Even Better than the Best Building Ever?The ZICER and Elizabeth Fry Low Energy Buildings

Keith Tovey M.A., PhD, CEng, MICEEnergy Science Director: Low Carbon Innovation Centre

School of Environmental Sciences

Future Global Warming Rates

Government Response

• Energy White Paper – aspiration for 60% cut in CO2 emissions by 2050

• Will require unprecedented partnership activity in local communities to ensure on track by 2020s (– but no indication of how this will be undertaken)

“There will be much more local generation, in part from medium to small local/community power plant, fuelled by locally grown biomass, from locally generated waste, and from local wind sources. These will feed local distributed networks, which can sell excess capacity into the grid.’’

- Energy White Paper: February 2003

The CRed ambition

To engage, enthuse and empower a large, diverse community to debate, plan and execute a programme to reduce carbon emissions by up to 60% by 2025

Can a local community take on the responsibility for starting to confront the challenge of climate change and make a difference?

Or will it continue to be - someone/somewhere else?

Can we encourage politicians/officials to be bolder on our behalf?

“exemplar for the world”

How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks like?

5 hot air balloons per person per year.

4 million each year for Norfolk

On average each person in UK causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO2 each year.

Some facts:

A mobile phone charger left on even when not charging

up to 25 kg CO2 a year

Standby on television > 60 kg per year

Filling up with petrol (~£30 for a full tank)

--------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one balloon)

How far do you have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1300 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour

1.6 miles

Effet de serre : East Anglia montre l’exemple

lundi 15 septembre 2003, par collecte CND R.E.

Un groupe de scientifiques de l’université d’East Anglia, à l’Est de l’Angleterre, a lancé une campagne pour accélérer la réduction des émissions de dioxyde de carbone de la région.

Baptisée CRed (pour Carbon Reduction Project), cette initiative ambitionne d’aller deux fois plus vite que les prévisions gouvernementales. Le projet a été lancé en réaction au livre blanc sur l’énergie publié en février dans lequel le gouvernement s’était fixé comme objectif une diminution de 60% des émissions de ce polluant d’ici 2050.

Les responsables de CRed veulent y parvenir dès 2025. Pour cela, Keith Tovey et ses collègues ont réussi à mobiliser entreprises locales et particuliers pour faire des économies d’énergie et installer des panneaux photovoltaïques sur les toits. La prochaine étape consiste à rallier l’Eglise anglicane à leur cause. Exposées plein sud, les églises ont en effet de larges toitures qui peuvent capter l’énergie du soleil.

Or, la région d’East Anglia compte plus de 600 chapelles. Si les scientifiques sont conscients du peu d’impact sur le changement climatique de leur action, ils comptent cependant provoquer d’autres initiatives. Une délégation japonaise est déjà intéressée par le projet.

En France, la commune de Chalon-sur-Saône a déjà mis en place une action similaire pour réaliser en trois ans l’engagement de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pris par l’Europe sur dix ans. Pour lire notre article sur l’initiative de Chalon-sur-Saône.

ecologia e ambiente

SULL’EFFETTO SERRA L’EAST ANGLIA DA’ L’ESEMPIOdalla redazione di Bruxelles

Bruxelles, 15 settembre - Un gruppo di scienziati dell’università di East Anglia (Inghilterra) ha lanciato una campagna per accelerare la riduzione delle emissioni di anidride carbonica della regione. Battezzato CRed (Carbon Reduction Project), l’iniziativa ha l’ambizione di andare due volte più veloce delle previsioni governative. Il progetto (http://www.cred-uk.org/index.aspx) è stato lanciato il reazione al Libro Bianco sull’energia pubblicato in febbraio nel quale il governo britannico aveva fissato come obiettivo una diminuzione del 60% delle emissioni di CO2 entro il 2025.

Per riuscire nell’impresa, Keith Tovey e i suoi colleghi sono riusciti a mobilitare le aziende locali e i cittadini per avviare programmi di efficienza e risparmio energetico e installare pannelli fotovoltaici. La prossima tappa consiste nel convincere la Chiesa anglicana a dar loro il suo sostegno. Esposte in pieno sud, le chiese hanno infatti grandi tetti che sono ideali per installare impianti che captano energia solare, e nella regione di East Anglia ci sono più di 600 tra chiese e cappelle. Benché gli scienziati siano coscienti dello scarso impatto della loro iniziativa sul cambiamento climatico, contano tuttavia di promuovere altre iniziative. Una delegazione giapponese si è già interessata al progetto.Indice ecologia e ambiente

Ida-Anglia näitab maailmale eeskuju süsihappegaasierituse piiramisel 27/08/03 07:49:56

Arni Alandi

Rühm Suurbritannia Ida-Anglia teadlasi algatas suurejoonelise kampaania tulemaks toime üleilmse kliimasoojenemise ohuga ning häbistamaks ministreid, kes kliimamuutuse ärahoidmiseks liiga vähe ette on võtnud. Teadlased on endale püstitanud aukartustäratava ülesande: vähendada piirkonna süsihappegaasi õhkupaiskamist poole lühema aja jooksul valitsuse määratud graafikust.

