Europa Aus Der Sicht Asiens - Vertaald

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EUROPE FROM THE ASIAN PERSPECTIVE. RELATIONS TO A (LITERALLY ONE) CONSTRUCTION (HI)STORY Andreas Weiß Introduction The Magazine “East-Asia” and Tmai Kisak The Frontier Problem The West as Student Strong Europe Weak Europe The Source Text in Time Context Introduction The forming of Europe in demarcation to Asia lies on the roots of the Western Self-definition. However, there is a dominant research imbalance – meaning: there are opposite opinions on this matter. According to that, the main question would be: what images, stereotypes, etc. Asia ascribes to Europe as a continent and unified cultural space. Previously reflected continues so far to what degree these ‘Asia’ ascriptions have been accepted and incorporated and which opposing concepts have they developed. One of the few exceptions is the literature over the Pan-Asianism, as well as the older works as the work of Stephen Hay over Rabindranath Tagore and his concepts over Asia. But these are not the only questions that Asia asks over the Construction. In spite of the in the meanwhile non-controlled literature over the term ‘Europe’, seldom researches were interested in which stakeholders (actors) from the different regions formed/constructed Europe. This essay would examine the present construction of Europe from the perspective of a Japanese person, Tamai Kisak – published in 19 th century. The study on the use of the terms Europe and Asia would not be justified only because, if needed, there are more or less references in the secondary bibliography. The already set use of ‘Europe’ on the part of the non-European stakeholders, demands a historical analysis of this term, which here would be based on the original texts. Considering that the additional title was “The First Monthly Magazine/Journal of the Japanese’s in Europe”, apparently it is assumable for Tamai that the term ‘Europe’ awoke enough interest and positive connotations to be used in a title of the new journal. In this essay is, thereby, assumed that both sides, European and not-

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Transcript of Europa Aus Der Sicht Asiens - Vertaald

Page 1: Europa Aus Der Sicht Asiens - Vertaald

EUROPE FROM THE ASIAN PERSPECTIVE. RELATIONS TO A (LITERALLY ONE) CONSTRUCTION (HI)STORY

Andreas Weiß

Introduction The Magazine “East-Asia” and Tmai Kisak The Frontier Problem The West as Student Strong Europe Weak Europe The Source Text in Time Context

Introduction

The forming of Europe in demarcation to Asia lies on the roots of the Western Self-definition. However, there is a dominant research imbalance – meaning: there are opposite opinions on this matter. According to that, the main question would be: what images, stereotypes, etc. Asia ascribes to Europe as a continent and unified cultural space. Previously reflected continues so far to what degree these ‘Asia’ ascriptions have been accepted and incorporated and which opposing concepts have they developed. One of the few exceptions is the literature over the Pan-Asianism, as well as the older works as the work of Stephen Hay over Rabindranath Tagore and his concepts over Asia. But these are not the only questions that Asia asks over the Construction. In spite of the in the meanwhile non-controlled literature over the term ‘Europe’, seldom researches were interested in which stakeholders (actors) from the different regions formed/constructed Europe.

This essay would examine the present construction of Europe from the perspective of a Japanese person, Tamai Kisak – published in 19th century. The study on the use of the terms Europe and Asia would not be justified only because, if needed, there are more or less references in the secondary bibliography. The already set use of ‘Europe’ on the part of the non-European stakeholders, demands a historical analysis of this term, which here would be based on the original texts. Considering that the additional title was “The First Monthly Magazine/Journal of the Japanese’s in Europe”, apparently it is assumable for Tamai that the term ‘Europe’ awoke enough interest and positive connotations to be used in a title of the new journal. In this essay is, thereby, assumed that both sides, European and not-European, use these terms (‘Europe’ and ‘Asia’) so that they could, in confrontation (one) to another, situate themselves in a dialog composed by the European ideas and terms (term like begrip). Not only have the European lands/states/nations define themselves as European in demarcation (contrast) to the others, but the others are adopting this model so they can/could show their practical knowledge and discuss each other’s modernization and power differences. Although there is no clear cut between the West, Europe and similar accumulated terms, still the frequent use indicates that Europe just didn’t rise in the West (like the sun rising - stupid) and that America was separated from Europe. Also the view from out of Europe seems rather to see Europe as a unit that Europeans themselves have created, because Asians rather emphasize those connections than the elements that divide them from Europe. It has to be brought out as well, that because of the geographical and cultural concept too, Asia had and has no clear frontiers. So as the East could have started from beyond the Elba, so did Asians consider the the 19th century Europeans to be on this side of the Ural. However one idea prevailed and that is lumping Asia together with ancient civilizations, especially Indian, Chinese and Japanese.

