CEPS, Brussels23-24 March 2015

EuroCPR 2015New Intermediaries in the Hyperconnected Society

PROGRAMME

ABSTRACTS

BIOS

CONTENT

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PROGRAMME

MONDAY, 23 MARCH 14.00 - 15.00 Registration and Welcome Coffee

15.00 - 17.00 Opening session Chair: Andera Renda, CEPS, Chair of the Scientific Committee of EuroCPR

15.00 - 15.10 Welcome

15.10 - 15:45 Keynote 1: Towards a Digital Single Market: Making most of the Internet economy

Anna Herold, European Commission

15.45 - 16.20 Keynote 2: The Market Dynamics of Platforms: Competition and innovation

Annabelle Gawer, Imperial College Business School

16.20 - 16.55 Keynote 3: Internet TV in Europe Janneke Sloetjes, Netflix

17.00 - 17.30 Coffee break

17.30 - 19.00 Session 1: Competition and industrial policies for an hyper-connected world

Chair: Richard Cawley, European Commission Mergers and acquisitions in TV production, aggregation

and distribution: challenges for competition, industrial and media policy

Tom Evens (iMinds-MICT, UGent) and Karen Donders (iMinds-SMIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel)

Discussant: Anastasia Constantelou, University of Aegean

Market definition and dominance on online search engines, social networks: Is EU competition policy up for the challenge?

Inge Graef (ICRI/CIR - KU Leuven – iMinds) Discussant: Payal Malik, CPRSouth

19.30 - 22.00 Conference dinner at Restaurant De Ultieme Hallucinatie

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TUESDAY, 24 MARCH 8.30 - 9.10 Registration and Welcome Coffee

9.10 - 9.45 Keynote 4: The Public’s Interest in Digital IntermediariesRobin Mansell, LSE and Former Chair of the EuroCPR Scientific Committee

9.45 - 10.45 The Plurality DialogueChair: Damian Tambini, Director of LSE Media Policy Project

Panel:• Natali Helberger, Professor of Information Law,

University of Amsterdam• Simon Milner, Policy Director, Facebook UK, Middle East

and Africa• Matthew Rogerson, Head of Public Policy,

The Guardian Media Group

10.45 - 11.15 Coffee break

11.15 - 13.10 Sessions 2A and 2BSESSION 2A – REGULATION IN THE INTEREST OF USERSChair: Jean Pierre Chamoux, Université Paris Descartes

Protecting ePrivacy in the Digital Age - Towards a better scoping of the European electronic communications privacy framework.Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius (UVA) and Joris Van Hoboken (NYU)Discussant: Achim Klabunde, EDPS

Governance of Algorithms: Options and LimitationsFlorian Saurwein, Natascha Just and Michael Latzer (University of Zurich),Discussant: Loretta Anania, European Commission

Playing hide-and-seek? A legal perspective on the complex distinction between commercial and editorial content in new digital advertising formats. Liesbeth Hellemans, Eva Lievens and Peggy Valcke (ICRI/CIR - KU Leuven – iMinds)Discussant: Chris Marsden, University of Sussex

SESSION 2B – AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA AND POLICYChair: Ross Biggam, ACT

Regulating the Gatekeepers: New bottlenecks in the distribution of media. Marko Milosavljevic (University of Ljubljana)Discussant: Martjin Poel, Technopolis Group

Towards sustainable financing models for television production? Challenges for audiovisual policy support in small media markets. Tim Raats (iMinds-SMIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel), Tom Evens (iMinds-MICT, UGent) and Caroline Pauwels (iMinds-SMIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel)Discussant: Godefroy Dang Nguyen, Telecom Bretagne

Media diversity and new information intermediaries – A critical review from the perspective of information law, media economics, as well as audience reception and effects research.Natali Helberger (UvA), Katharina Kleinen-Von Königslöw (University of Zurich) and Rob Van der Noll (SEO Economic Research)Discussant, Damian Tambini, LSE

13.10 - 14.00 Lunch

14.00 - 15.40 International Session: New Competition Issues and International ComparisonChair: Jean-Paul Simon, JPS Consulting

Over-The-Top Services: On Top of Regulatory Developments? Comparing EU and US Approaches to Ensuring Fair Competition, Consumer Protection and Net Neutrality in Relation to OTT Services. Rob Frieden (Penn State University), Peggy Valcke (ICRI/CIR - KU Leuven – iMinds) and Sören Vandeweyer (KU Leuven)Discussant: Jan Krancke, Deutsche Telekom

Competition Policy and Digital Intermediaries- An Indian Perspective, Payal Malik, (CPRSouth), Competition Commission of India Competition or Partnership: Challenges and trends in the converged ICT eco-system, Dr. Eun-Ju Kim, ITU

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15.40 -16.10 Coffee break

16.10 - 17.40 Sessions 3New Intermediaries, changing actors and business modelsChair: Lorenzo Pupillo, Telecom Italia

The new middlemen of the digital age: The case of cinemaPierre Jean Benghozi (Ecole Polytechnique Paris), Elisa Salvador (Ecole Polytechnique Paris) and Jean Paul Simon (JPS Consulting)Discussant: Sophie de Vinck, European Commission

Sketching the Outline of a Ghost: The Fair Balance between Copyright and Fundamental Rights in Intermediary LiabilityChristina Angelopoulos (University of Amsterdam)Discussant: Kristina Irion, University of Amsterdam

17.40 – 18.00 Concluding remarksAndrea Renda, CEPS, Chair of the Scientific Committee of EuroCPR

18.00 – 19.00 Closing reception: 30 years of EuroCPRABSTRACTS

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PLAYING HIDE-AND-SEEK? - A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE COMPLEX DISTINCTION BETWEEN COMMERCIAL AND EDITORIAL CONTENT IN HYBRID ADVERTISING FORMATSLiesbeth Hellemans, Eva Lievens, Peggy ValckeTrends related to digitisation and convergence have led to the emergence of various highly sophisticated advertising formats. Advertisers who traditionally distributed their commercial messages through mostly national mass media platforms now increasingly distribute commercial content through a variety of emerging digital platforms, networks and devices. As such, commercial messages on traditional media, such as television, are extended to techniques such as digital TV overlays, clickable banners or pop-ups and brand presence on social media. These advertising formats are characterised by a specific feature: the advertising content (i.e. the persuasive, commercial message), is often embedded into the non-promotional media content (i.e. entertainment, information) in a more or less integrated manner. In other words, in these advertising strategies, the link between advertising, information and media content is increasingly blurred. This absence of a clear distinction between the editorial and promotional content seems to be contrary to the specific legal requirement set forth in European and national regulatory instruments, i.e. that ‘audiovisual commercial communications shall be readily recognisable as such’ (Audiovisual Media Services Directive). Fundamental questions raise as to (1) whether the explicit identification and separation principles need to be revisited against the continuously changing advertising and media landscape and (2) how this (whether positive or negative) could be implemented in practice. The paper intends to address both questions. In essence, it will examine the impact of the embedded nature of new advertising strategies on the legally required separation between editorial and commercial content and, more in particular, the legal requirement to ensure ‘recognisable audiovisual commercial communication’. The origins of these concepts and their key elements will be examined in detail and applied to various concrete advertising formats. Next, the implementation in national legislation and a number of decisions of media regulators will be analysed in order to assess how the principles are interpreted in practice. Finally, the paper will explore European developments in this area.

