Evo lu tion of Early and Middle Pleis to cene river val ...

Geo log i cal Quar terly, 2018, 62 (3): 620–630 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7306/gq.1426

Evo lu tion of Early and Middle Pleis to cene river val ley sys tems in Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas based on geo log i cal

and malacological prox ies

Leszek LINDNER1 and Marcin SZYMANEK1, *

1 Uni ver sity of War saw, Fac ulty of Ge ol ogy, ¯wirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Po land

Lindner, L., Szymanek, M., 2018. Evo lu tion of Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene river val ley sys tems in Pol ish-Ukraine-Belaruscross-bor der ar eas based on geo log i cal and malacological prox ies. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 62 (3): 620–630, doi:10.7306/gq.1426

As so ci ate ed i tor: Wojciech Granoszewski

The geo log i cal set ting of the Bug–Pripyat interfluve and the close prox im ity of the source of the Pripyat River to the well-de -vel oped Mid dle Bug River val ley sug gest that these rivers may have been con nected in the past. Anal y sis of geo log i calcross-sec tions around the Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas to gether with study of as so ci ated Pleis to cenepalaeoflora shows that bur ied al lu vial de pos its of the proto-Bug and proto-Pripyat clearly rep re sent the Preglacial (MIS103-23), Podlasian/Turskian-Donian/Brest Inter gla cial (Cromerian I-II; MIS 21-17) and the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial (Holsteinian; MIS 11c). Their el e vated po si tion in mid-east ern Po land sug gests the pos si bil ity of ac cu mu la tion byproto-Bug wa ters flow ing eastwards, which de ter mined the for ma tion and de vel op ment of the lower-ly ing proto-Pripyat val ley sys tem in northwest ern Ukraine at those times. The oc cur rence of the Ponto-Cas pian spe cies Lithoglyphus naticoides (C.Pfeif fer, 1828), Borysthenia naticina (Menke, 1845) and Corbicula fluminalis (O.F. Müller, 1774) in the mol lusc as sem blagesof the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial im plies that the main wa ter shed be tween the Bal tic Sea and the BlackSea drain age bas ins might have been sit u ated in the north ern part of the area stud ied. Pre sum ably its main part was drainedby the wa ters of the proto-Bug catch ment con nected with the proto-Pripyat and flow ing far ther to the east to wards the Dnie -per River en ter ing the Black Sea.

Key words: Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene, bur ied river val leys, Bug–Pripyat interfluve, Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor derar eas, molluscs.

INTRODUCTION

Be cause the near-sur face oc cur rence of inter gla cial flu vialde pos its is ex tremely rare (e.g., Terpi³owski et al., 2014;Zieliñski et al., 2016), palaeogeographic anal y sis of the mainriver val leys in the Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene has beenmostly based on re search bore holes and re gional geo log i calcross-sec tions. There has been much fo cus on the Mazovianriver net work. The drain age sys tems of the proto-Warta/Odra,proto-Noteæ, proto-Vistula and proto-Neman were as so ci atedwith deglaciation fol low ing the Sanian 2/Okian/Berezinian Gla -ci ation (Elsterian; MIS 12) and changes in the level of theHolsteinian Sea in the Bal tic Ba sin, re sem bling (es pe cially incen tral Po land) the pres ent river pat tern (e.g., Straszewska,1968; Baraniecka et al., 1978; Lindner et al., 1982; Karabanov,1987; Pavlovskaya, 1998; Marks and Pavlovskaya, 2003;Marks, 2005). Some sub stan tial dif fer ences in Mazovian run off

have been pos tu lated for mid-east ern Po land and west ernBelarus, where flow to the south-west and west has been sug -gested (e.g., Mander, 1973; Pavlovskaya, 1998; Marks andPavlovskaya, 2003; Marks, 2005). More over, Marks andPavlovskaya (2003) showed the west ward po si tion of the wa ter -shed be tween the Bal tic and the Black See drain age bas inscom pared to the pres ent one. How ever, this re con struc tion didnot en com pass the Polesie re gion.

Our stud ies on the Qua ter nary of the Pol ish-Ukraine- Belarus cross-bor der ar eas were ini ti ated in the 1980s and1990s. Fruit ful co op er a tion with col leagues from Ukrai nian,Belarusian and Lublin sci en tific cen tres has re sulted in manypub li ca tions, which were mostly de voted to Pleis to cene stra tig -ra phy and Scan di na vian gla cial lim its (e.g., Szo³koplyas et al.,1985; Lindner, 1988; Lindner et al., 1985, 1991b, 1998; Lindnerand Yelovicheva, 1998). It was also a time when the first viewsemerged of the pos si bil ity of palaeogeographic re con struc tionof this re gion in the Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene, the de vel op -ment and course of the inter gla cial river and gla cial tun nel val -leys (Boguckij et al., 2002) as well as the run off of proglacial and extraglacial wa ters (Lindner et al., 2004). These re search di rec -tions have con tin ued in the last de cade (e.g., Gozhik et al.,2012; Lindner, 2009, 2016).

* Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

Received: February 21, 2018; accepted: April 11, 2018; firstpublished online: August 24, 2018

https://gq.pgi.gov.pl/article/view/8116



Evo lu tion of Early and Middle Pleis to cene river val ley sys tems in Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas... 621

The geo log i cal set ting of the interfluve of the Bug andPripyat rivers and the prox im ity (ca. 10 km) of the Pripyat source to the well-de vel oped Mid dle Bug River val ley im ply that bothrivers may have been con nected in the past. One of the first re -ports in this re gard oc curred in a note about Pleis to cene de pos -its in the Bug val ley near Uhrusk (Wojtanowicz, 1993). This is -sue is con tin ued in the pres ent pa per. Its main goal was to an -swer if in deed and when the Bug and Pripyat may have con -nected. It also sug gests a pos si ble po si tion of the main wa ter -shed of the Bal tic and Black Sea in the area stud ied dur ing theMiddle Pleis to cene.

REGIONAL SETTING

The study area is lo cated in east ern Po land, south west ernBelarus and north west ern Ukraine (Fig. 1) and be longs to four

macro-re gions, namely the South Podlasie Low land, West ernPolesie, Volhynian Polesie and the Volhynian Up land(Kondracki, 2002). This area is mostly flat (only in its south ern -most part is there more dis tinct top o graphic re lief), cov ered with marshes, mead ows, some farm land and sparse for ests. It wasformed by the sev eral ad vances of the Early and Mid dle Pleis to -cene Scan di na vian ice sheets as well as by flu vial, glaciofluvialand ae olian pro cesses. The area was cov ered or partly cov ered by the ice sheets of five gla cial pe ri ods cor re spond ing to theNidanian/Turskian (Dorst; MIS 22), Sanian 1/Donian/Narevian(Gla cial B?; MIS 16), Sanian 2/Okian/Berezinian (Elsterian;MIS 12), Krznanian/Dnieperian 1 (MIS 8) and Odran -ian/Dnieperian 2/Pripyatian (Saalian; MIS 6; Ta ble 1). At thesur face, tills and glaciofluvial sands of the Sanian2/Okian/Berezinian and Odranian/Dnieperian 2/Pripyatianglaciations pre dom i nate. The pres ent river val leys are infilledwith sands and grav els, peaty and sandy muds, and peats.

Fig. 1. Location sketch of studied area, surface ice sheet limits of Early and Middle Pleistocene glaciations andMazovian/Likhvinian/Alexandrian mollusc-bearing sites in the Polish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-border areas

1 – Ossówka, 2 – Hrud, 3 – Roskosz, 4 – Malyya Radvanichi, 5 – Izin, 6 – Ortel Królewski, 7 – Szymanowo, 8 – Szelest, 9 – Rossosz, 10 –Opole 5, 11 – Suszno, 12 – Krêpa, 13 – Syrniki, 14 – Czerniejów, 15 – Charlê¿, 16 – Ruda 5, 17 – Rohovi Somliary, 18 – Stari Koshary, 19 –Kalinovka, 20 – Dubienka, 21 – Strzy¿ów, 22 – Hrubieszów, 23 – Tatarska Góra, 24 – Micha³ówka, 25 – Czumów, 26 – Œlipcze; geologicalcross-sec tions: I – Turka–Berezhtsi, II – Ruda–Hniszów, III – Up per Pripyat and Tur Lake, IV – Up per Pripyat and Lower Turia, V – Bia³aPodlaska–Maloryta

Vistulian/Valday/Poozierian (Weichselian; MIS 5d-2) loess andae olian sands also oc cur in the re gion stud ied (Krasnov et al.,1975; Lindner et al., 2007; Marks and Karabanov, 2016).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Five geo log i cal cross-sec tions (Figs. 2 and 3) in the Pol ish,Ukraine and Belarus cross-bor der ar eas were ana lysed. Thefirst one was made through the Bug River val ley be tween Turka and Berezhtsi (Szwajgier, 1998; Fig. 2A), and the sec ond –based on Wojtanowicz (1993, 1995) – be tween Ruda andHniszów (Fig. 3). The third geo log i cal cross-sec tion showsQua ter nary de pos its in the Up per Pripyat River val ley in the vi -cin ity of Tur Lake (Lindner et al., 2007; Fig. 2B), while the fourthis in the Up per Pripyat and Lower Turia river val leys (Zaleskiand Gozhik, 2005; Fig. 2C). The fifth cross-sec tion, cre ated be -tween Bia³a Podlaska and Maloryta, crosses the Bug River val -ley in the vi cin ity of Terespol and Brest (Lindner and Astapova,2000; Fig. 2D). The strati graphic po si tion of the de pos its is con -strained by palaeobotanical and fau nal ev i dence (e.g., Jan -czyk- Kopikowa, 1991; Skompski, 1996) and sup ported by TLdates cited in the source pub li ca tions (Wojtanowicz, 1993,1995; Szwajgier, 1998).

