Evaluating financial aspects of Municiapl solid waste management in Mysore, India
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302 Int. J. Environmental Technology and Management, Vol. 13, Nos. 3/4, 2010
Copyright © 2010 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
Evaluating financial aspects of municipal solid wastemanagement in Mysore City, India
Ishwar Chandra Yadav*
Centre of Advanced Study in Botany,
Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi 225001, UP, India
Email: [email protected]
*Corresponding author
Ningombam Linthoingambi DeviSchool of Environmental Studies,
China University of Geoscience,
Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
Email: [email protected]
Surendra Singh
Centre of Advanced Study in Botany,
Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi 225001, UP, India
Email: [email protected]
A.G. Devi Prasad
Department of Studies in Environmental Science,
University of Mysore,
Mysore 570006 India
Email: [email protected]
Abstract: Majority of waste management plans are severely constrained by thelack of resources to finance these services. In developing countries, collectionand transportation of waste are the most costly Solid Waste Management(SWM) activities. Safe disposal invariably receives less attention. Mysore City,one of the largest cities of Karnataka (India) with a population of around
0.8 million, is facing acute shortage of funds to run SWM activities. Present paper analyses the current financial aspects of Mysore City municipal SWM based on empirical studies as well as authentic data obtained from Mysore CityCorporation (MCC). The study revealed that the financial allocation for SWMis inadequate and MCC is running in deficient finance.
Keywords: MCC; Mysore City Corporation; expenditure; fiscal year; MSWM;municipal solid waste management; management and handling rules; pourakarmika; RWA; resident welfare association; KUIDP; Karnataka UrbanInfrastructure Development Plan; SHG; self-help group.
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Evaluating financial aspects of MSWM 303
Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Yadav, I.C., Devi, N.L.,
Singh, S. and Devi Prasad, A.G. (2010) ‘Evaluating financial aspects of municipal solid waste management in Mysore City, India,’ Int. J. Environmental Technology and Management , Vol. 13, Nos. 3/4, pp.302–310.
Biographical notes: Ishwar Chandra Yadav did his MSc in EnvironmentalScience (gold medallist) from University of Mysore, Mysore, India. Currently,he is pursuing his PhD on groundwater arsenic contamination in Terai, Nepal,at Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,India. His areas of interest are solid waste management, groundwater pollutionand waste water treatment.
Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi received her MSc in Environmental Science(gold medallist) from University of Mysore, Mysore, India. Presently, she is pursuing her PhD in Environmental Science at China University of Geosciences(CUG), Wuhan, China. Her areas of interest are problems of pesticide in
atmosphere, solid waste and wastewater treatment.
Surendra Singh is presently a Professor in Botany at Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi, India. He specialises in microbial biotechnology, especially agricultureand environmental biotechnology.
A.G. Devi Prasad is currently a Senior Assistant Professor of EnvironmentScience at University of Mysore, Mysore, India. He specialises in conservation biology and waste management.
1 Introduction
City waste management is important for public health and their well-being (Gupta et al.,
1998; Kansal et al., 1998; Singh and Singh, 1998; Kansal, 2002; Jha et al., 2003; Ray
et al., 2005; Sharholy et al., 2005; Rathi, 2006), and also on the sustainability of urban
economies (Schubeler et al., 1996). Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is mainly
the responsibility of local governments and Urban Local Bodies (ULB) (Report of Indian
Supreme Court’s Committee, 1999). In developing countries, it consumes 20–50% of
municipal budgets (Goel, 2008). MSWM is a complex task depending upon organisation
and cooperation between households, communities, private enterprises and municipal
authorities, as well as on the selection and application of appropriate technologies related
to waste collection, transportation, recycling and disposal (Goel, 2008). In developing
countries, majority of the cities have inadequate waste management system. A great
many people do not have access to a waste collection service, and only a part of the
generated waste is actually collected (Schubeler et al., 1996; Diaz, 2009). From the
environmental, economical and financial points of view, systems for transfer, recycling
and disposal of solid waste are unsatisfactory (Schubeler et al., 1996). In a study (Green
India 2047), the Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) reported that more than 25% of
the total waste remains uncollected. Moreover, transportation and disposal of collected
waste are also inadequate and unscientific (Das et al., 1998; TERI, 1998).
