Etymology terms

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Etymology terms

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Etymology terms. Euphemism. A word or phrase that is considered less offensive or less vulgar than the one it replaces “she passed away today”. Colloquial language. Everyday language; usually applies to the spoken word. Cognates. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Etymology terms

Page 1: Etymology terms

Etymology terms

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Euphemism• A word or phrase that is

considered less offensive or less vulgar than the one it replaces

• “she passed away today”

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Colloquial language• Everyday language;

usually applies to the spoken word

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Cognates• Words formed by

combining the roots of 2 different languages

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Blend words• Words that blend two

already defined words: for example, “smog” (smoke+fog) or “jazzercise” (jazz music + exercise)

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Hybrids• A word which

etymologically has one part derived from one language, and another part from another language

• Ex: bioluminescenceGreek “bios” meaning

“living” + Latin “lumen” meaning “light”

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linguistics• Study of the origins and

structure of human language

• Sub-disciplines include evolutionary linguistics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics

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semantics• Study in the historical

change in the meaning of words – how language conveys meaning

• For example, the sentence “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.” is well-formed in word order, but makes no sense!

• Or “A student met every professor.” A different student, or the same student?

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Word component• Part of a word, such as

the root

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Abstract word• A word not perceived by

the five senses• Ex: love, success,

freedom, good, moral , democracy, and any –ism (chauvinism, Communism, feminism, racism, etc.)

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Clipped words• New words that are

shortened forms of existing words (for example, “cab” which was clipped from “cabriolet,” which was a one-horse carriage with 2 seats and a folding top)

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analogy• The process of connecting

information from one subject to another particular subject

• Example: Milk : Cow :: Egg : ChickenAnalogies have been discussed

since classical antiquity by philosophers, scientists, and lawyers!

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inflection• Alteration of a word to

indicate different grammatical and syntactical relations

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jargon• Specialized expressions

native to a particular field, subculture, or region

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affix• Word element attached to

a root word• Can be a prefix, suffix,

combined form, or infix (“infix” is a word inserted within the base form)

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acronym• Word formed from the

initial letters or groups of letters of words in a phrase or series of words

• Examples: MADD (Mother’s Against Drunk Driving), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

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Apheresis and aphesis• Removal of a letter,

syllable, or unaccented vowel from the beginning of a word, such as “coon” for “racoon” or “till” for “until”

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Romance languages• Comprise all the

languages derived from Latin, the language of ancient Rome

• 6 most common: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian, and Catalan (the official language of Andorra, a small country in southwestern Europe)

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infusion• Process by which words

are introduced into another language

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doublet• Words in different

languages derived from the same root

• Ex: “shirt” and “skirt” both Germanic, the first Old English, the second Old Norse

• Ex: “chief” and “chef” both from French (at different times)

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Loan words• A word borrowed from

one language and incorporated into another

• Ex: “hors d’oeuvre” or “détente”

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Abbreviations notes• dim. = diminutive, a word

used to convey a slight degree of the word meaning, smallness of the object, intimacy, or endearment (such as behaving like or talking to children)

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Abbreviations notes cont’d• eccl. = ecclesiasticalMeaning a word associated

with the church• var. = variant, meaning it

differs from another word in form only, being of the same essence/substance

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Abbreviations notes cont’d• vulgar = Vulgar Latin,

meaning dialects of Latin spoken after the fall of the Roman Empire (in other words, nonstandard) as opposed to classical Latin (standard)