Asia established the Europeanized layers in their efforts to learn from the West. The new elite Asiatic lands oriented themselves to European model, studying Greek classics. So both Europeans as well

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as Asians took over their geographical world division, and their doctrinal examples (from the Greek classics I guess). And in this term clearness Europe was ‘Europe’ and Asia was ‘Asia’, and as required both had to be (further) distinct within each. Indeed, these fascinations for the European concept lost weight/decreased from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, and their own counter-concepts shaped the appropriate/corresponding cultural landscape. Still those counter-concepts served (often unspoken) as a negative filter towards the European concepts and ideas. That is why this essay we pay attention to a triad of terms: The European concept of Asia; the Asian concept of Asia; and the counter-model of the Asian terms towards/for Europe, which were developed so that other terms could oppose their own concept. However, they do not show up in this essay in the same weight/amount of importance. The range/scope of the terms Asia in ‘Asia’ and the meaning of counter-constructs of Europe for the Asians always remain controversial. Nevertheless, it would not be the issue here, how Asians perceive Asia as a mutual (experience) space, but how they constructed the European counter-part in this dialog. However it is not always possible to represent the Asian view (of Europe) without using ‘Asian’. It is merely assumed that Asians hardly perceived Europe(ans) as a unit before – and often after too – the establishment of the EC, and therefore was this large structure quite irrelevant to them. On the other hand Europeans, who ‘invented’ the terms Europe and Asia, used those frequently over centuries, although sometimes they had a vague meaning to them (to the Europeans). In the 19 th

century the west colonial forces used the term Europe only to justify their aggressive behavior and civilizational superiority – so as a quasi-alibi term. Was it because of the colonialist claims that Europe represented itself as a unit? For Asians, Europe stayed, however, a subordinate category. (I don’t get this.) As mentioned this essay does NOT follow this perspective/point of view. It is more likely that a wide list of European ideas is taken as a unit, to clarify the construction of European and its connotations. How Asians what so ever construct Europe, how they relate to this term (Europe) and what image do they create for Europe? These questions would be pursued in two steps/niveau’s, based on the journal “East-Asia”, that was released/published between 1898 and 1910 in Berlin. First, the different attributions of Europe and Asia will be shown, based on the source. After that, in another step would be word about specific and general European ideas. Finally, the source would be placed in a context and the final conclusions would be drawn.

The Magazine “East-Asia” and Tmai Kisak

The magazine “East-Asia” was published by a Tamai Kisak (samizdat – self-published) until his death in September 1906, with an initial print run of 5000 copies. Tamai had already lectured German in Japan, and it took him around 15 months to travel to Germany via Siberia. He wrote a report on his caravan trip and published it in the Cologne Gazette. He started earning as a journalist, founded a self-publishing office and continued working as a patent agent. After his death in Berlin, the next/following number was published in October 1906, by his chef editor, Oikawa Shigenobu. The magazine shows the view of an educated German, East-Asian, and above all a Japanese intellectual from the end of the 19 th and the beginning of the 20th century. However it had been seen as a platform for all Asians. By far it a unique case, because a group of the ‘Others’ in Europe get to say something. That makes the perspective of the Others in Europe, about the European construct, visible. The magazine aimed at three different target groups (types of readers). The first group readers were looking for information over Japanese economic interests, German merchandizers and manufacturers. The second group focused on ‘Asian’ community in Berlin and Europe. These were consisted mainly of Japanese people, still reports on club activities etc. could also be found here, as well as the address list – so Chinese and Indians also represented as members of this target group. The third group consisted German daily newspapers and German speaking audience in general, who used this magazine as source of information about Japan and East-

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Asia. This way they could gather information and stay informed about the variety of themes concerning Japan and East-Asia.

