European class 2000http://www.crv.uwa.edu.au/presentations/Pamvotis

Surface: 24,1 km2Depth: max. 9,2m mean 4,3mLength: 7kmMax width: 3 km

http://www.duth.gr/Epirus/Ioannina/ioan3.html

Lake Pamvotis

•calcarious mountains in the north

•the contact with carbon and silicon formations and

•recent deposits of the alluvial valley

Geology

The lake Pamvotis is a karstic lake characterized by:

http://www.cwr.uwa.edu.au/Presentations/Pamvotis/

•The city of Ionnina with 100.000 inhabitants is set at the border of the lake Pamvotis. •Further several agricultural activities take place close to the lake:

•Livestock breeding•Farming•cultivation

•The lake itself is used for fishery, tourism, irrigation, sport ect.

Domestic, argicultural and industrial effluents enter the lake through several canals

Surrounding of the lake

•Temperature: 25,1° C

•pH: 7,49

•TDS: 140 mg/l

•Conductivity: 281 μSiemens

•Disolved Oxygen: 9,8 mg/l

•Transparency: 72 cm (Secchi)

Physicochemical parameters

General view of the lake

• On the north part a corridor of vegetation surround the lake.

On the over surrounding no barrier can filter agricultural effluents and domestic sewages from the surrounding area.

• There is a productive community of aquatic vegetation especially in the north part.

The plants collected in the lake

Aquatic vegetation: Typha sp (Typhaceae), Lemna sp. (Lemnaceae), Nymphea alba (Portulacaceae), Iris sp. (Iridaceae),

Land vegetation: Salix sp. (Salicaceae), Rapistrum sp. (Brassicaceae), Mentha aquatica (Lamiaceae), Ulmus minor (Ulmaceae), Holcus lanatus (Graminae), Urtica sp. (Urticaceae), Iris sp. (Iridaceae), Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae), Geranium columbinum (Geraniaceae), Galium aparyne (Rubiaceae), Rubus canescens (Rosaceae), Epilobium sp. (Onagraceae), Senecio sp. (Compositae) and two species of Bryophyta

Our sample does not include all the species that exist around and in the lake (64 species and subspecies have been described by Sarika-Hatzinikolaou M. in 1994).

In red are the plant witch characterize the communities.

Arrangement of the communities

Reed-bed

Description of the communities

Aquatic community:

Reed-bed

• Characteristic water-fringe vegetation, common in eutrophic lakes,shalow water.

• Formation of tall helophytes, usually species poor and often dominates by one species: Typha sp.(Typhaceae often grow in large patches in shallow water and cause to silt up)

Reed-beds, usually characterized by Phragmition australis and Scirpion maritimi

Over aquatic community with one characteristic species: Lemna sp

the aquatic vegetation

Photo: Geraldine Kapfer

http.//www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeler/folis/bsmain-e.html

Phragmites australis

Land community:

• On the edge of the lake

• characterized by Salix alba

• Artificial stony substrate built by human that leads to a unnatural type of vegetation

• Low vegetation:<30 cm

• High diversity:14 family

Salix alba

http.//www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeler/folis/bsmain-e.html

Observations onObservations on Phytoplan Phytoplankkton ton of Pamvotis Lakeof Pamvotis Lake

• Phytoplankton consists of microscopic plantorganisms adapted to suspension in the waterand exposed to passive movement by wind andcurrents

•These organism are unicellular but many ofthem form colonies and threads ranging in sizefrom <1µm up to >500µm.

Although eutrophication starts with a high input of plant nutrients into a water ecosystem leading to high primary production, it is not, nevertheless, a simpleprocess but is complex. A large number of factorsinteract, altering the structure of biotic communities. The first change to be seen is the mass developmentsof blue - green algae in freshwaters.Blue - green algae blooms are the most evident symptom of eutrophication.

