EVALUATING INDUSTRY SYNERGIES TO INCRESASE POWER … · 4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate...
Transcript of EVALUATING INDUSTRY SYNERGIES TO INCRESASE POWER … · 4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate...
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
EVALUATING INDUSTRY SYNERGIES
TO INCRESASE POWER PLANTS
FLEXIBILITY
By : G. Dodero
I.P.G. Industrial Project Group Srl Milan Italy
President
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
INDEX
1.0 Facing up the problems, getting down the solutions
2.0 Introduction
3.0 Where is moving the energy sector ?
4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate Energy Storage Plants
5.0 The role of CO2 Utilization : Chemistry of Carbon Dioxide
6.0 Opportunities to convert captured CO2 emissions from Industrial Sources into Useful Products
7.0 Evaluating the existing and future technologies to allow the synergies between petrochemical plant
and a coal fired power generation plant including the utilization of CO2 ( CCU )
8.0 Could coal become a primary petrochemical feedstock jointly with CO2 ?
9.0 Could we utilize CO2 within an advanced biorefinery ?
10.0 Could we utilize CO2 within a steel plant ?
11.0 Developing cross cooperation among these three industries
12.0 Overcoming critical barriers in adopting CO2 Utilization (CDU) Technologies and Projects
13.0 What could slow down this CDU option ? Political or technical.
14.0 Conclusions
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
1.0 Facing up to the problems, getting down to the solutions ( A) :
REFINERIES
POWER
GENERATION
PLANTS
STEEL PLANTS CROSS COOPERATION
INCLUDING
INCREASE OF POWER
PLANTS FLEXIBILITY &
CO2 UTILIZATION
This cross cooperation could allow to :
mitigate the ongoing challenges of these three industries due to the strong
impact of renewable
Operate power plants at full load for long time avoiding cycling and stop
of these plants during week ends due to the impact of renewables.
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
1.0 FACING UP THE PROBLEMS : ENERGY SECTOR WILL FACE WITHIN
NEAR FUTURE IMPORTANT CHALLENGES ( B) .
NOT EASY TO FORESEE WHAT WILL HAPPEN, BUT JOINT ACTIONS ARE
NEEDED INCLUDING THE STEEL PLANTS.
HERE THE LIST OF MAIN
BARRIERS AND CHANGES :
• ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
• IMPACT OF RENEWABLES
• EFFICIENCY INCREASE
• SHALE GAS
• IMPACT ON GEOPOLITICS OF
THESE CHANGES
• ECONOMIC RECESSION
WITHIN WESTERN AREAS
• GLOBALIZATION
? End of an era ? From fossil
to renewables: the new energy
challenges………..
IN THIS FRAMEWORK IS STILL A MUST THE CO2 REDUCTION ?
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
1.0 Facing up the problems : Power Grid Control ( C) :
If the wind and/or solar energy penetration in Your balancing area is rising over 40%
and coal units are retired, fossil power plants operators are compelled to play a very
difficult game.
The main actors of this game are :
Fossil power plants operators
Electricity Grid Dispatching center
Natural Gas Dispatching center
Weather Forecast Center
Authorities Regulators
The key means of this game are :
Gas turbines and combined cycles flexibility
Energy Storage
Grid Interconnection and smart grid
Conclusion : Could this proposed Synergy Help ?
Load Shedding relays
Integrated Grid Protection System
Telecomunication
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
2.0 Introduction ( A ) :
The two main required actions to save the human kind are the technology improvement
and the related environment protection.
Unlikely due to the competition among different solutions and to the difficulty to select the
best choices, technology improves slowly and often some technical options estimated
very interesting within their first approach had no development due to scaling up problems
or to a change of the boundary situation.
To understand more about industrial progress ( Ref. 1 ) , it is important to underline
two basic definitions :
Technology is defined as the complex mix of methods to achieve a practical purpose.
Technology is not only a composite of accumulated scientific knowledge, technical skills,
implementation, logical habits, and material output, but it is also information, logic, and
things.
•Techniques are defined as the mode and criteria in which technical details are
treated, or the skill required for the mastery of a subject.
Other main forces in the industrial-evolution battlefield are science, politics, and capital
gains.
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
2.0 Introduction ( B ) :
Thus, the transformation of scientific principles in a technological setting is moved by
politics and capital, and assisted by techniques. As a consequence, modern
technology in America and Europe was and is, the domain of manufacturers rather
than the kingdom of science. Modern science-derived technology was, and is,
characterized by the imperative of profit and competition.
