Europeans Claim America!

American HistoryChapter 2: Sections 1 and 2 recap

Mrs. Cady

Wait a second….

Before we get started with this chapter we have to get something straight.

Who were the first people to discover

America?

CORRECT!The Paleo-Indians discovered America (unknowingly) when they crossed over the Bering Land Bridge during the last ice age.

http://www.athropolis.com/map2.htm

Ok, so if a nomadic tribe

discovered America

somewhere between

38,000 and 10,000 BC,

who was next to step foot

on this continent?

THIS CONTINENT

CORRECT! It was the……

VIKINGS!!

Vikings were skilled sailors, and they were the first Europeans to reach North America.

Viking Voyages

Vikings came from

Scandinavia.

Scandanavia?!? Where is that?Present-day Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Iceland

The Vikings were skilled sailors and developed a new style of ship called a longship.

They raided countries

throughout Europe and developed

large trading networks.

In 1000 Leif Eriksson sailed from Norway to the North American coast after having been blown off course by a storm.

They landed on and explored present-day

Canada, Newfoundland and maybe even as far south as where?

New England!

They created a North American settlement, but attacks by Native Americans and the area’s isolation prompted the Vikings to return to Europe.

Meanwhile, back in Europe……

Motivations for Exploration • Prince Henry the Navigator was responsible for

advances that would make exploration more successful (though he never set out on a voyage himself)– He built an observatory.– He founded a school of navigation to teach better

methods of sailing– He financed research by mapmakers and

shipbuilders.– He paid for expeditions to explore western Africa.

Motivations for Exploration • To find sea routes to develop

additional trade routes with Asia• To spread Christianity

–Christians wanted to convert more people to their faith.

• To learn more about Asia and its culture.

Why did people start to explore the world by sea?

• God

• Gold

• Glory

I have made my country proud!

Technological Advances

• Better instruments made it possible for sailors to travel the open seas.

• The astrolabe enabled navigators to use the stars to chart location.

Astrolabe

MORE Technological Advances • The Portuguese began designing

ships that were smaller, lighter, and easier to steer.

• New ships called caravels used triangular sails that allowed ships to sail against the wind.

Eventually, these Portuguese learn so much at Prince Henry’s school that they:

Sailed around Africa and found a sea route to Asia.

In 1488, some guy led an exploration from Portugal southward along African

coast, discovering the southern tip of Africa, the

Cape of Good Hope. Who was he?

BARTOLOMEU DIAS

In 1497, Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and landed in India, winning the European race for a sea route to Asia.

VASCO DE GAMA

Results of Exploration

• As Portuguese sailors explored the west coast of Africa, they negotiated for gold, ivory, and slaves.

QUESTION: What effect did slavery have on African communities?

Portuguese sailors bargained with African

rulers for gold, ivory and slaves, establishing the slave trade. The slave

trade broke up families and increased warfare among

kingdoms in Africa.

Slaves were sent to Europe and to islands in the Atlantic where they endured brutal living conditions.

Other nations saw how wealthy and powerful Portugal was becoming, so they launched their own voyages of exploration.

Results of Exploration

EUROPEANS REACH THE AMERICAS

Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean…

• Christopher Columbus, a sailor from Genoa, Italy, heard stories of great wealth in Asia.

• He persuaded King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to pay for an expedition across the Atlantic.

…and reached a continent that was previously unknown to him.

• On August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail across the Atlantic with three ships.

• On October 12, 1492, he reached the Americas.

Hey, is that why October 12 is Columbus Day?

YES!

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Columbus in the Americas

Columbus and his crew landed in the Bahamas, on an island he named San Salvador.

He called the native people Indians because he thought he was in the Indies.

They were the tribe known as the Tiano.

Columbus was interested in gold, not the culture of the native people.

He made three more voyages to the Americas.The impact of Columbus’s voyages on the world was not realized until years after his death.

Impact of Columbus–Changed view of the world

• Interaction with Native Americans–Conflict between Spain and Portugal over land

claims• Pope ordered Line of Demarcation divided the

Atlantic Ocean Spain claimed all the land west of the line–Treaty of Tordesillas – moved line 800 miles

further west

• Up to this time the two major powers exploring the world were Spain and Portugal.

• These nations worried that their new territories would be taken by each other, or by others.

• In order to protect their new empires, these nations looked to the Pope for help.

• In 1493, the Pope drew a line on the globe cutting the new world in half. This line was known as the line of demarcation.

• Any territory discovered on the east side of the line was to be controlled by Portugal, while any lands found on the west side of the line were to be ruled over by Spain.

So…why did the Pope create the Line of Demarcation?

Line of Demarcation (moved 800 miles west after the Treaty of Tordesillas)

Tor duh what?!

Treaty of Tour- de- see- ahs

After Columbus’s voyages, other explorers sailed to the Americas.

Vespucci•America was named for Amerigo Vespucci, who sailed to South America in 1501.•The new world was named after him

Balboa•Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed Central America to discover the Pacific Ocean.

Magellan •Ferdinand Magellan headed an expedition in 1519 that eventually circumnavigated, or sailed around, the world.

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The Columbian Exchange

•Explorers brought plants, animals, and diseases to the “New World” of the Americas and brought back plants and animals to the “Old World”—Europe, Asia, and Africa.•The Columbian Exchange is the name given to this transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas.

•Explorers brought horses, cattle, pigs, and grains such as barley and wheat to the Americas.

•Europeans took back such American plants as corn, tomatoes, tobacco, and cocoa.

The Columbian Exchange