1

European European Architecture for Architecture for Lunar Exploration Lunar Exploration

LEAG LEAG –– ICEUM ICEUM -- SRRSRR29 October 200829 October 2008

O. O. MongradMongrad, J. , J. SchlutzSchlutz,, B. HufenbachB. Hufenbachwebsite: http://website: http://www.esa.int/explorationstrategywww.esa.int/explorationstrategy

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ARCHITECTURE TRADE REPORT

MOON The 8th continent

Analysis Process and ProductsAnalysis Process and Products

Arc

hite

ctur

e R

evie

w

CD

F

CD

F

CD

F

Arc

hite

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evie

w

Arc

hite

ctur

e R

evie

w

CD

F

CD

F

CD

F

NA

SA-

ESA

NA

SA-

ESA

NA

SA-

ESA

3rd

GES

H

oust

on

2nd

GES

R

ome

Spin

eto

I

Spin

eto

II

Spin

eto

III

ISEC

GM

ontr

eal

1stEx

plor

atio

n C

onfe

renc

eO

rland

o

2nd

Expl

orat

ion

Con

fere

nce

Hou

ston

3rd

Expl

orat

ion

Con

fere

nce

Den

ver

1stG

ESM

ontr

eal

ISEC

GB

erlin

4th

GES

Kyo

to

Architecture AnalysisArchitecture Analysis

Stakeholder ConsultationsStakeholder Consultations

International CoordinationInternational Coordination

Strategy DevelopmentStrategy Development

2008

The Global Exploration StrategyA Framework for Coordination

May 2007

2008

2008

2008

2007

2007

2007

2004

2003

2007

2006

2003

2005 2007

2008

2005 2006 2007

2005C

DF

CD

F

Expl

orat

ion

Wor

ksho

pEd

inbu

rgh

Inte

rnat

iona

l Ex

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n C

onfe

renc

e B

erlin

Hum

ans

in

Out

er S

pace

Vi

enna

Hum

an

Spac

eflig

ht

Visi

on G

roup

Long

-term

Ex

plor

atio

n St

rate

gy

Scie

nce

Wor

ksho

pA

then

s

EUROPEAN REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE

The ESA-NASAComparative Architecture Assessment

European European Objectives and Objectives and

Interests in Space Interests in Space ExplorationExploration

EXPLORATION EXPLORATION ARCHITECTUREARCHITECTURE

HighHigh--level findingslevel findings

The Future of European Space

Exploration

3

Scenario Studies and Stakeholder ConsultationsScenario Studies and Stakeholder Consultations

Science Economy Policy

Co-evolution ofLife with itsPlanetary Environment

Lunar Observatories

Life Sciences

Applied Research in Space

Space Services

Entrepreneurial Activities

Lisbon Agenda

European Ambition

Global Partnership

European Objectives and European Objectives and Interests in Space Interests in Space

ExplorationExploration

4

Exploration PhasesExploration PhasesLE

OM

OO

NM

AR

SISS Operations

• On-orbit Research• Risk mitigation for

exploration• On-orbit research• Risk mitigation for

exploration

• On-orbit research• Risk mitigation for

exploration• Services for human Moon

missions• Commercial initiatives

(tourism)

• On-orbit research• Risk mitigation for

exploration• Services for human

Moon/Mars missions• Commercial initiatives• Power plants

Robotic Missions

• Mapping• Landing site

preparation• ISRU demonstration• Lunar science

• Limited Life/Physical sciences research

• Capability demonstrations for sustained presence

• Base construction• Limited geological

fieldwork• Sortie support tasks• Limited laboratory analysis

• Life/Physical sciences research

• Mars forward capability demonstration

• Geological fieldwork• ISRU processing• Base support tasks• Laboratory analysis

• Tourism• Large observations• Resources

Robotic Missions

• Science

Mars Sample Return

• Science • Science

Human Mars Mission

PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 PHASE 4

Sustained Human Operations – Research

Sustained HumanOperations – Exploration

Sustained Human Operations –Exploitation

Initial Human Surface Operations (Short Visits)

Sustained Human Surface Operations (Base)-Exploration

Sustained Human Surface Operations (Base)-Exploitation

Extended Robotic Surface Operations

5

Phased Approach to Architecture DevelopmentPhased Approach to Architecture DevelopmentEUROPEAN REFERENCE

ARCHITECTURE

6

Development of crew transportation capabilitySecure access to existing and future research infrastructure in LEO

Enable participation to human exploration

ISS lifetime extension up to 2020 assumed for research continuation and exploration preparation

Minimum configuration for research continuation post-ISS is a Man-Tended Free Flyer

Total mass 20540 kgSupport crew 2-3 for 15 daysLifetime 10 years

Operations in Low Earth OrbitOperations in Low Earth OrbitEUROPEAN REFERENCE

ARCHITECTURE

7

• Use the full Ariane 5 performance capability• Deliver payloads to any location on the lunar surface• Perform soft precision landing (500m)• Deploy payloads on lunar surface• Provide resources to the P/L (power, comm‘s etc)

• Gross payload performance (A5 ECA) ~1.2 ton

Lunar Cargo LanderLunar Cargo LanderEUROPEAN REFERENCE

ARCHITECTURE

8

Lunar Cargo Lander Mission ScenariosLunar Cargo Lander Mission Scenarios

• Technology demonstration and potential human landing preparation;

• Delivery of surface assets, be they stationary or with mobility, in order to support and accelerate the international lunar outpost build-up or for science and technology demonstration in sustained human operations.