For the essay the term ‘Japanese body’ (as in ‘body of voters’, not ‘human body’) will be used, because Japanese were by far the biggest Asian group in Berlin at that time. They came to Germany mainly as students, or with the government’s scholarships. German Reich bided a great range of offerings in the military field, but also in the field of law or medicine. It also includes the military doctor, Mori Ogai, with his translations of German classics (Goethe’s ‘Faust’ for ex.), who, up to this day, represents one of the most important mediators of the German High Culture in Japan. Therefore, Japanese were predestined to make contact with the German middle and upper classes by both, their position and education. This closeness to the European is what so ever relevant for this essay, since the European self-assurance and self-construction are postulated by the demarcation to the others. Long story short: Europe became confident in contrast to others. Because the public spirit was an European founded occurrence/thing of the Early New Age, the direct contact with the ‘Non-Europeans’, defined as the Out-of-Europe-Nations was associated to the construction of their own superiority. Shortly: In interaction to others Europe became confident of herself. Here, however would be examined how this (European) construction was adopted/accepted and formulated by the others in Europe. This can also show the effective and persuasiveness power of the European self-description/definition, reviewed in the source text, which was written in Europe (dat will zeggen Germany) and addressed to the Europeans (in German language). The question is: What Tamai Kisak took over from this European self-description/definition, and where and how he diverged from these ideas.

The Frontier Problem

In the preface of the first edition of his monthly magazine, Tamai Kisak writes carefree about ‘East-Asia’ and ‘Europe’; about ‘Germany’ and ‘Japan’. For him both, East-Asia and Europe, represent a unique culture, and Europe is seen as a unit. Both consist of ‘states and nations’, with focus on German Reich and Japanese Empire, ‘the two most distinguished empires in East-Asia and Europe in the past two decades’. Still he misses to clarify to the reader, what he finds fundamental in the European unity, and he believes that the East-Asian unity/cohesion/togetherness requires more justification/explanation/reason, than the European one. There could be several explanations for that. And thus Tamai, the Japanese, seems to try hard to emphasize the Japanese cultural autonomy and the independence of Japan from the Chinese roots –that is to be concluded out of the ‘hidden’ reference of the source text. He strived to be included in a rising of a nation, and refused to be associated to the political moribund/dying/sinking China. And maybe the idea of the Asian Community of China, Korea, and Japan seemed strange/aliened, because the notion of the common cultural roots doesn’t automatically presume a common culture and sense of belonging. A subliminal/subtle feeling of inferiority is to be seen, as well as a distance from the European ascriptions/attributions. Although East-Asia supposes a geographical definition, Tamai emphasizes culture as defining criteria. That allows him to be open and flexible towards several aspects: per. ex. he does not explain why some of the states are seen as part of the unity and others not. In that way, he also doesn’t have to make a distinction between Asia and the West. With this unclear demarcation of Asia, the issue of a coalitional partnership in a ‘community of faith’ towards/to European was considered as open/possible. Because of the commitment to Buddhism as a base of defining the East-Asian culture, East-Asia reached suddenly all the way to India.

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The West as Student

It is amazing from today’s perspective is the confidence that author showed at that time. Therefore he believed that Chinese and Japanese newspapers did not correctly interpret Europeans, even after long years of studying it; and that the Germans, additionally, made limitations of their (own) research on information, since almost every newspaper in East-Asian languages would appear in English. Only native/indigenous East-Asians could mediate between the East and the West. Europeans have been deprived of the understanding of the East-Asian cultures. Therefore, this alludes to the undermining of the European expertise. Many of the western experts collected/gained/earned their knowledge second or third hand and then they played the role in literature, the role of a translator, interpreter and host upon whom the information about it depended. So they acted to repeal/annul of the European classically postulated superiority; Tamai however oscillate with the self- and the external-attributions. Thus, the ancient civilized nations of the ‘East are here apparently differentiated defined and it is difficult to say that young uprising Europe’ is overburdened with its interpretation. The East – Japan in this case – was not passive and static, but an active, uprising trade nation. With this pairing – young Europe = naïve and ancient East-Asia = intellectual superior, Tamai countered/undiminished the European self-perception and the intellectual superior continent, entering the modern (age?), overtaking other civilizations and making them obsolete. (Mit dieser Paarung junges Europa = naiv und altes Ost-Asien = intellektuell überlegen...)