Today, technology looks like nothing more than a vehicle to transform scientific ideas
into capital accumulation, applying physics and chemistry to the processes of
commodity production.
Here a short overview of the situation within the energy sector including environment :
Reduction of CO2 and CH4 emissions is today a priority to avoid a dramatic impact
on the climate
To reduce CO2 emissions of fossil fired plants, stakeholders, supported by
authorities, proposed the carbon capture storage ( CCS ), but unlikely the
opportunity to equip with CCS the fossil units operating in cycling mode, due to the
strong impact of renewables into the generation mix, becomes not competitive and
impractical.
CCS could be applied for EOR ( enhanced oil/gas recovery ) and in the world areas
where the impact of renewables is negligible mainly for climate reasons.
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
2.0 Introduction ( C)
Shale gas as substitute of coal in power generation looks an option ,
but it is important to take in due account the gas emissions to
atmosphere during the upstream of shale gas extraction cycle. Methane
concentrations are 25 times radiatively effective as an absorber of
terrestrial radiations.
The share of renewables within the generation mix will increase in
developed countries, but coal fired plants will remain the main power
source in many underdeveloped countries.
( Solar by 2050 : PV ( 16 % ) + Solar Concentrating ( 11% ) ( IEA Data)
So a further increase of concentration of atmospheric CO2 is expected.
But it is important to take in due consideration also the CO2 emissions
from the iron and steel industry ( see slide n. 32 ).
For the above mentioned reasons studies relating to carbon dioxide
utilization are welcome and important to turn wasted CO2 into
profitable, commercially viable opportunities.
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
3.0 WHERE IS MOVING ENERGY SECTOR ? ( A )
The main reason of the difficulty to structure the electricity sector is that
electricity must be produced at the same time is consumed.
Italy : 16 June 13 from 1 to 3 p.m. : Electricity price moved to zero.
Also in Germany we have observed several days, in which power generation from
renewables provided 100% of the load for hours. Similarly, negative (!) prices at the
power exchange have been observed. Technical as well as regulatory solutions are
urgently required.
Due to this situation ( similar also in the other EU countries ) the EU electricity
systems could move to instability phases creating a negative impact also on
the economy of the EU countries.
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
3.0 WHERE IS MOVING ENERGY SECTOR ? (B)
To integrate renewables into the generation mix many options are under study.
Basing on the fact that the impact of renewables into the generation mix
could reduce the opportunities to equip the fossil plants with CCS and that the contribution of CCU to solve the CO2 mitigation could limited within existing
power generation sector, we propose to evaluate synergies between refineries and
power generation including in future also steel plants.
This option could have the following main advantages :
Operation of power plants at full load for long time avoiding cycling
due to the impact of renewables
Combined CO2 utilization within dedicated reactors ( reducing fuel
supply and by products cost )
Refinery familiarity concerning the design and operation of
plants suitable to recover CO2 could help.
Renewables jointly with energy storage integrated within the refinery
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
Sun
Wind
Hydro
CO2 CAPTURE
Atmosphere
O2 CO2
Natural
Gas, oil &
biomass
Coal ,
biomass
& Nuclear
Industrial uses EOR Enhanced
Oil
Recovery
Oil O2
CO2 displaces trapped oil within wells
CO2 displaces CH4
from coal
CO2 stored in depleted oil/gas wells
CO2 stored in Saline Formations
Electrical
grid
Energy
Storage
( hydro,
Chemical
,etc )
Power Plants
Chemical plants
& refineries
CO2
ElectricitY
y
Plastics from CO2
3.0 Where is moving the electricity sector ?
Overview of energy sector including CCS and CCU ( C) :
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
3.0 Where is moving the electricity sector ? ( D )
The differences between the past and present structure of electricity sector, that
are becoming day by day more remarkable, are evident comparing this figure (
past ) vs the next figure ( present /future ).