MEDIA DIVERSITY AND NEW INFORMATION INTERMEDIARIES – A CRITICAL REVIEW FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INFORMATION LAW, MEDIA ECONOMICS, AS WELL AS AUDIENCE RECEPTION AND EFFECTS RESEARCHNatali Helberger, Katharina Kleinen-Von Königslöw and Rob Van der Noll

New players in the competition for the attention of users have entered the scene. And some of them are very powerful. Mathias Döpfner’s open letter to Google’s Eric Schmidt echoes the concerns of many about the influence of the new information intermediaries on information markets, public spheres and individual minds but also on the realization of established values, such as media pluralism and diversity. Even more so, the question of how to deal with the potential challenges from new information intermediaries for the ‘marketplace of ideas’ and the provision of a diverse information offer is a central subject to ongoing policy consultations at the European and national level. In this context, Google, Facebook & Co. are often referred to as “gatekeepers” or “bottlenecks to information access”. They would influence the choices users make, or the extent to which third party information providers have access to the audience (=market), not at least because of the particular market power some of these intermediaries have. 

The goal of this paper is to critically examine, if, and if so under which conditions, the new information intermediaries can be considered bottlenecks in diverse information markets, and to what extent existing instruments to exercise control over gatekeepers and bottleneck situations are potentially useful also in relation to new information intermediaries. Can provisions such as the provisions about access to platforms, the presentational aspects of EPG’s but also the provisions about media concentration be usefully applied to address the challenges for a diverse media landscape that the new intermediaries pose? To this extent, the paper will also point out similarities and differences between bottleneck concerns now and in the past. 

GOVERNANCE OF ALGORITHMS: OPTIONS AND LIMITATIONSFlorian Saurwein, Natascha Just, Michael Latzer Algorithms on the Internet increasingly shape our daily lives and realities. They select information elements, automatically assign relevance to them and keep people from drowning in a growing flood of digital information. The benefits of algorithms are accompanied by risks and governance challenges on how to minimize them. This paper categorizes the risks and systematically discusses the adequacy of governance options. It discusses basic assumptions regarding the rationales, options and limitations for the governance of algorithms. It concludes that there are no one-size-fits-all solutions (e.g., by the market, the industry or the state) and calls for continued technology and risk assessment.

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OVER-THE-TOP SERVICES: ON TOP OF REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS? COMPARING EU AND US APPROACHES TO ENSURING FAIR COMPETITION, CONSUMER PROTECTION AND NET NEUTRALITY IN RELATION TO OTT SERVICESPeggy Valcke , Sören Vandeweyer ,Rob Frieden The rise of Over-the-Top (OTT) services makes it possible for users to ‘by-pass’ traditional electronic communications services (ECS) providers for various applications such as Skype, Facetime, WhatsApp, Netflix, YouTube, etc. Consumer migration to new OTT services puts pressure on existing business models and has provoked traditional ECS providers to consider using blocking or throttling techniques, resulting in intense policy discussions about net neutrality on both sides of the Atlantic. The growing popularity of OTT services also challenges existing regulatory frameworks. While traditional ECS providers have to comply with a set of wide ranging rules, OTT providers seem able to largely escape this burden. This raises concerns about whether or not there is a level playing field from a competitive perspective, but also about the impact on consumer protection.

Our paper will provide a comparative legal analysis of the EU and US regulatory frameworks for electronic communications, resp. telecommunications to assess the benefits and drawbacks of each system. With regard to the EU, we will examine to what extent regulatory authorities have the tools to identify and remedy anti-competitive practices that may affect OTT providers under the significant market power (SMP) regime. We also will evaluate to what extent service-specific definitions in relation to traditional consumer safeguards (transparency, quality of service, portability and interoperability, and data protection in electronic communications) may prevent NRAs from imposing such regulations and safeguards on OTT providers. This will be contrasted with the US model where the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) applies statutory definitions created by the national legislature and has created a dichotomy between regulated telecommunications services, subject to significant regulatory oversight, and information services, subject far less regulation. The recent decision by the FCC (of February 26th) to reclassify broadband Internet access as a telecommunications service subject to extensive ex ante regulatory safeguards will be integrated in the analysis.The method adopted will be mainly doctrinal legal research by looking at the relevant literature, EU and US legislation, case law and policy documents to identify the differences between the EU and the US approaches related to OTT-services and net neutrality.

PROTECTING E-PRIVACY IN THE DIGITAL AGE - TOWARDS A BETTER SCOPING OF THE EUROPEAN ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS PRIVACY FRAMEWORKJoris van Hoboken & Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

We use electronic communications networks for many purposes, including commerce, social interaction, media access, and interaction with government. The regulatory frameworks for protecting privacy-related interests of users of these networks are under significant pressure. The current restriction of many e-Privacy provisions to publicly available communications networks means that the protection of user interests leaves large gaps. We argue that the scope of the rules could be developed using three approaches: (i) a service-centric approach, (ii) a data-centric approach, and (iii) a value-centric approach. Policymakers should be aware that each of the approaches has strengths and weaknesses which we discuss in the paper.

REGULATING THE GATEKEEPERS – NEW BOTTLENECKS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF MEDIAMarko Milosavljević,

As framework of media regulation aims at providing the conditions for plurality and diversity of media, amongst others, it focuses on ‘traditional’ media: print, broadcasting. Regulation of online media is developing, however a wider perspective is needed, including the role of (new) gatekeepers (who are often not defined as ‘media’) who become more and more prominent. As distributional issues and distributional gatekeeping persist, the issue of regulating the distribution channels or gatekeepers in this new context, through adequate media policy, becomes increasingly relevant.

Concept of gatekeeping (White, 1950; Breed, 1955; Tuchman, 1978; Gans, 1979) is the key theoretical approach. The key new gatekeepers within this new ecosystem are the search engines and social media platforms. These gatekeepers are becoming increasingly relevant in terms of income and economic strength; trends of users’ spending time and other habits; and as a pathway to news. At the same time these gatekeepers are also increasingly performing certain media-like activities, however the regulatory framework for these gatekeepers and for their media-like activities has not been established yet, representing an important research and regulatory gap. Therefore it is relevant to analyze how these gatekeepers function and what framework is (if at all) regulating their activities regarding the content and its selection, particularly in regards to old gatekeepers and traditional media.

