EVOLUTION OF NURSING

Period of Intuitive Nursing

(Prehistoric to early Christian era)

Ø Nursing was untaught and instinctive Ø Performed out of compassion for others and desire to help others

Beliefs and Practices of Prehistoric Man

§ Nursing was a function that belonged to women taking care of the children, the sick and the aged.

§ Believed that illness causes the invasion of evil spirit through the use of black magic or voodoo.

§ Believed that medicine man was called shaman or witch doctor having the power to heal using white magic.

§ They also practiced “trephining” or drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone without anesthesia as a last resort to drive evil spirits from the body.

Contributions to Medicine and Nursing

§ Babylonia o Code of Hammurabi – provided laws that covered every

facet of Babylonian life including medical practice and recommended specific doctors for each disease and gave each patient the right to choose between the use of charms, medications or surgical procedures.

§ Egypt o Introduced the art of embalming o Developed the ability to make keen observation and left a

record of 250 recognized diseases o Slaves and patient’s families nursed the sick

§ Israel

o Moses was recognized as the “Father of Sanitation” and wrote in Old Testament which:

ü Emphasized the practice of hospitality to strangers and acts of charity

ü Promulgated laws of control on the spread of communicable disease and the ritual of circumcision of the male child

ü Referred to nurses as midwives, wet nurses or child’s nurses whose acts were compassionate and tender

§ China o Believed that in using girl’s clothes for male babies keep

evils away from them o Prohibited the dissection of dead human body as a

worship to ancestors o They gave the world knowledge of material medica

(pharmacology) § India

o Men of medicine built hospitals, practiced an intuitive form of asepsis and were proficient in the practice of medicine and surgery

o Sushurutu made a list of function and qualifications of nurses. This was the first reference to nurse’s taking care of the patient’s.

§ Ancient Greece

o Nursing was the task of untrained slave o Introduced caduceus, the insignia of medical

profession today o Hippocrates was given the title of “Father of Scientific

Medicine”. He made major advances in medicine by rejecting the belief that diseases had supernatural causes. He also developed assessment standards for clients, established overall medical standards, recognized a need for nurses.

§ Rome

o The Romans attempted to maintain vigorous health, because illness was a sign of weakness

o Care of the ill was left to the slaves or Greek physicians. Both groups were looked upon as inferior by Roman society.

o Fabiola made her home the first hospital in the Christian world through the help of Marcella and Paula

Period of Apprentice Nursing (Founding of religious nursing orders to 1836 when Kaiserwerth Institute for the

training of Deaconesses in Germany was established)

ü Also called the period of “on the job” training. ü Nursing care was performed without any formal education and by people

who were directed by more experienced nurses ü Religious orders of the Christian church were responsible for the

development of this kind of nursing. Crusades

§ Military religious orders established hospitals staffed with men § Knights of Lazarus was founded and primarily for the nursing care of lepers in

Jerusalem after the Christians had conquered the city. Rise of Secular Orders

§ Religious taboos and social restrictions influenced nursing at the time of the Religious Nursing orders

§ Hospitals were poorly ventilated and the beds were filthy § There was overcrowding of patients: 3 or 4 patients regardless of diagnosis or

whether dead or alive, may have shared one bed. § Practice of environmental sanitation and asepsis were non-existent § Older nuns prayed with and took good care of the sick, while younger nuns

washed soiled linens, usually in the rivers. § St. Catherine of Siena. The first “Lady with a Lamp”. She was a hospital nurse,

prophetess, researcher and a reformer of society and the church. § In 16th century, hospitals were established for the care of the sick where hospitals

were gloomy, cheerless, airless and unsanitary. People entered hospitals only under compulsion or as a last resort.

Dark Period of Nursing (17th to 19th century)

ü There were no provisions for the sick, no one to care for the sick ü Nursing became the work of the least desirable of women---women who took

bribes from patients, who stole the patient’s food and who used alcohol as a tranquilizer.

ü They worked seven days a week slept in cubbyhole near the hospital ward or patient and ate scraps of food when they could find them.