In ter pre ta tion of re gional cross-sec tions was sup ple mentedby anal y sis of 26 mol lusc as sem blages of Mazovian/Likhvin -ian/Al ex an drian age (MIS 11c) in the area stud ied (Fig. 1) withkey sec tions at Malyya Radvanichi (Karaszewski, 1972), Izin(Sanko, 1999), Szymanowo (Szymanek, 2014), Krêpa (Jesion -kiewicz, 1982), Hrubieszów (Jahn, 1956), Tatarska Góra(Prószyñski, 1952), Micha³ówka (Mojski, 1956, 1965) andRohovi Smoliary (Prószyñski, 1952; Ta ble 2). Mol lusc anal y siswas qual i ta tive, fo cus ing on the zoo geo graph i cal dis tri bu tion ofthe mol lusc spe cies, with a cru cial role played by Ponto-Cas -pian taxa, which may be in dic a tive of the Black Sea drain ageba sin. Ini tially these taxa were en demic to the re gions be tweenthe Black, Azov and Cas pian seas and then ex panded to thenorth. In ad di tion the oc cur rence of Gyraulus albus (O.F. Müller, 1774) was high lighted, as in Belarus this snail was listed among char ac ter is tic spe cies of the Black Sea drain age re gion (Sanko, 1999; Sanko et al., 2011).

RESULTS

GEOLOGICAL DATA

The old est flu vial de pos its in the area stud ied, as signed tothe Preglacial (MIS 103-23) and Podlasian/Turskian-Donian

622 Leszek Lindner and Marcin Szymanek

AGE [ka] MIS Stra tig ra phy WESTERN EUROPE POLAND UKRAINE BELARUS

11.7 1 Holocene Ho lo cene Ho lo cene Ho lo cene Ho lo cene

130

2-5dUp per Pleistocene

Weichselian Vistulian Valday Poozierian

5e Eemian Eemian Mikulinian Muravian

420

6

Mid dle Pleistocene

Saalian Odranian Dnieperian 2 Pripyatian

7 Schöningen Lublinian

8 Krznanian Dnieperian 1

9 Wacken Zbójnian

10 Fuhne Liwiecian

11 Holsteinian Mazovian Likhvinian Al ex an drian

780

12 Elsterian Sanian 2 Okian Berezinian

13 Cromerian IV

Ferdynandovian Belovezhian14 Gla cial C

15 Cromerian III

16 Gla cial B Sanian 1 Donian Narevian

17 Cromerian II

Podlasian Brest

18 Gla cial A

19

Cromerian I

2588

Lower Pleistocene

20

21

22 Dorst Nidanian Turskian

23-103

Leerdam

Preglacial

(Krasnystaw and Kozienice

se ries)

Linge

Bavelian s.s.

Menapian

Waalian

Eburonian

Tiglian

Praetiglian

In grey are cold pe ri ods; MIS – ma rine iso tope stages

T a b l e 1

Qua ter nary stra tig ra phy in West ern Eu rope, Po land, Ukraine and Belarus (af ter Gozhik et al., 2012; Lindner et al., 2013; Marks et al., 2016a, b)




Inter gla cial (MIS 21-17) (Szwajgier, 1998), were drilled in theup per part of the Bug River val ley be tween Turka and Berezhtsi (Fig. 2A). They are com posed of fine- and coarse-grainedsands, com pletely de void of Scan di na vian ma te rial, ly ing onUp per Cre ta ceous marls (Harasimiuk et al., 1989), and a suc -ces sion of silts and fine- and me dium-grained sands dated byTL at 720 ka (Szwajgier, 1998). The base of the al lu vial suc ces -sion was de ter mined at 148–142 m a.s.l. and its top at ~158 ma.s.l., be ing sit u ated slightly to the east of the con tem po raryBug River val ley (Fig. 2A). In the vi cin ity of Berezhtsi it is over -lain by glaciolacustrine silts (TL = 193 ka) of the Odranian(Krznanian?)/Dnieperian 2 (1?) Gla ci ation [MIS 6 (8?)] and al lu -via of overflood (II) and floodplain (I) ter races of the Bug Riversit u ated at 170 m a.s.l. In the west ern part of this geo log i calcross-sec tion the Early Pleis to cene al lu via are over lain by siltsas signed to the Sanian 1/Donian Gla ci ation (MIS 16)(Szwajgier, 1998; Fig. 2A).

Far ther to the north, in the Ruda–Hniszów cross-sec tion,Preglacial and Podlasian bur ied river de pos its oc cur within theBug val ley west wards to its con tem po rary river bed (Fig. 3).They are rep re sented by thick sands and grav els free of Scan -di na vian ma te rial oc cur ring at an al ti tude of 124–117 m a.s.l.and un der lain by Cre ta ceous marls. They are over lain by twounits of till (the up per dated by TL at 438 ± 66 ka) sep a rated by a sandy-gravel suc ces sion. Both till units ap pear to rep re sent theSanian 1 (?) Gla ci ation (or San ac cord ing to Wojtanowicz,1995), whereas sandy silts which lie above rep re sent theFerdynandovian/Donian-Okian/Beloviezhian Inter gla cial (Cro -mer ian III-IV; MIS 15-13; Fig. 3).