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
3.0 Where is moving the electricity sector ? ( E )
COAL OTHER FUELS
GAS OIL
FUEL OPTIMISATION SYSTEM
INTERNAL
ELECTRICITY &
HEAT USE
Renewables HEAT
GENERATION
COGENERATION PLANT
Distribution Grids EMS
Optimal fuel
selection
Factories NEW TECHNOLOGIES Solar
Large
Power Gen Plants
Solar
Nuclear
Long
distance
Transmission
Grids Electricity Export & Import
CCS & CCU Large
Energy
Storage
Battery
Scada VESS Heat
Exports Chemical Product
Note : * VESS : Virtual Energy Storage System
* EMS : Energy Management System
* SCADA : Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition
Users
Grid
Energy
Storage
Users
Energy
Storage
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
Dr. Dodero papers presented at Power Gen 2014 and published by Impiantistica
Italiana Magazine.
3.0 Where is moving the electricity sector ? ( F )
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate Energy Storage Plants ( A ) :
Since most renewable sources are intermittent in nature , the integration of
renewable energy resources into the fossil and nuclear
Power generation and distribution grid infrastructures is becoming today a
challenging task.
It is evident that the speed at which intermittent renewable resources have
penetrated into grid could create also security problems within electrical
networks operation, if adequate actions are not taken.
Unlikely electricity has to be produced and supplied at the same time that the
consumer demands it , but wind can generate power only when the wind blows
and some time it is not easy to predict when wind stops.
In addition energy flows through the grid in accordance to physical laws which
are not easily controllable by the grid and power plants operators.
This gives rise to mutual influence between systems and creates a series of
problems of control and security which call, in case of the increase of
renewable units connected to the grid, for the establishment of additional
regulations in the management of the networks and of the fossil power plants.
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate Energy Storage Plants ( B )
This figure indicates the usual applications of the energy storage systems within a
grid where are connected also many different types of renewables plants
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate Energy Storage Plants ( C ) : Here different EES (Electrical Energy Storage) and the duration of their operation.
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
100 1000 2000 3000
10000
1000
100
10
Pumped
Hydro
High
Power Fly
Wheels ?
Diabatic
CAES &
Cryog.
Gravity
Hydro
Lead Acid
Battery
Hydrogen Storage
Sodium
Nickel
Chloride
Sodium
Sulphur
Battery
Lithium
Iones
Battery
Super
Capacitors
?
Capital Cost per Unit Power - $/kW
LC
OE
-
$/M
Wh
SMES ?
Flow Batteries
Zinc- Air
Batteries
4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate Energy Storage Plants ( D ) :
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
4.0 Integrate Renewables with adeguate Energy Storage Plants ( E ):
ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS : POTENTIAL OPERATIONAL USES : Grid location Duration of Energy Output :
Generation
Micro
Grids
Transmission
Distribution
End
Users
Short < 2 min Medium : ( 2 min -1 hour ) Long ( from 1 hour )
1) Provide spin/non Spin
2) Help ramping
3) Provide frequency regulation services
11) Improve performance
12) Provide system inertia
6) Shift energy
5) “Firm” renew. output
4) Provide Capacity ( Note 1)
8) Provide black start
7) Avoid dump energy
10) Smooth intermittent resource output
13) Avoid congestion fees
14) Defer system upgrades
15 ) Improves Transmission System Reliability
Note 1 : Mainly from large hydro storage Note 2 : VEES : Virtual Energy Storage System
9) Provide in-basin gener.
16) Improve power quality 18) Defer System Upgrade
19) Mitigate Local outage including VEES ( Note 2 )
21) Integrate Intermittent distributed Generation
22) Optimize retail rates
20) Maintain Power Quality
23) Shaving peak load , manage voltage and frequency response of the variable
renewable output ( solar and wind ), provide back up power in emergencies
17)Load Leveling
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
5.0 Chemistry of Carbon Dioxide ( A) :
The well known reaction of carbon
with oxygen can be summarized as
follows :
C + O2 CO2 DeltaH = - 94.0
kcal/mole
Delta H defines the heat content of
the products minus the heat content
of the reactants.
Chemical reaction are reversible. If a
molecule of CO2 acquires enough
energy during a collision with another
molecule, this CO2 molecule can break
to form carbon and oxygen. The energy
barrier to be crossed is higher, but a
catalyst lowers this energy barrier.
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
5.0 Chemistry of Carbon Dioxide ( B) : Enzymes :
Chemical reactions in the living system are catalyzed by an enzyme, a very
complex three-dimensional protein. Each enzyme catalyzes only a particular
chemical reaction, but is an extremely efficient catalyst for that reaction.
In the photosynthetic process, plants use light energy to convert two
stable, low-energy molecules ( carbon dioxide and water ) into an unstable,
energy-rich system consisting of organic matter and free oxygen.
