Euro Notes (Political)

8/6/2019 Euro Notes (Political)

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Religious Conflict in Germany: Catholicism vs. Lutheranism, Charles V couldn't solvePeace of Augsburg:Whose rule, his religion divided German empire

French Wars of Religion (War of the 3 Henries) 1562-98

Huguenots growing in France (nobles) threatened Catholic Valois monarchy

Death of Henry II claims by Henry III, Henry Bourbon (Navarre), ultra-Catholic Guise

St Bartholomew's Day Massacre: Bourbon/Medici wedding Protestant massacre

Henries assassinated Guise, Valois killed, Henry IV converted Catholic = KING!Edict of Nantes:Religious toleration for Huguenots, given fortified towns

Eighty Years War (1568)

Spanish Netherlands under Philip II: North is Calvanist, South is Catholic

Pacification of Ghent unites against Spain

Union of Arras = South w/Spain, Utrecht = North rebelledTreaty of Antwerp:North and South separate

Thirty Years War: Began as religious German civil war continental conflict of territory + ambition

Protestant Union vs. Catholic League (German alliances)

Hapsburg Ferdinand II betrayed Bohemians (religious tol) =Defenestration of PragueBohemian: Ferdinand defeated Protestant Frederick V, brought Counter ReformationDanish: Danish Christian IV (P) defeated by Wallenstein (C)Swedish:Swedish Adolphus (P) entered to secure Baltic trade

Richelieu brings France into war (reduce Hapsburg power) WON!Peace of Prague: Emperor Ferdinand II settled German States

Franco Swedish:French defeat Spanish Hapsburg!Peace of Westphalia: est. sovereignty over religion Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist

disintegration of HRE, Swiss and Dutch independence, France Swed Prus Dutch = POWER

English Civil War:

James Stuart: Scottish, divine right, didn't recognize legislative power, Catholic

Charles I: ignored Petition of Right (asserted Parliament power of tax and liberties), ruledwith ship money (tax for defense), tried to impose Catholicism on Scots rebellion

Long Parliament asserted liberties 20 yrs, Charles tried to arrest

King (Cavaliers) vs Parliament (Roundheads), New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell

Pride's Purge rid moderates = Independents in Rump Parliament

Lord Protector + Instrument of Gov't strict Puritan dictatorship

Charles II (closet Catholic) Parliament Test Act= officers from church of England

James II (Tories vs Whigs) avowed Catholic gave birth to male heir

Glorious Revolution: Parliament invited Protestant daughter Mary and William to rule Bill of Rights respect Parliamentary sovereignty and English libertiesToleration Act allowed Protestant worshipAct of Succession prohibited Catholic monarch

Wars of LOUIS XIV:

Edict of Fontainebleau: revoked Edict of Nantes unified CatholicismDutch War: Against Spanish Netherlands + Dutch Republic gained Franche ComteNine Years War: invaded Alsace Lorraine (HRE) League of Augsburg against France


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War of Spanish Succession: death of Charles II empire left to Bourbon Philip V France + Spain vs. England, Netherlands, HREPeace of Utrecht: Philip V is ruler, France + Spain separate Louis domination blocked

Southern Spanish Netherlands given to Austria

Pragmatic Sanction: Charles VI ensured succession of daughter Maria Theresa to Hapsburg lands

Great Northern War: Sweden vs. Russia for control of Baltic Sea

Charles XII beat at battle of Narva

Peter drew Swedish into Russian winter, and crushed army into exile in Ottoman EmpireTreaty of Nystadt: gained territory in Baltic, built capital St. Petersburg window to the west

War of Austrian Succession:

Frederick II The Great attacked Austria in defiance of Pragmatic Sanction, took advantage

nations and France joined Prussia against Hapsburgs to claim territory

British joined Austria with Maria Theresa to maintain balance of powerTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: Prussia gained Silesia, Anglo-French agreement, Austria little input

Diplomatic Revolution (of 1756): Austrian diplomat Kaunitz convinced France to give up traditional opposition b/c greater

threat of Prussia

France + Austria + Russia vs. Prussia + Britain (for B.O.P)

Seven Years War (French and Indian War):

Fredrick II outnumbered but fought brilliantly w/Brit financial support; held onto Silesia

opponents disorganized

Brit won land + sea battles against France, used East India company to exploit IndiaTreaty of Paris: Brit gained N. American (taxes = Amer. Rev. )and Indian dominance (colonialpresence) , increased debt and criticism of French monarchy (French Rev.)

