when exploring the tombs of Ancient Egyptian officials in recent years.

The Great Pyramid of Giza

Classical architectureClassical architecture(from 600 BC to 500 AD)

Symmetry ruled the ancient Greek and Roman buildings. We can still see the effects of classical architecture in today's buildings. Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius, who lived during the first century BC, believed that builders should use mathematical principles for construction of temples. Classical buildings were supported by sets of columns with decorative bands above, called friezes). Greeks differentiated among three types of column – Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. Good example of early Greek classical architecture is famous Parthenon in Athens. After conquest of Greece by the Roman Empire, builders took many examples from Greek architecture but gave their structures more decorations. The invention of concrete helped the Romans build arches) and domes The Roman Coliseum is a famous example of Roman classical architecture.

The Parthenon

The Coliseum

Romanesque ArchitectureRomanesque Architecture(11 – 13th century)

This style was inspired by Roman architecture, continuing the tradition of rounded arches and columns. Romanesque buildings were monumental, supported by massive walls, and had very small windows. Wooden roofs were replaced by ceilings), which were constructed with barrel and cross vaulting . The most representative buildings are the rotunda and basilica. A good example of Romanesque architecture is the French monastery in Cluny.SOME FEATURES OF ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

•rounded arches for support and decoration•development of vaults - barrel vaults and groin vaults•massive doors inset within arches through massive walls•Gothic-type towers begin to replace Byzantine domes small windows•Christian churches with a floorplan designed around the Latin cross

The French Monastery in Cluny

LATIN CROSS PLAN

ROUNDED ARCH

Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture(12 – 15th century)

Gothic architecture began mainly in France, where architects were inspired by Romanesque architecture and the pointed arches of Spanish Moorish architecture. It's easy to recognise Gothic buildings because of their arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses elaborate sculptures (like gargoyles) and stained glass windows. • Pointed Arches. Gothic builders found that pointed arches could support more weight than perpendicular walls. With pointed arches supporting the roof, walls could be thinner.•Ribbed Vaulting. Instead of solid walls, builders used a series of columns that branched up into arches. With fewer solid walls, buildings appeared lighter and more delicate.•Flying Buttresses. Free-standing brick and stone arches helped support exterior walls, allowing them to reach greater heights.•Stained Glass Windows. Since the walls were no longer the only supports, Gothic buildings could include large areas of glass.•Elaborate Sculptures. Gargoyles and other sculptures had both practical and decorative functions.

St. Patrick's Cathedral

Renaissance ArchitectureRenaissance Architecture(15 – 17th century)

A return to classical ideas brought an “age of awakening” to Italy, France and England. During the Renaissance, architects were inspired by the symmetrical and well-balanced buildings of Greece and Rome. The buildings lost the Gothic vertical dimension but gained range. Other typical features were columns, arches and domes as well as harmonious arrangements of doors and windows. Characteristic building was the palace. St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican and the Louvre in Paris are examples of Renaissance architecture.

St. Peter's Basilica

Louvre

Baroque ArchitectureBaroque Architecture(17 – 19th century)

Elements of the Baroque architecture are complicated decorations, paintings and contrasts between light and shadow. The final effect of this style is tension and humility. Baroque looks different in different countries. In Italy, where it started, the style is reflected in dramatic churches with irregular shapes, huge domes and extravagant ornamentation. In France is highly decorated combined with classical features. Sacred buildings and chateaux were typical for this style. Some examples of Baroque architecture: Trevi Fountain in Rome, Palace of Versailles in Paris and St. Paul's Cathedral in London.

Trevi Fountain

Palace of Versailles

St. Paul's Cathedral

ROCOCO ARCHOTECTUREROCOCO ARCHOTECTURERococo architecture is actually a later version of the Baroque style. Rococo architecture is actually a later version of the Baroque style. While elaborate Baroque architecture is found in France, Italy, While elaborate Baroque architecture is found in France, Italy, England, Spain, and South America, the softer Rococo styles are England, Spain, and South America, the softer Rococo styles are found throughout Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe, and Russia.found throughout Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe, and Russia.

While there are many similarities between the Baroque and the While there are many similarities between the Baroque and the Rococo styles, Rococo buildings tend to be softer and more graceful. Rococo styles, Rococo buildings tend to be softer and more graceful. Colors are pale and curving shapes dominate.Colors are pale and curving shapes dominate.FEATURES OF ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE INCLUDE:FEATURES OF ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE INCLUDE:

Elaborate curves and scrollsElaborate curves and scrollsOrnaments shaped like shells and plantsOrnaments shaped like shells and plantsIntricate patternsIntricate patternsDelicate detailsDelicate detailsComplex, asymmetrical shapesComplex, asymmetrical shapesLight, pastel colorsLight, pastel colors

1650 to 1790 AD

Basilica at Ottobeuren

Catherine Palace

Queluz National Palace

ART NOUVEAU BUILDINGS HAVE MANY OF THESE FEATURES:

Asymmetrical shapesExtensive use of arches and curved formsCurved glassCurving, plant-like embellishmentsMosaicsStained glassJapanese motifs

Art nouveau is a style of decoration and architectural detail popular in the 1890s featuring sinuous, floral motifs

ART NOUVEAUART NOUVEAU1890 to 1914 AD

Sagrada Família

Castel Beranger

ART DECOART DECO

The Art Deco style evolved from many sources. The austere shapes of the The Art Deco style evolved from many sources. The austere shapes of the Bauhaus School and streamlined styling of modern technology combined Bauhaus School and streamlined styling of modern technology combined with patterns and icons taken from the Far East, classical Greece and with patterns and icons taken from the Far East, classical Greece and Rome, Africa, Ancient Egypt, India, and Mayan and Aztec cultures.Rome, Africa, Ancient Egypt, India, and Mayan and Aztec cultures.

Art Deco buildings have many of these features:Art Deco buildings have many of these features:

Cubic formsCubic formsZiggurat shapes: Terraced pyramid with each story smaller than the one Ziggurat shapes: Terraced pyramid with each story smaller than the one below itbelow itComplex groupings of rectangles or trapezoidsComplex groupings of rectangles or trapezoidsBands of colorBands of colorZigzag designsZigzag designsStrong sense of lineStrong sense of lineIllusion of pillarsIllusion of pillars

1925 to 1937 AD

Chrysler Building

Théâtre des Champs-Élysées,

New India Assurance Building

Modernist architecture emphasizes function. It attempts to provide for specific needs rather than imitate nature. The roots of Modernism may be found in the work of Berthold Luberkin (1901-1990), a Russian architect who settled in London and founded a group called Tecton. The Tecton architects believed in applying scientific, analytical methods to design. Their stark buildings ran counter to expectations and often seemed to defy gravity.

MODERNISMMODERNISM

MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE HAS THESE FEATURES:

Little or no ornamentationFactory-made partsMan-made materials such as metal and concreteEmphasis on functionRebellion against traditional styles

1900 to Present

Seagram Building

AEG

Salk Institute

POST MODERNISMPOST MODERNISM

Postmodern architecture evolved from the modernist movement, yet contradicts many of the modernist ideas. Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle, surprise, and even amuse. Familiar shapes and details are used in unexpected ways. Buildings may incorporate symbols to make a statement or simply to delight the viewer. The postmodern style is characterized by whimsy and perhaps a little excess, as the alchemy of various architectural traditions to form a diversity of forms and aesthetic points of view. Many of the larger commercial buildings constructed in 2011 can be said to represent postmodern architecture.

1972 to Present

Sony Building

Vanna Venturi House

Neue Staatsgalerie

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