Above those de pos its there is a youn ger suc ces sion of flu -vial sands and grav els (TL = 348 ± 52 ka). This suc ces sion isover lain by 15 m of gyttja with plant and mol lusc re mains as -signed to the Mazovian Inter gla cial (Janczyk-Kopikowa, 1991;Skompski, 1996) and de pos ited in part of the proto-Bug val leyof that age. Ac cord ing to Wojtanowicz (1995), the over ly ingsands and silts (TL = 230 ± 34 ka and 197 ± 29 ka) rep re sentthe Odranian Gla ci ation (MIS 6) and in our opin ion the de pos itsof the higher ter race (II) be long to the Vistulian Gla ci ation (MIS5d-2; Fig. 3). A fur ther part of this inter gla cial val ley was sam -pled by two bore holes in nearby Hniszów, these de pos its be ingrep re sented by sands pre served above a boul der clay formedpre sum ably on the till of the Sanian 2 Gla ci ation (MIS 12). Theflu vial de pos its are over lain by clay with mol lusc re mains thatare as yet un stud ied. Based on TL dates, these clays (TL = 114± 17 ka to 90 ±15 ka) and un der ly ing till (TL = 225 ± 36 ka) wereas cribed to the Eemian/Mikulinian/Muravian Inter gla cial (MIS5e) and the Odranian Gla ci ation, re spec tively (Wojtanowicz,


Fig. 2. Schematic geological cross-sections of theBug–Pripyat interfluve

A – frag ment of the Bug River val ley near Turka and Berezhtsi (af terSzwajgier, 1998, mod i fied); B – Qua ter nary de pos its in the Up perPripyat River val ley in the vi cin ity of Tur Lake (af ter Lindner et al.,2007, mod i fied); C – Qua ter nary de pos its in the Up per Pripyat andLower Turia river val leys (af ter Zaleski and Gozhik, 2005, mod i fied);D – the Bug River val ley in the vi cin ity of Terespol and Brest (Lindner and Astapova, 2000, mod i fied); stra tig ra phy: Cr – Cre ta ceous, Pg –Paleogene, EP – Early Pleis to cene, Pr – Preglacial, N – NidanianGla ci ation, P – Podlasian Inter gla cial, S1 – Sanian 1 Gla ci ation, S2– Sanian 2 Gla ci ation, M – Mazovian Inter gla cial, O – Odranian Gla -ci ation, E – Eemian Inter gla cial, V – Vistulian Gla ci ation; D/O –Donian-Okian Inter gla cial, Ok – Okian Gla ci ation, Lh – LikhvinianInter gla cial, Dn1+2 – Dnieperian 1+2 Gla ci ation, Pri – PripyatianGla ci ation, Mi – Mikulinian Inter gla cial, Vl – Valday Gla ci ation; H –Ho lo cene; po si tion of the cross-sec tions is pre sented on Fig ure 1



1993). Above, there are silts and sands of the Vistulian Gla ci -ation (TL = 30 ± 4 ka) and a Ho lo cene ter race (I) of the BugRiver (Fig. 3).

In Ukraine, to the east of the mod ern Bug River val ley, EarlyPleis to cene flu vial de pos its were noted in the geo log i calcross-sec tion through the Pripyat val ley sys tem made in the vi -cin ity of Tur Lake (Zalesski and Mielniczuk, 1975). The bur iedal lu via are com posed of sands with clasts of lo cal rocks (mostlyCre ta ceous marls), de void of Scan di na vian ma te rial and pre -served at an al ti tude of 95–82 m a.s.l. (Fig. 2B). They are up to10 m thick, lie on Cre ta ceous marls and are over lain by silts,clayey silts, sands and peats of the Donian-Okian Inter gla cial(MIS 15-13) (Lindner et al., 2007).

Above the de pos its of the Donian-Okian Inter gla cial, a till ofthe Okian Gla ci ation (MIS 12) oc curs, be ing un der lain by a thick sandy-gravel suc ces sion fill ing the bur ied gla cial tun nel val leyof that age (Fig. 2B). This till is over lain by silts, sands and peats of the Likhvinian Inter gla cial (MIS 11c). To the south of thePripyat they are over lain by a till of the Dnieperian 1 andDnieperian 2 glaciations (MIS 8 and 6, re spec tively). The ax ialpart of the Pripyat val ley is filled by flu vial sands that ac cu mu -

lated from the Mikulinian Inter gla cial (MIS 5e), through theValday Gla ci ation (MIS 5d-2) to the Ho lo cene (Fig. 2B).

Far ther to the east, the part of the Pripyat–Turia val ley sys -tem stud ied lacks un equiv o cal ev i dence of the Early Pleis to -cene al lu vial suc ces sion (Fig. 2C). How ever, a well-de vel opedbur ied tun nel val leys of the Okian Gla ci ation filled with sandswith grav els and boul ders oc cur. Lo cally they are un der lain byde pos its of the Donian-Okian Inter gla cial or lie di rectly on Cre -ta ceous marls. Above the de pos its of Okian Gla ci ation, at an al -ti tude of 125–115 m a.s.l., 5 to 13 m thick flu vial sands with plant re mains of the Likhvinian Inter gla cial have been re corded(Fig. 2C). In the interfluve of Pripyat and Turia these are partlyover lain by a till of the Dnieperian 1 and Dnieperian 2glaciations, glaciofluvial sands of those ages ly ing above as well as youn ger val ley de pos its be long ing to the Mikulinian Inter gla -cial, the Valday Gla ci ation and the Ho lo cene (Zaleski andGozhik, 2005; Lindner et al., 2007).