FRENCH REVOLUTION

Causes:

Social Three Estates: clergy, nobles (tax exempt, bourgeois mobility), everyone(wealthy merchants to laborers, sans-culottes wanted equality, felt price increaseand stagnant wages) Enlightened nobles criticized Old regime inequities

Political Conflict btwn nobles (had limited parlements) and absolute monarchy (LouisXV dissolved and reconvened Parlement of Paris) Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette scandal, not help through crisis

Economic Rapid economic expansion great wealth unequally distributed

regressive tax system, Louis recognized need for reform nobles resisted tax changes, wanted political reform

Liberal Phase:

1789 Tennis Court Oath decided wanted new constitution

July fall of the Bastille by Paris crowds

king recognizes National Assembly

Great Fear: peasants attack feudal system dismantled by Assembly

Decl. of Right of Man and Citizen: liberty, property, security, res. to oppression


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October Days: women march on Versailles

1790 Civil Const. Of the Clergy: requires clergy to swear loyalty to revolution

Constitution of 1791 declares active (property) and passive citizensRadical Phase (1792-1794):

Declaration of Pillnitz: Austria and Prussia promise to restore order in France

Brunswick Manifesto: nations threaten violence against revolution

sans-culottes oppose moderate Girondin actions

Second French Revolution National Convention est. and declares republic

Commune executes Girondins, Const. Of 1793 calls for universal male suffrage

committee of Pub. Safety (Jacobin) Reign of Terror (Robespierre, Danton)

conscription for state Levee en masse, de-Christianization, abolition of slavery,Maximum Price Act, war dictatorship, rid of all opposition to state (extreme right/left)

Thermidor + Directory (Moderate):

Thermadorian Reaction: end CoPS, revolutionary violence, new Constitution

Universal male suffrage, 5 director assembly

Napoleon stages coup d'etat

Napoleonic Warfare:

Plans to defeat Britain thwarted at Battle of Trafalgar

Russia withdrew Continental System France attack Grand Army's retreat frm Moscow

Peninsular War: replaced Spanish King with tolerant brother, disliked guerrilla war

Defeated at Battle of Nations in Germany and Waterloo (1815)

Congress of Vienna

Austria (Metternich wanted to repress nationalism), France (Talleyrand wanted to returnlegitimacy), Britain (wanted BOP), Prussia (no influence), Russia (liberal Alexander Iwanted Poland and Holy Alliance aka Aus Rus Prus)

Legitimacy: restored rightful monarchs (conservative)

Compensation: lost land received new land

BOP: buffer states to block France, Netherlands combined, territories strengthened

RESULTS: Polish-Saxon question Russia controlled Poland (tsar as king), GermanConfederation formed, Quintuple Alliance, Concert of Europe to ensure security

*Young Italy formed by nationalist Mazzini (joined secret society of Carbonari) in 1831

Revolutions of 1830-1831:

France:

Charles X reestablished Catholic clergy and aristocratic power

July Ordinances took away voting rights and censored press

middle class moderates revolt abdicate Louis Philippe bourgeois kingBelgium:

declared independence and neutralityPoland:

revolted against Russian authority, crushed by Nicholas I

Congress Poland eliminated and directly controlled by RussiaGreece:


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revolt against Turks supported by Europe b/c classic founders Turk defeat

Revolutions of 1848:

France:

liberals engage in banquets for suffrage expansion cancelled revolt

Louis Blanc (new king) advocates national workshops to appease working class

Radicals attack constituent assembly for Socialist Republic

June Days = violence of radicals vs. army moderate republic

Louis Napoleon is pres. Of 2nd Republic exploits middle/working class conflict forauthoritarian control

Prussia:

Liberals revolt in Berlin against monarch

Frederick William IV agrees to Prussian assembly and conservative constitution

1850 Constitution: no equality, still tradition institutions, provided representationFrankfurt:

Liberals overthrow traditional structures in German states and discuss unification

small vs large Germany debate (Austria), Frankfurt Assembly created constitution

Fredrick William rejected crown from the gutter

Austria:

