European Integration and Baltic Sea Region: Diversity and Perspectives

The University of Latvia Press

UDK 33(474)(063) EU 600

This publication presents a collection of research papers in conjunction with the international conference “European Integration and Baltic Sea Region: Diversity and Perspectives”, 26–27 September 2011 at the University of Latvia, Riga. The conference is hosted by the Doctoral School for European Integration and Baltic Sea Region Studies, recently established at the university. The publication is a conference volume – Volume I in an anticipated series of publications featuring research papers by doctoral students issued in two-year intervals.

The publication is part-financed by European Regional Development Fund, project 2010/0202/2DP/2.1.1.2.0/10/APIA/VIAA/013 and European Social Fund, project Nr.2009/0138/1DP/1.1.2.1.2/09/IPIA/VIAA/004.

Editor in chief Tatjana MuravskaEditors Roman Petrov, Biruta Sloka and Jānis Vaivads

Editorial BoardChairperson, Vice-Rector for Research Indriķis Muižnieks, University of LatviaVice-Chairperson, Prof. Dr. Tatjana Muravska, University of LatviaProf. Dr. Jean David Avenel, University of Paris XII, France Prof. Dr. Giorgio Dominese Tor, Vergata University, Rome, ItalyProf. Dr. Elena Dubra, University of LatviaProf. Dr. Lassi Heininen, Chair Northern Research Forum, Finland Prof. Dr. Manfred J. Holler, Hamburg University, Germany Asoc. Prof. Roswitha M. King, NorwayProf. Dr. Kęstutis Kriščiūnas, Institute of Europe, Kaunas, Lithuania Prof. Dr. Zaiga Krišjāne, University of LatviaDr. Artūrs Kucš, University of LatviaProf. Dr. Friedrich Lehmann, Hochschule Bremen/University of Applied Sciences, GermanyAsoc. Prof. Dr. Ruta Muktupāvela, Culture Academy of LatviaProf. Dr. Sanita Osipova, University of LatviaProf. Dr. Roman Petrov, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, President of ECSA Ukraine, UkraineProf. Dr. Gunnar Prause, Hochschule Wismar, Germany Prof. Dr. Juris Rozenvalds, University of LatviaProf. Arild Sæther, Agder University, NorwayProf. Dr. Christoph Schewe, GermanyProf. Dr. Biruta Sloka, University of LatviaDr. Jānis Vaivads, University of Latvia

All contributions have been double-blind peer reviewed.

Layout and cover design Andra Liepiņa and Denīze PonomarjovaProof reader Denīze Ponomarjova and Julia Slanina

© European Regional Development Fund, 2011 © European Social Fund, 2011© University of Latvia, 2011© Centre for European and Transition Studies at the University of Latvia, 2011© Doctoral School for European Integration and Baltic Sea Region Studies at the University of Latvia, 2011

ISBN 978-9984-45-398-9

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................ 7

Preface .................................................................................................................................. 9

PART I. GLOBALISATION AND THE FUTURE OF THE STATE ............................... 11

Elina Apsite Will they Return? Latvian Immigrants in the United Kingdom ...................... 11

Ilze Buligina Modern Approaches to the Public Administration of Technological Research – On Reflexive Ethical Governance ............................................. 25

Elzbieta Czarny, Katarzyna Sledziewska Baltic Countries in the EU and in the Euro Area Under the Economic Crisis ........................................................................ 37

Simona Dorina Political Responsibility and its Connection with the Countersignature Institute ...................................................................................... 51

Gunta Pastore Europeanization of Foreign Policy of the New Member States: The Case of Latvia ................................................................................................................ 59

Alexander Pfannkuche Boom and Bust in the Baltic States: What Happened to These Economies and What Should be Done Now? .............................. 70

PART II. LEGAL AND HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ... 79

Marta Abula Provisional Measures in International Commercial Arbitration in the European Union Context ........................................................................................... 79

Diana Apse The Development of Trends in Understanding and Applying the Subsidiary Sources of Law ............................................................................................... 90

Olga Beinarovica Common Trends in Cohabitation Law within the European Union ....... 100

Edmunds Broks Shared Responsibility in the Context of EU Integration ............................ 109

Edvins Danovskis Horizontal Effect of Basic Human Rights in Private Law as a Common Trend of European Integration ....................................................................... 118

Simona Innus-Pavelskopa The Nature and Understanding of the Institute of Adoption in the Latvian SSR ........................................................................................... 131