The photosynthetic formation of glucose can be represented by the following
chemical formula :
6CO2 + 6H2O ( CH2O) + 6 O2 DeltaG = + 684 kcal/mole
In photosynthesis, Energy is supplied by light quanta ( photons ) whose
energy content depends upon the frequency or wavelength of the light. In
red light, one photon provides about 40 kcal of energy. To provide the 114
kcal needed to combine a mole of CO2 with a mole of H2O, at least three
photons are needed.
There is a small probability that 3 photons would happen to strike as the
2 molecules collided; so usually 8 photons are needed by the plant.
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
6.0 Opportunities to convert captured CO2 emissions from Industrial Sources
into Useful Products ( A ) :
Converting captured CO2 into products such as chemicals, carbonates, plastics,
fuels, building materials, and other commodities is an important aspect of carbon
capture technology. Converting CO2 into useful forms can help reduce carbon
emissions in areas where long-term storage of CO2 is not practical.
It is anticipated that large volumes of CO2 will be available from fossil fuel-based
power plants and other CO2-emitting industries are equipped with CO2 emissions
control technologies.
Within the following table is indicated a list of CO2 conversion opportunities (
not including EOR )
Evaluating the capital cost, O & M, availability and flexibility of the plant
including the chain of interconnected processes :
The analysis and careful examination of the complete chain of the
interconnected processes including the CO2 utilization unit is very important.
For example in case of a fossil fuel fired unit it is very important to evaluate its
operation mode, its plant flexibility and its minimum load.
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
6.0 Opportunities to convert captured CO2 emissions from Industrial Sources into
Useful Products ( B ) :
Final Product Reaction chemistry &
Conversion unit
Reactive or catalyst Utilization Notes
Petroleum products Reactor supplied with
fuel and CO2
Magnetite that could be
Recycled Fuel products Reactor can be supplied
also with micronized coal
Methane and water Sabatier reaction combines
CO2 and hydrogen
Nickel replaced by TiO2,
SiO2, MgO and Al2O3
Methane The high cost of hydrogen
could reduce the
opportunities of this
process
Solid carbonates and/or
bicarbonate materials
Scrubber is supplied by
waste heat from the fossil
power plant
Sodium hydroxide pulling
CO2 out to form sodium
bicarbonate
Building material Skyonic Corporation
developed SkyCycle process
removing heavy metals &
acid gases
Polycarbonate products (
plastics ) for use in
packaging industry
PPC polymers created
through the co-
polymerization of CO2 and
chemicals called
epoxides
Novomer’s catalyst
technology
Bottles
Films
Laminates
This Novomer process
reduces the use of fuel by
50%
Soluble bicarbonate and
carbonates
Scrubber system featuring
an enzyme
catalyst
Alcalyne clay, a byproduct
of aluminum
Refining
Construction fill
material
Soil amendments
Green feltilizer
Alcoa pilot-scale process
is demonstrating this
conversion
Open pond Algae
Production technology
Algae pond surface
covered by a phase change
material to regulate daily
temperature and reduce
evaporation
---------------------
Extracted lipids from
harvested algae converted
to bio-fuel and residual
biomass to methane
Pilot test by Touchstone
Research Laboratory Ltd
Solid carbonates Scrubber is supplied by
waste heat from the fossil
power plant
CO2 to carbonate binding
it with Ca and Mg
Building material Calera Corp. process
removes also heavy metals
& acid gases
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
7.0 Evaluating the existing and future technologies to allow the synergies
between petrochemical plants and power generation plants including the
utilization of CO2 ( CCU ) ( A ):
To integrate a refinery with fossil fuel power generation plants including CCU we
envisage to erect these plants nearby to the petrochemical units so to reduce
CO2 transportation costs and to use fossil fuel facilities both for power generation
and refinery feedstock.
Important also to develop within near future a cross cooperation among Refineries,
Iron & Steel plants and Power Generation.