EUTROPHICATION

Location of the sampling

• in the littoral zone-shallow area in Pamvotis Lakewith micro- macrophytic vegetation (rich in reeds)

Methods of samplingMethods of sampling

Equipment used for sampling

net

Water sampler

•Samples were collected in one station just in one day

•The material collected with the net was the fresh material

•The lake water collected with the Water sampler was fixed with Lugol’s solution

(www.aquaticresearch.com/products.htm)

(www.idromar.it/watersampler.htm)

Laboratory workLaboratory work

Fresh materialFresh material

Lugol’Lugol’s materials material

The fresh material composition was examined under microscope to identify the different algae and which one was in abundance.

The Lugol’s material was used for identification and counting of phytoplankton according to Utermoehl’s sedimentation method. It was put in a sedimentation chamber of 2ml for three hours, and then examined under the inverted microscope.

Algae in net-samplesAlgae in net-samples ((fresh materialfresh material))

Class: : Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) Genera: Navicula (benthic in the water column), Asterionella

Navicula(www.vvm.com/~jevans/navicu01.html)

(http;/courses.smsn.edu/rgr592f/algae/asteri_a.htm)

Asterionella

Other diatoms observed::

Fragilaria, Synedra, Aulacoseira granulata, Cyclotella

Class:ChlorophyceaeOrder: ChlorococcalesGenera: Pediastrum

The dominant alga

Class:CyanophyceaeOrder: ChroococcalesGenera:Microcystis

(photo M. Moustaka-Gouni)(www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/biologie/b_online/d44/pediastr.htm)

Algae in the lake waterAlgae in the lake water preserved withpreserved with Lugol Lugol

Class:CyanophyceaeOrder: ChroococcalesGenera:Microcystis, Aphanocapsa, Aphanothece (dominant) Class: BacillariophyceaeGenera:Aulacoseira, Cyclotella, Pleurosigma

Class: ChlorophyceaeOrder:DesmidialesGenera:Staurastrum

Class:CyanophyceaeOrder: NostocalesGenera: Anabeana

Class:ChlorophyceaeOrder: ChlorococcalesGenera:Scenedesmus (dominant)

(www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~inouye/ino/cy/56.gif

(www.dipbot.unict.it/sistematica/Scenede.html)

(www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/ ~inouye/ino/st/ baci_pen_pic.html)

Pleurosigma

Quantitative analQuantitative analyyssiiss•This analysis was made to determine phytoplankton biomass by calculation of the biovolume of each species at the final step. •At least 100 specimens (cells or colonies) of the most important phytoplancton species should be counted and as a total at least 400 individuals in the sedimentation chamber.

•Firstly we counted the total number of individuals in different optical fields (grids) until 400 individuals to be reached.

•In order to have the population density of the most abundant algae it is important to know the factor for one grid in the magnification used for counting. This factor is divided by the total number of the grids. Then the result is multiplied with the total number of individuals.

In the net sample the most abundant alga was Microcystis,which was not only in colonies but also in separate cells.In Lugol the most abundant algae were Aphanotheceand Scenedesmus.Population density: a) Aphanothece sp.1,359,223 cells/ml (most abundant)b) Scenedesmus sp. 180,844 cells/ml (greater biomass)There were also benthic and epiphytic organisms due to the fact that the station where the sampling took place was shallow and near the shore.

RESULTS

The different results between the two methods are due to the fact that the fresh material was collected by a net with pore diameter of 50 μm which means that most of the phytoplanktonic organisms with one cell (or colony) dimension smaller than 50 μm were not collected.

The high abundance of the cyanophyte Aphanothece and the chlorophyte Scenedesmus are indicative of a highly eutrophic lake but it is not possible to confirm that because the sampling has been done only in one day and in one station (one point in time and space).

