Ethnic Minority Development Plan - World Bank€¦ · ethnic minorities, so the minority plan is...

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-World Bank

Climate Smart Management of Grassland Ecosystems Project

Ethnic Minority Development Plan

Climate Smart Management of Grassland Ecosystems Project

Management Office

August 2019

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Contents

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Project Objectives ............................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Components of the Project ................................................................................................. 1

1.3 World Bank-Related Security Policy .................................................................................... 2

1.4 Principles for the Development of the Minority Development Plan .................................. 2

1.5 Data and Information Sources for Minority Development Plan ......................................... 3

2. Laws and systems applicable to ethnic minorities ........................................................................ 3

2.1 The present policy of ethnic minorities in China ................................................................ 4

2.1.1 Constitution of the People's Republic of China (promulgated in 1982, revised in

2018) ................................................................................................................................. 4

2.1.2 Organization Law of the Villagers Committees of the People's Republic of China

(1998) ................................................................................................................................ 4

2.1.3 Regulations on Administrative Work in Ethnic Townships (1993) ........................... 4

2.1.4 "13th Five-Year Plan" to Promote the Development of Ethnic Areas and Ethnic

Minority (2016) ................................................................................................................. 4

2.2 World Bank Minority Policy ................................................................................................ 5

3. The situation of ethnic minorities in the project area .................................................................. 5

3.1 Population composition of each ethnic group in the project ............................................. 5

3.2 Economic, cultural and political characteristics of each ethnic group in the project area . 6

3.2.1 Mongolian ................................................................................................................ 6

3.2.2 Tibetan ..................................................................................................................... 7

3.2.3 Hui ............................................................................................................................ 8

3.2.4 Tu.............................................................................................................................. 8

3.3 Social and economic conditions of various ethnic groups in the project area ................... 9

3.1.1 Basic conditions of ethnic minorities ....................................................................... 9

3.3.2 Infrastructure Construction ................................................................................... 11

3.3.3 Income of ethnic minorities ................................................................................... 12

3.3.4 Poverty of ethnic minorities ................................................................................... 13

4. Analysis of the vulnerability and diversity of ethnic minorities .................................................. 14

4.1 Analysis of the vulnerability of ethnic minorities.............................................................. 14

4.1.1 The natural environment is fragile and the public infrastructure is imperfect...... 14

4.1.2 Single livelihood model, low ability to withstand economic risks ......................... 14

4.1.3 Social vulnerability ................................................................................................. 14

4.1.4 Low degree of organization.................................................................................... 15

4.2 Differences in livelihoods among ethnic groups ............................................................... 15

4.2.1 Mongolian .............................................................................................................. 15

4.2.2 Tibetans .................................................................................................................. 16

4.2.3 Hui .......................................................................................................................... 16

4.2.4 Tu............................................................................................................................ 17

4.2.5 Summary ................................................................................................................ 17

4.3 Gender Differences in Minority Livelihoods ..................................................................... 17

5. Based on free, prior and informed consultation ......................................................................... 19

5.1 Consultation framework ................................................................................................... 20

5.2 Consultation method ........................................................................................................ 20

5.3 Information disclosure channels ....................................................................................... 26

5.4 Grievance procedures ....................................................................................................... 27

5.5 Minority cognition of the project ...................................................................................... 28

6. Social Impact Assessment ........................................................................................................... 30

6.1 The positive impact of the project on ethnic minorities ................................................... 31

6.2 Potential negative effects of the project on the development of ethnic minorities ........ 31

6.3 Mitigation measures for the adverse effects of the project on ethnic minorities ............ 33

7. Action Plan .................................................................................................................................. 33

7.1 Implementing agency ........................................................................................................ 33

7.2 Implementation plan ......................................................................................................... 35

7.3 Program budget and source of funding ............................................................................ 35

7.4 Grievance mechanism ....................................................................................................... 36

8. Impact monitoring and evaluation .............................................................................................. 37

8.1 Monitoring content ........................................................................................................... 37

8.2 Evaluation content ............................................................................................................ 37

8.3 Effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation ..................................................................... 38

8.4 Budget of monitoring and evaluation ............................................................................... 38

1

1. Introduction

This document is a proposed Minority Development Plan for the Climate Smart Grassland

Ecosystem Management Project. The project is one of five sub-projects of the China-Global

Environment Facility (GEF) Agricultural Sustainable Development Partnership Project. GEF

provides approximately $3.77 million in grants and $25.5 million in domestic support. The project

has a five-year implementation period from January 2020 to December 2024. The project is

implemented by the World Bank and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is the

implementing partner of the project. As the project activity will be implemented in Moeller Town,

Qilian County, Qinghai Province, where ethnic minorities live together and involve concentrated

ethnic groups, the World Bank Guideline OP4.10 is triggered. It is necessary to prepare a minority

development plan according to OP4.10, in order to better safeguard the rights and interests of

ethnic minorities and promote the sharing of social development achievements by ethnic

minorities.

1.1 Project Objectives

The project chooses Qilian county in Qinghai province to establish a demonstration area in

the grassland ecosystem of the middle and upper reaches of Qilian-Heihe river basin in China, in

order to provide demonstrations for technological innovation and policy adjustment of grassland

animal husbandry and grassland ecosystems to cope with climate change. And provide

demonstrations for the integration of efficient production models for grassland animal husbandry

that are conducive to carbon sequestration. To improve the ability of grassland animal husbandry

and ecosystems to withstand climate change, and promote the sustainable development of

ecologically fragile pastoral areas that are sensitive to climate change and where ethnic minorities

are concentrated, policies and capacity building for sustainable management of grassland

ecosystems should be improved, evidence-based ecological compensation mechanisms and

climate smart grassland ecosystem management demonstrations and knowledge management

should be conducted.

1.2 Components of the Project

The project implementation includes three parts: 1) innovation and application of grassland

management technology; 2) innovation based on empirical policy compensation mechanism; 3)

knowledge and project activity management.

The report focuses on the first two components of the project, which will be implemented

through the following main activities: grassland improvement, pest control, spring grazing,

artificial grassland management, and captive feeding.

Component 1: Grassland management technology innovation and application. In order to

solve the above-mentioned shortcomings in the practice of grassland management in Qilian

County, this part will support grassland co-management innovation. Specifically, in Qilian County,

the project will help selected herders establish formal or informal alliances to better manage their

shared summer pastures and control winter pastures to graze during spring growth. To achieve

these goals, herders will receive parallel financing support from existing government programs to

improve fenced feeding facilities for herders and increase the productivity of winter pastures

2

through supplemental sowing. In addition, the project will support the capacity building of the

herders’ group to better manage their animals and maximize their financial returns.

Component 2: Empirical evidence-based mechanism innovation. This section will rigorously

assess the effectiveness of project activities. Based on the results of the assessment, the economic

losses caused by the project intervention are calculated, and the herders who follow the grazing

method advocated by the project are rewarded. This section will use innovative and low-cost

technologies and equipment (satellite imaging, UAV measurement, camera monitoring, GPS

tracking, remote data transmission, etc.) to provide reliable and timely monitoring results for the

project area.

1.3 World Bank-Related Security Policy

According to the overall design of the project, the above activities will be implemented in

116 mutual groups in 27 natural villages of 6 administrative villages in Mole Town, Qilian County.

The project will use 14 natural villages as project intervention villages, and the remaining 13

villages as control villages in the project area. Choosing three mutual help groups randomly (when

the actual situation is less than 3 mutual aid groups, choose 2), each mutual group selects 4

households as project intervention households according to the project execution willingness and

actual production situation, and actually selects 160 households as the project activity intervention

households; in the control groups, 13 villages did not accept intervention, and the project was

implemented at the herders level. In the first year of project implementation, the actual production

situation of the herdsmen in the project area will be investigated, the baseline situation of the

project area will be clarified, and various preparations will be made for the implementation of the

project activities. In the second year, 160 selected households will be selected for project activities.

Each herder plans to implement natural grassland no-tillage reseeding for 50 acres, and spring

grazing fences for 300 acres, grassland planting and grassland planting management, and project

household livestock nutrition management. All project activities are consistent. In order to

facilitate the evaluation of the project implementation effect with the control household, the

implementation of activities may lead to changes in land use and pastoralist livelihoods, which

may adversely affect the livelihoods or the environment of ethnic communities. According to the

results of the baseline survey and according to the World Bank OP / BP 4.10, the project involves

ethnic minorities, so the minority plan is based on social evaluation and consultations with

affected minority communities.

Based on social assessment and the results of free, prior and informed consultation, we want

to confirm whether the affected minority communities will provide broad support for the project.

If so, the project party shall prepare a detailed report on the minority development plan.

1.4 Principles for the Development of the Minority Development Plan

The formulation of Minority Development Plan should be flexible and pragmatic. The

Minority Development Plan includes the following elements:

Laws and systems applicable to ethnic minorities;

Information about the demographic, social, cultural and political characteristics of the

affected minority communities, the lands and territories traditionally owned, used or

3

occupied by ethnic minorities and the natural resources on which they depend;

Summary of social assessment;

Conduct free, prior and informed consultations with minority communities during the

project preparation period to gain extensive community support for the project;

Develop a free, prior and informed framework for consultation with affected minority

communities during the project implementation period;

Develop an action plan to ensure that minorities receive social and economic benefits

that are culturally appropriate to avoid and minimize the adverse effects of the project;

Formulate procedures for minority community complaints that may arise from project

implementation;

Develop a monitoring, evaluation, reporting mechanism and indicator system suitable

for the implementation of minority development plan.

1.5 Data and Information Sources for Minority Development Plan

The main information in the report comes from the following four ways:

Source 1: Field research, including the investigation of the “Preparation Baseline Survey” of

the World Bank and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs from July 13 to 25, 2018, in Qilian,

Qinghai, and the baseline survey of the inspection team in Moeller Town, Qilian County from

November 19 to 24, 2018;

Source 2: Depth interviews. From November 2018 to January 2019, interviews were

conducted using WeChat, telephone and Wenjuanxing, including 19 community-level

questionnaires and 74 herders’ questionnaires;

Source 3: The project team conducted rough information statistics from November to

December 2018 for representatives of 6 administrative villages, 27 communities and 116 herders’

groups and more than 1,000 herders in Moeller Town, Qilian County;

Source 4: Relevant literature statistics, including statistics provided by local governments,

and information about ethnic minorities obtained through online inquiries.

2. Laws and systems applicable to ethnic minorities

The Minority Development Plan of the project is based on the relevant national and local

laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China and the World Bank's operational

guidelines OP4.10. The purpose is to ensure that: a. The ethnic minorities affected by the project

receive social and economic benefits in accordance with their cultural practices; b. In the case of

determining the potential negative impact of the project on ethnic minorities, measures are taken

to avoid, minimize or mitigate these negative effects, or compensate for these negative impacts.

The legal system applicable to ethnic minorities and its main contents are as follows:

4

2.1 The present policy of ethnic minorities in China

China’s policies and regulations on ethnic minorities and World Bank’s focus on ethnic

minorities are consistent: full respect for the dignity, power, economy and culture of ethnic

minorities; attention to the equality and development of ethnic minorities, and pay special

attention to the development of economic, social and cultural undertakings in order to safeguard

the rights and interests of ethnic minorities and improve the social and economic status of ethnic

minorities. Both China's policies and World Bank’s policies focus on public participation, free,

prior and informed consultation and action plans for minority communities. Both China's policies

and World Bank's policies emphasize the adoption of a series of measures to ensure that affected

ethnic minorities receive social and economic benefits that are consistent with their cultural

practices; and take measures to avoid, minimize and mitigate the potential impact on ethnic

minorities.

2.1.1 Constitution of the People's Republic of China (promulgated in 1982, revised in 2018)

The state stipulates that all ethnic groups are equal, guarantees the legitimate rights and

interests of ethnic minorities, helps ethnic minorities accelerate economic and cultural

development, allows all ethnic groups to use and develop its own language, and maintain or

reform its own customs and habits. Help ethnic minorities accelerate the development of economic

construction and cultural construction from the aspects of finance, materials and technology. It is

stipulated that in areas where ethnic minorities live in concentrated areas, the trials are conducted

in the local language; indictments, judgments, notices and other documents use one or more of the

local common words according to actual needs.

2.1.2 Organization Law of the Villagers Committees of the People's Republic of China (1998)

It is stipulated that among the members of the villagers' committee, there should be women

members, and villages inhabited by multi-ethnic villagers should have members of a small number

of ethnic groups. Except for those deprived of political rights, villagers who are 18 years of age or

older have the right to vote and be elected regardless of nationality, race, gender, occupation,

family origin, religious belief, education level, property status, and residence period.

2.1.3 Regulations on Administrative Work in Ethnic Townships (1993)

The regulations aim to protect the legitimate rights and interests of people in ethnic minority

areas, enhance national unity, and promote the development of national economy and culture.

Where the population of ethnic minorities accounts for more than 30% of the total population of a

township, an application can be made for the establishment of a nationality township. Ethnic

townships can be prioritized in terms of budget preparation, productive loans, resource

development, tax reduction and exemption measures, infrastructure construction, natural resource

development and utilization, and personnel recruitment.

2.1.4 "13th Five-Year Plan" to Promote the Development of Ethnic Areas and Ethnic

Minority (2016)

The "Planning" aims to fill shortcomings in the development of ethnic minorities and ethnic

minority areas, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minorities, enhance the

well-being of all ethnic groups, enhance national unity and progress, and promote exchanges and

5

integration among ethnic groups. From the aspects of finance, materials and technology, the state

helps ethnic minorities to get rid of poverty, classify and promote the development of special

poverty-stricken areas, strengthen infrastructure construction, and improve the development of

education, employment, entrepreneurship, social security, health care, and culture.

2.2 World Bank Minority Policy

According to OP4.10 and BP4.10, World Bank's Minority Policy aims to ensure that project

activities are carried out with full respect for the dignity, power, economy and culture of ethnic

minorities.

Due to the obvious differences with the characteristics of mainstream groups in society, and

their gender and intergenerational problems are also prominent, ethnic minorities belong to the

marginal and vulnerable groups of the local population. They are inseparable from the land they

live in and the natural resources on which they depend, which exposes them to the various risks

and varying degrees of impact of the project. However, ethnic minorities play a vital role in the

sustainable development of the region. Therefore, domestic and international laws are increasingly

paying attention to protecting their rights and interests.

World Bank-funded project measures should avoid potential negative impacts on minority

communities. If it is unavoidable, these effects should be minimized, mitigated, or compensated.

At the same time, the World Bank-funded project aims to ensure that ethnic minorities receive

social and economic benefits that are compatible with their culture and that are gender and

intergenerational inclusive.

If the project affects ethnic minorities, the project team should assist the payee to conduct

informed consultations with the affected communities on the projects they have built throughout

the project cycle. At all stages of project preparation and implementation, all information related

to the project is provided to minority communities in a manner consistent with minority cultural

practices. Based on the results of social evaluation and free, prior and informed consultations, it is

determined whether the affected minority communities will provide broad support for the project.

3. The situation of ethnic minorities in the project area

The Mole Town, which is dominated by animal husbandry, is a pure animal husbandry town.

It is located in the southeast of the county, adjacent to Menyuan County in the east, bordering

Haiyan County, Gangcha County and Datong County in the south, and connecting Tianjun County

in the west of the Haixi Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, and adjacent to the five townships

such as Ebao Town in the north. The east-west spans to 280 kilometers and is distributed in a

narrow and long way. The three roads of Panda, Chamo and Huangjia are in the territory. The total

area of the town is 3826.8 square kilometers, with a natural pasture of 3,945,600 mu, accounting

for 22.4% of the county's grassland area, of which 3,658,800 mu can be used, and the utilization

rate is 90.4%.

3.1 Population composition of each ethnic group in the project

The project covers 6 administrative villages of 116 pastoral groups in 27 communities,

involving 6 ethnic groups, of which Mongolian and Tibetan have the largest population,

6

accounting for 51% and 38% of the total population respectively. Others include Hui, Han, Tu and

Baoan. Ethnic minorities account for 97% of the total population, and they are the main body of

project herders. These ethnic minorities basically speak Tibetan, And the herdsmen of many ethnic

groups live together harmonically. Some families have a population of three ethnic. The

composition of each village population and its ethnic group is shown in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1 Population and ethnic composition of 6 villages in Moeller Town (person)

Total population Mongolian Tibetan Hui Tu Baoan Han

Hailang Village 1811 392 1170 180 13 1 55

Dollong Village 1190 596 440 207 4 7 47

Wariga Village 1053 522 417 26 60 0 6

Caishitu Village 947 599 326 0 17 0 5

Laorigen Village 1273 955 270 6 11 2 29

Zhasha Village 905 587 119 156 14 0 29

6 villages in the town 7179 3651 2742 575 119 10 171

Dolung Organ

Mole Organ

Mole Town

79

242

7500

46

132

3740

20

61

2823

2

10

587

3

8

130

0

0

10

8

31

210

Source: Information source 4.

3.2 Economic, cultural and political characteristics of each ethnic group in the

project area

As mentioned above, the project area is a mixed area of ethnic minorities. Of the 7,507

people counted in 2018, 49.9 percent are Mongolian, 37.6 percent are Tibetan, 7.8 percent are hui,

1.7 percent are tu and 2.8 percent are han. In addition, there are 10 baoan, 2 salar and 1 manchu.

All ethnic groups live in harmony, Chinese and Tibetans are generally applicable in the project

area, but documents related to the project usually use Chinese. Despite this, each nation has its

own unique culture. The economic, cultural and political characteristics of Mongolian, Tibetan,

Hui and Tu nationals are introduced below.

3.2.1 Mongolian

Qinghai Mongolian is one of the ethnic minorities living in Qinghai for generations, also

known as “Dedu Mongolia”. They entered Qinghai in the 1920s. The Mongolian people in

Qinghai are basically the same as the Mongolian customs in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang.

According to the fifth census, there were 88,829 Mongolians in the region in 2000, accounting for

1.71% of the total population of the province, mainly distributed in Delingha, Golmud and Dulan,

Wulan County in Haixi Prefecture, and Henan Mongolian Autonomous County in Huangnan

Prefecture, Qilian County, Haiyan County and Menyuan County of Haibei Prefecture, as well as

Xining City, Hainan Prefecture, Haidong Area, Datong County and some areas; ethnic

autonomous areas include Haixi Mongolian Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Henan

Mongolian Autonomous County. They are mostly distributed in Haixi and Henan counties.

At the cultural level: Qinghai Mongolian belongs to the Mongolian Weilat dialect, which is

basically the same as the Mongolian language with the Chahar voice represented by Zhenglan

7

Banner. But it also has its own characteristics; the text uses "Hudumu" Mongolian, that is, the

same text is used in Mongolian provinces such as Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning

and other provinces. The Mongolian speaks the Mongolian Weilat dialect, and the Mongolian

people in Henan County have switched to Tibetan. Due to the integration of Mongolian and

Tibetan national cultures, the Mongolian dresses here are not much different from the Tibetan

compatriots. In language, both Mongolian language and fluent Tibetan language can be used.

However, only a small number of Mongolian herders can communicate or write in Chinese. Those

who cannot speak Chinese will normally communicate with Mongolians who can speak, or/and

read or/and write Chinese. This is one of the ways in which people communicate in areas with

multi-minorities.