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Methodology is based on the (qualitative) analysis that includes self-regulatory documents (Terms of Service and others) on one hand and existing regulatory documents on the other, relating to the new gatekeepers; analysis of these documents is augmented with case studies of particular gatekeepers and their decisions and behaviour in particular examples.

The main results show that, as presently constructed, the self-regulatory and regulatory policies are in flux and under-formed. New gatekeepers’ rulings regarding selection or removal of certain content is frequently arbitrary and inconsistent, and there is an important lack of transparency both of the general content-related policies or particular decisions.

MARKET DEFINITION AND DOMINANCE ON ONLINE SEARCH ENGINES AND SOCIAL NETWORKS: IS EU COMPETITION POLICY UP FOR THE CHALLENGE?Inge Graef

Online search engines and social networks are characterized by their network economy features, their multi-sided nature and the predominance of innovation over price as a dimension of competition. Because of these specific features, the standard approach towards market definition and assessment of dominance may have to be adapted to reliably assess competition issues in these industries. The paper maintains that the existing competition tools are flexible enough to be adequately applied to search engines and social networks. It is argued that, in order to take the fast-moving nature of these industries into account, relevant markets have to be defined more loosely instead of along strict product boundaries and that potential competition constitutes a better indicator for dominance than market shares. Such an approach would make competition analysis more conducive to innovation and would better recognize its role in dynamic sectors such as the online intermediary industry.

THE NEW MIDDLEMEN OF THE DIGITAL AGE: THE CASE OF CINEMAPierre-Jean Benghozi, Elisa Salvador, Jean-Paul Simon

Abstract: Like other media industries, the cinema is faced with globalization on the one hand, the emergence of new distribution on-line channels on the other hand. During the past three decades, digital technologies have been usually introduced in the three main streams (production, distribution, and exhibition) that characterize the value chain of the cinema industry. The relationships between technology and content creation in innovative firms highlight the emergence of a new category of actors: the middlemen of the digital age. Far beyond the well-known information-based intermediation, these middlemen develop their position from the control and mastering of technological skills. The paper traces and characterizes the changes in these streams by focusing on some selected case-studies of new intermediaries in the cinema industry through a description of their role and position within the wider ecosystem of IT and media.

MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS IN TV BROADCASTING AND DISTRIBUTION: CHALLENGES FOR COMPETITION, INDUSTRIAL AND MEDIA POLICYTom Evens, Karen Donders

Pay-TV markets, both in Europe and in the United States, have seen an acceleration of merger and acquisition activity since 2013. The New Wave of mergers and acquisitions is characterized by far-going consolidation in distribution markets and concentration among content providers and distributors. This paper focuses on the on-going consolidation wave in and between broadcasting and distribution, and discusses the implications for competition, industrial and media policy both at the national and European level. Since policymakers are struggling how to deal with the impact of merger and acquisition activity in broadcasting and distribution, and to assess the impact of global behemoths in local TV ecosystems, this paper questions the role for policymakers in this regulatory process and aspires to set a forward-looking perspective on the regulation of mergers and acquisitions in the TV industry. It is argued that while EU competition policy has difficulties to fully grasp anti-competitive effects resulting from vertical M&A activity in particular, industrial and media-specific policies dealing with the creation of an economically and culturally sustainable, European broadcasting and distribution sector are virtually absent from national and European policy agendas. It is particular in the latter two domains of policymaking that policy action is necessary.

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TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FINANCING MODELS FOR TELEVISION PRODUCTION? CHALLENGES FOR AUDIOVISUAL POLICY SUPPORT IN SMALL MEDIA MARKETS Tim Raats, Tom Evens and Caroline Pauwels

This paper sets out from a contextual perspective to describe and evaluate the mix or ‘policy toolkits’ available for policymakers to sustain the financing of tv drama production in small countries, and the mechanisms to support a viable television production sector. It questions how and to what existing TV production in small nations is affected by international and national shifts caused by multiplication of distribution platforms and shifts in media consumption, and to what extent these challenges affect existing ecosystems of TV production. Basing on an evaluation of existing financing and supporting mechanisms for media policymakers, the paper analyzes the sustainability of existing support and new instruments media policymakers have for future-proof regulation and support for domestic quality content. Evidence from this paper derives from a large-scale analysis of the Flemish audiovisual sector. The research is based on analysis of policy and sector documents (annual reports, press releases, policy documents, legislation), secondary data retrieved from TV producers and broadcasters and a series of semi-structured expert interviews and roundtable discussions with representatives of media organizations along the broadcasting value chain.

SKETCHING THE OUTLINE OF A GHOST: THE FAIR BALANCE BETWEEN COPYRIGHT AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN INTERMEDIARY LIABILITYChristina Angelopoulos

In recent years, the national courts of the EU Member States, in an attempt to stem the flow of rampant online copyright infringement, have increasingly sought a convenient enforcement tool in the imposition of obligations on internet intermediaries whose websites and networks are used by the primary wrongdoers. Duties to prevent or remove infringing material have also proliferated.

The emerging case law governing the limits to the imposition of such obligation has rested heavily on the notion of a “fair balance” between conflicting fundamental rights. While recognising that copyright is protected as a fundamental right under Art. 17(2) the EU’s Charter of Fundamental Rights, the CJEU has emphasised that it is not absolute and must therefore be reconciled with the counter-balancing fundamental rights of others

(most notably the right of the intermediary to conduct a business and the rights of its users to the protection of their personal data and their freedom of expression). This has elevated the discussion on intermediary liability to the hierarchically higher legal plane of primary law, while also providing a legal basis in EU law beyond the limited reach of the E-Commerce Directive.

But the vagueness of the basic rules invoked inevitably results in poor guidance as to the appropriate solutions. The individual cases heard only shed light on the specific circumstances that concerned them. As a result, the CJEU’s rulings fail to illuminate the boarder picture: where does this “fair balance” lie? Currently, no general standard is discernible. The result is legal uncertainty for intermediaries and right-holders and chilling effects on the exercise of fundamental rights. In other words, as AG Mazák noted in Case C-47/07 Masdar, “as is generally the case with general principles of law as a legal source, until there is settled case-law on the matter discussing the concrete content of such a principle can be very much like discussing the shape of a ghost.”