LIST OF THE SPECIES OF ZOOPLANKTON IN THE LAKE IOANNINA

ROTIFERA Asplanchna priodonta Trichocerca pusilla Trichocerca capucina Trichocerca cylindrica Synchaeta Polyarthra Anuraeopsis fissa Ascomorpha spp Trichotria pocillum Lepadella sp. Lecane spp. Brachionus quadridentatus Brachionus forficula Keratella cochlearis

CLADOCERA Bosmina longirostris Chydoridae Chydorus Exoskeleton of Alona

spp. Alona rectangula Daphnia cucullata

COPEPODA Stage of Nauplius Stage Copepodite Group Cyclopoida Exoskeleton of

Harpacticoida

+++++++++++++++++++++++

++++++++

+++

++++++++++

The three main groups of zooplankton, Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda have been found.

The sample is characterized by a satisfactory diversity – 23 taxa, taking into account the unique sampling in only one station.

More than half are rotifers. About 1/3 of the taxa mentioned are abundant. It should be noticed that the way of

conserving often alterate the morphology of the sample and the species differentiate themselves often very slightly. So, it is difficult to identify the exact species and sometimes it is impossible to go further than the genus.

TROPHIC STATE OF THE LAKE

INDICATORS OF EUTROPHIC CONDITIONS Trichocerca pusilla Trichocerca cylindrica Trichocerca capucina Polyarthra Anuraeopsis fissa Brachionus quadridentatus Keratella cochlearis Bosmina longirostris Alona rectangula Daphnia cucullata

According to several reserchers,almost half of the taxa are indicators of eutrophication.

The Pamvotis lake seems to beeutrophicated, at least the areawhere the sampling took place.

ZOOPLANKTON OCCURRENCE IN RELATION TO WATER TEMPERATURE

• The range of temperature for most of the taxa is between 10 and 25oC.• Some of them are eurythermal and accept a wide range of temperature.• Some are warm stenothermal species, such as Trichocerca pusilla,

Anuraeopsis fissa.• It is peculiar that two tropical and subtropical species were also found,

as Trichocerca cylindrica and Brachionus forficula. The latter is mentioned probably for the first time in Ioannina lake.

• B. quadridentatus, a species preferring warm waters was found also for the first time in this lake.

• Concluding, the lake is a rather warm one. A reason for this could be the fact that it is a shallow lake.

• Because of the recent appearance of some warm – stenothermal species, it is probable that the temperature of the lake is rising.

Distribution: Pelagic or benthic?

• Characteristic benthic genera: Brachionus, Trichotria, Lapadella, Lecane.

• Characteristic pelagic species: Asplanchna priodonta, Bosmina longirostris, Daphnia cucullata.

• Sampling took place near the shore where pelagic and benthic species coexist.

ZOOBENTHOS

The sampling took place 0.5m away from the lake’s bank in a The sampling took place 0.5m away from the lake’s bank in a depth of 0.5m and at a distance of 5 meters.depth of 0.5m and at a distance of 5 meters.

The substrate was consisted of cobbles, macrophytes and The substrate was consisted of cobbles, macrophytes and reeds. reeds.

The animals were found attached under the cobbles and were The animals were found attached under the cobbles and were collected by hand.collected by hand.

We tried to take sample from the benthos further away We tried to take sample from the benthos further away from the lake’s bank, in a plava, but it was virtually from the lake’s bank, in a plava, but it was virtually impossible, because the lake’s bottom may have been impossible, because the lake’s bottom may have been covered by beton.covered by beton.

SamplingSampling

Phyllum Class Order Family Individuals

Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Cordulegasteridae 1

(Anisoptera)Insecta Odonata Platycnemididae 1

(Zygoptera)Insecta Ephemeroptera Caenidae 10Insecta Trichoptera 2

(pupae)Insecta Diptera Chironomidae 82

Annelida Hirudinea Rhynchobdellae Glossiphonidae 10Pharyngobdellae Erpobdellidae 1

Oligochaeta 3Mollusca Lamellibranchiata Dreissensiidae 1

Gastropoda Pulmonata Physidae 10Lymnaeidae 6

Platyelminthes 2

The following table presents the families of animals found:

Trichoptera2%

Ephemeroptera8%

Diptera(Chironomidae)

63%

Hirudinea9%

Lamellibranchiata1%Oligochaeta

2%

Gastropoda11%

Platyelminthes2% Odonata

2%

Percentage of benthic invertebrates

According to the previous tables the Diptera larvae of the family Chironomidae are the most abundant. This is something characteristic for the lake Pamvotis in Ioannina. (Kasioumi 1994)

There were also found some individuals of the red Chironomids, which are known as organisms very tolerant to pollution.