In the area of Brest and Terespol, flu vial de pos its com prisea 5 to 20 m thick sandy-gravel Eemian/Muravian (MIS 5e) suc -ces sion, with the base ap prox i mately at 110 m a.s.l., i.e.~20–15 m be neath the bot tom of the con tem po rary Bug River

Fig. 3. Geological cross-section through Quaternary deposits in the Bug River valley between Ruda and Hniszów (after Wojtanowicz, 1993, 1995, modified)

In brack ets stra tig ra phy af ter J. Wojtanowicz; Cr – Cre ta ceous, Pr+P – Preglacial + Podlasian Inter gla cial, S1 – Sanian 1 Gla ci ation, S –Sanian Gla ci ation, F – Ferdynandovian Inter gla cial, S2 – Sanian 2 Gla ci ation, M – Mazovian Inter gla cial, O – Odranian Gla ci ation, E –Eemian Inter gla cial, V – Vistulian Gla ci ation, H – Ho lo cene; I – floodplain ter race, II – overflood ter race; po si tion of the cross-sec tion is pre -sented on Fig ure 1


val ley (Lindner and Astapova, 2000; Nitychoruk et al., 2007).These de pos its are over lain by silts and sands, up to 15 m thick, rep re sent ing overflood (II) and floodplain (I) ter races of the Bug. Near Terespol, the lat ter lies at ~130 m a.s.l. (Fig. 2D).

MALACOLOGICAL RECORD

In the Mazovian shell-bear ing suc ces sions of the up per part of the Bug River val ley and ad ja cent ar eas, Ponto-Cas pian spe -cies are rep re sented by the gas tro pods Lithoglyphus naticoidesand Borysthenia naticina, and the bi valve Corbicula fluminalis.These were noted in 8 from 26 sites, whereas 9 sites lack anyin dic a tive taxa (Fig. 1 and Ta ble 2). L. naticoides oc curred in the al lu vial suc ces sion in east ern Po land at Krêpa near Kock(Jesionkiewicz, 1982) and in the vi cin ity of Hrubieszów(Hrubieszów, Tatarska Góra, Micha³ówka; Prószyñski, 1952;Jahn, 1956; Mojski, 1956, 1965). B. naticina was noted atMalyya Radvanichi in south west ern Belarus (de scribed as

Valvata naticina Menke, 1845; Karaszewski, 1972), Hrubie -szów (Jahn, 1956), and in the lake de pos its at Szymanowo(east ern Po land; Albrycht et al., 1995; Szymanek, 2014),whereas C. fluminalis was pres ent at Izin (south ern Belarus;Sanko, 1999) and Rohovi Smoliary (north west ern Ukraine;Prószyñski, 1952). G. albus oc curred at ten lac us trine sites(Fig. 1 and Ta ble 2).

Wider fau nal com par i sons were hin dered by vari ablemalacological data avail able from the sites stud ied, in clud ingmen tions of only sin gle spe cies, e.g. Syrniki (Prószyñski andKaraszewski, 1952), Tatarska Góra (Prószyñski, 1952),Micha³ówka (Mojski, 1956, 1965); lists of spe cies, e.g. Opole(Skompski, 1989), Ruda (Skompski, 1996), Kalinovka (Dmy -truk and Yatsyshyn, 2005); or com pre hen sively de scribed suc -ces sions with abun dant molluscs, e.g. Hrud (Lindner et al.,1991a; Szymanek, 2012), Ortel Królewski (Albrycht et al., 1995; Szymanek, 2011), Roskosz (Szymanek, 2013) andSzymanowo (Szymanek, 2014).

SitesChar ac ter is tic spe cies

Ref er encesLithoglyphusnaticoides (Pfeif fer)

Borysthenia naticina(Menke)

Gyraulus albus(Müller)

Corbicula fluminalis(Müller)

1. Ossówka + Szymanek (2011)

2. Hrud +Lindner et al. (1991a)

Szymanek (2012)

3. Roskosz + Szymanek (2013)

4. MalyyaRadvanichi + Karaszewski (1972)

5. Izin + Sanko (1999)

6. Ortel Królewski +Albrycht et al. (1995)

Szymanek (2011)

7. Szymanowo + +Albrycht et al. (1995)

Szymanek (2014)

8. Szelest + Albrycht et al. (1995)

9. Rossosz + Albrycht et al. (1995)

10. Opole 5 + Skompski (1989)

11. SusznoMojski and

Trembaczowski(1975)

