Evaluations of diagnostic marine boundary-layer models applied to hurricanes
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880 D. Marine Meteorology 0LR(1980)27(12) Intracellular properties of closed mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) are examined based on data collected 16 February 1975 in the AMTEX region by the NCAR Electra research aircraft; these data provide much finer horizontal and vertical resolu- tion than previously collected buoy and aerological data. A double-cycle temperature variation observed at I00 m is explained in terms of warm air entrainment by an overlying inversion, infrared cloud-top cooling, and sensible heating at the center of the cell due to the warmer sea surface. MCC over the Gulf Stream, wintertime cloud for- mations over Lake Michigan, and the transforma- tion of continental to marine air might all be successfully investigated via a similar research program. Includes tropical Pacific and East China Sea satellite images. Department of Geosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. 47907, U.S.A. (izs) 9. Storms 80:5991 Bao, Cheng-lan, P~ng-mao Wei and Chang-hua Huang, 1979. Activity of an equatorial an- ticyclone over the western Pacific and the South China Sea and its effects on the tracks of typhoon movement. (In Chinese; English abstract.) Ocean. Sels, 2(1):1-9. About eight equatorial anticyclones a year originate in the equatorial buffer zone of the area. If a deep, strong storm moves north of 5°N, it causes anomalous tracking of typhoons; the anomalous tracks and the steering effect of equa- torial anticyclones are discussed. Department of Meteorology, Naking University, People's Republic of China. (sir) 80:5992 Chan, J. C. L., W. M. Gray and S. Q. Kidder, 1980. Forecasting tropical cyclone turning motion from., surrounding wind and temperature fields. Mon. Weath. Rev., 108(6): 778-792. Statistical analyses of the wind fields associated with West Indies cyclones (1961-1977) and of the tropospheric mean temperature fields of Atlantic and Pacific cyclones (1975) indicate that changes occur in the large-scale flow pattern around a storm some 24-36 hr prior to a turning of the storm. As 'results are significant at the 95% level or higher,' forecast errors might be substantially reduced by utilizing vertical wind shear data. Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. 80523, U.S.A. (izs) 80:5993 Gaby, D. C., J. B. Lushine, B. M. Mayfield, S. C. Pearce and F. E. Torres, 1980. Satellite classifications of Atlantic tropical and sub- tropical cyclones: a review of eight years of classifications at Miami [Florida]. Mon. Weath. Rev., 108(5): 587-595. Locations and maximum sustained wind speeds were satellite-estimated and compared with the National Hurricane Center's 'best tracks' data; an overall average accuracy of ~ 17 n mi (compared to the NHC 'best tracks') was demonstrated, probably the lower limit at the present level of technology. Maximum sustained wind speeds were estimated within --7 kt, which is also about the best that can be expected now. Satellite Field Ser- vices Station, National Environmental Satellite Service, NOAA, Miami, Fla. 33146, U.S.A. (slr) 80:5994 Galushko, V. V., V. N. Ivanov, V. A. Korobkov, L. A. Mikhaylova and A. Ye. Ordanovich, 1980. Structure of the tropical cyclone Carmen using aerological sounding data derived over the ocean. (In Russian; English abstract.) Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1980(3): 45- 50. 80:5995 Jones, R. W., 1980. A three-dimensional tropical cyclone model with release of latent heat by the resolvable scales. J. atmos. Sci., 37(5): 930-938. In a new tropical cyclone model the cumulus parameterization has been replaced by release of latent heat by scales of motion that are resolved by the grid; as a result, deep convective cells are formed. Essentially all the convective cells occur on the fine (10 km) mesh of a triply-nested grid, forming clusters that propagate downwind. As the vortex grows, the clusters become organized into an eyewall and sometimes into spiral bands; spiral bands without convection are also present. A model vortex is integrated from tropical storm strength to a mature hurricane. The maximum low-level wind is 82 m s ~ and the minimum sea level pressure is 880 mb in the mature stage. National Hurricane and Experimental Meteorology Laboratory, NOAA, Coral Gables, Fla. 33124, U.S.A. 80:5996 Powell, M. D., 1980. Evaluations of diagnostic marine boundary-layer models applied to hurricanes. Mon. Weath. Rev., 108(6): 757- 766.