Financial aspects of MSWM include budgeting, cost accounting, capital investment,
cost recovery and cost reduction (Schubeler, 1997). Though they are essential for effective
MSWM, effective methods of budgeting, cost accounting, financial monitoring and financial
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304 I.C. Yadav et al.
evaluation are rarely employed for Indian cities (Srivastava et al., 2005). Further, majority
of the Indian cities do not have proper data on due budget for SWM (Kumar et al., 2009).Available information (provided by civic agency) indicates that only 5–25% of total
municipal budget are spent on SWM (Kumar and Gaikwad, 2004). Main options for
financing capital investment for MSWM include local budget resources, loans from financial
intermediaries and special central government loans or grants. However, attempts should
also be made to procure funds from the local resources.
Main options for financing recurrent MSWM costs are user charges, local taxes and
intergovernmental transfers. To achieve equitable service access, some degree of cross-
subsidisation and financing out of general revenues is often needed. Fee collection of
MSWM in India is poor (Kumar et al., 2009). Generally, collected revenues flow into a
general municipal account, where they tend to be absorbed by overall expenditures.
Political will and autonomous accounting procedures are required to ensure that MSWM
revenues are employed for the intended purpose. Potential for increasing MSWMrevenues is limited. Cost reduction principle (doing more with less) may be applied to
improve financial sustainability.
Palmer et al. (1997) studied three price-based policies, namely deposit/refunds, advance
disposal fees and recycling subsidies for solid waste reduction, with deposit/refund as the
most effective. Here, an attempt has been made to analyse the present financial situation
of MSWM in Mysore City (India).
2 Sources of income in Mysore City Corporation
The total investment for MSWM in Mysore City is funded through a combination of the
following sources:
• funding under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM);
• from state government grants/loans;
• Mysore City Corporation’s (MCC’s) own revenues, which include property tax
(house tax), water tax, sewerage/drainage/conservancy tax, city cleaning tax, fees
for granting building plans, advertisement through hoardings, rents from municipal
properties, license fees from various trades and parking;
• debt from banks and other financial institutions and
• from private sector/commercial capital.
The share of state government in the total capital receipts of MCC has been declining, i.e.
from Rs. 283 million in the Fiscal Year 2002 (FY02) to Rs. 164.3 million in the FiscalYear 2005 (FY05). But, share of financing institutions has increased from Rs. 77.1 million
(FY02) to Rs. 155.8 million (FY05). The amount of grants/fund received from state
government and financial institutions during various fiscal years is given in Table 1.
However, capital expenditure for MCC remained almost constant during the fiscal year
2002–2005 (Table 2).
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Evaluating financial aspects of MSWM 305
Table 1 Grants share of state government and financial institutions
Capital receipt (in Rs. millions)
Year State government (grants and loans) Financing institutions Total
FY 2002 283.0 77.1 360.1
FY 2003 211.5 113.2 324.7
FY 2004 153.9 170.6 324.5
FY 2005 164.3 – 320.1
Source: City Development Plan (2006)
Table 2 MCC Capital expenditure
Year MCC capital expenditure
(in Rs. millions)FY 2002 344.1
FY 2003 410.5
FY 2004 400.9
FY 2005 365.7
Source: City Development Plan (2006)
3 Current SWM practice in Mysore City
The total quantity of municipal solid waste generated in Mysore City (from 65 wards) is
about 220 tonnes per day. The MCC has placed about 3131 public dustbins; with
collection efficiency nearly 80%. An aerobic composting plant has been set up under the
Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development Plan (KUIDP) for treating this MSW. The
compost generated is sold in reasonable price. The MCC does not have a scientific
landfill as per MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
3.1 Primary collection
At the time of data collection, 90 pushcarts have been deployed for collecting solid
wastes from the wards. The total number of staff engaged in SWM activities in the city is
given in Table 3. The service charges levied are in the range of Rs. 10–15 per month per
house. Coordinating agencies for the door-to-door collection have been constituted from the
Resident Welfare Association (RWA) of the area. Ward committees and Non-Governmental
Organisations (NGO) have taken the overall responsibility of primary collection in their respective ward. These agencies in turn employ Self-Help Groups (SHG) for door-to-door
collection. This also helped local self-groups in earning income. Table 4 gives expenditure
of equipment required for municipal staff for the sweeping activities estimated using the
standard prescribed by state policy.