In terms of production methods, they are mainly engaged in animal husbandry production,

pasture by water, operating sheep, goats, horses, yaks, camels, etc., living garden type felt yurts,

which are warm in winter and cool in summer, easy to move and resist the hot weather; Some of

them are engaged in agricultural production in small agricultural areas and eastern agricultural

areas, and they live in the house of civil structure in the style of a courtyard. Because of their

long-term interlaced living with Tibetan and Han nationality, their costumes are different from

Tibetans and different from Mongolian in Inner Mongolia.

3.2.2 Tibetan

Qinghai is the largest Tibetan area in the country preceded only by Tibet. The people who

believe in Tibetan Buddhism account for about a quarter of the province's total population. It is

geographically located in eastern Tibet. There are six Tibetan autonomous prefectures in Qinghai

Province, namely Huangnan Autonomous Prefecture, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture,

Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yushu Tibetan

Autonomous Prefecture, and Haixi Mongolian Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.

Tibetans have their own language and words, and in the daily life, Tibetan is the main

language (for example, the choice of mobile phone language is mainly in Tibetan)., The Tibetan

language belongs to the Tibetan branch of Tibetan-Burmese group of the Sino-Tibetan language

family. It is divided into three dialects of Tibetan, Kang and Anduo, and it has written characters.

The Jiarong Tibetans are rare and are dialects without words. The current Tibetan text is a pinyin

text based on ancient Sanskrit and Western languages in the early 7th century. The use of Tibetans

has strengthened the economic relationship between Tibetans and the Central Plains. Tibetan

literature is rich and colorful, including writers' literature and folk literature, and ranks among the

top ethnic groups in China in terms of quantity.

In terms of economic production, Tibetans are mainly engaged in high-altitude animal

husbandry. It is the main sector in traditional Tibetan production, and its proportion in production

is still slightly larger than that of agriculture. There are many kinds of animal husbandry

production in the plateau. The pastoral areas are mainly semi-settlement nomadic types that are

rotated by seasons. The semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas and agricultural areas are settled

nomadic and settled grazing. The main types of livestock include Tibetan sheep, Tibetan goats,

yellow cattle, Zho, yak, wild yak, horse, Mules, donkey and so on. Domestication of yak,

cultivating yak, and planting green carp are the special contributions of Tibetan people in the

history of human civilization.

8

3.2.3 Hui

The Hui are a nation with a long history, a large population and a wide distribution among the

Qinghai ethnic minorities. According to the statistics of the fourth national census in 1990, there

were 641,700 people in the province, mainly distributed in the eastern and northeastern parts of

the province. The populations of cities and counties such as Xining, Menyuan, Hualong, Datong,

Minhe, Xunhua, Huangzhong, Pingan, Guide, Qilian, Wulan and Jianzha are concentrated, and

other states and counties are also distributed. After the founding of the People's Republic of China,

Hui nationality Autonomous County was established in the Menyuan and Hualong districts where

the Hui people lived. The Hui and Tutong Autonomous Counties were established in Minhe and

Datong respectively, and 10 Huizu Townships were established in Ping'an and Huangzhong

County.

In terms of writing, Hui people do not have their own unique language and words, they use

Arabic as a religious language, daily communication is a change of Mandarin, that is, local

language. However, hui herdsmen mainly use Chinese in formal occasions (such as the issuance of

documents, etc.) and can read Chinese fluently.

The local area has extremely rich cultural resources for Hui culture. The mosque building

community and the religious and cultural landscapes constructed by the religious activities of the

temples (that is, the magnificent mosque architecture and the unique landscape of the believers

who prayed religious activities), various halal dishes, snacks, and the rough and bold ethnic

customs formed by personal etiquette, family villages, clothing, food and shelter. Walking through

it, there is a strong exotic atmosphere. In terms of food culture, local flavor snacks of the hui

ethnic group in qinghai include noodles, fermented grains, fermented milk, yogurt, roast mutton,

pilings, chop, etc., as well as some new dishes with improved local flavor.

3.2.4 Tu

Tu mainly live in the east of the Qinghai Province, north of the Huangshui River, on the

banks of the Yellow River and adjacent areas, most of which live in Qinghai Province Tu

nationality Autonomous County, Minhe County, Datong County, Ledu County, Tongren County,

etc., and some residents live in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County of Gansu Province. The

Qinghai Tu residents originally believed in polytheism, and some people believed in Taoism. After

the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Lamaism was widely believed, but folk beliefs still exist. There are

more than 40 Lama temples in the Tu areas, and the famous ones include Youning Temple and

Guanghui Temple.

Tu language, also known as "menggur" language, belongs to the Mongolian language family

of the Altaic language. It is distributed in the eastern part of Qinghai Province of China and the

western part of Gansu Province. It is concentrated in Qinghai Province Muzhu Autonomous

County and Minhe Hui Autonomous County. In 1979, on the basis of investigation and research,

the researchers on the basis of the wishes of the Tu nationality created a Turkish script scheme

based on Latin Tujia costume letters and Chinese pinyin letters in the form of letters. The writing

of the letters is consistent with the Chinese pinyin letters. In 1981, it began trials in the mutual aid

dialect area and further promoted in 1986. After the experiment, the Turkish scripts have

increasingly shown their positive effects in such areas as sweeping illiterate, memo, accounting,

9

transmitting information, collecting and sorting out folk literature, popularizing popular science

knowledge, and teaching Chinese. They have been recognized and welcomed by the Turkish

people. At present, the Turkish script has entered the school, and the Turkish language classes are

offered in the lower grades of primary school.

The Tu people of Qinghai can sing and dance, and have rich folklore. Folk literature is all

about oral communication, and the narrative poem "Larenbu and Qiemensuo" has been put on the

stage. A variety of cultural content is very rich. In addition, the folk embroidery techniques of the

Tus in Qinghai are famous. The exquisite embroidery is the creation of the Tu women and a

striking symbol of the traditional culture of the Tus. The eating habits of the Tus in Qinghai are

closely related to the production characteristics of agriculture-based and animal husbandry. The

daily staple food is dominated by barley, followed by wheat. Tu people mainly eat radishes,

cabbage, onions, garlic, lettuce, etc., less vegetables, and usually eat more sauerkraut,

supplemented with meat. They love to drink milk tea and eat ghee sand noodles.

3.3 Social and economic conditions of various ethnic groups in the project area

3.1.1 Basic conditions of ethnic minorities

According to the analysis of survey data, at present, the average size of each community in

the town of Mole is 79 households with an average population of 268. The number of men and

women is symmetrically distributed. But the number of herdsmen with livestock is currently only

about half, and the others do not have livestock. There are still some herdsmen who have no grass

at all.

In terms of poverty in pastoral areas, the number of poor pastoral households in each

community accounts for about 9% of the total number in the community. On the whole, this

proportion is still relatively high. However, most of these herdsmen are national poverty

alleviation households, so the poverty situation in pastoral areas can be greatly improved. In the

age distribution of the population, as shown in Table 1, the population of the community over 60

years old is small, the average size is only 37, and the distribution is larger than that of other age

groups. The population is concentrated between 20-60 years old, accounting for about 60% of the

total population of the community, and the minimum and maximum population are higher than

other age groups. The average size of the population aged 10-20 is 42, and the number of children

under the age of 10 is also relatively small. In general, the age distribution of the population is

relatively concentrated,

Table 3-2 Age distribution of the sample community in Moller Town

Minimum Maximum Mean Standard deviation

60 years old or older 16 230 37 47

20-60 years old 80 220 157 35

10-20 years old 14 89 42 20.87

Under 10 years old 10 70 27 14

Data source: community level survey of information 2

The young and the elderly are few, mainly young and middle-aged. In addition, in each age

group, the distribution of men and women is more equal, about 50 percent of each. In addition, the

10

population aged between 20 and 60 years old is the majority of grazing, which is mainly male.

The proportion of people who graze younger than 20 years old or older than 60 years old is very

low. Among the population engaged in grazing, the education level is basically junior high school

or below, and the education above senior high school is rarely grazing.

As for education, the overall level of education is low. The survey found that the educational

level of women and men is not much different, but regardless of gender, the age and education

level are quite different. For example, male and female herders over the age of 40 have rarely

attended high school, and some have attended junior high school; but most of the men and women

born in the 1990s went to middle school or high school. Table 2 also shows that the number of

people who have received high school education or above in each community is only 14, and there

is little difference among different communities, indicating that the number of people who have

received high level education is generally low. Based on the average, 8 percent of people with a

high school education, 16 percent of people with a junior education, 24 percent of people with a

primary education, and 52 percent of people who cannot read or write are illiterate. The illiteracy

rate is more than half of the population. It indicates that the education level in the project area

needs to be improved.

Table 3-3 Status of education level of sample population in Moller Town

Minimum Maximum Mean Standard deviation

High school and above 4 35 14.53 9.31

junior high school 3 100 27.53 23.68

primary school 7 100 42.16 31.69

illiteracy 6 203 90.58 67.37

Data source: community level survey

In terms of industrial structure, the project area is mainly based on the first and third

industries. In 2018, the output value of the primary industry was 569.97 million yuan, the output

value of the secondary industry was 334.44 million yuan, and the output value of the tertiary

industry was 74.701 million yuan. The reason for the lower output value of the secondary industry

may be closely related to the local natural conditions. The area is located on the plateau and has a

high altitude. It is not suitable for industrial development and can only develop industries such as

animal husbandry and tourism. In addition, the per capita GDP of the region in 2018 is 32,130

yuan, far lower than the national average of 64,520 yuan. The grassland resources of each village

in Moller Town are shown in Figure 3-1.

11

Figure 3-1 Distribution of grassland resources in 6 administrative villages in Moller town

3.3.2 Infrastructure Construction

In order to have a more detailed understanding of the infrastructure construction of the

project area, 27 groups were randomly selected from 116 groups provided by local governments

for analysis (Table 3-4). In terms of infrastructure, the project area is relatively poor. The area has

a high altitude, with an average elevation of 3422 meters, and the difference between the regions

is small, that is, the altitude is relatively close, and the high altitude also brings difficulties to the

local infrastructure construction; The communities in the project area are far away from the county,

the average distance is 18.5 kilometers, and the distance to the hospital is also far, which is 22.19

kilometers. From these indicators, the infrastructure construction in the project area is seriously

insufficient to fully meet the living needs of local people. In particular, the number of schools is

small, and the average distance between the pastoral communities and secondary schools is 85

kilometers, indicating that the pastoral areas are sparsely populated and the educational resources

are relatively scarce. In addition, the population of the area is relatively scattered, which also

brings difficulties to infrastructure construction. At present, most herdsmen in this region are

facing the problem of drinking water difficulty for livestock. The main reason is that the place of

residence is 3-5 kilometers away from the water source, and the livestock needs a large amount of

drinking water. It is difficult to transport by means of transportation. Therefore, how to solve this

problem is crucial for the development of local animal husbandry. The region's annual power

generation in 2018 is 289.15 million kWh, and the people's livelihood facilities are gradually

improving. In order to supplement the shortage of forages, some herdsmen will also grow oat

grass, but the overall size is not large enough to meet the actual conditions of livestock breeding.

Other production facilities are few. In the aspect of animal husbandry machinery, the herdsman

families in this area have few. In addition, the herdsmen follow the traditional grazing method, so

the facility husbandry has not been popularized in this area, and few herdsmen participate. Overall,

12

infrastructure construction in the region has a long way to go.

Table 3-4 Status of infrastructure in each district of the project area

Indicator Mean Standard deviation Minimum Maximum

Elevation (m) 3422 204 2980 3900

Distance to county seat (km) 18.5 11.26 1 50

Distance to secondary school (km) 85 21.34 40 120

Distance to health center (km) 22.19 15.52 1 600

Population (person) 69.37 27.37 33 130


3.3.3 Income of ethnic minorities

According to the survey conducted by the project team on 74 households in 6 project villages

through questionnaires, the distribution of ethnic groups in the survey data was counted as shown

in Table 3-5 (information source 2). The livelihood status of ethnic minorities in the project area is

shown in Table 3-6.Judging from the area of the pasture, the average grassland area of each

minority herd in the area has reached 1487 mu, which is smaller than that of Inner Mongolia, and

the standard deviation is large, indicating that the difference in the amount of pasture between the

herders is higher. Some herders do not have pastures, and there are also a few herders who have

large grassland areas. From the perspective of the number(standard sheep, specifically, the average

number of yaks is 51, the minimum number is 0, and the maximum number is 160; The average

number of sheep owned was 166, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 800.) of livestock, the

herdsmen have a large number of livestock. From the standard deviation, the difference in the

amount of livestock is not large, which will bring the local grassland ecology greater pressure and

increase the pressure of ecological restoration. From the income situation, the average income of

the herdsmen reached 125,000 yuan, which is higher than the national average in general, but

some herders do not engage in animal husbandry, which leads to a large difference in animal

husbandry income, but in general, the income from animal husbandry is conducive to raising the

standard of living. Finally, the average level of herders’ expenditure in the region is higher, but

there is a big difference between the herders. The reasons for the differences need to be discussed.

Table 3-5 Specific distribution of sample ethnic groups and proportion

Ethnic distribution Quantity (number) Proportion (%)

Tibetan 22 29.73

Mongolian 42 56.76

Hui 4 5.41

Tu 2 2.7

Han 2 2.7

other 2 2.7

13

Table 3-6 Livelihood status of ethnic minorities in Moeller Town

Indicator Mean Standard

deviation

Minimum Maximum

Grassland area (mu) 1487 1184 0 5900

Number of livestock (pcs) 420 356 0 1520

Animal husbandry income (yuan) 124376 121709 0 668000

Household expenditure status (yuan) 62601 65539 25470 350000


Note: The amount of livestock is herd of standard sheep unit, 1 yak = 4 standard sheep.

3.3.4 Poverty of ethnic minorities

Absolute poverty still exists in the project area. According to the statistics provided by Mole

Town, Poor households all have file cards. the poor households in the town accounted for about

one-tenth of the total herders in 2018, and the poor population also accounted for 10% of the total

population (Table 3-7). For example, among all 222 households with 931 people in Zhasha Village,

22 households are poor, and 79 people are poor (Table 3-7), accounting for 9.2% and 8.7% of the

total households and the total population, respectively, and accounting for 14.5% and 11.2% of the

total households and the total population in the project area. The survey data also supports this

ratio. Take the Wariga community as an example. Among the 76 households in the whole

community, there are 44 livestock households. There are 7 households in the community with

accurate poverty alleviation, one of which has been out of poverty by 2018, 6 have not yet been

lifted out of poverty, and 3 have been destitute for the poor. Even in the village of Hailang where

per capita livestock is high, poverty still exists. According to the People's Daily Online (December

14th, 2018), the Dulong Ecological Animal Husbandry Cooperative uses the 45,000 yuan

“Industrial Park Project Fund” of the Qilian County Poverty Alleviation Bureau to help 46

households with 142 people in the neighboring village (Hailang Village). The cooperative

continued to drive for three years to help them get rid of poverty. At the end of 2018, the

cooperative gave 330 yuan to each person in the village. The data of poor households and poor

people here exceeds the statistics of 35 households with 112 people. This shows that 8.3% and

7.3% of the statistics of the poor households and population according to the total number of 2,090

households and 7505 people in the town may be slightly lower than the actual ratio.

Table 3-7 Situation of poor households and poor people in 6 villages in Moeller town

(person)

Village Number of poor households Population

Caishitu 32 100

Hailang 35 112

Wariga 27 80

Laorigen 30 95

Dulong 27 81

Zhasha 22 79

Total 173 547


14

Taking Zhasha Village as a sample, the ethnic distribution of the poor population was further

investigated. It was found that among 79 poor people, the population of Mongolian accounted for

67.1%, the population of Tibetan accounted for 15.2%, the population of Hui accounted for 10.1%,

and the population of Tu accounted for 5.1%. The population of Han accounts for 2.5%. The

ethnic distribution of the poor is roughly equal to the proportion of the total population.

4. Analysis of the vulnerability and diversity of ethnic minorities

4.1 Analysis of the vulnerability of ethnic minorities

According to the equality policy of all ethnic groups as stipulated in the Constitution of the

People's Republic of China, there are no ethnic groups in the project area that are weak in

language, culture, politics, and economy. At the project seminar held in Beijing on April 9-10,

2019, the social assessment team also asked local leaders and technicians from Qilian County

Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau and Mole Town to confirm that the various ethnic

groups in the project area did not live in a weak state. However, in general, ethnic minorities in the

project area are relatively fragile, mainly in four aspects: natural environment and infrastructure,

livelihood model, social and organizational level. The following is a brief introduction to the

vulnerability of these aspects.

4.1.1 The natural environment is fragile and the public infrastructure is imperfect

The fragility of the ecological environment is characterized by the high altitude, harsh

climate, harsh natural conditions, sparse vegetation, and obvious soil erosion phenomena such as

wind erosion, water erosion and freezing erosion. These include plateau glaciers, snow lines and

tundra ecosystems, alpine shrub grassland ecosystems, alpine meadow ecosystems, and alpine

valley river wetland ecosystems. Moreover, the terrain of the area is undulating, the geological

structure is complex, the hydrothermal conditions are vertically changed, the soil layer is

incompletely developed, the soil is thin, the vegetation is sparse, the influence of human activities

is strong, and the regional ecological degradation is obvious. In addition, the traffic conditions in

this area are inconvenient.

4.1.2 Single livelihood model, low ability to withstand economic risks

According to the socio-economic survey of ethnic minorities, 72.97% of the ethnic minority's

income sources depended on animal husbandry income, while the number of migrant workers was

small, and the dependence on grazing income is strong. The survey found that, on the one hand,

the high-altitude and low-temperature climate characteristics also directly lead to low land output

rate in the project area. In addition, ethnic minorities, especially for the poor ethnic minority

families, still have livestock farming as the main source of livelihood; On the other hand, the lack

of necessary human resources training directly leads to a single source of ethnic minorities'

livelihoods. Therefore, both of these aspects directly lead to the low abilities of ethnic minorities

to resist risks.

4.1.3 Social vulnerability

Mainly reflected by the low level of education, the overall quality is not good, and there is

still a lack of risk sharing mechanism.

15

The proportion of ethnic minorities in the region who have entered the high school or above

is only 4.98%, the comprehensive quality of ethnic minorities is not good, there are certain

difficulties in understanding the concept of the project, the ability to participate in the project is

weak, the mastery of market development modern technology is also weak, and self-development

ability is insufficient. The survey found that, on the one hand, ethnic minorities lack the necessary

abilities to participate, such as reading, writing, and listening, but cannot express their own

interests because of their lack of abilities; on the other hand, although traditional culture of ethnic

minorities advocates mutual cooperation and cooperation. However, due to the imperfect

infrastructure of the minority project areas, the backwardness of farming technology, and the lack

of necessary start-up capital and self-organization ability, the ethnic minorities still cannot be

organized, and it is difficult to exert the scale advantage of the collective economy.

Minority farmers are the direct bearers of natural disasters, market risks and social risks in

minority project areas. Due to lack of funds, low cultural quality, and imperfect mutual aid

organizations, the ethnic minority project villages have not been established to cope with

industrial development risks ‘prevention mechanisms. On the one hand, ethnic minorities in the

project area are living in remote mountainous areas, lacking channels of market information,

information is blocked, opportunities for foreign exchange and learning are small, market and

commodity awareness are weak; on the other hand, risk prevention mechanisms are not only

aimed at risks before the response is also aimed at the remedy after the risk has emerged. In the

minority project areas covered by the project, the incidence of poverty among ethnic minorities is

high, and there is a lack of preventive funds to resist risks. In addition, the number of professional

cooperative organizations or groups in minority areas is few, only two, the ability of individual

farmers to prevent risks is quite low.

