Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. – Theodosius Dobzhansky
Evolution and Diversification of Life · 2015-11-09 · Evolution Nothing in biology makes sense...
Transcript of Evolution and Diversification of Life · 2015-11-09 · Evolution Nothing in biology makes sense...
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Evolution and Diversification of Life
OCN 201 Science of the SeaBiology Lecture 2
Frogfish
Grieg Steward (Oceanography) Office: CMORE Hale 121
Phone: x6-6775
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Evolutionary History of Life
• Simple singe cell organisms (prokaryotes) appear first and diversify their metabolism over billions of years
• 3.5-3.8 billion years ago
• A more complex cell type develops (eukaryotes)
• 2 billion years ago
• Multicellular life built from complex cells appears
• 0.7 billion years ago
Photosynthesis!
still single cells (microbes)
Animals and Plants
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Fossil Stromatolites Modern Stromatolites
Banded Iron FormationsIndependent evidence of photosynthesis beginning about 3 billion years ago
Microbial Fossils
Some Early Evidence of Life and Photosynthesis (there is more!)
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• Prokaryotes (no nucleus)
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukaryotes (with nucleus
A Fundamental Division
DNA
DNA
DNA
and other internal compartments)
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Origin of the Eukaryotic Cell
• A new cell type that can consume prey (phagotrophy)
• Leads to specialized organelles
• Provided freedom for extraordinary morphological diversification (first single- then multicellular)
This changed everything!
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The Origins of the Eukaryotic Cell TypeSerial Endosymbiosis Theory
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Plants
Animals
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Modern day evidence of organelle acquisitionKleptoplasty
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Ciliate
A ciliate steals chloroplasts from its prey (a cryptomonad)Geminigera cryophila
Flagellate
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Origins of Animals
Unicellular
Colonial
Multicellular
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Origins of Plants
Unicellular
Colonial
Multicellularmarine alga terrestrial moss
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Protista
Prokaryotae
Single CellEukaryotes
Prokaryotes
MulticellularEukaryotes
Animalia
Plantae Fungi
The Traditional Five Kingdoms
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Evolution
Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution - Theodisius Dobzhansky
I am a creationist and an evolutionist. Evolution is God's, or Nature's method of creation. Creation is not an event that happened in 4004 BC; it is a process that began some 10 billion years ago and is still under way. - Theodisius Dobzhansky
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• Heritability of traits from parent to offspring
• Variability among offspring (mutations, recombination)
• Over-production of offspring
• Selection by the environment: Individuals with favorable traits will survive and reproduce more
Basis of Evolution by Natural Selection
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Biological Diversity Arises through Selection
This is not “just a theory”. It is a fact.
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Incomplete Species Separations
donkeyhorse
mule
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Incomplete Species Separations
False Killer WhaleBottlenose Dolphin
“Keikaimalu”
= Wolphin
+
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Missing Links
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Missing Links
Discovered 2008 (Matt Friedman)
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Life is a Messy BusinessSymbioses and Horizontal Gene transfer Contribute to the Diversity We See
It is a web of life as much as a tree of life
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Evolution
• Evolution is not uni-directional
• Simple things came first
• Complexity accumulates slowly through trial and error via many known mechanisms
• The simple and the complex continue to co-exist
• As the earth changes, some species adapt or die off and new ones emerge
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• Early work relied on fossils - focus on plants and animals
• The evolutionary history of microbes was unclear
• Molecular evidence generally confirmed fossil evidence and revealed the deep history and diversity of the microbial world
Fossil vs Molecular Evidence
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The History of an Organism is Written in its DNA
• But how do we interpret it?
• Can use changes in DNA sequence over time as a “molecular clock”
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Sequence ComparisonsDiversity and evolutionary relationships
Seq. A ATACGGTCAC..Seq. B ATTCGCTCAC..Seq. C ATGCGGTCAC..
A
C
B
1 22 G
A B CA 2 1B 2 2C 1 2
Pairwise comparisons of sequences to count nucleotide differences
Summarize differences in a distance matrix
Build tree which satisfies the observed distance relationships
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Eukaryota
The Three Domains of Life
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
and two cell types
Domain
Domain Domain
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Time Line
First Prokaryotes >3500
Photosynthetic Prokaryotes 2500
Eukaryotes 1000
Invertebrates 700
Vertebrates 500
Land Plants 430
Mammals 190
Apes 7
Humans 2.5
You 0.00002
(millions of years ago)OrganismFirst appeared