The CO2 utilization could be finalized as follows :
Conversion of fuel jointly with carbon dioxide to petroleum products
though a reactor using a catalyst ( magnetite or other )
Conversion of CO2 to CH4 though the Sabatier process
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
7.0 Evaluating the existing and future technologies to allow the synergies between
petrochemical plants and a coal fired power generation plant including the utilization
of CO2 ( CCU ) : example ( B ):
Acetylene
Coal
Lime
Isoprene
Vynil Acetate
Acetic anhydride
Acrylonitrile
Vynil chloride
Acetaldehyde
Polyisopropene
Polyvynilacetate
Acrylic polimer
Neoprene
Polyvynil chloride
Acetic acid
Methanol
Butadiene
Air
Separation
Unit
Oxygen
Oxy-coal
Fired
power unit CO2
Calcium
Carbide CO
Syngas
Ammonia
Urea Ammonium
nitrate
Gasifyer
Reactor
Catalyst
recycle
Methanol Aromatics
Fischer-T.
Liquids
Petroleum
products
•Acetic Acid
• Olefins
* Formaldeyde
Others
utilizations
TO
pp
in
g Refinery
plants
Crude
oil
By products
Gasoline
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
8.0 Could coal become a primary petrochemical feedstock jointly with CO2 ?
(A)
While the modern petrochemical industry moved from coal to cheaper
feedstock, coal could be in future taken in due consideration as a high-value
hydrocarbon feedstock jointly with CO2 in competition with crude oil and
natural gas.
Asia looks interested to use new technologies to produce chemicals from
coal and also in this country an utilization of CO2 jointly with coal as carbon
feedstock could be taken in due consideration.
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
8.0 Could coal become a primary petrochemical feedstock jointly with CO2
Example (B) ?
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
9.0 Could we utilize CO2 within an advanced biorefinery ( A ) ?
The members of IEA Task 42 have agreed on the following definition for a
biorefinery:
“Biorefinery is the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products
(food, feed, materials, chemicals) and energy (fuels, power, heat)”.
This means that a biorefinery can be a concept, a facility, a process, a plant, or
even a cluster of facilities.
A biorefinery can use all kinds of biomass including wood & agricultural crops,
forest residues, organic residues (both plant and animal derived), aquatic
biomass (algae & sea weeds) and industrial wastes.
A biorefinery is not a completely new concept. Many of the traditional biomass
converting technologies such as the sugar, starch and pulp and paper industry
are connected with the biorefinery approach. ( see next figure )
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
9.0 Could we utilize CO2 within an advanced biorefinery ( B ) ?
Biorefinery and its role in the transformation of biomass ( IEA report ).
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
9.0 Could we utilize CO2 within an advanced biorefinery : example ( C ) ?
Organic
Residue
s
Starch
crops
Sugar
crops
Lignocellulos
ic
crops
Lignocellulosic
residues Oil
Crops
Marine
Biomass
e
Bio
Fired
power unit
Pyrolysis
Lignen
Aneorbic
digestion
Grasses
Pyrolytic
liquid
Oil
based
residues
Other Various Processes : Steam reforming, Chemical
reactions,Fermentation,Hydrogenation/upgrading,Estherification, etc
C5 & C6
sugars
Fermentatio
n
Syngas
Sabatier
process CO2
H2
CH4
Fertiliz
er Biomaterial
s
Chemica
ls
Fertiliz
er
Bioethan
ol
Glyceri
n
Polymers
& resins
Biodiese
l
Electricity
And Heat
Electrolysis Electricity
CO2
Storage
Grid
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
10.0 Could we utilize CO2 within a steel plant ? : Blast Furnace : the
heart of a steel plant ( A )
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
million
tonnes (Mt)
2014 2013 %2014/2013
Europe 312.9 313.2 -0.1
of which:
EU (28) 169.2 166.3 1.7
CIS 105.3 108.3 -2.8
North
America
121.2 118.9 2.0
of which:
United States 88.3 86.9 1.7
South
America
45.2 45.8 -1.4
Africa 15.9 16.1 -0.7
Middle East 28.5 26.5 7.7
Asia 1 132.3 1 116.1 1.4
of which:
China* 822.7 815.4 0.9
Japan 110.7 110.6 0.1
Australia/Ne
w Zealand
5.5 5.6 -1.8
World ** 1 661.5 1 642.2 1.2
10.0 Could we utilize CO2 within a steel plant ? : Crude Steel Production and
its CO2 Emission on world wide basis ( B ) ( by World Steel Association files )
World Steel Production by country :
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
World Crude Steel Production
CO2 emission
Years
Tons
Of CO2
And
Tons
Of
Crude
Steel
(millions)
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
10.0 Could we utilize CO2 within a steel plant ? : Primary and
Secondary steel production routes ( C )
Raw
Material
Preparation
Steel
Production