Strong Europe

How did Tamai see Europe? Or better said: What were the European self-attributions that Tamai recognized and took over to belong to the ‘European’. One of the first keywords to be mentioned are Modernity and Civilization. Classical terms such as ‘State’ and ‘Nation’ were also mentioned, which he didn’t use apart/selectively but linked to the term ‘Empire (reich)’. Economy and trade were put in the foreground, for those were points in which Europe was still generally perceived as superior. The emphasis on the development of economic contacts was back then - as now as well - a point that reached a wider audience attention. In that way Tamai tried to deliver an argument for selling his magazine. Nevertheless, the focusing on economics could also be interpreted in the context of the general Japanese economic policy. For Japan, the fastest way to overcome the financial imbalance with the West, took place in trade developing. That was partly due to the dominant Anglo-Saxon free-trade theory and partly because of the cost intensification for the heavy industrialization as well as because of the unbeatable technological lead of the West – as it seemed back then. Tamai also put in the foreground that Europe promoted its culture and civilization through trade contacts with the East. (The East) was seen as a place of many trade and merchant nations, whose freedom and success stayed limited only by the European military power. Above all Englishmen and Germans - relying on the Hanseatic League and the colonial strongholds/cities – were seen as successful and long-distant commercials/merchants and that formed another field of discussion (in this magazine) – overcoming the asymmetry and therefore claiming the equality with Europe.

Europe remains an example, at least for Tamai, a model that grabs attention and to which one (the East) seeks contacts. Therefore Tamai operates in one of the western languages, using western

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terms and form of standard western political ideas. Reasons why Europe was taken for a model for non-Europeans were mainly European technical and physical offers/deals. Because those points were taken as actual causes of the power imbalance between Europe and the others/rest. Therefore if anyone wanted to catch and overtake the West, they must have been done it in these areas.

Politische Einrichtungen wie eine parlamentarische Demokratie, wie es beson- ders Großbritannien als Modernisierungskennzeichen betonte, wurde zwar von einem Teil der Bevölkerung begierig aufgegriffen, vom Großteil der Eliten der Transformation aber eher als äußere Hülle denn Ursache europäischer Überlegenheit gedeutet. Tiefgrei- fende Sozialreformen wurden nur ergriffen, um der Regierung den direkten Zugriff auf alle Teile der Bevölkerung zu ermöglichen. Weitreichende partizipative Elemente, die das Vorbild Europa mit seinen parlamentarischen Monarchien und Demokratien bieten konnte und von Europäern auch als spezifisch europäische Werte und Freiheiten defi- niert wurden, wurden nur von einem Teil der Intellektuellen gefordert. Europas Vorbild- funktion im sozialpolitischen Bereich beschränkte sich dadurch nur auf kleine Kreise der Bevölkerung. Zu bedenken bleibt die besondere Beziehungsgeschichte Japans zu Deutschland und warum Tamai einen „Underdog-Partner“ wie Deutschland wählt, um die anderen dominanten Mächte herauszufordern. Deutsche Experten waren in vielen Bereichen der Modernisierung Japans während der Meiji-Reformen angestellt worden. Die erfolgreichen Einigungskriege Deutschlands dienten als Vorbild für den erwarteten Erfolg der eigenen Modernisierungsbemühungen, ebenso wie die starke Stellung des Kaisers in der Reichsverfassung und die eingeschränkten Befugnisse des Parlaments. Allerdings wurde dieses Deutschlandbild entscheidend durch die Beteiligung des Deut- schen Reiches an der Intervention von Shimonoseki 1895 getrübt. Da das Deutsche Reich hier im Verbund mit Russland und Frankreich Japan nach dem gewonnenen chi- nesisch-japanischen Krieg dazu zwang, auf weitreichende Gebietsansprüche gegenüber China zu verzichten, Teile Chinas aber 1897 selbst annektierte, fällt die Gründung die- ser Zeitung in die Zeit gespannter japanisch-deutscher Beziehungen. So wurden denn auch die europäischen Staaten von vielen Japanern als unmoralisch wahrgenommen, da sie in ihrem Streben nach Macht und Geld jedes Prinzip verrieten. In dieser Situation Allianzen zu bilden und Partner aus dem europäischen Block herauszubrechen, lag da- her im Interesse der eigenen Souveränität. Diese gegenseitige Wahrnehmung als Bedro- hung verschärfte sich nach dem Sieg über Russland 1905. Japan wurde vom Westen nun teilweise als Gefahr wahrgenommen – man denke nur an die größere Debatte der „Gelben Gefahr“ –, eher selten als gleichwertige Macht. Doch hatte der einheitliche Block Europa schon vorher Risse bekommen. Denn während sich im Boxerkrieg Euro- pa scheinbar einig gegen einen asiatischen Gegner stellte und die japanische Rolle in der Öffentlichkeit minimalisiert wurde, ging England 1902 eine Allianz mit Japan ein.