Irena Kucina Is the European Union Regulation on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction Efficient? .......................................................................... 140

Rada Matjusina Judicial Independence and Impartiality as the Legal Value and its Genesis in Europe ..................................................................................................... 147

Paulius Miliauskas The Restructuring Procedure in the Republic of Lithuania and its Legal Implications ............................................................................................................ 155

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Janis Neimanis The Role of a Judge in European Integration .............................................. 169

Irena Nesterova The Role of the Defense Counsel in Ensuring the Rights not to Confess Guilt in Latvian Criminal Procedure ............................................................ 178

Vita Nemenova Legal Regulation of Cession in Latvia – the Directions for the Development of National Law ........................................................................................ 189

Andrius Puksas Competition Law Boundaries on Research and Development (R&D) Agreements ........................................................................................ 200

Lauris Rasnacs Prohibition of Unfair Competition in Latvia and the Harmonization of Unfair Competition Regulations within the European Union .......................................... 211

Daiga Rezevska Legal Methods in Latvia’s Legal Arrangement and European Integration ... 222

Dace Sulmane The Principle of Effectiveness –the Guarantee of Rule of Law in Europe? ... 234

Vladimirs Terehovics, Elita Nimande Peculiarities of Criminalistics in the Field of State Anti-criminal Politics ................................................................................ 244

Evija Vinkalna Development Tendencies of Understanding Causal Relationships in Criminal Law .................................................................................................................... 250

Inese Volkova Legal Aspects of Neighbouring Rights ........................................................... 255

PART III EU INTERNAL MARKET AND SOCIAL DIMENSION ............................... 267

Laine Fogh Knudsen A Classification of Consumer ADR Schemes – A Way Towards a Better Understanding of the Concept of ADR Schemes ........................... 267

Aija Lulle Internal Dynamics of Recent Migration: the Case Study of Latvians in Guernsey ....................................................................................................... 284

Ksenija Ijevleva Mortgage Market Development: Current Trends and Challenges ............ 294

Larisa Naumova Public Procurements as a European Integration Indicator ........................ 303

Romans Putans Youth Policy in National Strategic Planning in Baltic States ....................... 313

Sergejs Stacenko, Ilze Gude EU Citizen Initiative and Experience of Social Partners in Latvia .................................................................................................... 328

Sotiris Theodoropoulos Regulatory Competition of the EU’s Single Market: Underlying Theory and Evidence .......................................................................................... 339

PART IV TRANSPORT, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ..................................................................................... 351

Tim-Ake Pentz Maritime Governance in the Baltic Sea – a European Sea between Co-operation and Conflict ............................................................. 351

Daria Gritsenko Baltic Ports: Strategic Interaction for Clean Shipping ............................... 361

Laura Kersule The Motivation Factors of Creativeness to Employees in the Telecommunication Industry of Latvia ....................................................................... 375

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Olga Ritenberga, Laimdota Kalnina Development of Aerobiological Monitoring in Latvia ................................................................................................................................ 390

Ilze Pruse The European Union Emissions Trading System’s Impact on Baltic Companies ............................................................................................................. 397

PART V MACRO REGIONS, TERRITORIAL AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT ........ 411

Janis Aprans Implementation of Operational Programmes of 2007–2013: Progress, Evaluations and Lessons for the Future .................................................................. 411

Liga Baltina, Tatjana Muravska Regional Development Policy in Latvia: Ahead or Behind the EU Cohesion Policy? ........................................................................... 422

Santa Beneza, Janis Balodis The Lifestyle and Socioeconomical Situation of the Zvārde Former Military Area: an Example of Sustainable Development ................... 433

Girts Burgmanis Adolescents within Urban Public Space: the Case of Riga, Latvia ............. 444

Rudolfs Cimdins, Peteris Skinkis Monitoring as a Tool for Collaborative Planning in the Riga Region ................................................................................................. 460

Arturs Gaveika Tendencies and Topicality of Implementation of Schengen Borders Code Provisions .................................................................................. 470

Nico Groenendijk Clubs within Clubs: The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the Benelux as Macro-regions within the EU .............................................................................. 478

Floreta Kertusha European Union Regional Policy and the Reduction of the Regional Economic and Social Disparities between Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Puglia .......................... 488

Margarita Miklasa, Maija Usca Local Communication Patterns of the Community: the Case of Post-Soviet Suburban Neighbourhoods near Riga ................... 501

Guntis Solks The Changes of Urban Structures in Former Working-Class Neighborhoods in Riga ......................................................................................................... 514