4.1.4 Low degree of organization

More than 1,000 herders in the 6 villages involved in the project, there are 2 professional

cooperatives of herders, and only 86 households are involved, accounting for 6% of the total

herders, respectively. 16% and 18% of the root village herders. However, the interview found that

there are fairly common mutual cooperation activities among herders in activities such as shearing

wool, sheep dung and yak hair. These loose mutual aid groups can sometimes reach 20 people.

Overall, the level of village-level organization in the project area is low, and the ability of herders

to self-service needs to be improved. This will affect its ability to withstand risks.

4.2 Differences in livelihoods among ethnic groups

In order to understand the differences in livelihoods deeply among different ethnic groups,

based on information source 2 to analyze the upgrading status of each ethnic group from four

aspects: grassland area, livestock quantity, animal husbandry income and household expenditure.

4.2.1 Mongolian

Table 4-1 shows that the Mongolian indicators and the average level of the region are not so

different, and the grassland area, livestock quantity and animal husbandry income are higher than

the average level of the region (Table 3-3), while expenditure is less, and the internal difference is

large. Specifically, Mongolian herders have raised more than 6% of livestock in the pasture area

equivalent to all herders, and the income from animal husbandry is 10% higher than that of all

16

national herders, but it is 12.6% less. Therefore, overall, the Mongolian people have a higher

standard of living and are generally more affluent.

Table 4-1 The Livelihood Status Of Mongolian Herders

Mean Standard Deviation Minimum Maximum


Number of livestock (only) 445 377 0 1400

Animal husbandry income

(yuan)

136820 124103 0 668000

Expenditure status (yuan) 54714 44162 13586 180000

Source of data: Information source 2.

4.2.2 Tibetans

The livelihood status of Tibetan herders is shown in Table 4-2. The area of pasture owned by

Tibetan herders is 4.71% higher than the overall level, while the number of livestock is only 2.86

higher than the average. This shows that Tibetan herders are more concerned about the balance of

grass and livestock than Mongolian herders. Its animal husbandry income is almost one-third

lower than the average, while consumption levels are 12% higher. It shows that the consumption

concept and Tibetan culture of Tibetan herders are quite different from those of other herders.

More attention needs to be paid to the lives of Tibetan herders, especially for the coordination of

their livelihood levels, ecological protection and their traditional culture.

Table 4-2 The Livelihood Status Of Tibetan Herders





(yuan)

85132 72255 12000 325000



4.2.3 Hui

The livelihood status of Hui nationality herders is shown in Table 4-3. Compared with all

ethnic minority herders in the project area, the Hui people's pastoral households have a grassland

area less than the average level of 22.86%, and the livestock quantity is correspondingly lower

than the average level of 21.43%, but their animal husbandry income is higher than the average.

The level is 161%, while the level of expenditure is 155% above the average. Therefore, it is

necessary to warn the herders to increase the grazing pressure of the pastures in order to increase

living expenses, thereby increasing the ecological crisis of the grasslands, which requires special

attention in the implementation of the project.

17

Table 4-3 The Livelihood Status Of Hui Nationality Herders




Animal husbandry income (yuan) 325000 146105 60000 430000



4.2.4 Tu

Table 4-4 shows the livelihoods of the Tu herders. The number of Tus and herders in the

project area is relatively small. The grassland resources they have are relatively poor, which is

lower than the average level of 54% of the average minority households in the project area. The

number of animals raised is less than one-third of the average level, and their income. And

expenditures were below the average of 61% and 49% respectively. In this way, the Tus are

relatively weak in the project area. They are mostly distributed in the village community of Wariga,

where the altitude is higher than other villages and the natural conditions are even worse. The

project should pay special attention to this group.

Table 4-4 The Livelihood Status Of Tu Nationality Herders



Number of livestock (only) 277.5 404 155 400


(yuan)

49000 100826 28000 70000



4.2.5 Summary

From the above statistical analysis, the main source of livelihood of ethnic minorities in the

project area is grazing. The livestock are mainly cattle and sheep, and the income of animal

husbandry is relatively high, which can basically meet the daily expenses of the family. The

biggest risk facing is ecological degradation in the region. The project area is located on the

plateau and the ecological environment is fragile. The herdsmen raise a large amount of livestock

for increasing income, which is much higher than the national grass and livestock balance

regulations, which further aggravates the grassland burden. Therefore, the promotion of ecological

protection can be increased during the implementation of the project, while special attention is

paid to protecting the ecology and increasing minority awareness of the project.

4.3 Gender Differences in Minority Livelihoods

According to the statistics of Qilian County, the total number of males in the county was

26,254 in 2018, accounting for 49.87% of the total population; the number of females was 26,384,

accounting for 50.13% of the total population of the county. Similarly, the county's female

secondary school enrollment rate was 50.39%, and the minority female enrollment rate was

51.10%, which was 1.41% higher than the county on average. Minority women in the project area

play a very important role in animal husbandry production and life. From the perspective of the

18

herdsmen's family, they have to participate in all kinds of animal husbandry production activities

other than sheep dung, as well as milking, cooking and ghee, which are daily heavy household

chores (Table 4-5). It is more labor intensive and harder than male herders. Therefore, female

herders are also vulnerable and should receive special attention.

Table 4-5 Gender Division of Labor in Animal Husbandry Activities

Activities Milking Shearing Yak hair Grazing Sheep

Dung

Cow

Dung

Cooking Ghee

Male * * * * *

Female * * * * * * *

Table 4-6 Gender and age distribution of herdsmen in Mole town

<20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 >70 合计

male number 2 42 149 357 246 160 93 1037

percent 0.19 4.05 14.37 34.43 23.72 15.43 8.97 100

female number 3 5 45 142 89 62 47 386

percent 0.78 1.30 11.66 36.79 23.06 16.06 12.18 100

max min mean std

male 95 19 50.59 12.96

female 88 17 52.24 13.14

Source of data: field research in November,2018

Table 4-6 shows the age and gender distribution of the majority of herdsmen in Mole. It can

be seen that the majority of women are over 40 years old, and the majority are mainly middle-aged

and old. From the perspective of education level, the education level of female herders is generally

low. According to the female herdsmen representatives asked in the interviews, nearly 80% of the

women have only received primary education, and only about 20% have received junior high

school education or above. There are very few female herders who have received high school

education.

If you compare a female household with a male owner (Table 4-7), you can see that the

female herder has a grassland area that is 35.7% lower than that of the male herd, and the number

of livestock is less than that of the male animal husbandry. 72.9% of households have a lower

income than 61.3% of male herders, but female herders spend more than 4.2% of male herders.

In addition, the age of male herders and female herders varies. According to information

source 3, among the more than 1,000 herders in Moller town, the average age of male herders is

about 51 years old, the oldest is 95 years old, and the youngest is 19 years old. Most of the herders

aged 40-60 years old, 58.15% of the total number of herders, of which 40-50 years old and 50-60

years old herders accounted for 34% and 24% of the total herders respectively; the average age of

female herders is over 52 years old. The oldest is 88 years old and the youngest is 17 years old.

Female herders aged 40-60 account for nearly 60% of the total number of female herders, with

19

37-50% and 23% of women herders aged 40-50 and 50-60, respectively. Female herders over the

age of 60 exceed 28% of the total number of female herders, while men are less than 25%. In

general, herders are characterized by aging and feminization.

Table 4-7 Livelihood Status of Male and Female Herders

Mean S.D. Min Max

Male Grassland area (mu) 1531 1191 0 5900


Animal husbandry income (yuan)

130880 123563 8000 668000


Female Grassland area (mu) 984 1077 200 3025


Animal husbandry income (yuan)

50667 129281 0 170000



Female herders are not as cooperative as male pastors. Among the only two animal

husbandry cooperatives in the town, the female herders accounted for 15.11% of the total herders

of the cooperatives, of which the old Japanese root cooperatives participated in the female

comparison ratio of 19.05% and the multi-long 11.36%, which were far lower than the whole

village. Female herders account for the ratio of all herders. Moreover, on the whole, the average

age of women participating in cooperatives is 50 years old, and that of men is 47 years old. The

average age of males in Laorigen cooperatives is 50 years old, and the average age of women is 52

years old. The members of the multi-long cooperatives are younger. The average male is 44 years

old and the female is 48 years old. In general, the number of women participating in cooperatives

is small and older than men. These facts show that minority women are vulnerable groups in the

project area, and the project should pay special attention to women and herders to promote the

balanced development of the project area.

Since the project has carried out various forms of publicity and research in the project area

since 2014, the sample herdsmen are almost aware of the project, but the specific implementation

of the project, such as which villages or communities will be implemented, the specific measures

of the project are not clear. With the development of the project, more information will be

informed to local people, especially the women.

5. Based on free, prior and informed consultation

Since the early 2018, the project has listened to the opinions and suggestions of local

governments and minority herders through seminars and demonstrations in many field trips. On

May 9-11, 2019, the project team conducted further interviews on the specific implementation of

the project in the form of symposiums in Qilian County and Mole Town and its affiliated

administrative villages. The number of participants is about 50, of which the project team are 5, 9

men from county and township cadres and technicians, and the rest are local people, including 7

20

female herders. The discussion mainly focused on the three activities to be carried out by the 160

participating households and their compensation methods and compensation quotas: 1) each

project household no-tillage to reproduce 50 acres of degraded winter and spring grassland; 2)

each project household artificially planting about 2 mu of oat grass in the circle nest; 3) 300 mu of

winter and spring grassland for each project household (including 50 mu of no-tillage

re-cultivation in the previous article), that no grazing allowed for 50 days in the spring. After

discussion, on the basis of fully listening to the opinions of the people, a consensus was reached,

the village-level administrative committee and the herdsmen signed a service agreement, and the

project subsidized according to the actual promotion area of the re-broadcast. 2 kilograms of seeds

per mu, about 15 yuan per kilogram of seeds; leasing no-tillage and reseeding machinery

(including transportation costs) rental price of 145 yuan / mu; herders no-tillage tonic maintenance

effect subsidies 1,000 yuan per project. All the participants in the discussion collectively

expressed support for the implementation of the project. Subsequently, the research team went into

the herders’ houses and pastures to talk with the herders and listen to their suggestions for the

project.