Weak Europe

In anderen Punkten – Kultur, Zivilisation, Staatlichkeit, Ökonomie – beanspruchten Asiaten Ebenbürtigkeit. Insofern ist der hier vorgelegte Text im Gesamtzusammenhang der Machtasymmetrie zwischen europäischen und außereuropäischen Mächten ein un- gewöhnliches Beispiel, aber ein Beispiel japanischen – und vielleicht sogar schon – asiatischen Selbstbewusstseins schon vor 1900. In wirtschaftlichen Dingen beansprucht man Gleichrangigkeit, im Erlernen von Sprachen scheint man den Europäer überlegen und auch bei „geistigen Gütern“ scheint man davon überzeugt zu sein, den

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Europäern noch etwas anbieten zu können. Europa wird hier also aus Sicht der Europäer degra- diert, eine Strategie, mit der sich Ost-Asien im Weiteren auf eine Stufe mit Europa stellt.

Mit den letzten beiden Punkten – Wirtschaft und Gleichrangigkeit – haben wir schon die Ebene der eigentlichen Quelle verlassen und wollen uns nun den weiteren Implikationen der von Tamai verwendeten Begriffe zuwenden. Einerseits sollen The- men angesprochen werden, die im Zusammenhang der Konstruktion der Einheit von Europa und Asien stehen, andererseits Konnotationen aufgedröselt werden. Interessant ist hier zuerst, was Tamai weglässt. Ein in dieser Zeit wichtiger Aspekt war die Frage des Christentums. Europas Einheit wurde vor allem aus seinen gemeinsamen christli- chen Wurzeln abgeleitet. Vor allem Großbritanniens Auftreten und Beharren auf christ- lichen Werten – aber auch Frankreichs Rolle als Schutzmacht katholischer Missionare – ließ diese Staaten als Vertreter eines aggressiven, missionarischen Christentums, und damit Kolonialismus, erscheinen. Das Christentum wurde daher in Asien eher als Ar- gument für eine heuchlerische Ummantelung von Machtansprüchen verstanden, wel- ches eine Expansion und ein Eingreifen in innere Angelegenheiten legitimieren sollte. Japan hatte hier eigene Erfahrungen mit den Missionsversuchen des 16. Jahrhunderts gemacht. Diese wurden als Bedrohung verstanden und führten mit zur Abschließung Japans gegenüber dem Westen unter dem Tokugawa-Shogunat. Andererseits konvertier- te ein Teil der neuen Elite Japans Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zum Christentum, um da- mit seine Affinität zum Westen zu betonen. Andererseits wurde in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts auf asiatischer Seite das Argument, das Christentum wäre eine asiatische Religion, herangezogen, um dadurch, zusammen mit dem Hinweis auf den Missbrauch der Mission, die Sonderrolle Europas zu untergraben. Dies wurde verbun- den mit dem Argument, die Europäer hätten das Christentum nur nicht richtig verstan- den und müssten daher vom Osten christliche Familienmodelle, Moral etc. wieder ler- nen. Dabei übernahmen sie die europäischen Zuschreibungen vom moralisch und religi- ös überlegenen, aber politisch und wirtschaftlich schwachen Asien; die Schuld hierfür wurde den Europäern zugeschrieben. Wissenschaftliche und religiöse Kongresse bele- gen die starke westliche Faszination an asiatischen Religionen (vom Weltparlament der Religionen 1893 in Chicago über den Berliner „5. Kongress für Freies Christentum und religiösen Fortschritt“ 1910 bis zu den buddhistischen Kongressen in Berlin und Lon- don in den 1930ern). Unter anderen war Rabindranath Tagores Ruhm in Europa und seine Briefwechsel mit Romain Rolland dieser Zuschreibung geschuldet, Swami Vive- kananda gründete schon Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts Yoga-Schulen für reiche Amerika- ner. Aber auch für manchen konservativen Christen diente der Verweis auf die asiati- schen Gesellschaften mit ihrem scheinbar traditionsverhafteten Familienbild und ihrer Alltagsreligiosität als Folie, um die Gottlosigkeit der eigenen Gesellschaft zu beklagen. Das Christentum wurde somit in zweifacher Hinsicht zu einem Symbol eines degene rierten Europas. Einmal, indem Missionierungsversuche als Ummantelung von Machtansprüchen gedeutet wurden, zum anderen, indem der Selbstdiskurs eines säkularisier- ten Europas aufgegriffen und in die Deutung eigener religiös-moralischer Überlegenheit umgemünzt wurde.

