Europe and AsiaPaul BACON

Fall 2013

Sherzod ARAPOV4012R302-1

• From European political cooperation to common foreign policy

• From CFSP to ESDP: Britain and France

• Coordination in Brussels, decisions in national capitals

• Conclusion

• Discussion points

Content

From European political cooperation to common foreign policy (1)

• "High" and "low" politics (Foreign Policy and Defense and The European Economic Community (EEC))

• The Schuman Plan for a European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 1950

• A European Defense Community (EDC) and The European Defense Treaty (May 1952)

• European Political Cooperation (EPC) was an entirely intergovernmental process, & was managed confidentially

FROM EUROPEAN POLITICAL COOPERATION TO COMMON FOREIGN POLICY (2)

Periods of increased frustration at the results achieved, culminating in

reinforcement of the rules & procedures

The evolution of cooperation in foreign policy

Steps to strengthen the

framework

FROM EUROPEAN POLITICAL COOPERATION TO COMMON FOREIGN POLICY (3)

End of the cold war and launch of CFSPIntergovernmental Conference (IGC) and formulating a common

foreign and security policy (CFSP)Petersberg Declaration, June 1992, Section II, On Strengthening WEU’s

Operational Role, para 4:“Apart from contributing to the common defense in accordance with

Article 5 of the Washington Treaty and Article V of the modified Brussels Treaty respectively, military units of WEU member states, acting under the authority of WEU, could be employed for:

Humanitarian and rescue tasks;Peacekeeping tasks;Tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking”

(Western European Union Council of Ministers, Bonn, 19 June 1992, available at http://www.weu.int)

THE EUROPEAN SECURITY & DEFENSE POLICY TASKS

FROM CFSP TO ESDP: BRITAIN AND FRANCE (1)

By 2008 Britain & France accounted for 45% of defense expenditure in the EU, and 60% of spending on defense equipment (Germany 15%, Italy 13% of defense spending)

The St Malo Declaration (December 1998), 'the Union must have the capacity for autonomous action, backed up by credible military forces’

The "Helsinki headline goals" (December 1999), European Rapid Reaction Force of up to 15 brigades (60,000 troops)

From Common Foreign and Security Policy to European Security and Defense Policy

FROM CFSP TO ESDP: BRITAIN AND FRANCE (2)

CFSP in the context of eastern enlargement EU enlargement necessitated delicate adjustments

of common policies, financial flows, institutional representation, and voting weights

In early 2003, the European Commission floated proposals for a broader European neighborhood policy (ENP), aimed at providing a framework for economic cooperation and political consultation for the states around the EU's eastern and southern borders: common foreign policy in effect, but defined and managed through civilian instruments

COORDINATION IN BRUSSELS, DECISIONS IN NATIONAL CAPITALS (1)

The CFSP pillar remains largely in the hands of the member governments, although it is now supplemented by a cluster of Brussels-based institutions.

Heads of state and government remain ultimately responsible for CFSP & its overall direction through the European Council.

The General Affairs & External Relations Council is the main decision-making body in practice. It's divided into two sessions:

1. Prepared by the Committee of Permanent Representatives (Coreper), deals with internal policy coordination among governments

2. Prepared by the Political and Security Committee (PSC) in coordination with Coreper addresses external dimension

COORDINATION IN BRUSSELS, DECISIONS IN NATIONAL CAPITALS (2)

The PSC is tasked with monitoring international affairs, drafting policy options for the Council, and overseeing the implementation of adopted policies, thus located at the center of CFSP/ESDP's day-to-day business

The Council Secretariat is formally empowered to appoint 'special representatives' for particular policy issues

THE HIGH REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNION FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND SECURITY POLICY (HR) -

COORDINATOR AND REPRESENTATIVE OF THE COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY (CFSP)

The first High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy

(18 October 1999-1 December 2009), former NATO Secretary General, Javier Solana

High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy(since 1 December 2009)

IncumbentCatherine Ashton

The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (HR) - coordinator and representative of

the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)

Catherine Ashton, High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, is in New York for the 65th U.N. General Assembly

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUHquo-eVHI

COORDINATION IN BRUSSELS, DECISIONS IN NATIONAL CAPITALS (3)

The EU Military Committee (EUMC), the Union's highest military body (2001)

It evaluates different options for ESDP missions, oversees the development of a operations plan

Monitors the conduct of ESDP operation etc.

Mirroring military bodies on the civilian side: The Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management

(CIVCOM) and the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability

The European Defense Agency (2004) is working on Defense capabilities development Armaments cooperation The European defense technological and industrial base Defense equipment market Research and technology

AN EU BATTLEGROUP - A PARTICULAR MILITARYRAPID REACTION ELEMENT

It has the following characteristics: its generic composition is capable of stand-alone

operations across all crisis management tasks included in ESDP's remit;

it is based on combined arms battalion-sized force reinforced with combat support and combat service support units leading to a generic strength of about 1500 troops;

it can be initially sustained in theater for 30 days, a period that can be extended to 120 if the battlegroup is resupplied appropriately; and

it is deployable within 5-10 days of a decision to launch an operation

CSPD and EU mission Ongoing missions: As of September 2013, there are 17 active CSDP and EU missions

Completed Missions As of October 2013, there are 17 completed

CSDP and EU missions

Chart of CSDP and EU missions to date (October 2013). www.csdpmap.eu. This chart is created by ISIS Europe www.isis-europe.eu.

CONCLUSIONS

• The fundamental weakness of CFSP framework is the lack of obligation to implement agreements made

• The Treaty of Lisbon (ToL) aims to strengthen the institutional structure further, but may do little to overcome persistent national defection from the principle of solidarity

• European cooperation in foreign policy has gone beyond the framework of sovereign state diplomacy, but still remains far short of an integrated single policy, with integrated diplomatic, financial, and military instruments

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Discussion points

• In your mind what sort of role should be played by the European Commission, the EP, and the ECJ in terms of CFPS?

• What are the possible cause-effects for the UN and the EU conducting a policy of providing by EU governments the backbone of the UN operation?

• Please discuss major reasons behind the less influence of EU (e.g. in comparison with the US) over agendas of the UN and of other international organizations, what action should be taken to reinforce a position of the EU in this regard?