Within a few days after the investigation team returned to Beijing, the specific information of

the project was publicized at the location of the town government and the administrative villages

(see relevant signature tables and photos), which laid a good social foundation for the project.

Following this practice, the project still needs to let ethnic minority herders and other stakeholders

fully understand and give strong support to the project during the preparation and implementation

phases. To this end, detailed and culturally appropriate consultation procedures for ethnic

minorities need to be developed at all stages of project preparation and implementation, and

potential projects should be evaluated alongside free, prior and informed consultations with

affected minority groups. And identifying and assess the measures necessary to avoid adverse

effects.6.1 Framework for consultation

5.1 Consultation framework

The World Bank’s policy on ethnic minorities requires a free, prior and informed consultation

process to benefit the project or the broad community support of the affected groups. Recipients

need to: 1) establish an appropriate negotiation framework to enable affected genders and

intergenerational personnel to participate in consultations at all stages of project preparation and

implementation; 2) design and adopt method that is appropriate for the social and cultural values

of ethnic minorities, and the consultation methods should pay special attention to the access of

women and adolescents to development opportunities and interests; 3) make sure the relevant

information that may affect the various stages of the project is based on minority culture. under

these conditions, the project mainly adopts the following negotiation methods.

5.2 Consultation method

According to the above consultation framework, combined with the analysis of the cultural

characteristics and differences of ethnic minorities in Parts 3 and 4 of this report, the whole

process of preparation, implementation and evaluation of the project allows the ethnic minorities

to participate freely and fully in decision making in a manner consistent with their culture. To this

end, the PMO organized two field visits: on November 11-19, 2018 and may 9-11, 2019, went to

21

the province/county/town and potential project villages for field visits and discussed with

personnel at all levels to understand the situation and identify problems according to this, the work

plan was formulated; At the same time, the minority cadres of the county/town where the project

is located came to Beijing twice in December 2018 and January 2019 respectively to participate in

the discussion on the report writing, which provided valuable suggestions for the implementation

of the project and the development of ethnic minorities. The project office also established a

WeChat group to facilitate the writing of the minority development plan report. In addition, during

the period from November 2018 to January 2019, the project team conducted interviews with

ethnic minority herders/village community cadres on the basis of telephone, WeChat and

questionnaire stars to understand their basic situation, livelihood status and opinion of the project.

Through the above channels, the project team negotiated with ethnic minorities in the following

three ways:

1) Holding a group symposium in a minority village community. Focusing on the issues of

common concern to the local minority herders', a group symposium was held in the minority

villages, and the participants spoke freely;

2) Personal interviews with ethnic minority herders who are potentially affected by the

project to understand their views and attitudes towards the project;

3) Talking to the government and business departments of Mole Town, Qilian County, Haixi

Prefecture and Qinghai Province where the project is located, and listening to their opinions and

attitudes towards the project. Together with local governments at all levels, establishing

institutional arrangements and supervision mechanisms for minority participation in the project

area to ensure that ethnic minorities can participate in the design and implementation of the

project.

With the implementation of the project, the methods of consultation with ethnic minorities,

such as group discussions and personal interviews, are still needed later, and needed to be flexible

used in various ways according to specific situations. The following diagram and check-in table

show some of the negotiation process:

22

Figure 5-1 Check-in forms and photos of related parties in Xining and Qinghai Province

24

Figure 5-2 Check-in forms and photos of the forum in Qilian County

25

Figure 5-3 May 2019 Merle Town Research Survey Record

26

5.3 Information disclosure channels

The project office shall promptly describe the upcoming activities of the project to the

affected ethnic minority groups in order to facilitate the participation of the affected minority

groups; and at various stages of project preparation and implementation, we adopt a manner

consistent with the cultural habits of ethnic minorities. Providing all relevant project information,

such as project declaration conditions, disclosure of restrictions on grassland improvement, pest

control and spring grazing activities, and the publication of ecological awards, Monitoring results

of each family, etc., in order to build trust and broad support with ethnic minority groups, herders

and local governments in the project area, at different stages of the development of the ethnic

minority development plan, at least one month before the World Bank evaluates, the minority

development plan is disclosed to the affected people and the public in a specific language at a

specific place where the project is located. After the World Bank's approval, the final draft of the

minority development plan must be made public again. While the public participation of the

project and the minority development plan are open, the plan should also seek the opinions of the

affected people. Specific information disclosure channels include:

1) Communicate step by step through local governments at all levels. Taking the project

declaration as an example, the application conditions for the demonstration project will be issued

by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and issued to the provincial government; the

provincial government will initially select the eligible demonstration counties according to the

project application conditions; the county government will prepare the declaration form and

declare the project; Ministry, the provincial government and the World Bank organize relevant

experts to conduct competitive evaluations and identify demonstration counties; the Ministry of

Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the provincial government organize project demonstration

counties to carry out annual implementation plan preparation; through project approval, carrying

27

out project implementation work;

2) Announcement in the project village community;

3) Publish information through local TV stations, newspapers, radio, WeChat platforms, etc.;

4) Provide technical training and services, establishing a village-level training platform, using

the agricultural technology promotion platform and the Agricultural Broadcasting School to

provide technical consultation and guidance to the herders, and carrying out participatory

technical training, publicity and popular science education activities, in which female herders

receive training. The time and quantity should be no less than 1/3 of the total training.

In summary, before the project is approved, the recipient must send the social impact

assessment report and the draft minority development plan to the World Bank for review.

According to the provisions of OP/BP 4.10, if the review is passed, the social impact assessment

report and the draft minority development plan will be published to the affected minority groups

in a manner appropriate to the culture of ethnic minority groups. And disseminate it with tools or

means appropriate to national, regional and local minorities. 6.4 Grievance procedure

5.4 Grievance procedures

The project will establish complaint committees at all levels in the affected ethnic minorities

before the project is launched. These representatives are selected by their working features or their

responsible works. Sometimes, they can also be recommended by the communities and/or

agencies where they were. The Appeals Committee will be composed of multi-stakeholder

representatives including project villages, community leaders and independent civil society

organizations (non-profit associations and community organizations). The committee will receive,

evaluate and mediate suggestions and grievances that may arise within minority groups.The

Appeals Committee will serve community members during the execution of the project.

The grievance procedures are shown in Figure 5-4, in which, the roles and responsibilities of

each level of the complaint committees can be seen.

Appeals committees at all levels receive complaints with the writing style. To make the

appeal easy to take, you can develop an easy-to-understand template or form for anyone who

wants to make a complaint. The complainant will be exempt from all administrative and legal

costs incurred as a result. The complaint will be dealt with through negotiations to reach a

consensus. The details, discussion and results of the appeal will be recorded in the complaints log

of the Appeals Committee. In order to eliminate possible dissatisfaction among project-affected

people and families quickly and effectively, the appeal can be carried out in a bottom-up process,

that is, if community members are not satisfied with the project activity or its implementation,

they can make a written complaint to the Community Appeals Committee; However, if they are

dissatisfied with the above results, they can appeal to the appeal committee at the higher level of

the project until they apply to the project executive level for administrative arbitration or file a

lawsuit with the civil court in accordance with relevant national laws and regulations.

28

Figure 5-4 Grievance procedures

5.5 Minority cognition of the project

Based on information collected from field trips, group discussions, household interviews, and

telephone interviews, ethnic minority herders, technicians, and government officials at all levels

Local resolution

Solved End

Grievance committee at project level

Solved in 10 days End

Provincial level

Solved in 20 days End

If still unsolved, complainers may choose to exercise their

rights under law to refer the matter to court of law.

If NOT

If NOT

If NOT

29

showed great interest and enthusiasm for the project, and eagerly hoped that the project would

conducted within their own geographic area.

According to the data source given above, the data implementation process is specifically

described here. The first is a field trip, including the investigation of the “Preparation Baseline

Survey” of the World Bank and the Ministry of Agriculture project on July 13-25, 2018, in Qilian,

Qinghai. On November 19-24, 2018, the inspection team was in Mole, Qilian County. The

baseline survey of the town and the supplementary research conducted in the town of Moller on

May 9-11, 2019; the main methods adopted were symposiums and hearings, listening to the

specific opinions of herders, local community leaders, Mole township leaders, technical and

management persons from Qilian county for project implementation, and providing suggestions

for the project formulation. The second is in-depth interviews. From November 2018 to January

2019, interviews using WeChat, telephone and questionnaire stars, including 19 social-level

questionnaires and 74 herder questionnaires. The survey was divided into a community-level

questionnaire and a herder's questionnaire. The third is the rough information statistics of the

project team from November to December 2018 for representatives of 6 administrative villages,

27 communities and 116 herders groups and more than 1,000 herdsmen in Mole Town, Qilian

County. It mainly covers information such as age, gender and village. The fourth is related

literature statistics, including statistics provided by local governments, and information about

ethnic minorities obtained from online enquiries. When it comes to some basic climatic conditions

in the project area or local customs, it is provided by local governments.

Mole Town, whose ethnic minority population is over 95%, said that they welcomed this

project very much and it would set up a leading group to cooperate with experts and do a good job.