Tamai Kisak konstruierte, wie oben gezeigt, Europa eher als Kulturraum denn geographische Einheit. Doch bildet dieses geographische Europa eine Hintergrundfolie, die im Kern nur aus wenigen Nationen bestand, wie sich an den klassischen Bildungs- reiserouten asiatischer Besucher rekonstruieren lässt. Unabhängig von eventuellen ko- lonialen Abhängigkeiten bildeten Großbritannien, Frankreich und

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das Deutsche Reich das Zentrum. Danach folgten Italien, Österreich-Ungarn und Spanien sowie die Schweiz. Interessant werden diese Zuschreibungen immer dann, wenn einer westlichen Nation die Zugehörigkeit zu Europa abgesprochen wurde, wie dies mit Russland wäh- rend des russisch-japanischen Krieges geschah. Hier führte die Kombination von militä- rischer Schwäche mit angeblicher Barbarei und Rückständigkeit dazu, dass sich Japaner als europäischer als die Russen empfanden. Russlands Zugehörigkeit zu Europa war somit auch auf asiatischer Seite umstritten. Die Japaner stilisierten sich nach ihrem Sieg über Russland als Retter Europas, ja als nun Europa gleichberechtigt. So bezeichnet Tamai den Krieg zwischen Russland und Japan als „Kampf der Zivilisation gegen das Barbarentum“, wobei Russland der Barbar ist.10 Untersucht man andere Zeitschriften und Berichte, so sieht man, dass die Inder die englische Furcht vor Russland als Gegner im Great Game sehr genau wahrnahmen und in diesem Zusammenhang beständig das Argument von Russland als asiatischer Despotie hörten. Islamische Gruppen sahen in Russland, teilweise auch in Österreich-Ungarn und Großbritannien, den Gegner des Osmanischen Reiches und des Kalifen, und betrachteten damit Russland nicht als Teil einer nachahmenswerten Zivilisation. Das Fehlen einer religiösen Definition Europas spielt hier eine entscheidende Rolle. So schloss der Kulturbegriff aus nichteuropäischer Perspektive die Möglichkeit des Europäer-Werdens mit ein. Denn wenn Europa kein geographischer Begriff, sondern eine Bezeichnung für eine Zivilisationsstufe ist, konnte man hoffen, ein Teil Europas zu werden. Dies war auch ein entscheidender Punkt hinter vielen Modernisierungs- und „Verwestlichungs“-Bewegungen. Nur das scheinbar inklu- sive Modell einer Zugehörigkeit zur modernen, europäischen Welt konnte diese nach Innen legitimieren. Das berühmteste Beispiel ist sicher die dem Khediven Ismail Pascha zugeschriebene Aussage, Ägypten wäre nach den Reformen kein Teil Afrikas mehr, sondern läge in Europa.11 Und die Europäer forderten diese Reformen mit eben diesem Argument ein. Die ungleichen Verträge etc. würden aufgehoben, die Unabhängigkeit gewährt, sobald ein Land im Inneren und nach Außen europäische Standards eingeführt und umgesetzt hätte, so zumindest versprachen es die westlichen Mächte.