12. Krêpa + Jesionkiewicz (1982)

13. Syrniki Prószyñski andKaraszewski (1952)

14. Czerniejów Jahn (1956)

15. Charlê¿ Jahn (1956)

16. Ruda 5 + Skompski (1996)

17. Rohovi Somliary + Prószyñski (1952)

18. Stari Koshary Karaszewski andRühle (1976)

19. Kalinovka + Dmitruk andYatsyshyn (2005)

20. Dubienka Prószyñski (1952)

21. Strzy¿ów Dolecki (1977)

22. Hrubieszów + + Jahn (1956)

23. Tatarska Góra + Prószyñski (1952)

24. Micha³ówka + Mojski (1956, 1965)

25. Czumów Mojski (1956)

26. Œlipcze Mojski (1956)

En vi ron ment F F, S S, F F

In grey are key sites men tioned in the text; F – flow ing wa ters, S – stag nant wa ters

T a b l e 2

An oc cur rence of Gyraulus albus and Ponto-Cas pian spe cies in the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial in east ern Po land, south west ern Belarus and northwest ern Ukraine















DISCUSSION

Geo log i cal cross-sec tions through the Qua ter nary de pos itsof the Bug and Pripyat val leys de scribed in this pa per doc u ment both the Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene al lu via of these rivers(Fig. 4). The Early Pleis to cene river de pos its com prise sandsand grav els char ac ter ized by a lack of Scan di na vian ma te rialthat over lie Up per Cre ta ceous rocks in the Bug val ley nearTurka and Berezhtsi, as well as sands with clasts of Cre ta ceous marls re corded in the vi cin ity of Tur Lake in the Pripyat val leysys tem. These de pos its are cor re lated with the Preglacial andPodlasian/Turskian-Donian Inter gla cial (MIS 103-23 and MIS21-17, re spec tively). Their east ward po si tion in the vi cin ity ofBerezhtsi com pared to the con tem po rary Bug River val ley(Fig. 2A) sug gests that the proto-Bug val ley was lo cated to theeast of the mod ern val ley and then moved west wards as re -corded in the Ruda–Hniszów area (Figs. 3 and 5). In the light ofa lack of un equiv o cal proof of neotectonics it ap pears that theproto-Bug was a higher sec tion of the old est part of the Pripyatval ley sys tem at that time, which is in di cated by the higher el e -va tion of the Early Pleis to cene de pos its near Berezhtsi than inthe vi cin ity of Tur Lake (148–142 and 95–82 m a.s.l., re spec -tively; Fig. 4). Pre sum ably the proto-Bug wa ters ran to the eastat that time, which de ter mined the for ma tion and de vel op ment

of the lower-ly ing val ley sys tem of the proto-Pripyat in north -west ern Ukraine (Fig. 5).

Based on geo log i cal cross-sec tions and palaeofloral sitespre served in the area stud ied, the Mid dle Pleis to cene al lu via ofthe proto-Bug and proto-Pripyat par tic u larly well rep re sent theMazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial (MIS 11c). Theywere ob served in the Ruda-Hniszów area (155–146 m a.s.l.)and far ther to wards the east in the Pripyat–Turia val ley(125–115 m a.s.l.; Fig. 4), where they may rep re sent an olderpart of the val ley sys tem of these rivers, con sti tut ing the lowersec tion of the Mazovian proto-Bug river val ley iden ti fied in thevi cin ity of Ruda and Hniszów (Fig. 5). Mazovian river de pos itsfill palaeovalleys cut into older tills and are rep re sented bysands and grav els with Scan di na vian ma te rial. As in the case of the Early Pleis to cene suc ces sion, their higher po si tion inmid-east ern Po land also im ply a pos si bil ity of de po si tion byproto-Bug wa ters flow ing to the east and af fect ing the de vel op -ment of the proto-Pripyat river at a lower top o graphic level.

The re cord of evo lu tion of the Bug and Pripyat val ley sys -tems dur ing the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial(MIS 11c) may by sup ple mented by malacological data. The oc -cur rence of mol lusc taxa typ i cal of the Ponto-Cas pian prov inceand as so ci ated with the Black Sea drain age ba sin has beenused here. Due to palaeohydrographic changes, their con tri bu -

Fig. 4. Position of the studied river valleys (A, B) in the Quaternary stratigraphy of Poland and Ukraine

tion in mol lusc as sem blages de creased grad u ally af ter theMazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial and this methodwas help ful in in di cat ing the Black Sea drain age in Belarus dur -ing the Al ex an drian (MIS 11c) and Muravian (MIS 5e)Interglacials (Sanko, 1999; Sanko et al., 2011). Be cause thedis persal of molluscs is mostly af fected by the pat tern of theriver net work, mol lusc as sem blages may in di rectly re flect theinter gla cial river pat tern. Molluscs can also be trans ported byvar i ous or gan isms (fish, wa ter fowl, etc.), which al lows them toreach new places and en vi ron ments, usu ally within 10–20 kmfrom the orig i nal re lease site (Boag, 1986; Alexandrowicz andAlexandrowicz, 2011; Reynolds et al., 2015).