Workers and Students march on Vienna

Metternich (conservative creator of Congress System) flees at revolutions

Franz Joseph I becomes emperor: abolishes serfdom, agrees to Constitution (1849)Prague:

Slavic nationalists meet to discuss unification broke up Prague Assembly

Austrian emperor promised autonomy, then broke up Pan-Slav CongressBudapest:

Hungarian Diet in March proclaimed liberty for Maygars (Austrian ethnic minority)

led by nationalist Kossuth

proclaim new constitution but suppresses Slav minorities emperor rejects Hungarydeclares independence Nicholas I called to crush movement

Italy:

Charles Albert of Piedmont Sardinia urges resistance to Austrian rule, grants consit.

Italian states rise up against Austria

Pope Pius IX reformer turned anti-modernist when expelled from Rome

Nationalist Mazzini of Young Italy declares Roman Republic

The Crimean War:

Russian occupied Sick Man of Europe Ottoman lands but evacuated, France and Britaindeclared war anyway

Austria betrayed Russia and abandoned isolated Russia vs. France

Nicholas I died Alexander II recognized backwardnessTreaty of Paris (1856): Russian demilitarization of Black Sea, half Balkan expansion

Italian Unification:

Cavour convinced France to aid Piedmont-Sardinia against Austria

republican Garibaldi led Red Shirts to conquest Piedmont Sardinia


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moderate Cavour planned

1861 North and South peninsula united in Italian kingdom under Emmanuel

passion of Mazzini, audacity of Garibaldi, cunning of Cavour

opposition from papacy, underdeveloped economy, corrupt politics, cultural differences

German Unification:

Bismarck = conservative diplomatic, practiced Realpolitik (took advantage of opportunities)

Appealed to Prussian patriotism iron and blood, not liberalism

Waged 3 wars for unity:aided Russia in crushing Polish revolt,Danish War (Denmark incorporated German provinces against international treaty)Austro-Prussian (7 weeks) War: conflicts between joint powers isolated Austria,and Prussia used railroads + organization to overwhelm Austria

North German Confederation with universal male suffrage (Reichstag) and illegal taxes

Ems Dispatch edited account to an insult to French Franco Prussian War

Treaty of Frankfurt loss ofAlsace-Lorraine

Wilhelm I proclaimed kaiser of German Empire (1871) power concentrated, exploit

upset BOP w/economic and military potential

Dual Monarchy

Austro-Hungarian monarchy allowed Magyar autonomy with common ministries

no democratic kingdoms

Maygarization in Hungary suppressed Slavic culture

Paris Commune

Revolution gov't crushed by moderate republic est. Parliamentary democracy

Dreyfus Affair (displayed anit-Semitism) further divided gov'ts (republicans and foreign

gov'ts rallied for cause tested repub. Strength)

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

Congo Free State for Leopold

procedure to establish colonies

Imperialsim in Asia

Treaty of Nanking 1842 = free tradeSpheres of influence of Britain, France, Russia, GermanyMeiji Restoration in Japan westernized victory in Russo Japanese War

WWICauses MAIMIN'

1. Militarism/Military Plans:

conscription and training created mass citizen armies

Kaiser Wilhelm II developed fleet of battle ships- threat to Brit naval dominance

Schlieffen Plan: two-front war against Russia and France2. Alliances

Franco Russian, Entente Cordiale, Anglo Russian Entente = Triple Entente

Three Emperor's League (G/A/R), Austro Germ. Alliance Triple Allieance


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3.Imperialism

increased tension and hardened alliances

Moroccan Crises provoked by Wilhelm led to French-Brit joint

Brit isolation in Boer War approached other nations for security against Germany4. Mass Politics

Imperialism + nationalism promoted for unity against strikes, ethic, extremists

5. Intellectual Context Darwinism glorified war as natural advance of strong over weak6. Nationalism

Made compromise difficult, and fed ethnic tensions in Balkans (Austria vs. Russia)Russian Turkish War: Russia intervened in Balkans vs Ottomans for protection and territory,

created independent states and BulgariaCongress of Berlin: divided Bulgaria into autonomies, Russian occupation (not control)