Transcript of Evaluations of diagnostic marine boundary-layer models applied to hurricanes
880 D. Marine Meteorology 0LR(1980)27(12)
Intracellular properties of closed mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) are examined based on data collected 16 February 1975 in the AMTEX region by the NCAR Electra research aircraft; these data provide much finer horizontal and vertical resolu- tion than previously collected buoy and aerological data. A double-cycle temperature variation observed at I00 m is explained in terms of warm air entrainment by an overlying inversion, infrared cloud-top cooling, and sensible heating at the center of the cell due to the warmer sea surface. MCC over the Gulf Stream, wintertime cloud for- mations over Lake Michigan, and the transforma- tion of continental to marine air might all be successfully investigated via a similar research program. Includes tropical Pacific and East China Sea satellite images. Department of Geosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. 47907, U.S.A. (izs)
9. Storms
80:5991 Bao, Cheng-lan, P~ng-mao Wei and Chang-hua
Huang, 1979. Activity of an equatorial an- ticyclone over the western Pacific and the South China Sea and its effects on the tracks of typhoon movement. (In Chinese; English abstract.) Ocean. Sels, 2(1):1-9.
About eight equatorial anticyclones a year originate in the equatorial buffer zone of the area. If a deep, strong storm moves north of 5°N, it causes anomalous tracking of typhoons; the anomalous tracks and the steering effect of equa- torial anticyclones are discussed. Department of Meteorology, Naking University, People's Republic of China. (sir)
80:5992 Chan, J. C. L., W. M. Gray and S. Q. Kidder, 1980.
Forecasting tropical cyclone turning motion from., surrounding wind and temperature fields. Mon. Weath. Rev., 108(6): 778-792.
Statistical analyses of the wind fields associated with West Indies cyclones (1961-1977) and of the tropospheric mean temperature fields of Atlantic and Pacific cyclones (1975) indicate that changes occur in the large-scale flow pattern around a storm some 24-36 hr prior to a turning of the storm. As 'results are significant at the 95% level or higher,' forecast errors might be substantially reduced by utilizing vertical wind shear data. Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. 80523, U.S.A. (izs)
80:5993 Gaby, D. C., J. B. Lushine, B. M. Mayfield, S. C.
Pearce and F. E. Torres, 1980. Satellite classifications of Atlantic tropical and sub- tropical cyclones: a review of eight years of classifications at Miami [Florida]. Mon. Weath. Rev., 108(5): 587-595.
Locations and maximum sustained wind speeds were satellite-estimated and compared with the National Hurricane Center's 'best tracks' data; an overall average accuracy of ~ 17 n mi (compared to the NHC 'best tracks') was demonstrated, probably the lower limit at the present level of technology. Maximum sustained wind speeds were estimated within --7 kt, which is also about the best that can be expected now. Satellite Field Ser- vices Station, National Environmental Satellite Service, NOAA, Miami, Fla. 33146, U.S.A. (slr)
80:5994 Galushko, V. V., V. N. Ivanov, V. A. Korobkov, L.
A. Mikhaylova and A. Ye. Ordanovich, 1980. Structure of the tropical cyclone Carmen using aerological sounding data derived over the ocean. (In Russian; English abstract.) Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1980(3): 45- 50.
80:5995 Jones, R. W., 1980. A three-dimensional tropical
cyclone model with release of latent heat by the resolvable scales. J. atmos. Sci., 37(5): 930-938.
In a new tropical cyclone model the cumulus parameterization has been replaced by release of latent heat by scales of motion that are resolved by the grid; as a result, deep convective cells are formed. Essentially all the convective cells occur on the fine (10 km) mesh of a triply-nested grid, forming clusters that propagate downwind. As the vortex grows, the clusters become organized into an eyewall and sometimes into spiral bands; spiral bands without convection are also present. A model vortex is integrated from tropical storm strength to a mature hurricane. The maximum low-level wind is 82 m s ~ and the minimum sea level pressure is 880 mb in the mature stage. Nat ional Hurr icane and Exper imen ta l Meteorology Laboratory, NOAA, Coral Gables, Fla. 33124, U.S.A.
