Eukaryotic Cell Structure Function Lecture PowerPoint VCBC

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From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Compound microscope objectives, T. Port

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Eukaryotic Cell Structure & Function

Images: Animal cell & Plant cell, M. Ruiz From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_cell_structure_no_text.svg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plant_cell_structure_no_text-2.svg



________________ • Single-celled.

• Reproduce by binary fission (another copy by dividing).

• No cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. DNA travels openly around the cell.

• All bacteria are prokaryotes.

________________• Eu = “true”; karyon = “nucleus”

• Most organisms that we can see, such as trees, grass, worms, flies, mice, humans, mushrooms and yeast are eukaryotes.

• Can either be single-celled or multi-celled.

• Can reproduce in one of several ways (Ex. meiosis, mitosis).

• Have cell nucleus within containing its DNA.

• Nucleus most evident distinction between these cell types.

Images: Prokaryotic Cell, Eukaryotic cell , M. Ruiz

Q: What are the two basic types of cells?

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

http://www.scienceprofonline.com/microbiology/binary-fission-cell-division-reproduction-prokaryotes.html

http://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/nucleotides-nucleic-acids-atp-rna-dna.html

http://www.scienceprofonline.com/cell-biology/prokaryotic-cell-parts-functions-diagrams.html

http://www.scienceprofonline.org/genetics/types-cell-division-binary-fission-mitosis-meiosis.html


http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Average_prokaryote_cell-_unlabled.svg




Image: Phylogenetic Tree, Eric Gaba, NASA Astrobiology Institute.From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg




http://www.scienceprofonline.com/cell-biology/eukaryotic-cell-parts-functions-diagrams.html

Eukaryotic __________

• Like prokaryotes, and all living things, genome is made of DNA.

• May include several to many linear chromosomes within a membrane-bound nucleus.

• Q: How many chromosomes do we have?

• Replication (duplication of DNA prior to

cell division) occurs in all living things.

• Two locations of eukaryotic DNA– Nuclear DNA

– Extranuclear DNA

Image: Spectral karyotype, Jane Ades, NHGRI From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com





CYTOPLASM

Nickname: The Matrix

Function: "molecular chowder" in which the organelles are suspended.

• Inside the plasma membrane, the nucleus is surrounded by cytoplasm.

• A water-like substance that fills cells.

• Consists of _________ and __________ ________, except for the cell nucleus.

• Cytosol is made up of water, salts, organic molecules and many enzymes that catalyze reactions.

Q: Eukaryotes? Prokaryotes? Both?

Image: Eukaryotic Cell Diagram, M. Ruiz


http://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-an-enzyme-catalyst-catalytic-proteins.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_cell_structure_en.svg



CYTOSKELETON

Nickname: Scaffolding & Highways Functions: Multiple

• Maintains cell _________.

• Protects the cell.

• Enables some cell ________ (using structures such as flagella and cilia).

• Plays important roles in intra-cellular transport (the movement of vesicles and organelles).

• Plays important role in cellular ___________.


Images: Fluoresced Eukaryotic Cell, NIH. From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FluorescentCells.jpg



CYTOSKELETON:Microfilaments,

Intermediate Filaments

& Microtubules

Network of protein fibers running throughout the cytoplasmthat give a cell its shape & provide a basis for movement. 1. Micro__________ Two intertwined strands of actin protein.

2. ____________ Filaments Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thick cables.

3. Micro____________ • Hollow tubes of tubulin• Cell shape, cell movement, chromosome movement during division• “Highways” along which the organelles travel and are conveyed.• Microtubules may work alone, or join with other proteins to form more complex

structures called cilia, flagella or centrioles.

Image: Source Unknown


http://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/what-are-proteins-amino-acids-peptide-bonds.html



CYTOSKELETON: Centrioles & Centrosomes

The ____________, also called the "microtubule organizing center", is an area in the cell where microtubles are produced.

Within the cells of animals are a pair of ___________, made of nine sets of triplet microtubules.

Microtubules > Centriole > Centrosome

Images: Centriole Cross-section & Centriole-3D, Twooars; Micrograph of Centrioles, Christos ChinopoulosFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on

ScienceProfOnline.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centriole-schema.SVG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centriole3D.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centrioles_from_common_shore_crab_hepatopancreas.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centrioles_from_common_shore_crab_hepatopancreas.jpg



_______ & __________• External appendages

from cell membrane.

• Aid in locomotion of the cell or movement of materials near cell.

• Motility > coordinated sliding movements of microtubules.

• Both Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes can have external appendages, but are constructed differently.

• Eukaryotes may have flagella or cilia (components of cytoskeleton covered with plasma membrane).

• Prokaryotes may have flagella, endoflagella, fimbiae or pili (composed of protenaceous molecules and not covered with plasma membrane).

Images: Cilia of the lung trachea epithilium, Charles Daghlian, Cilum Diagram & Flagellum Diagram, M. Ruiz; Sperm & Egg, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on


http://www.scienceprofonline.com/cell-biology/prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-two-types-of-biological-cells.html


http://www.scienceprofonline.com/microbiology/what-are-bacterial-fimbriae.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronchiolar_epithelium_3_-_SEM.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eukaryotic_cilium_diagram_en.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagellum_base_diagram_en.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sperm-egg.jpg



Ribosomes

Q: What do they do?

Q: What are they made of?

Can be found alone in the cytoplasm, in groups called polyribosomes, or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.


Images: Ribosome translating protein, animation,

Xvazquez; Ribosome Structure, Vossman From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Click here for animation of

ribosome building a protein.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Translation.gif

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribosome_shape.png



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Translation.gif

Membrane-bound Organelles

Eukaryotic cells have many organelles.

Prokaryotes only have ribosomes, which are not bound by a membrane.

Membrane-bound eukaryotic organelles organize functions within the cell.

Image: Eukaryotic Cell Diagram, M. Ruiz




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_cell_structure_en.svg



System of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells that divide the cell into compartments, or organelles.

Transport system, for moving molecules through interior of cell, as well as interactive surfaces for lipid and protein synthesis.

Membranes of the endomembrane system are made of a lipid bilayer, with proteins.

The Endomembrane System consists of:

1. ________

2. __________ ________

3. ______ _______

4. __________

5. __________

6. _________ ___________

Image: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz



http://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-a-lipid-organic-chemistry-fats-phospholipids-waxes-steroids.html


http://www.scienceprofonline.com/cell-biology/endomembrane-system-eukaryotic-cell.html

http://www.scienceprofonline.com/cell-biology/endomembrane-system-eukaryotic-cell.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Endomembrane_system_diagram.svg

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES: Nucleus

Nickname: Control Center

Function: Separates the genetic material (DNA) from the rest of the cell.

• DNA, the genetic material, is a blueprint, or code for making proteins.

• _________ _________is the double membrane

structure that separates nucleus from cytoplasm.

Images: Endomembrane system diagram,& Nucleus diagram, M. RuizFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg



ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES: Endoplasmic Reticulum

Nickname: Production Factory (makes proteins and lipids)

Function: Internal production & delivery system of the cell.

•System of membranous channels and vesicles.

•________ is studded with ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis and processing.

•________ lacks ribosomes. Site of synthesis of phospholipids and packaging of proteins into vesicles.

Images: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz, ER photomicrograph, Louisa

Howard.From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clara_cell_lung_-_TEM.jpg




ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES : _________ ___________

Nickname: Assembly Factory

Functions: •Takes simple molecules and puts them together into more complex macromolecules.

•Packages, modifies, and transports materials to different location inside/outside of the cell.

Appearance: Stack of pancakes.

• Consists of a stack of curved saccules.

• Receives protein and also lipid-filled vesicles from the ER, packages, processes, and distributes them within the cell or for export out of the cell (secretion).

• Also encloses digestive enzymes into membranes to form lysosomes. Images: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz,

Golgi apparatus photomicrograph, Louisa Howard.From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com


http://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-a-lipid-organic-chemistry-fats-phospholipids-waxes-steroids.html


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_leukocyte,_showing_golgi_-_TEM.jpg




ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES: _____________ Nickname: The Trucks

Function: Store, transport, or digest cellular products and waste.

•Small compartments separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bilayer.

•Made in Golgi apparatus, ER, or from parts of the plasma membrane.

•Vesicles form while taking in (____________) or discharging (____________) materials.

Image: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz






ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES: _______________

Nickname: Recycling Trucks

Function: Breaks down food into particles and to destroys old cellular components.

•Q: Which organelle produces lysosomes?

•Contain hydrolytic enzymes and are involved in intracellular digestion.

Images: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz,Lysosome action diagram, Encyclopedia of Science




http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/L/lysosome.html



ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ORGANELLES: ____________ _____________

Image: Endomembrane system diagram, M. Ruiz Cell Membrane diagram, Wiki

• Q: What is it made of?

• Q: What is its function?



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svg



Let’s watch an animation on endocytosis & exocytosis!

Image: Endocytosis / Exocytosis, Nicolle Rager Fuller

Endomembrane System


http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120068/bio02.swf

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120068/bio02.swf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_nucleus.jpg



Endomembrane System

1. Nuclear envelope2. Endoplasmic reticulum3. Golgi apparatus4. Vesicles5. Lysozomes6. Plasma Membrane

We hope that you enjoyed your trip through the endomembrane system!

Have a nice day!

Image: Endomembrane system, M. Ruiz From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com




Organelles: Energy-Related

______________

& ______________

•Both organelles house energy in the form of ATP.

•Both ancestrally were independent cells that formed a symbiotic relationship with other cells.