Sebian Black Hand tried to expell Austrian influence from BalkansBalkan Wars: Balkan League attacked Ottomans, Russia lost face, Bulgaria wanted territoryBlank Check issued from Wilhelm to Austria to settle conflict allowed hard line action

Serbia reject ulitmatum, Austria declared war, Nicholas mobilized army in Russia,

Germany declared war on Russia (trig. Alliances), France got dragged into warNature of War: trench warfare, airplanes, tanks, submarines, gas

Miracle at the Marne halted German offensive in France

Stalemate of 1915 broken by expanding allies

Slaughter in Verdun (1916-17) = surprise German attack w/ massive casualties

Bolsheviks pulled Russia out of war, replaced by US (submarine warfare, ZimmermanTelegram)

German Armistice ended fightingFourteen Points: Wilson making world safe for democracy, open diplomacy, freedom of sea,arms reduction, collective security, self-determination of nations, international governing bodyaka League of NationsTreaty of Versailles:

territorial loss (Germany)

demilitarization (esp. of Rhineland)

war guilt (accept full responsibility for war)

extreme reparations (approx. $33 million)

League of Nations (US not ratified, Germany and Soviet excluded)

Locarno Pact: Germany and France recognized new boardersKellog-Briand Pact (1928): condemned war

Russian Revolution:1861-1905 Causes:

technological/economic backwardness, government unable to harness will of people

Alexander II reforms abolition of serfdom = serfs still in mirs, nobles seized bestland, land shortage, industrial overcrowding Moscow/St. Petersburg

divided between Slavophiles and Westernizers (capitalist Constitutional Democrats vs.Marxist Social democrats)

People's Will anarchist movement assassinated Alexander II

Social Revolutionaries favored socialism led by rural peasants


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Mensheviks massed a mass political party, Bolsheviks wanted a conspiracyRevolution of 1905:

Bloody Sunday: Strikes in major cities, universities, winter Palace troops fired

economic crisis due to Russ Japanese War, broke down infrastructure

Nicholas II stopped any moderate efforts for const. Monarchy

PM Stolypin introduced reforms to move Russia toward parliamentary democracy and

modern economyMarch Revolution and Provisional Gov't

WWI exposed economic/ technological weakness of Romanov Dynasty

1915 Tsar dissolved Duma, took control of troops (unprepared)

Rasputin influenced corruption through tsar's wife

Food riot ---> troops joined crown instead of acting ---> end to Romanov Dynasty

Provisional Gov't replaced Tsar (democrats and moderate socialists)

Radical councils of workers = soviets in cities (Petrograd Soviet pushed gov't left)

Ordered democratically elected commitees to run army

Alexander Kerensky headed gov't faced uprisings from Bolsheviks and conservative

Kornilov (used Bolsheviks to stop coup attempt)Bolshevik Revolution

Lenin's Contributions to Socialist Ideology:

Imperialism is crisis of capitalism, small group of conspirators, concentrating ofrevolution in weakest link in the chain, needed revolution now forindustrialization, Peace, bread, and land

1917 Bolsheviks seized gov't, peasants/workers seized land/factories, disbandedConstituent Assembly (social revolutionaries and Mensheviks) CIVIL WAR

Dictatorship of Communist Party proclaimed

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: treaty signed w/ Germany to end Russian involvement inWWI. Recognizes independence of Baltic provinces, Poland, Ukraine. Lost population,

resources, and farmland.

Russian Civil War:

Red Army: Led by Trotsky to fight civil war for BolsheviksWhite Army: tsarists, Mensheviks, social revolutionaries, etc.

survived due to common mission, foreign intervention showed opponents as traitors, badcommunication of White Army, Bolsheviks more ruthless with secret police (KGB)

1922 control secured, Red Terror eliminated class enemies, Checka killed 2 million

created

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922

of 15 republics, half Russian Russification movement failed

created comintern (alliance of socialist parties) to control international communistmovements

Centralized structure with Central committee, and a Politburo to make decisions

Lenin introduced New Economic Policy = compromise with capitalism to jump-startproduction (private peasant grain sale, new wealthy peasants called kulaks, provoked a splitin Politburo

death of Lenin after civil war trotsky protest NEP, Stalin kicked out of Party POWER

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