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BIOS

LORETTA ANANIALoretta.Anania@ec.europa.euLoretta Anania works the European Commission, DG Communication Networks Content & Technologies, in the Net Innovation Unit. She has a BA from Sussex University (UK) and a PhD from MIT where she worked at the Media. She has published in the domains of internet policy (access pricing for broadband) and on user interfaces (eg audio, haptics, cognitive, brain) while working in the DG’s FET unit. She was invited by the Australian government to launch the very first S&T Agreement signed by the EU (Israel, Canada and others followed). Dr Anania was twice elected Chairman of the Board of the International Telecommunications Society (www.its-world.org) and she serves as scientific editor for Communication & Strategies journal (IDATE France) and on the Steering committee of QoMEX (www.qomex.org) .

CHRISTINA ANGELOPOULOS C.J.Angelopoulos@uva.nlChristina Angelopoulos is a Ph.D. candidate at the Institute for Information Law (IViR) of the University of Amsterdam. Her thesis will focus on the European harmonisation of the substantive rules on the civil liability of internet intermediaries for copyright infringements committed by their users.

PIERRE-JEAN BENGHOZIpierre-jean.benghozi@polytechnique.eduPierre-Jean Benghozi is Research Director at the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and professor at Ecole polytechnique (Paris). He developed, since the early eighties, a pioneering research group on Information Technology, Telecommunications, Media and Culture. Co-Chairman of AIMAC, the largest international Conference for Art and Culture Management, he is also board member of scientific committees in highest French institutions, international scientific conferences and academic journals. His competencies made him appointed commissioner and member of the executive board of the French national regulatory authority for electronic communications (ARCEP).

ROSS BIGGAM rb@acte.beAfter studying at Exeter and Saarbrücken, Ross started work as deputy Legal Adviser to the House of Lords EU Select Committee before joining ITV, the leading commercial broadcaster in the UK, where he ended up as Head of European Affairs.

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In April 2000, he moved to Brussels to become Director General of the Association of Commercial Television in Europe (ACT) which represents the business interests of the commercial television sector at the EU institutions. Its member companies are active in 37 European countries and encompass several business models, from free-to-air television broadcasters to multimedia groups and digital TV platform operators. The ACT is regularly consulted by the EU institutions on all aspects of the media business, including content regulation, copyright and competition cases. Ross is a visiting Professor in Creative and Cultural Industries at the University of Glasgow and is a regular speaker at industry, EU and academic conferences.

RICHARD CAWLEYRichard.Cawley@ec.europa.euDr. Richard Cawley has worked for the European Commission since 1983 (in DG Economics, DG Information Society and currently in the Directorate General for Research and Innovation). He is also a Research Associate at Delft University of Technology and a Fellow of the Centre for Science and Policy, Cambridge University.He studied at Leicester University and Cambridge University (Mathematics), Simon Fraser University (Economics) and has a PhD from Delft University.He first attended CPR conferences in the 1990s whilst he was working on the EU’s legislative programme in telecommunications.

JEAN-PIERRE CHAMOUXjean-pierre.chamoux@parisdescartes.frProfessor CHAMOUX joined the University Paris Descartes in 2001. An industrial engineer by training (Ecole centrale Paris 1963) he received his Doctor’s degree in 1967 from the University of Paris and a Master’s Degree from the University of Wisconsin (1964). Pr. Chamoux chaired from 1995 to 1998 the Office for Service Industries in the French government. He managed the research centre “Droit & Informatique” in Paris from 1975 to 1998. From 1986 to 1989, he headed the Regulatory Authority for Post & Telecommunications in the French Administration.He published several books on communications, industrial policies & public services and many articles in France & abroad (power, telecoms, water supply, media etc.). Director of a publishing house from 1972 to 1986 he was the editor of a quarterly journal “Le Communicateur” established in 1986.Pr. Chamoux is an active member of the Paris based NGO “Centre d’études & de recherche stratégique”. He is also a member of the European Parliament policy group “European Ideas Network”. Co-founder of the yearly seminar

Euro CPR 30 year ago he chaired the TU Delft (NL) scientific advisory group on “Next Generation Infrastructures” established in 1997 with the support of the Dutch Government dealing with transportation, communication, power, sewage and water supply.

ANASTASIA CONSTANTELOUa.konstantelou@fme.aegean.grDr Anastasia Constantelou is Associate Professor of Innovation Management at the University of Aegean in Greece and Tutor at the MBA Programme of the Hellenic Open University. She has a background in Informatics and in Science and Technology Policy Studies. She has been a consultant to the OECD on communication regulatory aspects and has significant experience as leader and partner in national and European research projects. During her career she has held visiting research positions at the IKU Innovation Research Centre in Budapest, TU Delft, and Copenhagen Business School. Her research interests include IT-related business management methods and their implications on the behavior and performance of firms, and the social, organisational, economic and regulatory factors influencing digital participation and inclusiveness.

SOPHIE DE VINCKsophie.devinck@gmail.comSophie De Vinck is currently a case handler at the European Commission’s DG Competition, dealing with State aid control in the area of information, communication and media. Before that, she was senior researcher within the centre for Studies on Media Information and Telecommunication (SMIT) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. She initially joined SMIT as a PhD researcher and successfully defended her doctoral dissertation on the digital challenges facing the European film industries and European-level film support in 2011. Her research focuses on the film industries, digital evolutions and related policy-making efforts. She was involved in research projects on these subjects at the regional/national and European level and has published several articles in edited books and international journals.

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Dr Annabelle Gawer is an expert on digital platforms such as Google and Facebook.The highly-cited author of two landmark books on platforms (Platform Leadership, and Platform, Markets and Innovation) as well as numerous articles in top international journals, Dr. Gawer’s seminal research on platform leadership and innovation ecosystems explains how innovation and competition interact to shape platform-based markets such as mobile telecom, digital payment, consumer electronics, Internet-of-Things, etc...Dr. Annabelle Gawer has an in-depth understanding of and how technology and business decisions interact in Internet-based businesses. She worked in telecom for and was trained first as an engineer in France (Ecole des Mines) and in the USA (Stanford MSc), prior to earning her PhD at MIT. Annabelle has advised policy makers (the European Commission) on a number of digital strategy issues. As a member of advisory boards of internet startups or as a consultant for established international companies, she helps companies formulate, evaluate, and implement platform business strategies. Her specialty is to help companies develop the right platform business models and manage the development of innovative ecosystems around their platform technologies. She has consulted with or taught master-classes to IBM, Vodafone, Telefonica, AT&T, Microsoft, Philips, Nokia, Symbian, SAP, DaimlerChrysler, Ingenico, Gemalto, Siemens, ARUP, FinMeccanica, MACE, etc. Dr. Gawer’s books and articles have been translated in Chinese and Japanese, and she is regularly invited to address international audiences as a keynote speaker in both business conferences and academic conferences.

