Eukaryotes and Viruses
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Transcript of Eukaryotes and Viruses
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Eukaryotes and Viruses
Chapters 12 and 13
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Fungi
Heterotrophic, Mainly Opportunistic Pathogens
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Distinguishing Characteristics of Fungi
• Chemoheterotrophic• Cells walls composed of Chitin• Diverse Metabolic Capabilities for
Complex Carbohydrates• Xerophilic• Aerobic/Facultative Anaerobes• Prefer Low pH
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Vegetative Growth• Filamentous Fungi
• Yeasts
• Dimorphic Fungi
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Filamentous Fungi• Hyphae
(individual strands)– Septate– Coenocytic
• Mycelium (mass of hyphae)
• Aerial Hyphae• Mass of Conidia
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Yeast• Bud• Bud Scar
• Pseudohyphae
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Dimorphic Fungi• Medically very
important• Hyphae in the
Environment, Yeast in the host
• Temperature and CO2 are common triggers
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Fungal Lifecycle• Haplodiplontic Lifecycles
• Asexual Cycle
• Sexual Cycle
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Haplodiplontic Life CycleGametophyte
(n)
Sporophyte(2n)
Egg
Sperm
Zygote
Embryo
Sporangia
Sporocyte
Spores
Haploid
Diploid
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Asexual Spores• Genetically Identical
to the parent• Genetically Haploid• Several Types– Conidia– Blastoconidia– Arthroconidia– Chlamydoconidia– Sporangiospores
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Sexual Spores• Haploid Spores
Arising from a Diploid Cell
• Genetic Recombination of compatible mating types
• Fungi are classified on the basis of their sexual cycles.
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Medically Important Phyla• Zygomycota
• Ascomycota
• Basidiomycota
• Deuteromycota (Asexual Fungi)
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Zygomycota• Coenocytic Hyphae• Not a
phylogentically distinct group.
• Sporoangiospores and Zygospores
• Rhizopus is a common genus.
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Ascomycota• Septate Hyphae and
Yeasts• Largest group of
classified fungi• Most Deuteromycota
are classified in this group by Genetics
• Ascospores (in an ascus) and Conidia
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Basidiomycota• Septate Hyphae• Basidiospores
produced on Basidium, some produce conidia (though this is crude terminology)
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Deuteromycota• Depreciated, though still used Taxon• Holding Phyla with no observed
sexual state• Most have been reclassified as
Ascomycota based on Genetics• Leads to confusion over
nomenclature– Telomorph : Sexual State (preferred
name)– Anamorph : Asexual State (common
name)
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Fungal Disease• Mycoses are not common but difficult
to treat.• Mycoses are defined by the depth of
tissue affected.• Most fungi are either superficial or
opportunistic pathogens… though overt pathogens exist.
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Examples of Fungal Disease
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Protozoa
Diverse Unicellular Eukarya Pathogens
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Protozoans• Phylogenetically, a diverse and ill-
defined group.• Medically we are worried about the
heterotrophs, not the photosynthetic phyla
• Complex lifecycles with unique stages– Trophozoite– Schizogony– Cyst
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Protists Are NOT Monophyletic
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Archaezoa• Lack
Mitochondria, but possess relics called mitosomes.
• Move by means of Flagella
• Possess two nuclei.
Giardia intestinalis
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Microspora• No mitochondria • No microtubules• Obligate intra-
cellular pathogens
• Common in AIDS
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Amoebozoa• Phylogenetically
these organisms are not linked to a definite clade.
• Movement through pseudopods
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Apicomplexa• Named for the
Apical complex, an organelle used for cell penetration.
• Complex Lifecycles with both a definitive and intermediate host
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Plasmodium species
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Eugelnozoa• Hemoflagellates, more appropriately
called Kinetoplastids, are the pathogenic members.
• Possess unique single mitochondrion called kinetoplasts.
• Many are Parasitic
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Helminths
The Worms
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Characteristics of Pathogens• They may lack a digestive system• They have a reduced nervous system• Lacking or atrophied movement
systems• Complex reproductive systems• May be dioecious or monoecious
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Platyhelminthes• Flatworms, so called for overall flat
body plan.• Actually the Subphylum Neodermata• All have a Neodermis (also called a
cuticle) to protect them from the host and lack adaptations such as eyepores (found in free-living flatworms)
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Trematodes• Flukes• Ventral and Oral
Sucker to attach to host tissue.
• Life Cycles involve more than a single host and mutiple developmental stages
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Schistosoma Life Cycle
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Cestodes• Tapeworms• Three body
sections, scolex, neck and proglottids
• No digestive system
• Mature proglottids are released through feces of host.
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Phylum Nematoda• Roundworms, due to the circular
body cross-section.• Not to be confused with Phylum
Annileda, the segmented worms (i.e. Earthworms)
• Complete digestive systems• Sexually dimorphic• Numerous through out the
environment
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Comparative Anatomy
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Nematoda Diseases