European Industrial Climates & Legal Framework

7/30/2019 European Industrial Climates & Legal Framework

1/20

A B C D E

8 October 2012


2/20

Austria

Industrial relations climate Freedom of association guaranteed by

law/constitution? Yes

Collective agreements? Yes, at all levels (covering 80% ofworking population) Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 47% Legal protection from discrimination against union

members? Yes (in companies employing 5+ people)

Unions have right to strike? Yes, in practice (but not bylaw). Little strike activity State mediation on disputes? Special arbitration court

for social affairs


3/20

Legal employment framework

Minimum working age: 15

Statutory minimum wage? No

rates set through

collective agreement.

Standard workweek: 40 hours (50% of employeeswork 38-38.5 hours/wk).

Minimum annual holiday entitlement: 25 days (30after 25 yrs service) + public holidays.


4/20

Belarus

Industrial relations climate

Freedom of association guaranteed bylaw/constitution? Yes but not in practice.

Collective agreements? Not freely concluded oreffectively enforced.

Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 80 90%(independent unions strongly discouraged).

Legal protection from discrimination against unionmembers? Not in practice.

Unions have right to strike? Not in practice. Heavyrestrictions on public gatherings.


5/20


Minimum working age: 16 (but 14 with parental

consent). Statutory minimum wage? Yes, but very low.

Standard workweek: 40 hours (but many workers onshort-time).


6/20

Belgium


law/constitution? Yes (constitution) no registration required. Collective agreements? Multilevel within private sector

framework. Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 60% Legal protection from discrimination against union

members? Yes but employers may pay an indemnity instead ofoffering reinstatement.

Unions have right to strike? Yes (except merchant marine,police and magistrates).

State mediation on disputes? Civil courts often used to endstrikes.


7/20


Minimum working age: 18 (15-18 year olds may carry

out PT work). Statutory minimum wage? Yes.

Standard workweek: 38 hours.

Minimum annual holiday entitlement: 20 days +

public holidays.


8/20

Bulgaria


Freedom of association guaranteed bylaw/constitution? Yes.

Collective agreements? Yes, but weakly adhered to. Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 18% (est).

Legal protection from discrimination against unionmembers? Yes, but may only be resolved through courts

which are very slow. Unions have right to strike? Yes (but only when all other

forms of dispute resolution have broken down) Strikesbanned in key public sector bodies.


9/20


Minimum working age: 16 (18 for dangerous work).

Statutory minimum wage? Yes, but very low. Standard workweek: 40 hours.


10/20

Croatia


law/constitution?Yes

Collective agreements? Yes, employers have a duty tobargain in good faith. Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 50% Legal protection from discrimination against union

members? Yes, but high proportion of workers on fixed-

term contracts limits union power. Unions have right to strike? Yes. State mediation on disputes? Mediation required before

strike activity over new contracts.


11/20


Minimum working age: 15 (18 for overtime, heavy

work and night shifts). Statutory minimum wage? No, but lowest wage

effectively set by government.

Standard workweek: 40 hours (maximum of 10 hours

overtime/week). Minimum annual holiday entitlement: 18 working

days (miners 24 working days) + public holidays.


12/20

Cyprus


Freedom of association guaranteed bylaw/constitution? Yes (except police and military).

Collective agreements? Yes, but not legally enforceableand limited in the northern zone.

Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 2% in privatesector, 60% in semi-public sector.

Legal protection from discrimination against unionmembers? No.

Unions have right to strike? Yes (but replacementworkers may be hired).


13/20


Minimum working age: 16 (15 for apprentices).

Statutory minimum wage? Yes, in occupations notcovered by collective bargaining and all workers innorth of island.

Standard workweek: 38 hours in winter and 36 hours

in summer.


14/20

Czech Republic



Collective agreements? Yes, mainly companyagreements.

Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 14-15%

Legal protection from discrimination againstunion members? Yes.

Unions have right to strike? Yes, (except certainpublic employees) but only after mediation.


15/20


Minimum working age: 15 (14 in some cases).

Statutory minimum wage? Yes. Standard workweek: 40 hours (overtime limited to 8

hours per week).

Minimum annual holiday entitlement:4 weeks (5

weeks for arduous or dangerous occupations) + publicholidays


16/20

Denmark


law/constitution? Yes, including military and police.

Collective agreements? Yes

central to economic life(covers 85% of workers). Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 75% Legal protection from discrimination against union

members? Yes

Unions have right to strike? Yes (except essential servicesand civil servants) State mediation on disputes? Yes extensive conciliation

and mediation system.


17/20


Minimum working age: 15 (13 part-time).

Statutory minimum wage? No

subject to collectiveagreements.

Standard workweek: 37 hours (general level incollective agreements).

Minimum annual holiday entitlement: Five weeks(Danish Holiday Act) + public holidays.


18/20

Estonia



Collective agreements? Yes, but only covers 15% ofworkforce.

Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 10%

Legal protection from discrimination against union

members? Yes (Labour Code). Unions have right to strike? Yes (but not public

servants).

State mediation on disputes? Yes.


19/20


Minimum working age: 18, but between 15 and 17with parental consent for normal daywork.

Statutory minimum wage? Yes but low.

Standard workweek: 40 hours.


20/20

to be continued.

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European Industrial Climates & Legal Framework

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