INGE GRAEFInge.Graef@law.kuleuven.beInge Graef is a PhD researcher at the Interdisciplinary Centre for Law and ICT / Centre for Intellectual Property Rights (ICRI/CIR) - KU Leuven - iMinds. Her PhD research, funded by a scholarship from the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO), deals with the role of personal data in competition law in the context of online platforms such as search engines, social networks and e-commerce platforms. Inge studied at the universities of Maastricht and Nijmegen where she obtained, respectively, a master’s degree in European law and a master’s degree in Dutch law focusing on competition, intellectual property and corporate law. Prior to joining KU Leuven in October 2012, she performed traineeships at the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs dealing with competition and public procurement policy issues, and at the European Commission’s DG Competition where she worked on various competition investigations in the ICT sector. In Fall 2014, Inge was a visiting researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition in Munich.

KAREN DONDERSkdonders@vub.ac.beKaren Donders is Professor Policy Analysis and European Media Markets at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. She is a Senior Research at the Center for Studies on Media Information and Telecommunication (iMinds-SMIT). She specializes in Western European media policies, public service media policies and strategies, and the interplay between media policy and economics. She has published widely on these issues in peer-reviewed journals and edited volumes.

TOM EVENSTom.Evens@UGent.beTom Evens is Senior Researcher at the Research Group for Media & ICT (iMinds-MICT) at Ghent University, Belgium. He specialises in the economics and policies of digital media markets, and has published widely on managerial issues of the media in international peer-reviewed journals and edited volumes.

ROB FRIEDENrmf5@psu.eduRob Frieden serves as Pioneers Chair and Professor of Telecommunications and Law at Penn State University where he teaches courses in the law, regulation and technology of telecommunications and the Internet.  He also provides legal, regulatory, management and market forecasting consultancy services in such diverse fields as business development, Internet commerce, regulatory reform and carrier facilities interconnection. Professor Frieden has provided The World Bank and other institutions with background on how new technologies operate as well as models for effective government oversight of carriers providing broadband services.  Additionally Professor Frieden has advised several national regulatory authorities on the need for legislative and regulatory amendments to recalibrate regulation of next generation networks. He has authored over 100 academic articles and four books and created a provocative blog containing his thoughts and analyses of important legal, regulatory, marketplace and cultural issues in the information, communications and entertainment (“ICE”) sectors:http://telefrieden.blogspot.com/. For his personal homepage and publication list, see: http://www.personal.psu.edu/rmf5/. 

ANNABELLE GAWERa.gawer@imperial.ac.ukDr Annabelle Gawer is Associate Professor in Strategy and Innovation, Imperial College Business School. An award-winning business school academic,

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NATALI HELBERGERN.Helberger@uva.nlNatali Helberger is professor in Information Law at the Institute for Information Law. She studied Law at the Freie Universität Berlin and received her doctorate from the University of Amsterdam. Her thesis, Controlling Access to Content: Regulating Conditional Access in Digital Broadcasting (2005), examines the regulation of technical gateways and their implications for information law and policy, competition law and consumer rights and interests. Natali specialises in the regulation of converging information and communications markets. Focus points of her research are the interface between technique and information law, user rights and the changing role of the user in information law and policy. Natali has conducted research for the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Council of Europe and national governments and regulators, and is a regular speaker at national and international conferences. Among her present projects is a multi-disciplinary project called ‘Personalized Communication’, which explores the implications from algorithmic profiling in the media for users, the public discourse and media law and policy.

LIESBETH HELLEMANSLiesbeth.hellemans@law.kuleuven.beLiesbeth Hellemans (ICRI/CIR - KU Leuven – iMinds) obtained her law degree at the Catholic University of Leuven, followed by a Master in International and Comparative Law (LL.M) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussels. Between 1997 and 2001, she was active as an attorney at the Bar of Leuven and Brussels. As of 2002, she has been working as an in-house legal counsel in private industry, where she built up a significant expertise in international contracts, outsourcing agreements, ICT law and data privacy. Liesbeth joined ICRI as a legal researcher on 1 December 2013. Her research focuses on cloud computing, media law and data protection. She is currently legal researcher in the AdLit project, a project on advertising literacy and children.

ANNA HEROLDAnna.HEROLD@ec.europa.euAnna Herold is currently Member of Cabinet of Günther H. Oettinger, European Commissioner responsible for Digital Economy and Society. She has been previously Assistant to Deputy Director-General of DG Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CONNECT) of the European Commission and before that she was in charge of electronic communications policy design in the Unit of this DG responsible for Regulatory Coordination & Business,

where she led a policy outreach team on the Telecoms Single Market initiative. She has worked for the European Commission since 2003, previously dealing with media and audiovisual policy as well as competition policy. Anna holds a PhD in Law from the European University Institute in Florence and has written widely on media law and policy, international trade and competition law.

KRISTINA IRIONK.Irion@uva.nlKristina Irion is a Marie Curie fellow at the Institute for Information Law (IViR) at the University of Amsterdam and faculty (on research leave) at the Departments of Public Policy and Legal Studies at Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. Her research project on governing digital information explores how cloud computing transforms the (legal) relationship between individuals and their information. Kristina is a member of the EuroCPR Organisation Committee and the Scientific Committee.

NATASCHA JUSTn.just@ipmz.uzh.chDr. Natascha Just is a senior research and teaching associate in the Media Change & Innovation Division, Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research (IPMZ), University of Zurich, Switzerland.

KATHARINA KLEINEN-VON KÖNIGSLÖWKatharina Kleinen-von Königslöw has recently joined the University of Zurich as a professor for political communication. She obtained her PhD in communication research at Jacobs University in Bremen, Germany, before continuing her research on content, reception and effects of political communication, at the University of Vienna, Austria, where she co-directed the MediaSide project as part of the Austrian Election Study.  A particular focus of her work are the transnationalization, entertainization and fragmentation of the political public sphere(s).

EUN-JU KIMeun-ju.kim@itu.intDr. Kim is currently Chief, Innovation & Partnership Department, BDT/International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is a UN Specialized Agency for telecommunications/ICTs, responsible for membership, partnership, resource mobilization, innovation, Study Groups of Development Sector, and ICT Development Funds. Prior to moving to the Headquarters, she has been

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serving as Regional Director of ITU Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific based in Thailand; Director for Regulatory Affairs at the ICO Global Communications based in the UK; Lecturer for Telecommunication Policies and Regulations at the London City University in the UK; and Senior Adviser to Ministers at the Ministry of Communications in the Republic of Korea. She has been educated from the Seoul National University in the Republic of Korea for the first Master’s Degree; the London City University in the UK for the second Master’s and Ph. Degrees; and the Harvard Kennedy School in the USA for Executive Education. She has been awarded by the Governments of R. O. Korea and Mongolia as well as ITU. She has over hundred’s books, articles, or speeches published, translated or presented in the cross-continents on such areas as international relations/organizations, development, governance, creative and innovative economies, and telecommunication/ICT policies, regulations and applications in the converged eco-system.

