EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF … OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ... called “upset” to...
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2014 G Samuthiram et al., 2014
ISSN 2278 – 0149 www.ijmerr.com
Vol. 3, No. 4, October, 2014
© 2014 IJMERR. All Rights Reserved
Research Paper
EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OFFRICTION WELDED JOINTS OF EN-24 STEEL
CYLINDRICAL RODS
G Samuthiram1*, TTM Kannan2, M Sureshkumar2, V Ananda Natarajan2 and P Vijayakumar3
*Corresponding Author: G Samuthiram � [email protected]
Owing to superior properties of EN-24 steel which play an important role in Automotive industriesfor manufacturing Axle, gear and shaft. It is observed that a wide range of dissimilar materialscan be easily integrated by solid phase bonding. In this experimental work which focuses onfriction welding of EN-24 steel rods using different process parameters. The experiments areconducted on KUKA Friction welding machine in Welding research Institute of BHEL. Theinfluence of process parameter which include friction pressure, upsetting pressure and frictiontime on the axial shortening, hardening and Tensile properties of friction welded joints of EN-24steel cylindrical rods.
Keywords: Friction welding, EN-24, Process parameters, Hardness, Tensile strength
1 PG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prist University, Thanjavur-613 403, India.2 Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prist University, Thanjavur-613 403, India.3 Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prist University, Thanjavur-613 403, India.
INTRODUCTION
Friction welding (FW) is a class of solid-statewelding processes that generates heatthrough mechanical friction between amoving work piece and a stationarycomponent, with the addition of a lateral forcecalled “upset” to plastically displace and fusethe materials. Technically, because no meltoccurs, friction welding is not actually awelding process in the traditional sense, buta forging technique. (Sahin M and Erol AkataH, 2003) investigated, the effects on thewelding zone of plastic deformation material
such as carburizing steels. A feasibility studyhas been carried out to investigate variousaspects of joining a Fe 3 Al oxide dispersionstrengthened (ODS) alloy using continuousdrive rotary friction welding by Sketchley(Sketchly PD et al., 2002) Insu WOO et al.,2002) investigated the study of themetallurgical and mechanical properties ofhigh nitrogen steel (HNS) friction welds andalso found the correlation between themicrostructure and joint strength .Mortenson(Mortensen KS, 2001) investigated, thefriction welding of 416 stainless steel, its
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2014 G Samuthiram et al., 2014
tensile strength and impact toughness,welding parameters, sulfur orientation, andbrittle failure of friction weld. Vairis (Vairis A,Frost M, 2000) investigated the analyticaland numerical models of linear frictionwelding of Ti 6 Al 4 V (numbers indicate wt%), established to predict temperature risesduring the initial phase of the process andthe effects of the exothermic. ReInkson(ReInkson et al., 1994) investigated, theeffects of the Y 2 O 3 dispersion on themicrostructure and mechanical properties ofthe parent material and welds under a rangeof processing conditions. North (North MurtiK G K and Sundarasan S, 1983)investigated, the factors determining particlefracture in friction welded aluminum basedcomposites material. A combination ofexperimental and numerical modeling resultsare used to support the proposition duringMMC/MMC (metal matrix composites)joining. Takeshi [8] investigated the influenceof welding parameters on tensile propertiesof friction welded joints by similar materialsof spheroidal graphite iron casting and grayiron casting. Dunkerton investigated theeffects of the parameters such as rotationspeed, friction pressure, and forging pressurein friction welding methods for steel. Yilbas(Yilbas B S et al., 1995) investigated themechanical and the metallurgical propertiesof dissimilar materials (Al-Cu) welded byfriction welding. Murthi a study aboutparameter optimization using a statisticalapproach based on factorial experimentdesign friction welding of dissimilar materials.(Lippold J C and Odegard B C, 2003)investigated annealed 416 stainless steelwelds, which would be susceptible to hot, orcold cracking, or heat affected zone micro
fissures. (Linert, 2002) investigated flow linesin inertia welded 8009 aluminum. He showedthat the flow lines of Si-C-rich and Si-C-depleted bonds followed spiral shaped pathsfor inertia friction welds. From theobservations made on the above literature,Medium carbon steel does not conducted infriction welding. In this experimental worksimilar friction welding joints are conductedin EN-24 steel cylindrical rods.
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
Figure 1: KUKA Friction WeldingMachine (WRI, BHEL)
Figure 2: Friction Welded Jointsof EN-24 Cylindrical Rods
Material: EN-24 Steel cylindrical rods
Dimension: dia 25X100mm
No of experiment conducted: 5
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C
0.35
Table 1: Chemical Composition of EN-24 steel
Si
0.15
Mn
0.45
S
0.05
P
0.05
Ni
1.5
Cr
1.5
Mo
0.25
Max.Stress
850 N/mm2
Table 2: Mechanical Properties EN-24 Steel
Yieldstress
465 N/mm2
Proofstress
450 N/mm2
Elonga-tion
16%
Impactstrength
28j
Hardnessvalue
255Brinell
Figure 4: Tensile Test on EN-24 Rods
Figure 5: Tensile Test Specimen
Figure 3: Rockwell HardnessTesting Machine
Material1
EN-24
EN-24
EN-24
EN-24
EN-24
EN-24
Table 3: Friction Welded Parameters of EN-24 Cylindrical Rods
Material2
EN-24
EN-24
EN-24
EN-24
EN-24
EN-24
Size1&2
MM
25
25
25
25
25
L1
MM
104.9
104.3
101.0
102.4
99.1
L2
MM
103.3
104.5
102.6
104
102
Totallength
MM
208.2
208.8
203.6
206.4
201.1
Heatingpressure
BAR
15
15
20
35
30
UpsettingPressure
BAR
25
25
30
35
40
HeatingTime
SEC
7
7
6
5
8
UpsettingTime
SEC
5
8
8
8
8
Speed
RPM
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
FeedRate
MM\SEC
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
FinalLength
MM
208
206.6
201
205.6
199
MaterialLoss
MM
0.2
2.2
2.6
1.8
2.1
FRICTION WELDING PARAMETERS
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After conducting the experiment of Frictionwelding on EN-24 steel cylindrical rods indifferent welding parameters the followingresults were obtained.