80:5996 Powell, M. D., 1980. Evaluations of diagnostic
marine boundary-layer models applied to hurricanes. Mon. Weath. Rev., 108(6): 757- 766.
0LR(1980)27(12) D. Marine Meteorology 881
Four models were evaluated to develop an operational method of estimating surface variables with research aircraft flight-level (500 m) data; the models plus two estimation methods were com- pared with 'ground truth' buoy and ship wind speed data from hurricanes Eloise and Anita and vertically stacked several-level aircraft data in Eloise and Caroline. Three of the models were capable of estimating wind speed to 10% accuracy; 10 m level neutral drag coefficients were compared with previous studies. NOAA, National Hurricane and Experimental Meteorology Laboratory, Coral Gables, Fla. 33146, U.S.A.
80:5997 Sanders, Frederick, A. L. Adams, N. J. B. Gordon
and W. D. Jensen, 1980. Fur ther development of a barotropic operational model for pre- dicting paths of tropical storms. Mon. Weath. Rev., 108(5): 642-654.
A procedure is presented to improve the prediction of tropical storm paths when two or more rawin- sonde observations are within the storm-influenced region. Substantial improvements in position forecast accuracy are possible out to the 72-hr range. Department of Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, U.S.A. (mcs)
Southwest Monsoon of 1972 and 1979. Curr. Sci., 49(4): 123-129.
India has experienced severe and widespread drought five times in the last century: 1877, 1899, 1918, 1972, 1979. Inhibition of the Southwest Mon- soon rains is linked to a blocking ridge 90-115°E that obstructs the eastward movement of westerly troughs. Additional synoptic and dynamic studies are needed for effective drought management pro- grams. Meteorological Office, New Delhi-3, India. (izs)
80:6000 Shen, Jianzhu and Enjiu Chen, 1980. Charac-
teristics of monsoonal circulation over the western Pacific. (In Chinese; English sum- mary.) Oceanol. Limnol. sin., 11(1): 21-29.
In the area 0-46°N, 90-155°E, northerly winds prevail in winter and southerly winds in summer with April and October being transitional intervals and the transition progressing seaward from the coast. Influence of the Taiwan Strait on monsoonal circulation is considered. Institute of Geography, Academia Sinica, People's Republic of China. (izs)
10. Winds 80:5998
Kozo, T. L., 1980. Mountain bar r ie r baroclinity effects on surface winds along the Alaskan Arctic coast. Geophys. Res. Letts, 7(5): 377- 380.
Mountain barrier baroclinity is studied using data from buoys deployed on the Arctic ice in February 1979 which relay pressure and location information and from rawinsonde data from Barter Island. The wintertime abundance of W-SW winds along the Alaskan Arctic coast is shown to be a result of mountain barrier baroclinity. Polar Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, U.S.A. (mcs)
80:5999 Raman, C. R. V., Y. P. Rao and S. M. A. Alvi,
1980. The role of interaction with middle latitude circulation in the behaviour of the
11. Atmospheric dust, nuclei , aero- sols, pollutants, etc.
80:6001 Blanchard, D. C. and A. H. Woodcock, 1979/80.
The production, concentration, and vertical distribution of the sea-sal t aerosol. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 338: 330-347.
A review of the literature on atmospheric sea salt and some new data on its vertical distribution are presented. The bursting of bubbles, resulting in large part from whitecaps, is thought to be the origin of most salt aerosol. It is estimated that 10 ~ to 10 J° metric tons of salt aerosol are produced each year. More data on bubble spectra, adsorption, the relative importance of jet drops and film drops, geographic differences, the effect of water temperature, and the vertical distribution of sea salt are needed. Includes 69 references, At- mospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, N.Y. 12222, U.S.A. (hbf)