ACHIM KLABUNDE achim.klabunde@edps.europa.euAchim Klabunde is the Head of the IT Policy Sector at the European Data Protection Supervisor. His team is in charge of monitoring the development of technology, assessing its impact on data protection and advising the EDPS in its consultative and supervisory functions on technological aspects of data protection. He also coordinates the EDPS work on the Internet Privacy Engineering Network IPEN, launched in 2014. Before joining the EDPS, he worked on data protection, privacy and security of communications as a policy officer at the European Commission, in the Directorate General for Justice and before that in DG Information Society and Media where he dealt with privacy and trust in the EU telecoms framework. Before joining the EU administration, he had worked in the private sector for 15 years. Achim Klabunde has a master’s degree in Computer Science and Communications Research from Bonn University. He has worked in data management, network planning, data protection and IT security.

Dr. Jan Krancke is Vice President at Deutsche Telekom and heads the “Regulatory Strategy & Economics” division. He is responsible for regulatory strategy development and its group-wide implementation, academic relations as well as economic analysis. This includes inter alia the regulatory & political aspects of the convergence along the internet value chain, net neutrality, data analytics as well as issues surrounding standardisation and broadband deployment. Furthermore, the economic analysis of e.g. the Euro crisis, its macroeconomic consequences and political effects are part of the tasks of his team.

Before his current position he was Vice President “Regulatory Economics” at T-Mobile International and additionally vice chair of GSMA Europe from 2007 until 2010. He is an economist by education and holds a doctorate degree from the “Kiel Institute of World Economics”.

MICHAEL LATZERm.latzer@ipmz.uzh.chMichael Latzer is Professor of Communications at the Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research (IPMZ), University of Zurich, Switzerland, where he chairs the Media Change & Innovation Division.

EVA LIEVENSEva.lievens@law.kuleuven.be Eva Lievens (ICRI/CIR - KU Leuven – iMinds) has been a member of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Law & ICT (ICRI/CIR; www.icri.be; KU Leuven) since 2003 and is currently a Postdoctoral Research Fellow of the Research Fund Flanders. Her research focuses on legal challenges posed by new media phenomena, such as the regulation of audiovisual media services, user-generated content and social networks, with a specific focus on the protection of minors and fundamental rights. Eva is the Associate Editor of the International Encyclopaedia of Laws – Media Law, the Programme Coordinator of the Advanced Masters in Intellectual Property Rights and ICT Law, and a Guest Professor at Ghent University.

PAYAL MALIKpayal.malik@gmail.comPayal is Advisor, Economics at the Competition Commission of India. She heads the Economics Division at the Commission. She is currently on deputation from one of the constituent colleges of the University of Delhi, India, where she is an Associate Professor of Economics. She is also a Board Member, CPRsouth- a capacity building initiative to develop Asia-Pacific based information and communication technology (ICT) policy intellectuals. She has several research and professional collaborations. In the capacity of a Senior Research Fellow LIRNEasia, a regional ICT policy and regulation think tank active across the Asia Pacific, based in Sri Lanka, she headed LIRNEasia’s India programme. Her other academic collaborations have been with OECD, Orbicom, IDEI, University of Toulouse, University Of Québec at Montreal, CEPR, JRC, European Commission, IPTS Seville, ICEGEC, Hungary, Department of Information Technology, TRAI, Ministry of Power, Ministry of Information and

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Broadcasting, Planning Commission of India, CSO, India, WSP-SA, World Bank, Microsoft India, and AFD, Paris.

She has several years of research experience on the issues of competition and regulation in network industries like power, telecommunication and water. In addition, she has done considerable research on the ICT sector including competition issues in Hi-tech industries and IPR and antitrust interface.. Recently she has been actively engaged in competition policy research. She has written both for professional journals as well as for the economic press. She is a regular referee for the Information Technologies and International Development Journal and Telecommunications Policy Journal.

ROBIN MANSELLR.E.Mansell@lse.ac.ukRobin Mansell is Professor of New Media and the Internet in the Department of Media and Communications, LSE. She is internationally known for her work on the social, economic, and political issues arising from new information and communication technologies. She is a leading contributor to policy debates on the potential of and risks associated with the information society. She served as Head of the Media and Communications Department at LSE (2006-2009), President of the International Association for Media and Communication Research (2004-2008) and Scientific Chair of the EURO Communications Policy Research Conference (2008-2014). She is the author of numerous academic papers and books including Imagining the Internet: Communication, Innovation and Governance (OUP 2012), The International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication and Society (co-editor, Blackwell-Wiley 2015) and The Handbook of Global Media and Communication Policy (co-editor, Blackwell-Wiley 2011)

CHRIS MARSDENC.Marsden@sussex.ac.uk@ChrisTMarsden is Professor of Internet Law at the University of Sussex. He was formerly Professor of Law at Essex, having previously taught and researched at Warwick (1997-2000), Oxford (2004-5), LSE (1995-1997). He is author of four monographs on Internet law: “Regulating Code” (2013, MIT Press with Dr Ian Brown), “Net neutrality: Towards a Co-Regulatory Solution” (2010, Bloomsbury), “Internet Co-regulation: European Law, Regulatory Governance and Legitimacy in Cyberspace” (2011, Cambridge), “Codifying Cyberspace” (Routledge/Cavendish 2007 with Dr. D. Tambini, D. Leonardi). He is author of many refereed articles, book chapters, professional articles, papers in selected proceedings, keynote addresses, and other scholarly

contributons.Chris researches regulation by code - whether that be legal, software or social code. Chris is a committed interdisciplinarian, having published several jointly written papers, book chapters and articles with economists (Jonathan Cave and Campbell Cowie), computer scientists (Ian Brown), and social scientists (Damian Tambini, Stefan Verhulst, Colin Blackman, Christian Ahlert, Simon Forge and others). He is the author of the “Oxford Bibliography of Internet Law” (2012) and chapters on Internet law in several Handbooks. He is Principal Investigator [2014-16] in the DG Justice funded legal informatics project Openlaws.eu He is also Principal Investigator [2011-15] in the European Internet Science  (EINS) consortium, the pioneering interdisciplinary examination of the effects of the Internet on society, and how that should affect the future design of the Internet, leading two Joint Research Areas in the FP7 EINS project: http://www.internet-science.eu/groups/governance-regulation-and-standards

SIMON MILNERsimonm@fb.comSimon Milner is Facebook’s Policy Director for UK, Middle East and Africa, responsible for representing the company on issues such as privacy, safety, security and internet access. He joined the company in January 2012. He is a Board member of the UK Council for Child Internet Safety and is a Director of the Tinder Foundation. He previously held senior roles with BT, most recently as Director for Group Industry Policy, where he was responsible for policy development, articulation and advocacy on communications industry issues. Before BT he worked for the BBC including holding the position of Secretary, responsible for the Corporation’s governance and accountability.