Esmapilgul võib Credi nime kandev projekt tunduda mittemidagiütleva mõttetusena. Ühendkuningriigi teadlased usuvad, et nii see siiski pole, sest projekti taga seisavad väga väärikad ja tunnustatud teadlased. Ida-Anglia ülikooli keskkonnateaduste õppetooli peetakse parimaks omataoliseks kogu Suurbritannias. Kateedrit juhivad Keith Tovey ja tema kolleegid.

“Kui keegi nii julge lubaduse täitmisega hakkama saab, siis just Tovey rühm” on Dennis Thouless, firma Global Commodities juht, kindel. Thoulessi firma kogub kohalikelt ettevõtteilt kasutatud toiduõli, et seda autokütuseks töödelda.

Cred loodi vastusena valitsuse veebruaris välja antud “valgele energeetikapaberile”. Dokumendis tõotab valitsus vähendada süsihappegaasieritust 2050. aastaks 60 protsendi võrra.

Tovey sõnul on valitsuse “valgele paberile” kirja pandud üsna kenad mõtted ja kogu dokument kõlab hästi. Paraku pole kodanikele antud ühtki juhist, kuidas kirjapandud kauneid mõtteid ellu viia. Et segadust veelgi suurendada, on “valge paberi” sihtide saavutamiseks üheaegselt käibel mitmeid tegevuskavu. Tagajärjeks on väga suur tähelepanu kasvuhoonegaasiemissioonide vähendamisele samaaegselt igasuguste praktiliste juhiste puudumisega.

Main Energy Conservation Projects at UEA

• Constable Terrace/ Nelson Court Student Residences

• Elizabeth Fry Building

• Combined Heat and Power

• School of Medicine

• ZICER Building

The Future

• Absorption Chilling

Constable Terrace - 1993

Constable Terrace – Key Points

• Four Storey Student Residence

• Divided into “houses” of 10 units each with en-suite facilities

• Common Room/ Kitchen for each house

• Each house has a mechanical heat recovering Air Handling Unit which recovers much of the heat from cooking, appliance use, body heat etc.

• Fresh Air is fed via the AHUs for heating, and additional heat is provided electrically

• Individual rooms are provided with small 250W panel supplementary heaters

Constable Terrace – Key Points

• Constructed in 1992/1993

• 100mm insulation on floor – U value 0.18 W m-2 K [ Standard U – Value at time 0.45 W m-2 K (0.25 W m-2 K in 2002)]

• Walls: 2 leaves of lightweight concrete blocks with 100 mineral fibre cavity insulation – U value (0.22 W m-2 K) [ Standard U – Value at time 0.45 W m-2 K (0.35 W m-2 K in 2002)]

• Roof: 200 mm insulation – U value (0.15 W m-2 K) [ Standard U – Value at time 0.25 W m-2 K (0.16 W m-2 K in 2002)]

• Specified pressure test at 50 Pa – 1 ach ~ 0.05 ach @ normal pressure[ actual performance – 2 ach – but much better than conventional buildings]

Energy Use - Constable Terrace

0

50

100

150

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UEA Low Medium

Kw

h/m

2 /yr

Fossil Fuel

Electricity

Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Constable Terrace

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20

40

60

80

100

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140

UEA Low Medium

Kg

/m2 /y

r

Constable Terrace

Comparison of Constable Terrace with DOE standards

Electricity Use

21%

18%

17%

18%

14%

12%

Appliances

Lighting

MHVR Fans

MHVR Heating

Panel Heaters

Hot Water

The Elizabeth Fry Building

The Elizabeth Fry Building

•Termodeck Construction

•Air is circulated through whole fabric of building

•Heated using a normal domestic heating boiler (24 kW)

•No heat supply needed at temperatures as cool as 9oC

•Triple glazing with Low Emissivity Glass ~ quadruple glazing

•180 mm insulated cavity

•300 mm roof insulation

•100 mm floor insulation

•Air – Pressure Test at 50 Pa – not to exceed 1.0 ach

• Actual performance 0.97 ach

• Has deteriorated slightly since 1996

• Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers 85% with heat recovery

Fresh Air

Stale Air

Stale Air

Fresh Air

Operation of Regenerative Heat Exchangers

Winter heating

Experience shows that slab pre-heating is usually unnecessary – when used – often results in excess heat expelled later in day by AHUs

Summer Cooling

Slab temperature > 2oC above ambient

Cool air at night is circulated around slab to cool building

No air-conditioning required

In early years performance was not optimised

In later years energy efficiency has improve

even though air-tightness has deteriorated

Electricity Comsumption - Elzabeth Fry

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Elizabeth Fry low average

kWh

/m2/y

rGas Consumption - Elizabeth Fry

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Elizabeth Fry Low Average

kWh

/m2/y

r

Heating/Hot Water

0102030405060708090

1995 1996 1997

kW

h/m

2/yr

Hot Water

Space Heating

The performance of the building has improved with

time

Energy Consumption in Elizabeth Fry

Heating provided by domestic sized boilers.