Veterinary professionals said that if the people want to take out their own money to buy grass, the

project's goal will be failed. It is recommended that the Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Department tilt the project to Qilian and try to make the project cover more herders. Without the

support of the project, even if the herders' grass hills are seriously degraded, their cattle and sheep

still need to use these grass hills. To feed in the critical period. The town believes that it is easier to

participate in the project by the social unit. The quality of the grassland is used as the evaluation

standard. After the grassland reaching a certain quality, the funds will be compensated. As long as

the compensation is equal to the previous animal husbandry income, the herders can accept it. The

herders have the awareness of protecting the grasslands and accept ecological protection, but do

not accept income reduction. Therefore, economic sustainability issues after house feeding need to

be considered.

Herders said that if the compensation for the project is enough to offset the loss of income

from the reduction of livestock, they were very willing to adopt a grazing ban and grassland

balance to protect the grassland. However, grazing bans require more labor to feed the animals.

Some herders face difficulties in drinking water from serious livestock, they need to drive cars to a

few kilometers away to carry drink water. Some of them spend tens of thousands of dollars to buy

water-pumping vehicles, and pull water to drink livestock every day. The time and cost are huge.

If the animals are housed, the problem of drinking water will become more prominent.

For pest control, the herders said that although they are being treated every year, the pests of

rats still occur year after year, which has aggravated grassland degradation to some extent. In 2017,

30

grassland rodents in Qinghai Province harmed 8.23 million hectares of grassland, and the

incidence of rodent pests accounted for 28.9% of the country. It is the most serious area of rodent

damage in all grassland provinces in China. Because the management of rodent pests has certain

public affairs characteristics, the overall effect of small-area area governance is not ideal. The

herders require a large range of pests to control the pests.

In short, by interviewing and talking to herders, local community leaders, township leaders,

technical staff and managers of Qilian county, we found that ethnic minority herders, scientific

and technological personnel, villages and local governments at all levels believe that intervention

projects are beneficial. However, because the proposed project is much different from the

government-driven project, the civil society in the project implementation areas may have some

deviations in the understanding of the project among these stakeholders, especially the minority

herders. For example, the household will get some money depend on the ecological effects of the

grassland, which is different from the previous reward or compensation. They are worried that

they will not receive sufficient compensation after they have done so.

6. Social Impact Assessment

The main activities to be carried out by the project include grassland improvement, pest

control, spring grazing rest, artificial grassland construction and management, as well as the legal

and institutional framework compatible with the local ethnic minorities. In these activities, the

artificial grassland is built to plant namely winter nest inside the planting of wheatgrass as early as

many years ago was widely adopted by herders; Although pest control is influenced by religious

beliefs such as Tibetan herders not killing animals, this public service led by the government in the

past years has been generally recognized and accepted by herders of all ethnic groups. In recent

years, grassland improvement and spring rest grazing have been piloted in a few herders, and are

deeply loved by herders.

Social impact assessment is the process of identifying and reviewing the social impact of

current or proposed projects and other development interventions. Social impact assessments

include the analysis, monitoring and management of planned interventions and the expected and

unintended social consequences of any social change process.

As mentioned above, the project will involve five ethnic minorities, including Mongolian and

Tibetans, whose populations are mixed together and some are even the same family. They are

basically speaking Tibetan. The animal husbandry production in the project area: each household

in the winter and spring grassland uses it internally, and generally pulls the net fence; the summer

and autumn grassland is used jointly by the community or jointly used by the village. A very small

number of communities have separated the autumn grass field from the summer grass field, and

the autumn grass field has also been distributed to various households. These pastures are the main

natural resources for the various ethnic groups in the project area to survive. They usually graze in

their winter and spring pastures for about 9 months, and then they will transfer to the summer and

autumn grasslands for a total of several months. Repeatedly. The government determines the

location and area of the control based on the monitoring of the pests every year. Herders' located

in the control area will be notified in advance to avoid grazing during the prevention period.

31

Specifically, the possible impact of the implementation of the project on ethnic minorities in

the project area is:

6.1 The positive impact of the project on ethnic minorities

If the project can be carried out as expected, it will have positive effects on the following

three aspects for minority project households, project areas and surrounding minority areas:

1) Change the traditional grazing habits of ethnic herders to make grass and animal

husbandry more intensive and efficient. The implementation of the project will help change the

habits of herders grazing on natural grass all year round. Natural grassland management activities

such as spring grazing, captive supplement feeding and artificial grassland establishment can not

only enable grassland to recuperate during key periods such as pasture germination and seed

maturity, but also reduce livestock mites to a certain extent; optimized feeding the forage

combination also helps to adjust the nutritional structure of the livestock, making the animal

husbandry more intensive and efficient.

2) Change the concept of ecological supplements for ethnic herders and encourage them to

voluntarily protect grassland resources. The existing ecological subsidy policy in the project area

is distributed to each herder according to the grassland area contracted by the herders' households

according to the standards of the grazing prohibition and grassland balance subsidy. The

evidence-based grassland ecological compensation policy implemented by the project will

implement the ecological supplement policy in strict accordance with the approved stocking

standards, that is, the participating households will compensate for the losses caused by reducing

livestock, and bring protection to the grassland. The supply of ecological products is rewarded.

Through the implementation of the project for many years and its demonstration effect, the

herders' concept of awards will be improved, so that the herders can voluntarily protect grassland

resources under the new ecological reward mechanism.

3) Enhance the ability of a small number of herders to accept new technologies and improve

their livelihoods. During the implementation and demonstration, the project will provide

consultation and guidance on animal husbandry technology, and use the agricultural technology

promotion platform and the Agricultural Broadcasting School to train new types of professional

farmers and herders, improve the technical acceptance of herders, enhance their human capital,

and broaden their livelihoods strategies to improve the sustainable livelihoods of herders. The

adoption of new technologies by the project participants and the improvement of their livelihood

level can also promote the technical adoption and livelihood improvement of the pastoral

households in the whole project area, and promote the sound and rapid development of pastoral

areas.

6.2 Potential negative effects of the project on the development of ethnic

minorities

1) It may affect the harmonious relationship between non-project households, project teams

and project villages. As the project will be based on 116 herders' groups of 27 communities in 6

villages across the town, on a transparent, open and voluntary basis, 58 randomly selected as

project teams, and randomly selected 3-5 households from each project team. As it may result in

different participation of 6 villages and their 27 communities and groups of herders in the project,

32

this will inevitably affect the allocation of resources between villages, different communities in

the same village and different pastoral groups in the same community. Moreover, for a project

team with an average of 15 herders, random selection of 3-5 households as project households

may have adverse effects on other herders in the same project group. Compared with the pastoral

groups of other mutual aid groups, the same group of Herders have closer settlement distances,

and there are more activities for mutual aid in daily animal husbandry production, such as shearing

wool and sheep dung. If the project participants benefit more from the project, it may enlarge the

distance between the project and the non-project, thus affecting the implementation and

demonstration of the project.

2) The implementation of the project requires minority herders to change their traditional

livestock habits. The housing and feeding in the project activities is not consistent with the habits

of the ethnic minorities in the project area to stock livestock. The activities of the project must be

carried out smoothly, and the minority herders need to change their traditional grazing habits. The

grazing method puts forward new requirements. In addition, after a short period of captivity, it is

difficult for livestock to adapt to the bad weather outside, especially in winter. Therefore, it is

necessary to improve livestock breeds to ensure the smooth development of the project.

3) The housing and feeding in the project activities will bring higher costs to the minority

herders. Compared to seasonal stocking, livestock feeding requires more manual care and more

artificial forage. The self-sufficiency of forage materials in the project area is difficult, and the

cost of transporting purchased forage materials is high. In addition, it is also difficult to feed

livestock and drink water. Therefore, housing and feeding will bring additional livestock raising

costs to ethnic herders.

4) The difference between the ecological reward method and the existing practices may make

it difficult for the project minority herders to accept. The project is based on the empirical

ecological reward method and the long-term and still in progress, which does not require the

evaluation of the number of livestock and grassland utilization to directly distribute the

compensation to the herders. The herders must bear the project cost first. It will affect the

livelihood of ethnic minorities and may make it difficult for minority herders to adapt. If they can't

strictly abide by the requirements of the project and meet the requirements of the project, the

grassland ecological prizes of the previous GSP will not be issued. In the short term, the livelihood

of minority herders involved in the project will not reach the expected level.

5) Grass and livestock balance and livestock pressure are large, which may reduce the income

of herders to a large extent. According to the 2017 National Grassland Monitoring Report, the

overload rate of livestock in Qinghai Province in 2017 is about 10%. The livestock overload of the

minority herders in the project villages is also roughly similar. In order to achieve the

evidence-based ecological awards, the project will strictly require the project households to raise

the specified number of livestock according to the carrying capacity of their own pastures. In the

current situation where the ethnic minority herders are generally overloaded, lowering the number

of livestock is likely to lead to a greater reduction in the income of the herders', which will affect

the livelihood of the minority farmers in the project in the short term.

6) During the implementation of the project, the herders will not reduce the number of

livestock, and will shorten the time spent using natural pastures, thereby increasing the time of

33

captivity, which will increase the livelihood costs of herders. In addition, some herders have

rented other pastures. In order to meet the project requirements, the animals will be stocked on the

leased pastures, which will increase the pressure on the pasture.