MARKO MILOSAVLJEVIĆmarko.milosavljevic@fdv.uni-lj.si.Marko Milosavljević, (associate professor, Ph.D.), Department of Journalism, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. He was Chair of Department of Journalism from 2007 to 2011. He was a Chairman of the Expert commission for Pluralisation of Media at Slovenian Ministry of Culture from 2009-2010. He was a member of Experts’ group for new Mass Media Act (2009) and Public Broadcasting Act (2009) at Slovenian Ministry of Culture. He was a Chairman of Expert commission for radio and television programmes at Slovenian Ministry of Culture from 2002-2004. He is a member of National Committee for Information Society since 2010.

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GODEFROY DANG NGUYENgodefroy.dangnguyen@telecom-bretagne.euGodefroy Dang Nguyen is Professor and Deputy Scientific Director at Telecom Bretagne (France). He is also Head of the Marsouin research network, a Breton community of 70 researchers involved in the analysis and assessment of ICT usage in France. The Marsouin network regularly conducts inquiries in the field of ICT usage : At the moment, an ongoing one is the use of Wikipedia in the French population. Pr Dang Nguyen’s main research interest  is ICT usage by individuals and companies, but also the transformation of the economy through the diffusion of ICT, and its impact on public policies. He has written  five books, the last one entitled “Digitalization: The Economy of sharing and transactions” (in French).

CAROLINE PAUWELSCaroline.pauwels@vub.ac.beCaroline Pauwels has been director of the research group iMinds - SMIT - VUB (Studies on Media, Information & Telecommunication) since 1998. She lectures students, is a member of several media and culture related boards and is government representative for the Flemish public service broadcaster VRT. Her main domain of competence is in the field of European Audiovisual policy, media economy and convergence and concentration issues in media industries.She also heads up the iMinds Digital Society Department, a multidisciplinary department employing sociologists, communication scientists, philosophers, engineers and people from many different academic backgrounds. 

MARTIJN POELmartijn.poel@technopolis-group.comMartijn Poel has 15 years of experience in policy research and consulting. Fields of expertise include ICT and media, evaluation of information society policy, impact assessment of R&D programmes and design of innovation-friendly regulation. Recent projects include Cloud computing in public sectors (EC, DG Connect), evaluation of research infrastructures activity in FP7 (EC, DG Connect and DG RTD), evaluation of the Nanotech, Materials and Production theme in FP7 (EC, DG RTD), indicators for monitoring ICT research (EC, DG Connect), evaluation of management of FP6 and FP7 projects (EC, DG RTD) and policy support for creative industries and other regional economic and innovation clusters in the Netherlands (Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs). Early 2015, he manages projects about big data for policymaking (EC, DG Connect), Ireland’s future research infrastructure needs (Irish Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation), indicators for monitoring the Ambient Assisted Living Joint Programme (AAL JP) and regional economic and innovation clusters

in the Dutch provinces of Brabant and Limburg (Brabant Development Agency and Province of Limburg). In 2013, Martijn obtained his PhD from Delft University of Technology. The title is: The impact of the policy mix on service innovation: the formative and growth phases of the sectoral innovation system for Internet video services in the Netherlands. From 2009 to 2011, he was chair of the organization committee of the European Communications Policy Research conference (EuroCPR). Between 1999 and 2012, Martijn worked at TNO.    

LORENZO MARIA PUPILLO Lorenzo Maria PUPILLO is an Executive Director in the Public & Regulatory Affairs Unit of Telecom Italia. In this role he defines the strategy and development of Telecom Italia´s global Public Policy for Internet, ICTs and Energy, Next Generation Networks, technology issues and is providing Policy Advising to senior management. He also manages for Telecom Italia the relations with the OECD, the ITU and other international associations and organizations. Prior to his current position, Dr. Pupillo held a variety of senior positions in the Strategy, Business Development and Learning Services divisions of Telecom Italia. He is an economist and has worked in many areas of telecommunications demand and regulatory analysis, publishing 4 books on Internet Policy and many papers in applied econometrics and industrial organization. He has also been Advisor to the Global Information and Communication Technologies Department of the World Bank in Washington. Before joining Telecom Italia in 1992, he was a member of the technical staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Previously, he worked as senior economist for governmental institutions. Dr. Pupillo is also an affiliated researcher at Columbia Institute for Tele Information at Columbia Business School and serves on numerous committees for international organizations (Columbia Institute for Tele Information, International Telecommunications Society) and on scientific and advisory boards (Communications and Strategies, Telecommunications Policy ) around the globe. He obtained a Ph.D. and an M.A. from University of Pennsylvania, an MBA from Istituto Adriano Olivetti in Ancona Italy and an MS in Mathematics from University of Rome.

ANDREA RENDAandrea.renda@ceps.euAndrea Renda is a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) and a co-manager of the CEPS Digital Forum (www.digitalforum.eu). He provides academic advice to several institutions, including the European Commission, the European Parliament, the OECD, the ITU and the World Bank. He is currently Part-time Professor at the European University Institute in Florence

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(Italy), and Adjunct Professor of law and economics at Luiss Guido Carli University, in Rome. He also holds courses every year in Shanghai, Bruges, Stockholm. Andrea is member of the Editorial Board of the international peer-reviewed journals “Telecommunication Policy” (Elsevier) and of the European Journal of Risk Regulation (Lexxion); he is a member of the Scientific Board of the International Telecommunications Society (ITS) and is the Scientific Chair of the Scientific Board of EuroCPR since March 2014. Andrea Renda earned a BA cum laude in Economics from LUISS Guido Carli University, Rome, in 1995 and is European Master of Law and Economics (LL.M., with distinction, University of Hamburg, 1996). He holds a Ph.D. degree in Law and Economics awarded by the Erasmus University of Rotterdam.

