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Anastasia A. Lijadi Doctoral Candidate, Department of Psychology Faculty of Social Science - University of Macau
Ethnic Estrangement and Social Mobility in Macao:
Perspective of Youth on
Intergenerational Transfer of Ritual and Tradition
Focus Group Thematic analysis N=28 Age 18-25 Macao citizen
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Ethnic groups in Macao are socially separated from one another, due to: socio-economic history, culture and education level (Hao, 2005; Neto, Furham & Paz, 2007)
IS “THE WALL” STILL EXIST IN MACAO?
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Courtesy from Macao Antigo 3
MACAO: BEFORE 1999
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Courtesy from Macao Antigo 4
MACAO: BEFORE 1999
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MACAO: HANDOVER 1999
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Courtesy from Macao Antigo 6
MACAO NOW
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SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN MACAO
Period 2001 2011 Size (pre-colonial 2.78 km2)
21.3 km2 29.7 km2 ( 30%)
Population 435,235 94.9% Chinese 2% Portuguese 3.1% Others
552,503 ( 25%) 92% Chinese 0.9% Portuguese 6.8% Others ( 100%)
GDP US$ 6,514 billion US$ 36.43 billion ( 500%)
Education Literacy: 91.3% Illiteracy: 8.7%
Literacy: 95.6% Illiteracy: 4.4%
Gender Ratio 91.2
107.5
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CHINESE Macao/Hong Kong
born Traditional; Confucian Newly immigrated
Chinese One country two
systems approach: lift-up the social status of Chinese
Strong sense of belonging to Macao
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PROFILE OF MACAO CITIZEN
PORTUGUESE
Macau is my home ; Take part in
preserve / promote Macao culture.
Newly immigrated Portuguese
I am not sure how long I will stay in Macau;
Enjoy the rapid development of Macau
Developing Macau as Place identity
MACANESE Who is Macanese
(De Pina-Cabral , 2002)
1987-1999: immigrated overseas, less role in government
Increasing number of intermarriage with Chinese
More Chinese culture was adopted
Patua become extinct
Where do I belong?
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The fundamental mechanisms resulting to either continuity or change in human culture (Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman, 1981).
A process allowing for the recognition of the modalities that situate a human being in relation to the generations that preceded that individual's birth (vertical transfer), based on life-span theory from Erikson, and intra-generation (horizontal transfer) between generations ( Vanderven 2011)
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INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFER
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Ambiguous identity Ethnic estrangement Social mobility (language, education, career) Social relationships (commitment) Religion 10
WHAT ARE BEING TRANSFERRED?
3000: The number of characters you will have to learn to read the basics Cantonese in a newspaper and the streets signs in Macao
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Chinese Portuguese Macanese
• Macao citizen • Ingenuous, trusting to
government’s effort in developing Macao • Challenge the policy on
increasing immigrant workers from mainland China • Seek to maintain harmony
in Macao • Posses Portuguese travel
document enabling wider opportunity for education and career
• Portuguese Macao • Actively take part and
conscious on happenings and new laws in Macao • Orientalized Portuguese
Integration to Macao, while maintain own culture • Experience culture
shock when go to study in Portugal • Less than 1%
• Macanese Identity • What will happen to
Macao? • Aware of the needs to
preserving Macao heritage, i.e., Patua creole language, art and traditions • Less than 1%
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YOUTH IN MACAO: WHO AM I?
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• Social discourse in Macao is split by ethnic group: • Dominant population interact among and speak
Cantonese • Less population speak Portuguese and Macanese (~1%) • English has become intermediaries language (ironically
used in either: high level executive, foreign affairs, tertiary education; or: non skilled labor i.e., domestic helpers)
• Tourism and gambling industry are geared towards Putonghua friendly environment
• Digital communication change the speed and nature of social discourse, into snapshot, less impromptu or holistic experience.
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ETHNIC ESTRANGEMENT
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Chinese Portuguese Macanese Language • Cantonese language
function as cultural identity • Almost no effort to learn
Portuguese
• Portuguese language function genetic inheritance • Cantonese or
Putonghua?
• Portuguese and Cantonese language function as genetic inheritance
• English language function as bridge in the society & future opportunity
Education • Chinese curriculum, memory driven • Obedient • individual oriented
achievement
• Western curriculum, stimulate group discussion, problem solving and team work • Balanced academic achievement, as well as
physical education (sport), arts and individual interest. • Multicultural classroom approach
Career • Short-term goal • Parent advise on
governmental job • Tourism & casino-related
career
• Macao offers better career opportunity than Portugal • Government • Indirectly or non-casino related career
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SOCIAL MOBILITY
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Chinese Portuguese Macanese Commitment • Retained traditional
Chinese • Sense of belonging
within Chinese, other ethnic groups are considered foreigner. • Grandparents help
raising children • To continue family
name • Raise concern of
quality of marriage
• Harmony • Open minded • Social circle among
Portuguese • Children raised by
domestic helpers • Raise concern of
quality of marriage
• Fatigue: Continuous effort to adapt due to intermarriage • Very small social circle
within Macanese community • Children raised by
domestic helpers • Mix use of Portuguese,
English and /or Cantonese at home
Religion • No Religion • More Individualistic • Hedonistic goals
• Catholicism or Christianity, following parents.
• Catholic by marriage or name only
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SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
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1. Rapid change in Macao cause ambiguous identity for the citizen. 2. In behavior towards split society in Macao, tension caused by
immigrant workers, shift in language proficiency; Macao need to be cautious to avoid socio-economic tension and in-equality.
3. In motivation for social mobility transfer: revisit the current Chinese education system in local schools, as well as opening non-gambling related career opportunity should be the agenda of the next decade in Macao.
4. In addressing social relationships transfer; the youth are vulnerable and showing “excessively” sense of acceptance with all changes, entranced by digital communication, and less believe in marriage.
5. Decrease in a number of religious followers; hedonism seeking behavior. 15
CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS