Evaluation of Neural Tube Defects (NTD) after Exposure to...
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Evaluation of Neural Tube Defects (NTD) after Exposure to Raltegravir
(RAL) in Pregnancy
Hala Shamsuddin MD
Evaluation of NTDs after RAL Exposure
►Raltegravir (RAL) was the first integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), approved in 2007 for the treatment of HIV-1 infection
►An unplanned interim analysis of Botswana birth outcomes surveillance study suggested potential risk of NTD associated with periconception dolutegravir (DTG) exposure1.
►To evaluate the risk of NTDs after exposure to RAL during pregnancy.
1NEJM 2018;379:979-981 doi:10.1056/NEJMc1807653
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Neural Tube Defects
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► Birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord
► Neural tube closes by 28 days post-conception
► Include spinal bifida, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, iniencephaly, encephalocele
► Worldwide prevalence highly variable but globally account for estimated 18.6 per 10,000 live births
► 70% of the variance in prevalence attributed to genetic factors
► Risk factors: exposure to certain medications in pregnancy, obesity, poorly controlled diabetes and folate deficiency.
J Prenat Med 2008;2(4):40–41.
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/folicacid/index.html
PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0151586.
Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:799–810
Sources of Data
► Merck Adverse Event Review and Reporting System (MARRS)
– Adverse events spontaneously reported to the company in the post-marketing period and in non-interventional studies
– All serious adverse events (including all pregnancies) reported in company-sponsored and company-supported investigational clinical trials.
– Includes all reports received from the antiretroviral pregnancy registry (APR).
► Publicly available cohort results - not reported to or included in MARRS
– United Kingdom (UK)/Ireland Cohort (National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood - NSHPC)
– French Perinatal Cohort (the ANRS-French Perinatal Cohort (EPF).
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Results - MARRS
► Reports classified as prospective or retrospective
– Prospective is a report received prior to knowledge of pregnancy outcome or prior to the detection of a congenital malformation at prenatal examination.
– Retrospective is a report received after knowledge of pregnancy outcome or after detection of a congenital malformation or any fetal event during prenatal testing.
► Only prospective reports are used to calculate prevalence estimates.
► Calculation of prevalence from retrospective reports is inappropriate:
– Biased toward reporting of more unusual and severe cases
– Lack of denominator data
– Poor case documentation
https://www.fda.govwww.APRegistry.com
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Results – MARRS
► As of 31 May 2018, 1238 pregnancies that reported 1256 outcomes in women exposed to RAL 400 mg twice daily
– United States (47%), European Union (25%), African countries (7%) and rest of world countries (21%)
– Prospectively reported in 803 (65%) and retrospectively reported in 435 (35%).
► Among the 803 prospective reports, 443 (55%) documented first trimester as the earliest exposure, 302 (38%) had second/third trimester exposure, and 58 (7%) had an unknown trimester of exposure.
► Of the 443 first trimester exposures (451 outcomes), 295 (66%) were in women receiving RAL in the periconception period (within 28 days of conception).
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47%
25%
7%
21%
MARRS - RAL Pregnancy ReportsN = 1238
United States
EU
African Countries
ROW
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803; 65%
435; 35%
MARRS - RAL Pregnancy ReportsN = 1238
Prospective
Retrospective
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295; 37%
148; 18%
302; 38%
58; 7%
MARRS - Prospective ReportsN = 803
Periconception
Other First trimester
second/thirdtrimester
Unknown
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Results – MARRS – Prospective Reports
►No reports of NTDs were identified among infants born to prospectively reported pregnancies, regardless of the earliest time of raltegravir exposure.
– Periconception Exposure: 0/295
– Any exposure: 0/803
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Results – MARRS – Retrospective Reports
► Periconception exposure:
– Myelomeningocele (live birth)
– Encephalocele (spontaneous abortion)
► Exposure later in pregnancy
– Anencephaly (induced abortion)
– Myelomeningocele (live birth)
► Incidence rates are not calculated from retrospective reports.
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Cohorts – United Kingdom/Ireland-NSHPC1
► Active National Surveillance Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood
► Monitors the prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women and children and transmission of infection from mother to child.
► RAL exposure in 709 (7%) of 10,144 pregnancies reported through 2014.
► Earliest time of exposure was during the first trimester in 184 (26.5%), of which 161 (23%) were at conception.
► NTDs were not observed in this cohort.
1Sconza et al. Raltegravir in pregnancy: patterns of use and birth outcomes in the
UK & Ireland [Poster 806]. CROI 2018
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Cohorts - ANRS-French Perinatal Cohort (EPF)
► National multicenter prospective cohort that enrolls approximately 70% of HIV infected pregnant women in 100 sites in France.
► 479 pregnancy exposures to RAL through 2015.
► 140 (29%) were exposed during the first trimester.
► The number of women exposed at conception was not reported.
► NTDs were not observed in this cohort.
Sibiude et al. Evaluation of the risk of birth defects among children exposed to
raltegravir in utero in the ANRS-French Perinatal Cohort EPF [Abstract MOAB0204].
IAS 2017.
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RAL
Exposure
N = 2426
MARRS
N = 1238
Prospective
803
1st Trimester
443
Periconception
295**
NTD = 0
Retrospective
435
Cohort Data
1188
UK/Ireland (NSHPC)
709
1st Trimester
184
Periconception
161
NTD = 0
France (EPF)
479
1st Trimester
140
Periconception
NR
NTD = 0
Results Summary –
As of 31-May 2018
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Updates
► MARRS Updated through 31-May 2018 Through 31-Jan 2019
– Additional 117 prospective reports (42 first trimester including 23 periconception)
– 60 retrospective reports (15 first trimester, including 8 periconception)
►NHSPC Updated* as of 2018
– 875 RAL pregnancy exposures (i.e., additional 166), of which 222 were at conception (additional 66)
► No NTDs
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*J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019 80(3):264-268
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Conclusions
► Available data do not indicate an association between RAL exposure and NTDs
– Prospective Reports as of January 2019: No NTDs
• 2274 reports from MARRS and two cohorts, of which 540 were periconception exposures.
– Retrospective Reports periconception exposure
• One myelomeningocele (live birth) and one encephalocele (spontaneous abortion)
• Calculation of prevalence from retrospective reports is not appropriate
• Small number of cases despite market availability since 2007
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Discussion
► Limitation: Pregnancy outcome data after RAL exposure are predominantly from Western countries.
– There is geographic variability in the background rate of NTDs due to dietary and genetic factors.
► RAL and DTG have distinctly different chemical structure
– Potentially different possible effects on neural tube development
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https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Raltegravir Dolutegravir
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DolutegravirRaltegravir
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/46216142#s
ection=3D-Conformerhttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/54671008#s
ection=3D-Conformer
Discussion – Practical Implications
► Lack of association of RAL exposure and NTDs has practical implications for the choice of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected pregnant individuals.
► DHHS and EACS treatment guidelines.
– RAL 400 mg twice daily may be used in women of reproductive potential and during pregnancy if clinically indicated.
https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/487/table-6---what-to-start--initial-combination-regimens-for-
antiretroviral-naive-pregnant-women
http://www.eacsociety.org/guidelines/eacs-guidelines/eacs-guidelines.html
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Thank You
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Acknowledgments
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►Brittany Leigh Sciba
►Casey Raudenbush
►Kim Strohmaier
►Yun-Ping Zhou
►Wayne Greaves
►George Hanna
►Ronald Leong
►Chris Mast
►Walter Straus