An inneren Werten aber bot Europa Asien scheinbar nichts. „Vom Westen lernen heißt siegen lernen“ bezog sich nur auf materielle Aspekte, wie der bekannte Ausspruch Zhang Zhidongs belegt: „chinesisches Lernen für das Substantielle, westliches Lernen für das Nützliche“. Insofern wurde zwar Europa als einheitliche Kultur, aber fragmen- tierte Macht erlebt, die eben nicht als in allen Bereichen überlegen definiert wurde zumindest am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts. Wenn man den technischen Vorsprung auf- holte, konnte man so ein Teil Europas werden ohne seine eigene kulturelle Identität auf- zugeben. Familien- und Geschlechterbeziehungen wurden oft thematisiert, doch eher selten zum Vorteile Europas. Besonders Japaner sahen ihren eigenen Patriotismus als überlegen an. Europa schien hier schon degeneriert, individualisiert, eine überreife Frucht, die nur noch gepflückt werden müsse. Auch wenn Tamai und mit ihm viele Ja- paner (und andere Asiaten) unverhohlen vieles an Deutschland bewunderten, man poch- te doch auf die eigene Überlegenheit und Unabhängigkeit. Europa war einerseits der junge Spund, der einem den eigenen Platz streitig machte, andererseits aber schon so dekadent und schwach, dass das Ende seiner Überlegenheit absehbar war. Dies wird vor allem an der Stelle über die Lernfähigkeit der Europäer und die Sprachbegabung der Deutschen im Besonderen deutlich. Ob dies nun eigenen Wünschen entsprang oder auf verallgemeinerbaren Beobachtungen beruhte, lässt sich anhand dieses Quellentextes nicht beantworten.

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The source text in time context

Finally there must be mentioned that the preface of the ‘East-Asia’ with its self-conscious tone in an exceptional source of this period. It is an exception that the magazine was published by the Asians, as well as the Asian part pleaded very confidentially for itself. Other known magazines, like the Indian ‘The Modern Review’, reflected an ambivalent self-image. For Asian authors the status of the British colony, that India had, represented a (reasoning) problem in argumentation. On the one side India was prud of itself, on the other it was seen as it had an inferior feeling towards Europeans. Else, they expressed critics in their mother tongue or via dedicated pamphlets. The confident style in “East-Asia” seems to be symptomatic/characteristic to Japanese authors, that is for sure due to the fact that Japan was not only formally independent (unlike India), but the modernization progress was also visible (in contrast to China). Therefore, here should not be any strict separation in (opinion of a) Japanese in Germany, and discussions led in Asia. Just as Tamai always kept contact with his (Japanese) homeland, in order to act like an up to date economic mediator – as well as attractive to the audience – so had this homeland interest in the meaning of the Western experts. From whom the idea about it came first, that is difficult to say, also because at that time the Western elite took its form increasingly. Was it because of their politeness as guests, of out of some political considerations, the position of Asians in Europe, as they see it, was generally speaking very cautiously formulated. But that changed over the time -the World War I was one of the dramatic moments. Even so, this magazine itself was something special. It was one of the few regular and inclusive sources of Asian concepts of Europe and their homelands, contrasted with the European self-image. The periodical (magazine) that speaks out the perspective of a (guest)foreigner in such broad period of time in this way (stylistically seen), also speaks about how it was of a great interest for Europeans, respectively to Germany, what Asians – say Japanese – have to say about Europe.