Evolution
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Transcript of Evolution
Evolution
3/27/12
• Objective: Introduce origins theories
• Do Now: Hand in popular science questions
• Do Later: Read sections 13.1-3
Diversity of life
• Estimated 10 million species on earth– Phylogenetic trees show relationships
Origins Theories
• Lamarck– Spontaneous generation• Simple organisms are more recent• Complex organisms are older, gained complexity over
time
– Theory of Acquired Characteristics• Characteristics acquired by parents get
passed on to offspring
Origins Theories
Origins Theories
• Catastrophism– Rapid, catastrophic events shape
geology and extinction
• Gradualism– Slow change of geologic features
and life forms over time
Georges Cuvier
Charles Lyell
Origins Theories
• “Descent with modification”– Species have natural variation– Certain characteristics are favored over time
Natural Selection
• Condition 1: Variation– Populations must have variation in traits for
selection to occur
Natural Selection
• Condition 2: Competition– “Survival of the fittest”• Scarce resources, avoiding predators, etc.
– Only the best adapted species survive
Natural Selection
• Condition 3: Inheritance– Favorable traits are passed on to offspring– Genetic inheritance
Natural Selection
• Theory of Natural Selection– Heritable traits that confer an advantage in
survival and reproduction will increase in frequency in a population.
– Gradually a population will change as a result of natural selection.
Artificial Selection
• Selection performed by a conscious agent. – Dog breeding– Crop selection
4/2/12
• Objective: To examine speciation and evidence for natural selection
• Do now: – Discuss with a partner – What is a species? – Come up with a definition in pairs
• Do later: Read 13.5-6 in text– On separate paper: Pg. 275 #1, 3-7, 12
Species
• A species is a group of organisms that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Mules are the offspring of a male donkey and a female
horse. They are sterile.
Hybrid Species
Zebra + horse zebroid (sterile)
Tiglons can occasionally reproduce with difficulty.
Speciation
• How do new species come to be (speciation)?– 1) Population is separated– 2) Each population changes due to natural
selection– 3) Differences accumulate to make interbreeding
impossible
Evidence for Natural Selection
• Biogeography– Geographic distribution of species
Why do all marsupials live in Australia?
Evidence for Natural Selection
• Homologous Structures– Anatomically similar structures in groups of
related organisms– May serve different functions
Evidence for Natural Selection
• Molecular Biology– DNA sequencing can confirm the relationship
between two species• Few genetic differences = closely related• Many genetic differences = distantly related
98.5% similar
4/3/12
• Objective:• Do Now: – Pick two evidences for evolution and explain (in
writing) how they show “descent with modification”. (3 minutes)
• Do Later:
Evidence for Natural Selection
• Vestigial Structures– Structure that is no longer used in an organism– Artifact of a useful structure in an ancestor
Vestigial Structures
• Whale pelvis
Vestigial Structures
• Human Coccyx
Vestigial Genes
• Vestigial genes – organisms have genes in their DNA that are no longer active
• Chicken teeth– Genes for teeth can be
turned back on in chickens
Transitional forms
• Fossil evidence of an intermediate form between a present day species and an ancestor.
Transitional Forms
• Archaeopteryx – transitional form between dinosaurs and modern birds
Archaeopteryx – between dinosaurs and aves (birds)
Transitional forms
• Tiktaalik– Transitional form between aquatic and land
animals– “lobe finned fish”
Transitional Forms
Basilosaurus – intermediate between land mammals and whales
whale
Comparative Embryology
• Early stages of development are similar across the animal kingdom
4/6
• Objective: To discuss pesticide and antibiotic resistance
• Do later: Popular Science – Pesticide and antibiotic resistance
Pesticide Resistance
• Application of pesticides selects for pesticide resistance
Red = pesticide resistant
White = wild type (‘normal’)
Pesticide Resistance
• Colorado Potato Beetle– Agricultural pest – Resistant to all major classes of insecticides
Pesticide Resistance
• Can you think of any ways to combat pesticide resistance? – Pesticide rotation
– Natural predators
– Diversifying crops
The fungus Beauveria bassiana is toxic to many beetles but non-toxic to humans
Diversifying crops can limit the spread of pests
Antibiotic Resistance
• Use of antibiotics selects for antibiotic resistant bacteria.
– Drug resistance evolves over time.
Antibiotic Resistance
• Methicillin-Resistant Staph Aureus (MRSA)– “Staph infection”– Resistant to many classes of anti-staphylococcus
drugs
Antibiotic Resistance
• Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB)– Lung disease
– Resistant to three or more major anti-TB drug classes
– High mortality (50% +)
Antibiotic Resistance
• Solutions? – Limit prescription of antibiotics
– Limit use of antibiotics in agriculture
– Use full prescriptions
– Vary prescriptions
4/17/12
• Objective: To examine varieties of selection
• Do Now: – With a partner, describe the differences between
natural selection, artificial selection, and sexual selection. Provide an example of each.
• Do later: – Read 13.13 and 13.17 in text
Stabilizing Selection
• Selection that favors intermediate phenotypes
Stabilizing selection regulates birth weight
Directional Selection
• Selection that favors extreme phenotypes in one direction
Peppered moths
Disruptive Selection
• Selection that favors extreme phenotypes in both directions
Galapagos iguanas
Practice time!
• With a partner, come up with an example of stabilizing and directional selection.
• Challenge: Can you think of an example of disruptive selection?
Popular Misconceptions
• Natural Selection does not create any traits. – It only selects on existing traits.
Where do new traits come from?
Popular Misconceptions
• Natural Selection is not goal oriented– Simpler organisms are older, but not less fit.
Popular Misconceptions
• Natural Selection is subject to constraints– Advantageous traits often come with trade-offs
4/20/12
• Objective: To learn about hypotheses for the origin of cells
• Do Now: In your notes, make a T chart to compare the conditions of early and modern Earth
• Do Later: Read Ch. 15.1-3 in text
Early Earth Modern Earth
Evidence for Early Life
• Stromatolites – 3.5 billion years old– Oldest fossils– Single celled organisms– Grow in mats that harden into rock
Cell Theory
• Cell theory– All living things are composed
of cells and their products– New cells arise from the
division of older cells– Cells are the basic building
blocks of life
– Where did the first cells come from?
Miller’s Experiment
• Stanley Miller (1953)– Hydrogen gas (H2)– Ammonia (NH3)– Methane (CH4)– Water vapor– Spark
• Product? Amino acids.
Synthesis of Nucleic Acids
• Clay minerals catalyze the synthesis of DNA and RNA polymers
Montmorillonite
Meteorite Delivery
• Murchison meteorite (1969)– Found in Victoria, Australia– Over 100 amino acids• L-amino acids
– Nitrogenous bases (DNA/RNA)
– Potential for extraterrestrial life
Formation of Protocells
• Lipids in water spontaneously arrange into vesicles– Hydrophobic effects– Can also be catalyzed by clay
Chicken-Egg Problem
• DNA is needed to make proteins, and proteins are needed to make DNA– Which came first?
RNA World
• 1989 – Discovery of catalytic RNA– RNA has a sequence of bases like DNA– RNA can catalyze reactions like proteins
Ribosomes contain RNA to help catalyze protein synthesis
Prokaryotic Life
• Oldest species on earth are prokaryotes– No membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic Life
• Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts• Mitochondria and chloroplasts have unusual
properties– Double phospholipid membrane– Mitochondrial/Chloroplast DNA
Endosymbiont Theory
• Primitive prokaryotes became eukaryotic organelles