De spite in com plete doc u men ta tion, a key sec tion for re con -struc tion of the wa ter shed in the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an -drian Inter gla cial in the area stud ied is lo cated at MalyyaRadvanichi in Belarus (Karaszewski, 1972). In the al lu vial suc -ces sion as signed to the Mindel-Riss Inter gla cial (Mazovian/Li -khvi n ian/Al ex an drian) that oc curs in the Ryta River val ley, a leftbank trib u tary of the Mukhavets River, at pres ent in the Bal ticSea drain age ba sin (Fig. 1), Polañski in the 1930s de scribed amol lusc fauna of a large river of the Polesie re gion which be -longed to the Black Sea drain age sys tem (Karaszewski, 1972;Sanko, 1999). This in ter pre ta tion was based on the sim i lar ity ofthe inter gla cial molluscs at Radvanichi to a con tem po rary fauna typ i cal of the lower courses of the rivers of the Black Sea drain -age (Karaszewski, 1972). An in com plete spe cies list hin dersthe cor re la tion of Radvanichi with Pol ish sec tions, but the oc -cur rence of Valvata naticina = Borysthenia naticina as well as

nu mer ous forms of Vi vipa ra (Paludina) fasciata (O.F. Müller,1774) = Viviparus viviparus (Linnaeus, 1758) sim i lar to those in -hab it ing the lower Dnie per to day and re sem bling subfossilforms known from the Odessa re gion should be high lighted(Karaszewski, 1972). A Black Sea fauna with the first oc cur -rence of C. fluminalis in Belarus was also re corded at Izin nearPinsk (Fig. 1) in de pos its of Al ex an drian age within the BlackSea drain age area (Sanko, 1999). Cor re la tion of Belarusian se -quences re vealed >7% of Ponto-Cas pian spe cies in the Al ex -an drian Inter gla cial and their grad ual re duc tion (to <4%) in theMuravian Inter gla cial and in the Ho lo cene (Sanko, 1999), which may in di cate some palaeohydrographic changes in the re giondur ing the Late Pleis to cene.

De spite the oc cur rence of rich mol lusc as sem blages, it ishard to find such un equiv o cal proof of the ex pan sion of Ponto- Cas pian spe cies in the up per course of Bug river in east ern Po -land. The best malacological re cord has been de rived from lake en vi ron ments (e.g., Lindner et al., 1991a; Albrycht et al., 1995;Szymanek, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014), usu ally de pleted in B.naticina, L. naticoides and C. fluminalis which pre ferred flow ingwa ters (Alexandrowicz and Alexandrowicz, 2011). In the Pol -ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas they oc cur in de pos itsof lakes with higher en ergy con di tions, with ev i dence of flow orwave ac tion (e.g., at Szymanowo), and in al lu vial de pos its (e.g., Tatarska Góra, Micha³ówka, Hrubieszów, Rohovi Smoliary).

Ten shells of Borysthenia naticina found in lac us trine sandysilts and sands at Szymanowo near Bia³a Podlaska rep re sent asin gle re cord of this spe cies in the up per Bug re gion in east ern


Fig. 5. Probable course of river valleys in the Polish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-border areas

A – in the Preglacial and Podlasian/Turskian–Donian/Brest Inter gla cial; B – in the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial with char ac -ter is tic mol lusc-bear ing sites: 1 – Ossówka, 2 – Hrud, 3 – Roskosz, 4 – Malyya Radvanichi, 6 – Ortel Królewski, 7 – Szymanowo, 8 – Szelest,9 – Rossosz, 10 – Opole 5, 12 – Krêpa, 16 – Ruda 5, 17 – Rohovi Somliary, 19 – Kalinovka, 22 – Hrubieszów, 23 – Tatarska Góra, 24 –Micha³ówka




Po land. An over flow through the Szymanowo Lake has notbeen un equiv o cally doc u mented, but a high fre quency ofrheophile spe cies may in di cate higher en ergy con di tions(Szymanek, 2014). Pre sum ably a lack of this spe cies in theneigh bour ing sec tions at Ortel Królewski, Hrud, and Roskoszre flects lo cal dif fer ences in lake con di tions and dy nam ics(Szymanek, 2011, 2012, 2013). How ever, in mol lusc as sem -blages of all lac us trine se quences of east ern Po land as well asin the Ukrai nian site at Kalinovka (Dmytruk and Yatsyshyn,2005; de spite the lack of typ i cal Ponto-Cas pian spe cies)Gyraulus albus oc curs con sis tently and abun dantly. Con sid er -ing the lack of this spe cies in palaeolakes of west ern (Boczów;Skompski, 1989; Fig. 1) and cen tral Po land (Zwierzyniec;Skompski, 1989; Ba³uk et al., 1991; Fig. 1), its as so ci a tion withdif fer ent palaeohydrographic con di tions dur ing the MazovianInter gla cial (in Belarus pos tu lated for the Muravian; Sanko,1999; Sanko et al., 2011) ap pears highly prob a ble.

