Ethnic Conflict Why Do Ethnicities clash? What is ethnic cleansing?
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Ethnic Conflict
Why Do Ethnicities clash?
What is ethnic cleansing?
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Why do ethnicities clash?
• Sometimes ethnicities compete to dominate national identity (Civil wars)
• Sometimes problems result from division of ethnicities into more than one state
• Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Lebanon examples of competition to dominate nationality
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Ethiopia and Eritrea• Eritrea was an Italian colony 1890-1944
• Ethiopia remained independent except for brief capture by Italians in 1930s
• After WW2 Eritrea united w/ Ethiopia, UN expected autonomy for Eritrea
• Ethiopia suppressed Eritrea’s ethnicity, banning major language (Tigrinya) and dissolving legislature
• Rebellion 1961-1991
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Ethiopia and Eritrea
• Ethiopia defeated in ’91
• War again in ’98 over border dispute
• Ethiopia won in 2000
• Eritrea united by nationalism- strong sense of shared struggle with Ethiopia
• Evenly divided between Christians and Muslims, 9 ethnic groups
• Ethiopia remains a multiethnic state
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Sudan
• Civil War between black Christians and animists in South, and Muslim Arabs in North- since 1980s
• Black southerners resisted attempts to convert the country from a multi-ethnic society to one nationally tied to Muslim tradition
• Sudan has passed laws designed to segregate sexes in public
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Sudan
• Over 2 million died and 1 million emigrated (refugees)
• 2005-an accord called for greater autonomy for southern region. But as religious war wound down,
• Ethnic conflict erupted in Darfur in 2003- blacks rebelled against discrimination and neglect
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• Janjaweed- Arab nomads on camels attacked blacks w/ gov’t support. Over 450,000 dead, 2.5 million in refugee camps.
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Somalia
• 6 major ethnic groups, or clans, in country• Two colonies united in 1960s to form Somalia
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Somalia• The Isaak clan declared Somaliland
independent in 1990s
• US sent troops to distribute food after 300,000 died from famine and warfare
• US withdrew in 1994 after peace talks broke down
• Islamist militias took over most of Somalia in 2006
• Most Somalis support Islamists as a way to restore order
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Lebanon
• A tiny country with great religious diversity
• Precise distribution is unknown- no census since 1932
• About 60% Muslim, 30% Christian, 10% other
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• 6 Christian Sects alone
• Druze- combines Christianity and Islam, rituals kept secret
• The ’43 Constitution required each religion represented in Chamber of Deputies
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Lebanon
• When the gov’t was created, Christians constituted a majority, but as Muslims became the majority, they demanded political/economic equality
• Civil War broke out in 1975
• The US pulled out in 1983 when 241 US Marines died
•
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Dividing Ethnicities Among more than One State
• Conflicts arise when an ethnicity is split among more than one country
• 1947- After WW2 British colonial rule in India ends- divide into 2 states for 2 major ethnic groups
• Pakistan comprised two noncontiguous areas- E. and W.
• Hinduism has become a great source of national unity
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Dividing Ethnicities in S. Asia
• Partition of S. Asia resulted in massive migration- about 17 million people on the wrong side of the boundary were attacked as they tried to make it to the other side.
• Gandhi wanted reconciliation with Muslims, but was assassinated in ’48 by a Hindu
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Dividing Ethnicities in S. Asia• Pakistan split in 1971 into Pakistan and
Bangladesh
• Never agreed about who controls Jammu and Kashmir
• India blames Pakistan for instigating
• Pakistan wants self-determination for the region, confident the majority Muslim population will split w/ India
• 25 million Sikhs in Punjab pissed they did not get own state
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Sri Lanka• 20 million people, divided between Tamil
Hindus in the North and Sinhalese Buddhists in South
• Conflict is more than 2000 years old but suppressed during 300 yrs colonial rule
• Sinhalese 74% pop
• 60,000 people dead since fighting started in 1983
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• Sinhalese have dominated gov’t and commerce since 1948
• Tamils feel they are discriminated against
• How do you split up this one?
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Ethnic Cleansing
• A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region
• Involves the removal of every member- women, kids, grandmas, etc
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Creation of Yugoslavia
• Created after WW1 out of Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires
• Yugo means “South” Slavic
• Dictator Tito suppressed ethnic conflict
• Conflict resurfaced in 1980’s after Tito’s death
• Most broke away in 1990s, Montenegro in 2006, Kosovo over the weekend
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Yugoslavia
• 7 neighbors
• 6 republics
• 5 nationalities
• 4 official languages
• 3 religions
• 2 alphabets
• 1 dinar- economic interest unites them all
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Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia and Kosovo
• Largest ethnic group in Bosnia considered an ethnicity no a nationality at the time- Muslim 48%
• Serbs and Croats fought to unite their parts of Bosnia to Croatia or Serbia.
• Engaged in ethnic cleansing to eliminate Muslims from their territory
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Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia and Kosovo
• Ethnic Albanians 90% of pop of Kosovo
• Received autonomy under Tito
• 1999-Peak of Ethnic Cleansing-750,000 of 2 million forced from homes.
• NATO bombed Serbia as a result and stationed 50,000 troops
• Balkanized- a small geographic area that can not be organized into stable states
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Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia and Kosovo
• Balkanization- process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities- a threat to peace throughout the world
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Rwanda• Hutus- settled farmers in Rwanda and Burundi
• Tutsis- cattle herders who migrated from W. Kenya 400 years ago
• Tutsi (15% pop)- Controlled Rwanda and made Hutus their serfs
• Under German and Belgian control, differences reinforced
• 1962- Hutus killed or ethnically cleansed Tutsis
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Rwanda
• In 1994 Tutsis shot down a plane carrying Hutu and Tutsi leaders
• Tutsis poured into Rwanda from Uganda, defeated Hutu army, killed 500,000 Hutus
• Tutsis lost about 500,000 as well
• Three of seven million Hutus left Rwanda
• Conflict spilled into other countries- esp. Congo
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