European Exploration and Colonization. Early Map of World.
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Transcript of European Exploration and Colonization. Early Map of World.
European Exploration and Colonization
Early Map of World
Why Exploration? Search for spices and profits
Crusades, Italian monopoly Desire to spread Christianity
Crusades= legacy of hatred Ability to use technology
compass, caravel, triangular sails, astrolabe
Why Exploration? Renaissance spirit of curiosity
MA- no need for excitement, adventure
Prince Henry the NavigatorPortuguese, spread Christianity
African slavesPortuguese first to buy
Hazards of Colonization Diseases and epidemics
Natives lacked immunityNatives died by the millions1650 population of central
Mexico declined by 85% Slavery
Exchange guns for slavesEuropeans refused to do work
Benefits of Colonization Farm animals & new plants
brought by EuropeansVice versa Potatoes & cornPeople’s diet was enriched
Portuguese Exploration First nation to explore Prince Henry the Navigator
Motive: economic, religionFounded naval station
Trading posts and plantationsWestern AfricaTraded for slaves, ivory, goldPlantations important for
development of slave trade
Portuguese Exploration cont… A route around Africa to India
Bartholomew Dias Journey to India
De Gama Control of the spice trade
Europeans had little Asians wantedTraded bullion
Cheaper than land trade with Arabs
Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama’s Voyage
Indian Ocean
King Ferdinandand
Queen Isabellaof
Spain
Columbus sails for Spain Ferdinand and Isabella sponsor Looking for the Indies (Southeast
Asia) Landed in San Salvador Caribbean becomes known as West
Indies Europeans are motivated by his
discoveries
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus’ Ship
Nina
Pinta
Santa Maria
Christopher Columbus’
Landing
Columbus’ First Voyage
Columbus’ Second Voyage
Columbus’ Third Voyage
Columbus’ Fourth Voyage
Landing Location of Christopher Columbus
Division of the World Line of Demarcation
Prevent disputes between Spain and Portugal
Imaginary line in Atlantic OceanSpain= west of linePortugal= east of line
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of Tordesillas Portugal not happy with Line of
DemarcationDid not get much land
Portugal is given claims to Brazil Spain gets the rest of the
Americas
Other Spanish Explorers Amerigo Vespucci Juan Ponce de Leon
Florida and the Fountain of Youth
Vasco Nunez de BalboaFirst to see Pacific Ocean1513 Crossed Isthmus of Panama
Amerigo Vespucci
Tomb of Ponce de Leon
Magellan’s Voyage Portuguese Explorer Journey paid for by Spanish King Circumnavigated globe Significance
Pacific Ocean separated Americas from Asia
All oceans are connected and winds follow consistent pattern
Magellan
Magellan’s Voyage
Straits of Magellan
Conquest of the Aztecs, Incans Conquistadors attracted by gold
Conquerors were sons of aristocratic families
Other motives:FameLandAdventureReligion
Aztecs found in Mexico, Incans in Peru
Aztec Warrior
The Incas
Hernando Cortes Aztecs thought Spaniards gods or
messengers of QuetzalcoatalHorsesWeapons
Montezuma gave Spaniards gifts hoping they’d leave, Spanish push inland
Aztecs die in war and from smallpox People kill Montezuma
Hernando Cortez
Montezuma
Cortez and
Montezuma
Francisco Pizarro Sent by Charles V Welcomed by Atahualpa who is
taken prisonerNo Spaniard is killedLeader would be released in
exchange for a room full of goldAtahualpa was still killed
Francisco Pizarro
Charles V
Later Spanish Explorers Spain established basis for
claiming land in US Hernando de Soto
1541 Reaches Mississippi Francisco de Coronado
1540 Reaches Colorado, Kansas
The Journey of Coronado
Spanish Rule of the New World
Centralized Government Viceroys appointed to carry out
Spanish policy Colonies existed for Spanish profit Colonies forced to buy finished
goods from Spain Spain controlled trade, encouraged
export of raw materials, discouraged manufacturing
Indian Laborers Conquistadors given land Encomiendas- Grants entitled
them to land and taxes from peons (2nd son of nobility)Type of system of slavery even
though laws protected IndiansReplaced by haciendasEncouraged settlementGiven by viceroys
Spanish Missionaries Indians’ suffering bothered
Catholic missionaries De Las Casas- work with Indians
resulted in King passing laws in 1542 forbidding further enslavement
Counter-Reformation- missionaries abroad
“Black Legend” B. De Las Casas Read Write up 397 Spain destroys indigenous
people 7 million reduced to 1 million
