Evolution Definition: Process of change through time.
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Transcript of Evolution Definition: Process of change through time.
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Evolution
Definition: Process of change through time
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Theory of Evolution Provides an explanation for the
differences in structure, function, and behavior among life forms
Evolution is based on COMMON ANCESTORY!
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One Common Ancestor - Protozoa
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Evidence of Evolution
Fossils: Remains of organisms preserved in
sedimentary rock, amber, ice, or tar
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Upper Strata – more complex organisms/youngest
Lower Strata – less complex/oldest
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Comparative Cytology
The cell is the unifying structure for all living things
Organelles similar in most organisms
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Comparative Biochemistry
Nucleic Acids similar in all organisms (DNA/RNA)
Similar proteins (enzymes, hormones) More similarities More closely related
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Comparative Anatomy
Similarity in bone structure Homologous Structure: Same
structure different function EX. Arms of humans, flippers of whales,
wings of bat
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Homologous Structures
Notice that the types and number of bones are relatively the same.
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Comparative Embryology
Similar embryological structure
Common ancestry
***Mature growth is very different from embryological growth.
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Comparative Embryology
Notice that as organisms develop they become more and more distinguishable from one another.
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Parts that no longer serve a purpose
Structures were used in the past
Genes still produce these structures
Ex. Appendix, tail bone (coccyx)
Vestigial Structure:
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Charles Darwin Origin of Species written in 1859
Studied finches, found differences on the Galopogos Islands
Theory of Evolution - evolution based on variation and natural
selection
**Natural Selection: evolution is controlled by nature rather than by people.
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Theory of Evolution Based theories on species variation and natural
selection.- (There are 5 points to natural selection)
1.Overproduction- within a population more offspring are born than can possibly survive.
2. Competition- depends on number of individuals in a population struggle for survival
- compete for food, shelter, living space
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Darwin (cont.)
3. Survival of the fittest- the “strongest” or best adapted to its environment will survive.
4. Reproduction- individuals that survive will reproduce and transmit favorable traits and variations to offspring.
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Darwin (cont.)
5. Speciation- new species have evolved from a COMMON ANCESTOR
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Weakness of Darwin’s Theory
Even though Darwin was able to tell us that there were many variations of all living things on the planet…..
-He could not explain why.
-Did not explain how variations arose.
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Darwin’s Theory
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Hugo DeVries
Hugo DeVries-
- Found that something called a mutation were the source of variation in a population.
- Favorable mutations among competing species resulted in modern species.
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Modern Evolutionary Theory
The Modern Evolutionary Theory supports Darwin's theory of variation and natural selection but incorporates the reason for the variation (mutation).
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What Produces Variation?
1. Variation: mutation and natural selection.
2. Mutations: spontaneous
3. Sexual reproduction - sorting and recombination of alleles.
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Examples of Evolution in Modern Times
1. Peppered Moth: light vs. dark (industrialization
influence) Moth was originally light
in color a mutation occurred moth turned black at same time the trees were getting darker
because of industrialization, those that were dark blended into the trees better and
SURVIVED
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2. Insect resistance to insecticide:
Insect gets a mutation and becomes resistant to the
insecticide Resistance is not in
response to insecticide.
(Insecticide=spray that kills insects)
3. Bacteria resistant to penicillin:
One bacteria becomes resistant to PCN bacteria reproduce
ASEXUALLY offspring are also resistant
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Modern Evolutionary Theory (cont.)
-involves the struggle of organisms to survive and reproduce in a given environment.
Good traits will passed on and will increase in frequency within a population
Bad traits will decrease in frequency within a population
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Geographic Isolation
Favors speciation (development of new species) by segregating a small group from the main population. Ex. Mountains, deserts, cities, bodies of
water.
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Reproductive Isolation
As a result of geographic isolation, organisms become so different they cannot mate and produce fertile offspring therefore a new species evolves
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2 Theories of Evolution Rate
Gradualism: - evolutionary change is slow, gradual and
continuous.
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Punctuated Equilibrium: - long periods of stability interrupted by
significant change.
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Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium
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