Period of Educated Nursing (From June 15, 1869 when Florence Nightingale School of Nursing was opened

until World War II)

ü The development of nursing during this period was strongly influenced by trends resulting from wars, from an arousal of social consciousness, from the emancipation of women and from the increased educational opportunities offered to women

ü Popularization of the philosophy of the Nightingale System o Importance of nursing education o Hospital affiliation o Nurses teaching students o Health teaching as critical responsibility o Enforced written physician orders o Expansion in no. of schools to North America o Specialization developed

ü Facts about Florence Nightingale o Recognized as the “Mother of Modern Nursing” o Known also as the “Lady with a Lamp” o Raised in England and learned languages, literature, mathematics

and social graces o Developed he self-appointed goal: “to change the profile of nursing” o Compiled notes of her visits to hospitals, her observation of the

sanitary facilities and social problems of the places she visited o Noted the need for preventive medicine and good nursing o Advocated the care of those afflicted with diseases caused by lack of

hygienic practices o At age 31, she entered the Deaconess School of Kaiserworth o Worked as superintendent for Gentlewomen during illness o Disapproved of the restrictions on admission of patients and

considered this unchristian and incompatible with health care o Upgraded the practice of nursing and made nursing an honorable

profession for gentlewomen o Led the nurses that took care of the wounded during the Crimean war o Put down her ideas in two published books: Notes on Nursing and

Notes on Hospitals

Period of Contemporary Nursing

(Period after World War II up to present)

ü Scientific and technological developments as well as social changes mark this period

ü Establishment of WHO ü Use of atomic/nuclear energy for medical diagnosis and treatment ü Utilization of computers ü Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy ü Health is perceived as a fundamental human right ü Nursing involvement in community health is greatly intensified ü Development of the expanded role of nurses ü Professionalization of nursing

Nursing in the Philippines Early Beliefs and Practices

ü Beliefs about causation of disease (evil spirits, enemy or a with) ü People believed that evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers

to expel demons ü People believed in special gods of healing, with the priest-physician and

Herbolarios

ü Superstitious beliefs and practices in relation to health and sickness such as Herbmen or Herbicheros as one who practiced witchcraft

ü Persons suffering from diseases without identified cause were believed to be bewitched by “mangkukulam”.

Spanish Period

ü The religious orders exerted their efforts to care for the sick by building hospitals in the different parts of the Philippines

ü Earliest hospitals established: § Hospital real de Manila (1577) – built to care for the Spanish king’s

soldiers § San Lazaro Hospital (1578) – built exclusively for patients with leprosy § Hospital de Indio (1586) – established by Franciscan Order; service

was in general supported by alms and contributions from charitable individuals.

§ Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590) – founded by Brother J. Bautisita of the Franciscan Order.

§ San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596) – Founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia and administered by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; support was derived from alms and rents; rendered general health service to the public.

Nursing during Philippine Revolution

ü Prominent persons involved in nursing works

§ Jpsephine Bracken – installed a first hospital in an estate house in Tejeros; provided nursing care to the wounded night and day

§ Rosa Sevilla de Alvero – converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldiers, during the Philippine-American War that broke out in 1899.

§ Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo – wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; organized Filipino Red Cross under the inspiration of Apolinario Mabini

§ Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo – econd wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; provided nursing care to Filipino soldiers during revolution. President of Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas

§ Melchora Aquino – Nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and food

§ Capitan Salome – a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat

§ Agueda Kahabagan – revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing services to her troops

§ Trinidad Tecson – “Ina ng Biac na Bato”, stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the wounded soldiers.

ü Filipino Red Cross § Malolos, Bulacan was the location of the national headquarters § Functions:

o Collection of war funds and materials through concerts, charity bazaars, and voluntary contributions

o Provision of nursing care to wounded Filipino soldiers § Requirements for Membership

o At least 14 years old, age requirement for officer was 25 years old

o Of sound reputation Hospitals and Schools of Nursing

ü Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906) § It was run by the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America. In March,

1944, 22 nurses graduated; in April 1944 graduate nurses took the first Nurses Board Examination at the Iloilo Mission Hospital.

ü St Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

§ Established by the Archbishop of Manila, the Most Reverend Jeremiah Harty under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartes. It was located in Intramuros and it provided general hospital services with free dispensary and dental clinic

ü Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1907) § Anastacia Giron-Tupas, the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief

nurse and superintendent in the Philippines ü St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907) ü Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) ü Philippine Christian Institute Schools of Nursing

§ Sallie long Read memorial Hospital School of Nursing (Laoag, Ilocos Norte, 1903)

§ Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1911) § Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital (Vigan, Ilocos Sur, 1912)

ü San Juan de Dios School of Nursing (Manila, 1913) ü Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz, 1013) ü Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918)

First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines

ü University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1946) ü Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947) ü University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948)

Nursing Leaders in the Philippines

ü Anastacia Giron-Tupas – First Filipino nurse to hold the position of Chief Nurse Superintendent; founder of Philippine Nurses Association

ü Cesaria Tan – First Filipino to receive a Masters degree in Nursing abroad ü Socorro Sirilan – pioneered in hospital social service ü Rosa Militar – a pioneer in school health education ü Sor Ricarda Mendoza – pioneer in nursing education ü Conchita Ruiz – first full-time editor of the newly named PNA magazine ‘The

Filipino Nurse” ü Loreto Tupaz – Dean of the Philippine Nursing; Florence Nightingale of Iloilo