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306 I.C. Yadav et al.
Table 3 Staff available for SWM
Sl. no. Staffs Number 1 Health Officer 1
2 Dy. Health Officer 1
3 Senior Health Inspector 4
4 Junior Health Inspector 18
5 Conservancy Defenders 42
6 Pourakarmikas (PK) 787
7 PKs on time and Grama Panchayath 16
8 Drivers 23
Source: MCC (2005)
Table 4 Expenditure on SWM in Mysore City (Rs. in millions)
Sl. no. Items2003–2004
Actual 2004–2005 Revised
2005–2006 Budgeted
1 Purchase of shoes, gum boots 0.196 0.20 0.20
2 PK salary 56.468 60.00 61.0
3 Contingencies 0.002 0.005 0.005
4 Vehicle maintenance 4.866 3.00 3.0
5 Fuel expenses 6.615 7.85 8.50
6 Contract 14.902 18.85 19.60
7 Purchase of heavy vehicles 0.00 1.50 2.00
8 Construction of houses of PK 0.00 0.00 0.50
Total 83.049 91.405 94.805
Source: Yadav and Devi (2009)
3.2 Secondary storage
There were nearly 20 secondary storage bins placed at commercial areas of the city.Secondary storage bins (dumper bins) were transferred using dumper placers to theaerobic composting plant located at Vidyaranya Puram, about 6 km away from the city.
3.3 Transportation
Solid wastes collected from different areas were transported to disposal site by tractors andmini-lorries with tipping mechanism and dumper placer. Collected SW was manually loaded
onto vehicles by 5–6 pourakarmikas (sanitary workers). Following types of vehicle wereused:
• 21 tractor trailer with carrying capacity of three tonnes;• truck (four MCC and 25 contractors); carrying capacity of 5 tonnes, and three trips
by each vehicles and
• two dumper placers.
3.4 Treatment and disposal
The centralised compost plant of the city has a capacity of handling 200 tons of waste per
day. Another waste processing facility located at Kumbarakoppal can handle about 2 tons of
waste per day. There was also a small vermicomposting facility at Mysore Zoo in the city.
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Evaluating financial aspects of MSWM 307
4 Expenditure on MSW management in Mysore City
The expenditure of the MCC on SWM has increased over the years. During the study
period, it was Rs. 900 million (Table 5). The annual SWM budget was around Rs. 9 million,of which salary accounts for 64.1%, contracts account for 20.6% and fuel expenses
accounts for 8.9% of the total costs. Further, 3.1% of the budget was spent on vehicle
maintenance and 2.6% for provision for infrastructure. The cost of SWM at Mysore is
Rs. 1193 per tonne of waste. The overall expenditure on SWM is given in Table 6.
Table 5 Budget of MCC (Rs. in millions)
Items2003–2004
Actual 2004–2005 Revised
2005–2006 Budgeted
Opening balance 61.22 36.29 3.77
Income 693.12 778.62 903.60
Expenditure 718.05 811.14 906.19
Closing balance 36.29 3.77 1.18
Source: Yadav and Devi (2009)
Table 6 Tools required and investment on SW facilities
Sl. No. Items Number Cost per unit (in Rs.) Amount (in Rs.)
(A) For street sweeping
1 Handcarts with six bins 168 6500 1,092,000
2 Long handle broom 6720 125 840,000
3 Metal tray 1680 100 168,000
4 Metal plate 1680 25 42,000
5 Ghamela 336 130 43,680Total 2,185,680
(B) For slums
1 No. of 40 l HDPEcontainers
937 225 210,825
2 No. of handcarts 30 6500 195,000
Total 405,825
(C) 100 l litter bins 400 3100 1,240,000
(D) Primary collection vehicles for SHG (156 groups for non-slum households)
1 Handcarts with six bins 342 6500 2,223,000
2 Tricycle 177 15,500 2,743,500
3 Auto tipper 59 210,000 12,390,000
Total 17,356,500
(E) Secondary storage containers and transportation
1 3m3 containers 100 49,500 4,950,000
2 4.5m3 containers 100 58,000 5,800,000
3 DP vehicle 15 1,039,500 15,592,500
Total 26,342,500
(F) Construction of Platforms 200 5400 1,080,000
Grand Total 39,932,255
Source: MCC (2005)
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308 I.C. Yadav et al.