6.3 Mitigation measures for the adverse effects of the project on ethnic minorities

Based on the analysis of the vulnerability and diversity of ethnic minorities in the project area,

and the potential positive and negative impacts of the project on ethnic minorities, it is necessary

to have activities acceptable to ethnic minorities such as Tibetans and Mongolians during the

preparation, implementation and operation of the project. Carry out project activities in a manner

acceptable to ethnic minorities such as Tibetans and Mongolians, respecting their customs,

religious beliefs and living habits, etc., in order to enhance and realize the positive impacts that the

project may bring, and mitigate or eliminate potential disadvantages of the project. Equal

participation of herdsmen of different ethnic groups in projects should be ensured, publicity

should be strengthened, the right to know of ethnic minorities living in remote areas should be

ensured, various training activities should be carried out, the capacity building of ethnic minorities

should be strengthened. It should pay more attention to the vulnerable groups, including women

and older herders. In doing so, a certain proportion of women and older herders should be

guaranteed to participate in projects, so as to promote the sustainable development of ethnic

minority areas and different gender and ethnic groups. Specific measures can be taken as follows:

1) Let the herdsmen/mutual support groups/societies apply for participation in the project

under transparent, open and voluntary conditions, in order to avoid to break the harmonious

relationship between non-project households, project teams and project villages that may be

brought about by project implementation;

2) Reducing the dependence of minority herdsmen on four seasons of grazing livestock

through technology substitution and community co-management; and the high cost that may be

brought to minority herdsmen by house feeding and captivity;

3) Strengthen supervision of overloaded pastoralism through publicity, formal and

community informality;

4) Increasing the non-grazing income of minority herdsmen by establishing animal product

brands, opening up markets, and looking for alternatives to livelihoods;

5) Prevent project households from passing the grazing pressure to the rented pastures, thus

adversely affecting the ecological environment of the entire region.

7. Action Plan

7.1 Implementing agency

The project is funded by GEF funds. The World Bank will be manager of the project, and the

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is responsible for the implementation. The Project

Management Office (PMO) is established and a chief technical consultant is appointed to provide

technical support to PMO. For the management and implementation of the project, the Ministry of

Agriculture and Rural Affairs organizes and negotiates various stakeholders, and establishes

provincial and county project leader groups and project management offices, as well as national

34

and provincial project expert groups. According to the management needs and characteristics of

the project, the implementation organization of the project is set up according to project leadership,

project execution, and project technical support system. The project leadership system is led by

the leading groups at all ranks and the leaders of the relevant business departments; the project

implementation agencies are located at the project management centers at all levels, specifically

responsible for project management and implementation; the project support system is provided

by relevant departments at the provincial, city, county and town. It is composed of technical

personnel from research institutes and related business departments. Besides, the county should set

up a project work leader group and management office, which should be equipped with full-time

management personnel and responsible for project coordination and specific work, so as to

improve the organization and implementing of the project.

Note: please refer to the PAD instruction manual for specific agency codes

Figure 7-1 Organization Chart

In order to promote the smooth implementation of the project, it is necessary to enhance the

capacity building of the project implementation agency. It requires the key personnel of each

project office participate in various related trainings organized by the World Bank. At the same

time，it necessary to strengthen communications among different agencies, including those at

different levels and at the same level. At community level, herders and community or village

representatives can learn each other to enhance their capacity through formal cooperative way (e.g.

be promoted by formal cooperatives), and through informal cooperation like the existing

reciprocal ways in wool cutting, etc.

The specific organizational structure is shown in Figure 7-1 (CPNO is specifically

responsible for implementation).

The national level:： NPSC NPMO

The provincial level:： PPSC PPMO

The county level: QPLG CPMO

35

7.2 Implementation plan

The implementation plan for the development of ethnic minorities of the project shall be

roughly formulated according to the preparation period, implementation period and half a year

after the end of the implementation period in the main work stages of the project:

1) Project preparation period: Through the meeting, WeChat and other media announcements,

project notifications, investigate the impact of the project on ethnic minorities, know more about

the attitudes and suggestions of ethnic minorities on the project, prepare ethnic minority

development plans and seek opinions of ethnic minorities. Distribute information plans for ethnic

minority plans, etc.;

2) Project implementation period: All relevant institutions shall assist the implementing

agencies to carry out various ethnic minority development activities, and ensure the participation

of minority projects, so as to promote the development of project activities smoothly, and expand

the project results. Internal and external monitoring of the implementation of the project. The

internal monitoring is handled by the project office. The first phase of the internal monitoring

report is submitted to the World Bank every six months; the external monitoring is assessed by

employing a third-party independent agency. Before the project is implemented, the work outline,

the survey outline and the form are prepared, and the monitoring system is established. Select

monitoring points, take participatory social evaluation methods for baseline and follow-up surveys,

and submit a report to the World Bank annually during the project implementation period;

3) Within six months after the end of the implementation period, submit a summary

evaluation report on the development of ethnic minorities to the World Bank.

7.3 Program budget and source of funding

The funds needed for the implementation of the minority development plan of this project

mainly come from the GEF grant and the financial matching funds from governments at all levels.

An overview of the measures and their costs is shown in table 7-1.

Table 7-1 Project cost estimate

Active content Cost estimate and basis

GEF Capital budget Supporting government funds

Improvement of

natural grassland by

no-tillage and

reseeding

$225,000 Supported by financial subsidies: $600,000

Spring grazing fence

closure $400,000: Mainly used

for farmers and herdsmen

performance subsidies

and incentives

Spring grazing rest: fiscal subsidies and herders

raised a total of about 2.9 million dollars to cover

the production and supplementary feeding costs

of spring grazing rest activities.

36

Fence reinforcement: 1.5 million dollars from the

government shall be used to repair and reinforce

the fences, sheds and other infrastructure of

herders.

Rat and pest control 0 10.32 million yuan (1.5 million dollars) from

financial subsidy

Plant grass in the pens The annual project

subsidy for forage seed is

$20,000, and the total

amount for 5 years is

$100,000

About $600,000 was raised by subsidies and

farmers themselves

Livestock

management GEF has a budget of

$150,000

Government supporting funds:$4 million (27.52

million yuan); Promotion of efficient Tibetan

sheep breeding technology: 13.52 million yuan;

Promotion of efficient yak breeding technology:

13.5 million yuan; Project support fee usage

plan: 500,000 yuan

Cost of regular

monitoring by

independent monitors

Project independent monitors are hired to work 50 days per year at $400 per

day for a total of $100,000 over five years

7.4 Grievance mechanism

In the process of formulating and implementation of ethnic minority plans, we must always

pay attention to the participation of ethnic minority groups. Establish a grievance mechanism, and

provide channels for complaints of minority groups in the implementation of ethnic minority plans.

The grievance mechanism complies with the 5.4 appeal procedure. However, considering the

particularity of the culture and religious practices of ethnic minority groups, it is also necessary to

set up a special person in the village committee as the complaint acceptor and to publicize the

liaison method of the respondent to each ethnic group. Comprehensible texts and easy-to-reach

places to publish relevant information to ensure the right to know of each nation. In addition,

complaints and grievances from minority groups will be accepted free of charge, and the

reasonable costs incurred will be paid out from the unforeseen expenses of the project.

37

8. Impact monitoring and evaluation

In order to ensure the implementation of the Ethnic Minority Development Plan during the

implementation of the project smoothly, an effective monitoring agency is needed to continuously

monitor and evaluate the livestock production and livelihood status of the affected minority

herders.

8.1 Monitoring content

The monitoring content mainly includes:

1) Livestock livelihood status, including: animal husbandry production inputs - fixed inputs

such as wells, fences, sheds, etc., and inputs such as labor, forage, veterinary veterinary drugs and

machinery; animal husbandry output - livestock products Out, price and sales;

2) Grassland and its circulation;

3) Grassland ecological reward/incentive policy and its implementation status;

4) The demand for animal husbandry technology and the acceptance of social services;

5) The livelihood status of women, the elderly and ethnic minorities;

6) Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of pastoral grassland management;

7) Project implementation: improvement and issues.

8.2 Evaluation content

The evaluation is mainly carried out from the following aspects:

1) Relevance of project implementation: the number of herders who participate in the project

and benefit from the project, which pastor benefits, and how to benefit;

2) Effectiveness of project implementation: changes in input and output of pastoral

production both before and after the participation of the herders, and changes in production inputs

and outputs of the participating households; or changes in livelihoods, including evaluating

adverse impacts on both project participating herders and non-participating herders’ livelihoods.

Some quantitative method and qualitative method should be used, including participatory

approach; animal husbandry production behavior or grazing methods. Such as the number of

livestock, structure, stocking / captivity ratio, slaughter cycle, cooperative grazing, lease grassland,

animal husbandry, etc.;

3) Project implementation efficiency: allocation of project resources; number of herders

covered by the project; project input-output ratio;

4) Sustainability of project implementation: Which activity of the project is sustainable;

which activity is less sustainable? What is the reason? Whether the grassland of the herders

management capacity has improved; how their knowledge, attitudes and behavior have changed;

5) Reproducibility of project activities: Is there any activity of the project that is emulated by

the project area? Is it through what path or mechanism is imitated?

38

6) Innovation of the project: Which activity is innovative? What is the extent? What is the

innovation mechanism?

How to mobilize the enthusiasm of herders to participate in monitoring and evaluation

8.3 Effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation

In the operation of the project monitoring and evaluation system, it is necessary to fully

mobilize the enthusiasm of the herders to participate:

- Establish an information file for the pastoral participation in the project;

- Design corresponding forms, and the trained herders need to fill in relevant information in

time after completing each activity;

- Village cadres can help less educated herders to complete relevant information;

- Village cadres collect and preserve relevant written materials in a timely manner;

— The county project office officials promptly urged the herders to record information

related to the activities and conduct a summary analysis.

The county project office shall set up a full-time project monitoring and evaluation officer.

The monitoring time of the project is formed twice a year, that is, after each activity is completed,

a project monitoring report shall be formed. Project evaluation should be carried out in the middle

of the project implementation and at the end of the project to form a project evaluation report.

8.4 Budget of monitoring and evaluation

The appointed independent monitor should submit the monitoring and evaluation repot

twice a year, working at least 50 days per year, with an allowance of 2480 yuan or 400 USD per

day. In total, the budget for this purpose is about 0.62 million yuan in RMB or 0.01 million dollar

in USD.

Ethnic Minority Development Plan - World Bank€¦ · ethnic minorities, so the minority plan is...

Documents

Transcript of Ethnic Minority Development Plan - World Bank€¦ · ethnic minorities, so the minority plan is...