Drain age of the up per Bug re gion to wards the Black Sea inthe Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial (MIS 11c)may be also im plied by the pres ence of L. naticoides influvio-lac us trine de pos its in the vi cin ity of Kock and Hrubieszów(Figs. 1 and 5). In ves ti ga tion of most of the sites re mains in -com plete, but re cords of L. naticoides at Krêpa (Jesionkiewicz,1982), Tatarska Góra (Prószyñski, 1952), Micha³ówka (Mojski,1956, 1965), and in the ter race of the Huczwa River nearHrubieszów (also B. naticina; Prószyñski, 1952; Jahn, 1956) aswell as the oc cur rence of C. fluminalis at Rohovi Smoliary(Ukraine, 13 km NE of Hniszów; Prószyñski, 1952) makesthose sec tions com pa ra ble with the Black Sea rather than withthe mid-Eu ro pean re gion and ap pears sig nif i cant for palaeo -geo graphi cal re con struc tion. Lo ca tion of the main wa ter shed innorth ern Belarus in the Mid dle Pleis to cene far ther to the westcom pared to the mod ern one (Marks and Pavlovskaya, 2003)may con firm the sug ges tion that the main part of the area stud -ied in the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial mighthave been drained by the proto-Bug wa ters as so ci ated with theproto-Pripyat which flowed east to wards the Dnie per River flow -ing into the Black Sea. It seems that the Mazovian/Likhvi -nian/Al ex an drian wa ter shed ran to the north of Kock, Bia³aPodlaska and Brest, but its ex act po si tion has not yet been de -ter mined. For ex am ple, at Kolonia Domaszewska, in theSamica River val ley, a Mazovian me an der ing river flow ing tothe north was in ves ti gated (Terpi³owski et al., 2014; Zieliñski etal., 2016), but there is no clear ev i dence of whether it drainedto wards the Bal tic or the Black Sea (Fig. 5).

It seems that the Bug River val ley in the vi cin ity of Brest andTerespol was formed by extraglacial wa ters of the Warta Sta -dial of the Odranian Gla ci ation, which eroded through the endmo raines of this stadial near Mielnik and started to flow to thenorth (Terpi³owski and Dobrowolski, 2004) and then to the west(Straszewska, 1968). Def i nite out flow might have oc curred be -tween the Warta Stadial and Eemian Inter gla cial (MIS 6 and 5e, re spec tively), form ing sandy ter races pre served along the val -ley sides and in ter preted as the high est river ter race (19 m high;

Kondracki, 1933), kame ter races (Nitychoruk et al., 2006) or the lower glacifluvial plains (Nitychoruk et al., 2007). Thepalaeo-river bed reached its max i mum depth in the re gion in the Eemian/Mikulinian/Muravian Inter gla cial, ly ing ~20–15 m be low the pres ent one, near Terespol at 130 m a.s.l. (Lindner andAstapova, 2000; Nitychoruk et al., 2007; Figs. 2D and 4).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study ar chi val geo log i cal and malacological datawere used to re con struct the prob a ble course of the proto-Bugand proto-Pripyat river val leys in the Pol ish-Ukraine-Belaruscross-bor der ar eas in the Early and Middle Pleis to cene. Thema jor con clu sions may be sum ma rized as fol lows:

1. Geo log i cal cross-sec tions through Qua ter nary de pos itsin the Bug and Pripyat val leys doc u ment both the Earlyand Middle Pleis to cene al lu via of these rivers.

2. In the Early Pleis to cene the proto-Bug val ley likely raneast of the pres ent Bug River val ley and then mi gratedwest wards.

3. The higher el e va tion of the Early Pleis to cene flu vial de -pos its in mid-east ern Po land im plies that they ac cu mu -lated from proto-Bug wa ters. They flowed eastwardsand af fected the for ma tion and de vel op ment of thelower-ly ing val ley sys tem of the proto-Pripyat in north -west ern Ukraine at that time.

4. Mid dle Pleis to cene al lu via of the proto-Bug andproto-Pripyat par tic u larly well-rep re sent the Mazov -ian/Li khvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial (MIS 11c). Theirhigher po si tion in mid-east ern Po land again sug gests the pos si bil ity of ac cu mu la tion by proto-Bug wa ters flow -ing to the east and de ter min ing the de vel op ment of thelower-ly ing proto-Pripyat.

5. The malacological re cord of the Mazovian/Likhvi nian/Al -ex an drian sites and the oc cur rence of the Ponto-Cas -pian spe cies Lithoglyphus naticoides, Borysthenianaticina and Corbicula fluminalis sug gest that dur ingthis inter gla cial the area stud ied be longed to the BlackSea drain age ba sin. The wa ter shed be tween the Bal ticand the Black Sea might have oc curred in its north ernpart.

6. Com bined geo log i cal and malacological data show thatdur ing the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cialthe main part of the area stud ied was drained by theproto-Bug wa ters con nected with the proto-Pripyat run -ning eastwards to the Dnie per River en ter ing the BlackSea.

Ac knowl edg ments. We are ex tremely grate ful to A. Sanko and an anon y mous re viewer for the re vi sion of, and valu ablecom ments on, the manu script. We wish to thank R. Janiszewski for his help in the prep a ra tion of Fig ures 3 and 4.

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