European Dictators Prior to WW II. Spain Italy U.S.S.R. Germany.
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Transcript of European Dictators Prior to WW II. Spain Italy U.S.S.R. Germany.
European Dictators Prior to WW II
Spain
Italy
U.S.S.R.
Germany
SPAIN
Spain Prior to 1936
• Spain had been a monarchy up until 1931 when a republic was declared.
• The government came under the control of both liberals and socialists.
• Socialists – those who believe in socialism
• Liberals – those who believe in individual freedoms
Socialism
• A form of government in which the state owns or controls the industries that produce basic goods and services.
EXAMPLES:• Communications• Transportation• Power generation
Spanish Civil War
• July, 1936 – Army leaders favoring a Fascist-style government revolted
• Led by General Francisco Franco
Fascism
• A form of government which promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule.
Foreign Intervention in Spain
• Both Germany and Italy sent troops and equipment to help Franco’s ‘Nationalist’ forces.
• The Soviet Union sent equipment and advisors to help the ‘Republican’ elected government.
• The Western Democracies remained neutral
Outcome
• Franco’s forces defeated the Republican resistance early in 1939.
• Franco became Spain’s Fascist dictator
ITALY
Benito Mussolini
The Fascist Party
• Mussolini founded the Fascist party in 1919.
• He promised to rescue Italy from rising inflation and unemployment as well as social unrest following World War One
• He publicly criticized the government as conditions worsened.
Mussolini Takes Power
• Mussolini supporters attacked both Communists and Socialists on the streets of Italy in order to weaken his opponents
• October 1922 – Mussolini marched on Rome and demanded that King Victor Emmanuel III place him in charge of the government.
Il Duce
• Il Duce – leader
• Mussolini abolished democracy and outlawed all political parties except the Fascists
• Jailed his opponents• Took control of newspapers and radio stations• Outlawed strikes
U.S.S.R(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
Joseph Stalin
Stalin’s Rise to Power
• Stalin became general secretary of the Communist Party in 1922
• By placing his supporters in key positions, Stalin was able to take total command of the Communist Party by 1928
Communism
• An economic system in which all means of production are owned by the people
• Private property does not exist
• All goods and services are shared equally
Stalin Forms a Totalitarian Government
• Totalitarianism – a form of government that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life
• Business• Family life• Labor• Housing• Religion• Education• The Arts• Youth Groups
Stalin’s Reforms
• Industrial Revolution• Consumer good production was cut in favor of
heavy industry• Workers were assigned jobs
• Agricultural Revolution• Developed collective farms• Wealthy peasant farmers who resisted were
eliminated
Stalin’s Purges
• Beginning in 1934, Stalin eliminated anyone who threatened his power
• By 1939, it is estimated that he was responsible for the deaths of between 8 million and 13 million Russians
Germany
Adolf Hitler
Rise of the Nazis
• In 1920, Hitler joined the National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party
• Chosen der Führer due to his organizational skills as well as his speaking ability
• Adopted the Swastika as its symbol
Beer Hall Putsch
• 1923 attempt by the Nazis to seize power in Munich
• Hitler was arrested and tried for treason
• Sentenced to five years in prison, however he only served nine months
Mein Kampf
• While in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf – “My Struggle”
– Set forth his plans for Germany• Aryan master race• Identified sub-humans: Jews, Gypsies, Slavs• Lebensraum – Living space (Russia)
Revival of the Nazis
• Hitler revived the party after leaving prison in 1924
• The Great Depression hit Germany hard• Loans from America stopped• 30% unemployment• Banks closed• Communist Party gained power
• Germans turned to Hitler for leadership
Hitler Becomes Chancellor
• By 1932, the Nazis had become the largest political party in Germany
• January 1933 – President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor under political pressure
• Hitler turned Germany into a Totalitarian State
Other European Dictatorships
• Hungary
• Poland
• Yugoslavia
• Albania
• Bulgaria
• Romania
Democratic Countries
• Czechoslovakia
• Britain
• France
• Norway
• Sweden
• Denmark
Hitler Clip: 2:56
• YouTube - Hitler - Mein Kampf (documentary) First speech as chancelor.