• Provision of consumables for extended human surface exploration range and duration;

• Delivery of regular logistics to an international lunar base;

• (Automated lunar surface operations (e.g. ISRU) and exploration

EUROPEAN REFERENCE

ARCHITECTURE

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DisposalDisposalDisposalDisposal

TLO InjectionTLO InjectionLLO InjectionLLO Injection

400 km LEO400 km LEO

DisposalDisposal

Separation Separation and Capsule and Capsule

ReRe--entryentry

Trans Earth Trans Earth InjectionInjection LandingLanding

AscentAscentRvDRvD

Ascent Ascent DisposalDisposal

Human Transportation Human Transportation –– Scenario 1Scenario 1LEO Spaceport (minimum configuration: 70 tons) for assembly, propellant management, refueling, power, safe haven in contingency situations

ARCHITECTURE TRADE REPORT

10

LEO

LLO

Lx

Human Transportation Human Transportation –– Scenario 2Scenario 2

LLO Staging Post in polar quasi-circular frozen orbit (minimum configurations 28 tons) providing also crew rescue (anytime return, safe haven) and provision of power, attitude control, communications, refuelling to crew vehicle in LLO.

ARCHITECTURE TRADE REPORT

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Transportation InfrastructureTransportation Infrastructure

LLO or LEOStaging Post

Human-rated Lander26 tons

Cryo-Transfer Stage24 and 50 tons

Crew Vehicle13 tons

Human-rated launcher> 13 tons payload

Heavy Lift Launcher50 tons payload

EUROPEAN REFERENCE

ARCHITECTURE

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Lunar Surface Exploration ScenariosLunar Surface Exploration ScenariosHuman Surface

Operations on The Moon and Mars

13

Pressurized rover

7600 kg

Provide long-range mobility for human surface exploration

Mini-habitation module

Support crew of two for short duration missions (14 days)

6960 kg

ISRU plant

Provide O2 from regolith

1700 kg 350 kg

Terrain management vehicle

Tanker and services vehicle

Lunar Surface InfrastructureLunar Surface InfrastructureEUROPEAN REFERENCE

ARCHITECTURE

Large solar power plant

Provide power to outpost/base

1500 kg

Utility vehicles

350 kg

Lunar Base Modules

Support up to 4 astronauts to survive on Lunar Surface for

extended stays (several months)

13 t each

14

Human Mars Mission TradeHuman Mars Mission Trade--OffOff

726 895

350 245

350245

1724 1178

1357

530

308

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Chem. SEP CDF AdvancedChem.

NTP

IMLE

O (m

etric

tons

)

Crew FlightCargo Flight 2Cargo Flight 1

83,5 83,5106 106

230

20406080

100120

Chem. SEP CDF AdvancedChem.

NTP

Study / Option

Mas

s (m

etric

tons

)

Landed P/L mass

Number of ARES V Launchers: 21 17 – 19 11 7

ARCHITECTURE TRADE REPORT

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LEO

LMODockingAerocapture Aerocapture

Human Mars Mission Reference ArchitectureHuman Mars Mission Reference Architecture

Pressurised Rover8 tons

Nuclear Power Plant

12 tons

Ascent Vehicle30 tons

Transit Hab38 – 50

tonsSurface Hab

32 tons

EUROPEAN REFERENCE

ARCHITECTURE

Descent Vehicle24 tons

Nuclear Transfer

stage 120 tons

LEO Tug22 tons

Payload Tug5,8 tons

LEO Assembly

station150 tons

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HighHigh--level Findingslevel Findings

• Heavy-lift launcher with 50 tons payload capability enable human mission beyond LEO

• Human operations in Low Earth orbit of continued strategic interest beyond ISS programme

• Orbital infrastructure (a) enhance robustness of human exploration transportation architecture providing safe haven in contingency situation and services to the transportation system (assembly, maintenance, inspection, cryo-management, re-fueling, power) and (b) open opportunities for innovations in the transportation architecture

• Lunar surface architecture strongly depends on exploration scenario

• Interest in utilisation of Lunar ISRU for consumables (break-even in 2nd year of operations

• Advanced propulsion required for Human mission to Mars

• Moon-Mars synergies for advanced robotics, long-range exploration, long-term surface habitation, soft precision landing, surface operations, in-space operations, communications and navigations

EXPLORATION EXPLORATION ARCHITECTUREARCHITECTURE

HighHigh--level findingslevel findings