Iron
Production
Primary Steel Production
Secondary
Steel
Production
BLAST
FURNACE (BF)
Pellet
Iron Ore Sintered Limestone
Ore
Coke
Fuel Oxygen
Open Heart
Furnace
Basic
Oxygen
Furnace
Oxygen Air Recycled
steel
Electric
Arc
Furnace
Recycled
steel Electric
Arc
Furnace
Rotary Kiln
Furnace
Shaft
Furnace
Recycled Steel
Direct
Reduced
Iron
Crude Steel ( CS )
Coal Fuel
Recycled
Steel
Lump Ore Line Ore
E
M
I
S
S
I
O
N
S
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
11.0 Developing cross cooperation among these three industries :
Coke Oven Gas Treatment
Blast Furnace (
BF)
Basic Oxygen
Furnace ( BOF )
Plate/Stripmill
Air
Separation
Plant
O2
O2
Gas Treatment
CO, CO2, N2
Iron Pellets Coke
Iron
Steel
Oil/Gas
CO2 CO2
CO2
Transfer to Refinery or Chemical plant
( cross cooperation )
Coal
Power Plant
Production of
Chemicals & Fuels
Steel Plant
Pipeline
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
12.0 Overcoming critical barriers in adopting CO2 Utilization (CDU)
Technologies and Projects:
The main problem to overcome critical barriers in adopting CO2 Utilization
( CDU ) Technologies and Projects is the difficulty to integrate different
industries whose owners have poor relationships one with each other.
What stops an industry from using a new technology?
Barriers to successful technology adoption could have difficulties inside and
outside a single industry. Internal barriers may be summarized as the difficulty
to accept a new technology for many reasons including negative reactions of
company employee.
External obstacles include the availability and accessibility of necessary
information (process, machinery and software ), the presence of technical
personnel and institutional support, and a program for staff development and
skill building.
Obviously the assistance of authorities including financing is very important
to the success of an innovative technology.
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
13.0 What restraints could slow down this CDU option ? Political or technical.
Decisions relating to the environment protection are influenced by potential
instability and lack of adequate actions of the governments and of the
international community .
When firms perceive that the regulatory initiatives are unstable, their specific
investments appear more risky.
Utilities will be not interested to invest in advanced technologies when they
perceive that the future operation of these assets will be not protected by
adequate regulations.
14.0 Conclusions :
The development of CO2 utilization ( CCU ) technologies could be an interesting
integration to CCS ( carbon capture storage ).
Strong cooperation from stakeholders and authorities will be required in order
to optimize resources, avoid duplication and maximize synergies.
A form of a public-private partnership also in Europe could be required in order
to accelerate the development and demonstration of these innovative technologies
on a large scale.
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
Thank You for Your Attention
This Presentation is subject to copyright
Flexible Power Generation 2016 Barcelona, Spain 17 – 19 February
Main References :
1 ) 1997 Italian Energy Handbook coordinated by G.Dodero, ENEL Spa and published by Power and Electric
Power International Magazines
2) 1989 Italian Chemical Engineering and Processing Handbook Coordinated by G.Dodero ENEL ( Italian Power
Authority ), A. Sernia – Vice President ENICHEM S.p.A. in collaboration with Montedison S.p.A. ( Ferruzzi Group )
3) Integrating Energy Storage systems into Electricity Transmission and Distribution Networks : comparing the
technology and the Italian Case by G.Dodero presented at POWER GEN 2014 Cologne and published by Impiantistica
Italiana Magazine.
4 ) CO2 Capture and Storage for Gas : Sustainable, low-carbon power for Europe By ZEP Zero Emission Platform
June 2014
5) Where is moving the electricity sector and how are Electric Industry Investment Decisions Influenced by Potential
Instability in the Regulatory Environment presented at POWER GEN 2014 Cologne
6) Integrating Carbon Capture Technologies into the Generation mix :
Future developments and cost comparisons by G.Dodero 13th International Downstream Technology & Strategy
Conference Dubrovnik, Croazia 14-17 May 2013
7) Co-Firing of Biomass and RDF with Coal Within Large Conventional Power Generation Units Track 4 : Coal Fired Power
Plants, Biomass Combustion and Waste to Energy Power Gen 2012 Cologne 13 June 2012
8) World Steel Association and IEA Coal Centre : Profiles and Papers on CO2 abatement in the iron and steel
industry
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