5 Strategies to improve financial situation
It is necessary for the municipalities to adopt strategies that meet MSW (M&H) Rule,
2000. Segregated collection should be introduced as part of the door-to-door collection
system, with wet waste being collected daily in the morning and dry wastes being
collected twice a week in the afternoon. Likewise, a combination of decentralised and
centralised processing will also be helpful. The wastes, which cannot be composted or
recycled, should be landfilled.
6 Results and discussions
For effective management of solid wastes, infrastructure facilities for storing, transporting
and dumping the wastes are needed. Generally, number of dustbins used for collectingwastes is inadequate. Moreover, their capacities vary from 540 to 1100 l, which is difficult
to maintain (KUIDFC, 2003). One of the reasons behind poor management of solid
waste in Indian cities is lack of adequate financial resources (Kumar, 2005). Financial
effectiveness of MSWM systems is based on life cycle costs and long-term economic
impacts. Therefore, financial valuation is an important input to the strategic planning and
investment programming.
In India, an SWM revolution is a need of the hour. The allocation of funds for MSW
management in Mysore is inadequate (Yadav and Devi, 2009). Further, bulk of the financial
allocations goes to salaries of staff and transportation. A little amount is available for the
treatment and disposal of wastes (Yadav and Devi, 2009). Negligible amount of tax or
user fee are charged from the residents of the cities. In India, the cost of treatment and
disposal of hazardous and biomedical wastes is high, and often cannot be afforded
by small-scale industries and smaller healthcare establishment (GOK, 2004). Mysore
Municipal Corporation faces resource constraints, and is unable to bear the cost of
collection, transportation and disposal of waste resulting in neglect of waste
management. Besides, inappropriate design of treatment and disposal systems and poorly
trained operator are other factors aggravating the problem in Mysore City. Treatment and
disposal cost of unsegregated waste is more expensive compared to that of segregated
waste. According to Karnataka Compost Development Corporation, composting of
unsegregated waste needs 30% extra cost than the segregated waste (GOK, 2004). Thus,
mixed waste coming from areas requires high investment. Only three authorised waste
processing units are available in the Mysore City. A study indicates that the present
system of MSWM in Mysore City is not satisfactory and requires implementation of
MSW (M&H) Rule 2000 in an integrated manner (Yadav and Devi, 2009).
Further, the corporation will have to adopt relatively better tax collection, property taxreform and utilisation of assets/land in an appropriate manner in order to generate revenue,
by applying new cess/levies, such as solid-waste cess, impact fee for new development,
parking revenues, etc. MCC should also encourage private participation. To improve the
financial situation of MCC, the following recommendations should be implemented:
• the need to have accurate information on the sources and composition of industrial
and commercial wastes including hazardous wastes;
• identification of priority areas;
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Evaluating financial aspects of MSWM 309
• inter-se priority among obligatory services;
• improvement in property tax collection efficiencies and increase in property tax
collections (Madon et al., 2004);
• continuous reviewing of the existing rate and charges;
• active involvement/participation of NGO/private sector in SWM activities;
• regular reviewing of establishment costs;
• adoption of Excellent Novel Radical’s (ExNoRa’s) zero waste management scheme
(Colon and Fawcett, 2006);
• implementation of ‘polluter pays’ principle (Karagiannidis et al., 2008);
• implementation of ‘pay-as-you-throw’ scheme (Karagiannidis et al., 2008);
• policies should be introduced which encourage waste recovery and reuse;
• internalisation of the costs of waste management in the production and distribution
phases and
• use of remote sensing, Geographical Information System (GIS) and mathematical
optimisation methods for efficient allocation and utilisation of resources.
Acknowledgements
The present work is a part of MSc dissertation of ICY. The authors are thankful to MCC
staffs for providing relevant information.
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