• Friction pressure is a dominatingparameter of Friction welding parameterof EN-24 cylindrical rods.
• The optimum parameter of frictionwelding is 125 Mpa for friction pressureand 180Mpa for forge pressure and 3sec for friction time.
• Increase friction pressure results inslightly higher the hardness values
• However EN 24 steel cylindrical Rodsprovide good weldability characteristicand Produce excellent surface finish.
• EN 24 steel cylindrical rod welded jointsproduce good surface finish andproduce minimum crack tendency.
Hardness Test
EN-24 friction welded joints are tested byusing Rockwell hardness machine. It givesthe hardness values of friction welded jointsare 125 MPa for friction pressure and 180MPa for forge pressure and 3 sec for frictiontime.
MATE-RIAL
EN-24Specimen
Table 4: Hardness Value of EN-24Steel Cylindrical Rods
LOADAPPLIED
(N)
100
INDICA-TOR
USED
1\16
SCALE
B
RHN
53525144
AVG
50
Tensile Test
The EN-24 friction welded joints are tested
by universal testing machine and ultimatestress value of friction welded parametersare 150 Mpa friction pressure 220 Mpa forgepressure and friction time 5 sec.
S.No.
1
Table 5: Hardness Value of EN-24Steel Cylindrical Rods
Applied Loan(KN)
40
Yield stress(KN)
124
Ultimate stress(KN)
154
Radiography Test
EN24 friction welded joints are performed toconduct radiography test and find out it doesnot have any defect and porosity.
SEG-MENT
A
B
Table 6: Radiography Test of EN-24Steel Cylindrical Rods
IQISENSI-TIVITY
25 - 2T
25 - 2T
THICKNESS(mm)
25
25
FILMSIZE
4×6
4×6
OBSER-VATION
ND
ND
RESULT
ACCEPT-ABLE
ACCEPT-ABLE
CONCLUSION
(i) Friction welding can be usedsuccessfully to joint EN-24 steelrods.The processed joints exhibitedbetter mechanical property ascompared to those made with fusingwelding Technique.
(ii) The axial shortening exponentiallyincreased by increasing frictionpressure and friction time and playsan important role in Hardness andUltimate strength of EN24 steel rods.
(iii) After welding process the joints tendsto severe deformation and producegrain refinement with strain hardening.The intensity of orientation was found
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to be dependent on the weldingparameters and affected thermomechanically and producesdeformation zone. The deformedregion increases from the central ofperipheral region and subjected tosevere plastic Deformation.
(iv) The optimum parameters of HighHardness value of EN-24 steel rodsare 125Mpa of friction pressure,180Mpa of forge pressure and 3Secof friction time.
(v) The optimum parameters of highultimate strength of EN-24 steel rodsare 150Mpa of friction pressure,220Mpa of forge pressure and 5 secof friction time.
(vi) EN-24 steel rods of Welded jointsprovide good strength and betterultimate strength and improvetoughness after welding process.
REFERENCES
1. Insu Woo, Masatoshi Aritoshi andYaswshi Kikuchi (2002), “Metallurgicaland Mechanical Properties of HighNitrogen Austenitic Stainless SteelFriction Welds”, ISIJ International, Vol.401.
2. Linert, Alvise L D and Massoni E (2002)“Finite Element Modeling of the InertiaFriction Welding Process BetweenDissimilar Materials”, Journal of MaterialProcessing Technology, Vol. 125-126,387-391.
3. Lippold J C and Odegard B C (2000),“Micro Structural Evolution During InertiaDriction Welding of Austenitic StainlessSteels”, Welding Journal (2003) 3519.
Vairis A, Frost M (2000) Modelling thelinear friction welding of titanium blocks”,Mater Sci Eng., A292:8-17.
4. Mortensen K S, Jensen C G, Conrad L Cand Losee F (2001), “MechanicalProperties & Microstructures of InertiaFriction Welded 416 Stainless Steel”,Weld J November, pp. 268S-273S.
5. North, Murti K G K and Sundarasan S(1983), “Parameter Optimization inFriction Welding of Dissimilar Materials”,Met Constr, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 331-335.
6. ReInkson, Takeshi S, Hoshinu K andYamashita R (1994), “Effect of FrictionWelding Parameters on MechanicalProperties of Cast Iron Joints”, Q J JapanWeld Soc, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 328-334.
7. Sahin M and Erol Akata H (2003), “JoiningWith Friction Welding of PlasticallyDeformed Steel”, J Mater ProcessTechnol, Vol. 142, No. 1, pp. 239-246.
8. Sketchly P D, Threadgil P L and Wright IG (2002), “Rotary Friction Welding of anFe3Al Based ODS Alloy”, Mater Sci Eng,A329-331:756-762.
9. Takeshi, Vairis A and Frost M (2000),“Modelling the Linear Friction Welding ofSperoidal Cast Iron Blocks”, Journal ofMaterial Science and Engineering,A292:8-17.
10. Vairis A and Frost M (2000), “Modellingthe Linear Friction Welding of TitaniumBlocks”, Mater Sci Eng, A292:8-17.
11. Yilbas B S, Sahin A Z, Kahraman N andAl-Garni A Z (1995), “Friction Welding ofSteel - Al and Al-Cu Materials”, J MaterProcess Technol, Vol. 49, No. 3,4, pp.431-443.