PART VI RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND COMPETITIVENESS ............................. 523

Silvija Bruna, Zaneta Ilmete, Marija Simonova New Approaches to Human Capital Development in Public Administration in Latvia .................................................................. 523

Aksel Kirch, Vladimir Mezentsev, Mikhail Rodin The Human Recourses in Baltic Sea Macro-region: Facts, Trends and Potential Risks to Fulfilling the ‘Strategy 2020’ Targets .................................................................................................... 533

Tatjana Kulikova Peculiarities of Trade Enterprise Management by Use of Quality Management Approach ......................................................................................................... 544

Daiva Labanauskaite Strengthening a Country’s Touristic Attractiveness on the Global Tourism Market ............................................................................................. 554

Anete Vitola Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Governance in the Baltic Sea Region ........................................................................................................ 565

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Zane Zeibote European Integration and Co-operation for Competitiveness in the Baltic Sea Region ........................................................................................................ 579

PART VII CULTURE, ARTS AND EDUCATION ........................................................... 591

Inta Buka Structural Changes and Mobility of Foreign Students in Higher Educational Institutions of the Baltic Countries ....................................................................................... 591

Sigita Burvyte Realisation of Personal Adaptation Potential in Childhood .......................... 605

Kestutis Ralys Spiritual Education and the Church in Lithuania ........................................ 620

Stephen M. Garrett Multiculturalism and Being Human: Human Identity, the Wholly Other, and European Integration ....................................................................... 629

Baiba Tjarve The Impact of Supranational Institutions on Cultural Policy of the Baltic States during the Transition Period ................................................................... 641

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The collection of papers European Integration and Baltic Sea Region: Diversity and Perspectives is the product of a collective effort. In addition to the contributing authors we gratefully acknowledge support from the European Regional Development Fund and Social Fund, the University of Latvia and its academic and administrative staff.

We are particularly grateful to the Council of the Doctoral School for European Integration and Baltic Sea Region Studies. Without their support publication of this collection of research papers would not have been possible.

On the organizational side, we thank Jānis Aprāns, Romāns Putāns, and Dāvis Plotnieks. Our special gratitude goes to Viktorija Stadnika for essential organizational work. We are greatly indebted to Andra Liepiņa and Denīze Ponomarjova for formatting the text and Julia Slanina for English editing.

September 2011 Editorial Board

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PREFACE

This publication is issued in conjunction with the first international conference organised by the Doctoral School for European Integration and Baltic Sea Region Studies at the University of Latvia on 26-27 September 2011.

The theme of the publication and conference “European Integration and Baltic Sea Region: Diversity and Perspectives” relates to global and regional interaction of political, economic, social and other dimensions in these processes. During the past years qualitative changes in regional integration including, for example, development of macro regions in the EU have taken place. As the world is becoming ever more integrated - mutual ties between regional, national and international communities are strengthening. This calls for development of a solid platform for advanced studies that offer added value within and across disciplines of social sciences and humanities.

The Doctoral School is an institution launched to support young scholars during their research training, to provide a space for the exchange of ideas and to prepare for the job market. As the name of the doctoral school suggests special attention is paid to integration of the Baltic States into the EU, regional cooperation and socio-economic development in the Baltic Sea area. Implementation of the School’s programme is decidedly inter- and multidisciplinary. The School is integrated into the various research structures at the University of Latvia, and cooperates with other education- and research establishments in the country, in the EU and non-EU countries.

This first volume issued by the Doctoral School is a collection of papers that is representative of the research themes pursued by young as well as experienced scholars connected directly with the School.

Contributing scholars to this volume share their research findings from the perspectives of different disciplines, such as economics, management science, law, political science, sociology, regional sciences and humanities. Inter- and multi-disciplinarily are the distinguishing features of this volume as they map out the ongoing, complex and interrelated processes of legal, cultural and socio-economic integration in Europe and the Baltic Sea Region.

This volume together with the conference presents a platform for further research and implementation of suggested recommendations both contained in the papers and arising from the discussions at the conference.

The editors gratefully acknowledge the support of the European Regional Development Fund and Social Fund, as well as support from the Doctoral School and University of Latvia.

The organisation of this international and interdisciplinary conference was made possible through generous support by the Centre for European and Transition Studies and Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence at the University of Latvia, The Hochschule Wismar, University of Applied Sciences: Technology, Business and Design, Nordic Council of Ministers’ Office in Latvia, and Baltisch-Deutsches Hochschulkontor.

Editors