Energy requirement 20% of good practice for Academic Buildings.

44

96

ECON 19 Good PracticeType 3 Office

Elizabeth Fry

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

kg/m2/an

num

gas electricity

carbon dioxide emissions

thermal comfort +28%

air quality +36%

lighting +25%

noise +26%

Elizabeth Fry

User Satisfaction

An energy efficient building reduces carbon dioxide

AND

is a better building to work in.

Elizabeth Fry: Carbon Dioxide Emissions and User Satisfaction

The ZICER Building

• Follows the tradition of the Elizabeth Fry Building

• Uses Termodeck construction

• Draws heat from University Heating Main

• Has a 34 kW array of Photo Voltaic cells on top floor and roof

Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental

Research

ZICER Construction

ZICER Construction

ZICER Construction

Ducts in floor slab

Installation of Solar Panels

0

10

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Eli

za

be

thF

ry (

Ne

w)

Eli

za

be

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ry (

20

02

)

ZIC

ER

kg

CO

2/m

2/y

r

gas

electricity

Elizabeth Fry performance has improved over years. ZICER will be better and less than 70% of emissions of mid 90’s best practice building

Photovoltaic cells will generate ~ 30 kW and save 20 tonnes CO2 per annum.

Projected Performance of ZICER

Variation of Carbon Emission and Carbon Index with Building Regulations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Carbon Index

kg

CO

2/m

2 /yr

1976

19901985

2002

1994

Elizabeth FryZICER

Theorectical Perfection in 2002 Regulations

pre-war

1955

1965

Variation of Carbon Emission and Carbon Index problems with current Building Regulations

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6

8

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7 8 9 10

Carbon Indexk

g C

O2/

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r 2002

Elizabeth FryZICER

Theorectical Perfection in 2002 Regulations

Performance of Elizabeth Fry and ZICER

UEA Combined Heat and Power Scheme

UEA CHP Scheme

• Until 1999 most heat for space heating was supplied by large boilers

• Primary main temperature ~ 110 – 120oC

• All electricity imported

• Energy bill was in excess of £1 million per year

• Three 1 MWe generators are now installed

• Provide the majority of the electricity for the campus

• Export electricity at periods of low demand

• Waste heat is used a primary heat source

• Supplemented by existing boilers

• CHP has reduced that figure by £400 000 per year

LATEST 12 MONTHS TO JANUARY 2001MONTHLY FUEL, ELECTRICITY INCLUDING CHP MAINTENANCE EXPENDITURE & MAINTENANCE COST

SAVING BEFORE VAT

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00 Apr-00 May-00 Jun-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00

£

PRE CHP

MODEL

ACTUAL

Actual Financial Performance

CHP Review

• Installation of CHP units reduced carbon dioxide emissions by around 8000 tonnes or 35%.

• Reduced primary heating main temperature > lower distribution losses

• Extends the life of the boiler house plant,

In summer

• Heat Dump fans must be used to remove excess heat

• The heat demand in summer dictates how much electricity can be generated

In summer

• Increased demand for cooling of scientific equipment

• Plans are currently under way to install a 1MW absorption chiller

CHP Review

    electricity gas oil  total balloons 

1997/98 kWh 19895328 35148158 33150     kg/kWh 0.43 0.186 0.277     tonnes 8555.0 6537.6 9.2 15101.7 8390

    electricity export importGener-ation boilers CHP oil total balloons

1999/00 kWh 20436531 977000 5783100 15630431 14510078 28263077 922563    

 kg/ kWh   -0.43 0.43   0.186 0.186 0.277    

  tonnes   -420.1 2486.7 0.0 2698.9 5256.9 255.5 10278.0 5710

Saving in CO2 emissions as a result of CHP - 4824 tonnes CO2 or 31.9%

Equivalent to 2680 hot air balloons.

[Note: UEA expanded during time and consumption increased so CO2 savings are really higher than this].

Condenser

Evaporator

Throttle Valve

Heat rejected

Heat extracted for cooling

High TemperatureHigh Pressure

Low TemperatureLow Pressure

Absorber

Desorber

Heat Exchanger

Heat from external source

W ~ 0

Absorption Heat Pump

UEA has been leading the way with energy conservation.

Technically

• Constable Terrace

• Elizabeth Fry

• ZICER

• CHP

• Absorption Chilling

CRed is pioneering was in which to reduced carbon dioxide emissions

• Building partnerships

• Education

• Working in an integrated way

Concluding Remarks

WEBSITE

www.cred-uk.org/

This Presentation may be viewed on the WEB at

www2.env.uea.ac.uk/cred/creduea.htm