Evacuation Simulation of Shipboard Fire Scenarios
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Evacuation Simulation of Shipboard Fire Scenarios Fire and Evacuation Modelling Technical Conference Baltimore, US August, 2011 Camille Azzi , Andrew Pennycott, George Mermiris, Dracos Vassalos
description
Evacuation Simulation of Shipboard Fire Scenarios. Camille Azzi , Andrew Pennycott, George Mermiris, Dracos Vassalos. Fire and Evacuation Modelling Technical Conference Baltimore, US August, 2011. Contents of the Presentation. Introduction IMO Guidelines on Evacuation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Evacuation Simulation of Shipboard Fire Scenarios
Evacuation Simulation of Shipboard Fire Scenarios
Fire and Evacuation Modelling Technical Conference
Baltimore, US August, 2011
Camille Azzi, Andrew Pennycott, George Mermiris, Dracos Vassalos
Contents of the Presentation
• Introduction • IMO Guidelines on Evacuation• Modelling Approach • Case Study • Conclusions
Introduction – Ship Safety
Prescriptive rules outdated
Proactive approach
Alternative arrangements
Safety becoming target hard to achieve as ships are getting more complicated
Introduction – Shipboard Fire
• Fires are statistically most frequent hazards that ships face at sea
• Shipboard fires are dangerous
especially onboard passenger
ships with dense occupancy
fire
grounding
collision
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
Frequency per Ship Year
Source: DNV
www.shipevacuation.com
Introduction – Evacuation
• Ease of evacuation is crucial under any hazardous condition
• Normal drills differ from actual evacuations in fire
and flooding events
• Evacuation assessments are
better done through modelling
Introduction – Ship Design
Time
Contract
Concept Design
Freedom to make changes
Knowledge
about the shipAssigned
Costs
Introduction – Ship Design
Time
Contract
Concept Design
Freedom to make changes
Knowledge
about the shipIncreased
knowledge
Decision making shift
IMO Guidelines on Evacuation
• Demographic distribution of passengers• Walking speed according to
demographics and route type
Day case
Time in seconds
Night case
Time in seconds
Response time
follows lognormal
distribution
Modelling Approach
Quantification of Fire Effects
• Fire effects on human life safety– Toxicity (CO, CO2 and O2)– Heat (convection and radiation) – Visibility impairment (walking speed reduction)
• Health status categories at different Fractional Effective Doses (FED)
FED Range Category0 ≤ FED < 0.3 Negligible
0.3 ≤ FED < 0.7 Mild injury
0.7 ≤ FED < 1 Serious injury
1 ≤ FED Fatality
Evacuees Reaction to Fire Effects
• Initially passengers are assigned response times• Reaction lag ignored and evacuation triggered
– directly exposed to fire effects– alerted by other passenger or crew
• Avoid hazardous areas: modified graph
Case Study
MVZ 1 MVZ 2 MVZ 3
Case Study
Zone affected by fire conditions
Case Study
FIRE DOORS
FIRE CABINSTAIRWELLS
PASSENGER CABINS
Fire Simulations
Evacuation Simulations
12 14 16 18 200
20
40
60
80
100
Without crew assistance With crew assistance
Evacuation Time (min)
% o
f Sim
ulat
ion
Run
s
Cumulative Evacuation Time
No crew assistance
Crew alert passengers in the affected
area
No injuries recorded
Injuries and Fatalities
Conclusions
• Difficulties of evacuation at sea: complex geometry, familiarity and fire effects
• Study case highlights importance of crew assistance
• Human behavior and decision-making currently simplified
• Further development required based on observations from reported accidents
The authors greatly acknowledge the contribution of EC through the research project FIREPROOF www.fireproof-project.eu
THANK YOU
