Eukaryotic Microbes

3 Domainswww.emc.maricopa.edu

5 KingdomsProtista *Fungi *AnimaliaPlantaeBacteriawww2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/1_Lecture.htm

What are some characteristics of eukaryotic organisms?

Kingdom ProtistaAny eukaryote that is not an animal, plant, or fungus.60,000 protist species.Most are single-celled.Include algae and protozoa.Marine Protists

AlgaeMany produce energy by photosynthesis.Most algal cell walls contain cellulose (also found in plants).May be:UnicellularDiatomsDinoflagellatesDesmids Multicellular Large, plantlike seaweedsInclude Red and Brown algae Euglena. www.britannica.com

Unicellular AlgaeDiatomsFreshwater and marine environments.Cell walls contain silicon dioxide (glass).Used in filtration systems, insulation, and abrasives (like toothpaste).www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au

Unicellular AlgaeDinoflagellatesUsually photosynthetic.Some produce light and are often called fire algae.Responsible for red tides.www.botany.hawaii.edu www.botany.hawaii.edu news.bbc.co.uk

Unicellular AlgaeDesmidsGroup of green algae.Can photosynthesize.Ex. EuglenaHas algal and protozoan characteristics.Has a primitive mouth.Does not have a cell wall.Has an eyespot.Has flagellum. Ex. SpirogyraFilamentous algae.

Spirogyra. www.marietta.edu Euglena. www.biologie.uni-erlangen.de

Multicellular AlgaeConsists mainly of Brown and Red algae.Brown AlgaeUsually found in ocean water.Are a source of algin, which is a thickener in ice cream.Red AlgaeFound in deeper ocean water than brown algae.One type of red algae (Gelidium) is the source of agar.Red algae. Gelidium spp. www.canari.org Brown algae. saltwater-aquarium-guide.net

ProtozoaMost are unicellular.Most are free-living organisms that live in soil and water.Ingest other organisms or organic material.Do not have a cell wall.www.marietta.edu

Protozoan Life CycleUsually have 2 stages to their life cycle.Trophozoite Motile, feeding, dividing stage.CystDormant, survival stage.www.tulane.edu

ProtozoaSymbiotic relationshipBetween termite and protozoan.Parasitic relationships MalariaGiardiasisAfrican sleeping sicknessAmoebic dysenteryA termite (top) next to a gut from another termite (middle). Contents (bottom) include spirochetes (arrows) and protozoa (P). animals.howstuffworks.com Tsetse flies in the genus Glossina transmit the protozoan pathogens that cause African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma gambiense and T. rhodesiense). www.cals.ncsu.edu

Protozoan ReproductionAsexual reproductionBinary fission produces 2 daughter cells.Schizogony Multiple nuclear divisions before cytoplasmic divisions.Results in more than 2 daughter cells.Sexual reproductionGametocyte production2 haploid gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote.

Protozoan ClassificationBased on method of locomotion.Major groupsAmoebaePseudopodia FlagellatesPossess flagellaCiliatesPossess ciliaNonmotile protozoaCalled sporozoaAmoeba. Naegleria fowleri. classes.midlandstech.edu Flagellate. Giardia lamblia. www.pathobio.sdu.edu.cn Cilate. Balantidium coli. www.tulane.edu Nonmotile. Plasmodium vivax. www.dpd.cdc.gov

What is the worlds largest organism?

Blue WhaleGiant Sequoia

Honey Mushroom, Armillaria spp.

FungiUnicellular or multicellular eukaryotes.Reproduce asexually and sexually.5 phyla based on their mode of sexual reproduction.Lack chlorophyll.Have a cell wall made of chitin.Are saprophytesgarbage disposers of nature.

Unicellular Yeast3-8 m in diameter.Found in soil and water and on skin of many fruits and vegetables.Reproduce by an asexual process called budding.Results in the production of a type of asexual spore called a blastospore.Responsible for beer, wine, leavened bread.Some species are human pathogens (i.e. Candida albicans).Yeast cells budding. immunenhance.com

Multicellular FungiPossess hyphaeA hypha is a tube-like cell.A mass of hyphae forms a mycelium.Septate hyphae have cross walls or septations.Non-septate hyphae lack cross walls or septations.Hyphal structure with septae. www.fungionline.org.uk

Multicellular Fungi ReproductionSexual or asexual reproduction.Can produce sexual or asexual spores.Sexual spores form by the fusion of 2 gametes.Asexual spores form in many different ways.

Molds Consists of many types of multicellular fungi.Have great commercial importance.Consists of many antibiotic producing molds like Penicillium. Used to make many different kinds of cheese.Potato blight mold caused the famine in Ireland in the mid-19th century.Penicillium, a genus of green mold, attacks many fruits and is the source of the antibiotic drug penicillin. www.britannica.com Moldy bagel. www.sciencedaily.com

There are other types of fungi that are multicellular and are not considered microorganisms.

Fungi and DiseaseAre responsible for diseases in humans, animals, and plants.In humans, infections could be superficial affecting the skin, hair, fingernails, toenails. Some of these fungal infections can be more internal and thus be more severe. Ringworm. Tinea corporis. www.research.usf.edu Madura foot.

LichensMutualistic relationship between an alga and a fungus.Are tough and self-sufficient.Can inhabit inhospitable habitats such as deserts, newly formed volcanic islands, the Arctic, bare rock.Grow slowlyArctic colonies grow 1-2 inches every 1000 years.Some thought to be over 4000 years old.

Slime MoldsHave both fungal and protozoal characteristics.May be cellular or acellular.Found in soil and on rotting logs.

www.genome.gov

Slime Moldswww.treknature.com

Cellular Slime MoldsBegin life as ameba-like organisms.If harsh conditions ensue, individual organisms will fuse together to form a motile, multicellular form that is called a slug.Slug becomes a fruiting body which consists of a stalk and spore cap.Spores released and are airborne.If suitable habitat is found, a spore becomes an ameba.

Acellular Slime MoldsAlso called plasmodial slime mold.Also produce a stalk and spores.Haploid cells fuse to form diploid cells. forms large masses of motile, multinucleated protoplasm.

The End