Found in nearly all eukaryotes

Found in plants & algae & some microbes

Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. Ruiz;

Chloroplast diagram, Wiki


http://www.scienceprofonline.com/chemistry/what-is-nucleotide-adenosine-triphosphate-atp.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_mitochondrion_diagram_en_(edit).svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chloroplast_diagram.svg



ENERGY-RELATED ORGANELLES:Mitochondria

Nickname: The Powerhouse

Function: Energy formationBreaks down food to make ATP

ATP is the major fuel for all cell activities that require energy

• Bound by a double membrane surrounding fluid-filled matrix.

• The inner membranes of mitochondria are __________.

• The __________ contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates and the cristae house protein complexes that produce ATP.

Images: Mitochondrion diagram M. Ruiz; Mitochondria photomicrograph, Louisa

Howard




http://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/organic-chemistry-what-is-a-carbohydrate.html


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_mitochondrion_diagram_en_(edit).svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpg



Now let’s learn about

additional structures found in

PLANT Cells

•

Images: All images by T. PortFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com



ENERGY-RELATED ORGANELLES:Chloroplasts

Nickname: Solar Panels

Function: Captures Sunlight Energy & Makes ATP

___________ (a green pigment) absorbs solar energy and carbohydrates are made in the stroma.

Images: Plant cells with chloroplasts, Kristian Peters, Chloroplast diagram, WikiFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on



http://www.scienceprofonline.org/chemistry/organic-chemistry-what-is-a-carbohydrate.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chloroplast_diagram.svg



Section 7-2

PLANT CELL: _____________

Nickname: ReservoirFunction: Stores

water• This is what makes

lettuce crisp.

• When there is no water, the plant wilts.

Please water me!

Images: Osmosis Plant Cell, M. Ruiz; Other Images Source UnknownFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turgor_pressure_on_plant_cells_diagram.svg



PLANT CELLS: ______ __________

Function: Provides support and protection to the cell membrane

Found outside the cell membrane in plant cells

Images: Plant cell, M. RuizFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

http://www.scienceprofonline.com/cell-biology/plant-cell-parts-functions-diagrams.html




Animal Cell (Eukaryote)

Images: Animal cell diagram , M. RuizFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

http://www.scienceprofonline.com/cell-biology/animal-cell-parts-functions-diagrams.html




Plant Cell (Eukaryote)

Image: Plant cell diagram, M. RuizFrom the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

http://www.scienceprofonline.com/cell-biology/plant-cell-parts-functions-diagrams.html




Confused? Here are some links to fun resources that

further explain Cell Biology:

• Eukaryotic Cells Main Page on the Virtual Cell Biology

Classroom of Science Prof Online. • Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic: Two Types of Biological

Cells, an article from SPO.

• Eukaryotic Cell: Structures, Functions & Diagrams, an article from SPO.

• “Cells” music video by They Might Be Giants.

• Cells Alive interactive website.

• “Golgi Apparatus” song by Phish

• Cell Structure tutorials and quizzes from Interactive Concepts in Biochemistry.

• Eukaryotic Cell Tour an Animated Science Tutorial.

• Endomembrane System animation and quiz.

• “The Cell Song” lyrics by The Cell Squad, Freedom Middle School, Nashville, TN.

• Endocytosis / Exocytosis animation and quiz from McGraw Hill.

• Evolution of the Three Domains Animated Science Tutorial.

• Biology4Kids – Cell Biology Main Page by Raders.

(You must be in PPT slideshow view to click on links.)


http://www.scienceprofonline.com/vcbc/eukaryotic-cells-main.html





http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZK6YP1Smbxk

http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgnITtuv2Hs

http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp04/0402001.html

http://faculty.uma.edu/sbaker/nucleus_endo.html

http://www.science-groove.org/SSA/Contest01/cellsong.html

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120068/bio02.swf::Endocytosis%20and%20Exocytosis

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120068/bio02.swf::Endocytosis%20and%20Exocytosis

Assignment

At the end of some lectures, I will give you some type of in-class assignment or homework to evaluate your understanding of today’s topic.

This assignment will always be open-book.

Today you may be completing an activity on the topic of Eukaryotic Cell Structure & the Endomembrane System.

See the ScienceProfOnline Virtual Cell Biology Classroom: Eukaryotic Cells

lecture for a printable Word .doc of this assignment.

Image: Endomembrane system, M. Ruiz From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

Are you feeling blinded by science?

Do yourself a favor. Use the…

Virtual Cell Biology Classroom (VCBC) !

The VCBC is full of resources to help you succeed, including:

• practice test questions• review questions• study guides and learning objectives• PowerPoints on other topics

You can access the VCBC by going to the Science Prof Online website www.ScienceProfOnline.com

Images: Blinded With Science album, Thomas Dolby; Endomembrane system, Mariana Ruiz, Wiki

Eukaryotic Cell Structure Function Lecture PowerPoint VCBC

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