TIM RAATStraats@vub.ac.beDr. Tim Raats lectures Political Economy of the Creative Industries at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and senior researcher at iMinds-SMIT (Vrije Universiteit Brussel). He holds a PhD in Media and Communication Sciences, with a dissertation on the role of Public Service Media in a networked society, with particular focus on analysis of partnership policy, strategies and practice of public broadcasters. Tim’s scientific fields of interest include various topics within media management and policy issues. He specializes in Public Service Media policy and management issues, coherence and dynamics of audiovisual policy mechanisms and developments within independent television production sector and fiction production. As such, he worked on projects relating to various audiovisual policy and management challenges, such as talent management in the Flemish audiovisual sector, financing of TV drama and the effectiveness of the Flemish public broadcaster VRT’s stakeholder management. He is also part of the MeCETES research team, setting out to analyze circulation and distribution patterns of film and television across Europe. Tim published in various edited collections and articles in amongst others, the International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics and Media, Culture and Society.

MATT ROGERSONmatt.rogerson@guardian.co.ukMatt joined Guardian Media Group in September 2013 after 5 years working as Head of Public Affairs at Virgin Media.  Before a life in public policy, Matt worked in Parliament for a number of MPs. Matt’s work at GMG covers issues including approaches to data privacy, the aftermath of the Snowden revelations, and issues of media plurality.

ELISA SALVADORelisa.salvador@polytechnique.eduElisa Salvador holds an international PhD in Institutions, Economics & Law from the University of Turin (Italy). She has worked for the Italian National Research Council (CNR) on several projects focused on innovation policies. She won the CNR award ‘Promotion of Research 2005’ for her project “The financing of research spin-offs: an analysis of the Italian case”. She has recently collaborated with the Polytechnic of Turin and with the ESCP-Europe Business School. She is currently a researcher at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris and she is working on R&D and innovation in CCIs.

FLORIAN SAURWEINf.saurwein@ipmz.uzh.chDr. Florian Saurwein is a project assistant in the Media Change & Innovation Division, Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research (IPMZ), University of Zurich, Switzerland.

JEAN-PAUL SIMONjpsmultimedia@hotmail.comJean-Paul Simon runs his consulting firm specialised in media/telecom law regulation and strategy. He held various positions in the telecom industry, worked as a senior scientist at the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), European Commission, Directorate-General JRC. He holds a PhD in Philosophy and is a graduate (MBA) from the Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales. He has written several books and articles on communications and public policy. He is a frequent speaker on telecommunications and media in Asia, Europe and the USA

JANNEKE SLOETJESjsloetjes@netflix.comJanneke Sloetjes is Director of Public Policy at Netflix since 2014. She studied Information Law at the University of Amsterdam and practised IT and privacy law at an Amsterdam law firm. Prior to joining Netflix, Janneke worked for Dutch digital rights NGO Bits of Freedom, where she worked on data protection, copyright, intermediary liability and net neutrality issues. 

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JORIS VAN HOBOKENjoris.vanhoboken@nyu.eduJoris van Hoboken is a postdoctoral research fellow at NYU’s Information Law Institute and NYU’s Department for Media Culture and Communications, working on the intersection of law, networked communications and the fundamental rights to privacy and freedom of expression. In 2012, Joris received a PhD at the University of Amsterdam (IViR) for his thesis on search engines and freedom of expression, for which he won the Dutch Erasmus study price in 2014. In his more recent work he has been focusing on the right to be forgotten, the protection of privacy and security of cloud users with respect to transnational surveillance as well as on questions regarding the the European approach to privacy, analysing the way in which the project of European integration impacts the substantive definition and operationalization of privacy protections at the European level. Joris is a specialist in European data protection and privacy law, search engine law and regulation and he regularly writes, teaches and presents on issues and developments in data protection, government surveillance, intermediary liability and freedom of expression on the Internet. He is an affiliate senior legal researcher at the Institute for Information Law (IViR) in the Netherlands and the Chair of the Board of Directors of the Dutch digital rights organization Bits of Freedom.

SÖREN VANDEWEYER Soren.Vandeweyer@law.kuleuven.be Sören Vandeweyer is a student of the Research Master of Law at the KU Leuven-University of Tilburg with tax law and economic law respectively as major and minor concentration. Previously, he graduated at the KU Leuven with Master degrees in the field of Communication Sciences (2009-2010) and European Studies (2010-2011). He is currently working on a part-time basis as a student assistant at the Institute for Social Law at the KU Leuven. The paper on OTT services was being carried out in the context of a joint research training within the framework of the Research Master.

FREDERIK ZUIDERVEEN BORGESIUSf.j.zuiderveenborgesius@uva.nl,Frederik is a postdoctoral research at the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam. His research interests include profiling, privacy, data protection law, freedom of expression, and personalised communication. His first book, to be released in the spring of 2015, explores how European law could improve privacy protection of in the area of behavioural targeting. This is legal research, but it takes insights from other disciplines, such as behavioural sciences, into account. Frederik has published widely on data protection law, privacy, copyright, and the regulation of behavioural targeting. He has presented at international conferences, and at the Dutch and the European Parliament. www.ivir.nl/staff/borgesius.html

DAMIAN TAMBINID.Tambini@lse.ac.ukDamian Tambini is an Associate Professor and Research Director at the Dept. of Media and Communications, London School of Economics.  He is Director of the Media Policy Project and an Associate Fellow at the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) and the Oxford Internet Institute. Prior to LSE, Damian was Head of the Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy at Oxford University. His research interests covers a range of current issues in media law and policy, public broadcasting and media plurality.

PEGGY VALCKEpeggy.valcke@law.kuleuven.bePeggy Valcke is research professor ICT and media law at iMinds- KU Leuven-ICRI/CIR and visiting professor at the University of Tilburg. She was part-time professor at the European University Institute in Florence in 2014 and visiting professor at Central European University in Budapest in 2006. She is currently ICRI’s research leader within the Security Department of iMinds and has been involved in over 30 research projects – funded by the European Commission, KU Leuven, Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders, the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology, iMinds, national authorities and regulators – dealing with legal aspects of IT and media innovation. She has served as an expert for organisations like the European Commission, the Council of Europe, the German Media Concentration Commission, as well as administrations and authorities in Belgium. Peggy is assessor of the Belgian Competition Authority and member of the General Chamber of the Flemish Media Regulator since 2008. She was a member of Google’s Advisory Council on the Right to be Forgotten and is currently a member of Digital Minds for Belgium, a working group convened by Belgium’s Minister for Telecommunications and Digital Agenda (A. De Croo).

ROB VAN DER NOLLRob van der Noll is a senior consultant at SEO Economic Research. He holds a PhD from Erasmus University Rotterdam / Tinbergen Institute in Industrial Organization. His work covers internet economics, information economics, the impact of digitisation on culture, intellectual property and media. Rob published on the effects of competition law enforcement and applied micro-econometrics in empirical research reports for various public and private sector clients. Before joining SEO in 2009, he worked at CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, ABN AMRO Bank and RBB Economics.

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