Referring to the Greek evaluation system for the rivers the most abundant families in our sample (Chironomidae, Gastropoda, Ephemeroptera, Hirudinea), which cover the 91% of the total individual’s number, are ranked below 5. This probably indicates a rather disturbed environment.

CONCLUSION

Combining all our previous measurements and results we come to the conclusion that lake Pamvotis seems to be a productive EUTROPHIC lake in spring time, mostly because of:

species of Phyto- and Zooplankton and Plants, which are eutrophic indicators

inflow of fertilizers from the nearby agricultural area

the lake’s high temperature and low transparency

the high productivity and the increased levels of dissolved O2

the calcareous watershed that results to high nutrient inflow and

high pH levels

SOME MORE INFORMATION

Urban sewage waste from Ioannina used to be led directly into the lake, a policy which caused a severe disturbance to the environment.

Five years ago a sewage treatment system was established and now the lake is in a stage of recovering.

However our most abundant species of Zoobenthos communities show tolerance to a disturbed environment.

NOTICE!

Our results may not reflect the true situation, because we:

• sampled only once with no replicates

• used one sampling site

• sampled near a drainage and urban sewage channel

• sampled only during spring time

Introduction, Geology: Sylvia Kruse

Vegetation: Joan Oudry and Stiliani Tzimiri

Phytoplankton: Pasqua Rosa Ponziani and Evangelia Mourgi

Zooplankton: Thibault Vannier and George Anasontzis

Zoobenthos: Fotis Sgouridis and Danai Paleologou

Conclusion: The team

http://www.crv.uwa.edu.au/presentations/Pamvotis

REFERENCES• AMOROS, C., Crustaces cladoceres,1984.Lyon.• BERZINS, B., PEJLER, B., Rotifer occurrence in relation to temperature. 1987. Institute of limnology of Uppsala, Sweden.• FULLER, D., STEMBERGER, R., GANNON, J., LimneticRotifers as indicators of trophic changes. 1977. • GANNON, J., STEMBERGER, R., Zooplankton as indicators of water quality. 1978. • Kasioumi, M., Summary of information for the lake Pamvotis(?), 1994.• N.N.: Corine biotops manual.• MAEMETS, A., Rotifers as indicators of lake types in Estonia. 1983. The Hague.• MAY, L., Rotifers occurrence in relation to water temperatureIn Loch Leven, Scotland.• MICHALOUDI, E., Zooplankton, key to plankton. 2000.Thessaloniki

• MOUSTAKA-GOUNI, M: Species Composition and seasonal cycles of phytoplankton with special reference to the nanplankton of Lake Prespa.• PEJLER, B., Zooplanktic indicators of trophy chain food.1983.The Hague.• Zarfjan, M., Personal Communication.• RADWAN, S., Planktonic rotifers as indicators of lake trophy, 1976. Annalea universitatis Maria Curie-SKLODOWSKA• REYNOLDS, C.S.: The ecology of Freshwater phytoplankton• RUTTNER-KOLISKO, A., Plankton rotifers, biology and taxonomy, 1974.• SARIKA-CHATZINIKOLAOU, M., Floristic investigations of the lake Pamvotis, 1994.• WILLEN, EVA: A simlified method of phytoplankton counting• Zalidis & Matzavellas, Record of the greek wetland as natural sources, EKBY, 1994• Lake Pamvotis: Evaluation of Lake Pamvotis, Centre for Water Research.