Disease, war, slavery
King claimed absolute power Council of Indies- officials made laws for
new landsLaws made in Spain and sent to 2 capitals
Mexico City (Tenochtitlan) and Lima, Peru Goal: Profit for the crown
Viceroy (royal agent)- mattered little to nativesMexico City- ruled Spain’s land in N. AmericaLima- ruled Spain’s land in S. America
The Officials No American-born could hold high office Spanish born planned to return to Spain Conquistadors- those who seized native
landSearch for God, glory, goldMany willing to take chances- no middle
class Goal: Gain money for themselves and
crown
Class Structure of New World
Europeans (stay was temporary)Wives returned to Spain for childbirth
Creoles (Europeans who live, stay and marry only Europeans)
Mestizo and Mulattos (mixed race) Indians
What was taken? 750,000 pounds of gold 16,000 tons of silver 1/5 – 1/3 went to Spanish king **Spain’s importance in Europe
grew** Inflation- value of money decreases
Portuguese Colonization of Brazil Missionaries sent Cabral claims Brazil Settlement by wealthy nobles
who received land Colonies attracted settlers
from all classes (unlike Spanish)
Dutch and English Exploration Looking for route to Asia Northwest Passage- waterway
through North America to Asia 1497 Henry VII (England) sends
John Cabot to Americas Henry Hudson sails for Dutch
merchants
John Cabot Italian Reaches Newfoundland Describes different land than
Columbus
Cabot’s Voyages
John Cabot
Henry Hudson1609English explorer Establishes colony on New
Netherland for the Dutch
Henry Hudson
Henry Hudson
Hudson
Dutch Trading Empire Dutch East India Company 1602
gained control of Portuguese ports in Asia
Only country allowed to trade with Japan
Dutch West India Company 1621Controlled most of slave tradeNo missionariesTrade for profit
English Trading Empire English East India Company 1600
Est. by Queen Elizabeth IFought French for trading posts in
IndiaPrivateers- private ships
authorized by govt. to attack enemy shippingUsed to capture Spanish treasure ships
England’s American Colonies
Reasons for settlement:Religious persecution (Puritans)
Economic opportunity
French in North America Early explorers sent by King Frances I
Jacques Cartier 1535- reached St. Lawrence and claims Eastern Canada for France (New France)
Samuel de Champlain 1608- est. Quebec as first permanent French colony in North Americabuilt fur trade
French in North America Later explorers- second half of 1600’s Louis Joliet (fur trader) and Jacques
Marquette (priest)Travel by boat through Great Lakes,
Wisconsin, Mississippi River La Salle (French nobleman) 1682-
Explored lower MississippiClaimed entire Mississippi River
Valley for Louis XIV Louisiana
French Economic Activities Fur trade was primary source of
wealth Farming was unsuccessful
Shortage of labor- only Catholic peasants could emigrate
People went to plantations in West Indies
Conflicts Over French Colonies 4 wars fought over North American
continent French and Indian War 1754
Both sides had Indian allies1763 Treaty of Paris signed as France
surrendersFrench lose most of their land- keep
CaliiforniaEngland gains Canadian landSpain gains land west of MississippiFrench power in America broken
Nature of the Rule of Philip II
Philip II background 16th century (1156-1598) Trade and Expansion Champion of Catholicism Charles V gives Spain to son
Religion and Philip II Spain strongest supporter of
Catholicism Enemy of Protestants (Ottomans,
Dutch, English) Hundred Years War- France and
Spain sign treaty ending (religious) conflict over Italy
The Battle of Lepanto Philip organized united force of
Spanish, Genovese, and Venetians to fight TurksPope had urged action
Turkish naval force defeated at Lepanto, October 1571
Last great Spanish naval victory Turkish power in Mediterranean
weakened
Philip’s Empire Spain Duchy of Milan Kingdom of Naples Netherlands Portugal (land seized when king
dies without heir)Portuguese land in Africa, India,
East Indies
Wealth and Power Grow Military expanded
Late 1500’s- strongest and largest military in Europe
Escorial- became center of Spanish empireFunctions- palace and monasteryMassive fort, castle,
conservative, power
Hardworking King Demanded report from advisors Agonized over decisions- slowed
empire down Allowed no help (suspicious) Rivalry with England- seadogs,
religion
Spanish Golden Age El Greco- religious and dramatic
art***demonstrated strength of
Spanish Catholicism Velazquez- artist
Themes showed pride in royal family
Cervantes- writerSatires of Middle Ages