Ethiopian TourismDevt

3 Ethiopian Tourism-DevelopmentTravel as old as human being Tourism is a component of travel

All travels are not identical to tourism The tourist industry constantly reinvents itself in the world

Debate on the origin of tourism in the worldGroup 1 Tourism as a modern phenomena- by product of industrializrsquon

Group 2 Tourism came into existence since ancient timesGroup 3 compromising position on the advent of tourism

-Pre-tourism Travels(tourism-like activities) but tourism as modern(19thc)rdquoPre-tourism periodrdquo travels in Europe lasted mid-19th centuryIn other parts of the globe it varies lingered upto 20th century

Implications to Ethiopian Context Concept of rdquoPre-Tourism travelsrdquo

Tourism travels

Basic Factors Characteristic of tourismbull Motivations or agitiating factors Free timemoney popn

growth ndash Urbanization Industrialization amp Irrational factors

bull Impacts of supply factorsAttractionscommunications bull Intermediating factors tour operations travel agencies

other facilities to entertain tourists bull Taking these basic criterias travels by Ethiopians and

foreigners from antiquity to the mid 20th c envisaged as rdquopre-tourism travelsrdquo

Evolution of Tourism

Pre-tourism travels Travels analogous to tourism

1Ancient travels pilgrims traders and missionaries

2 Medieval Travles pilgrims explorers delegates military travels

3 Modern Travels and Devt of Tourism

Pre-tourism Travels to 12th c

bull Ethiopia Cradle of human being likely centre of earliest human travels

bull Population movts Pastoralism and settlement process-earliest form of travels

bull State formation took place through out Ethiopia simultaneously

bull 5000 BP Egyptian Pharaohs organized peaceful trading expeditions to the land of Punt includes Ethiopia

bull Queen Hatshepshet amp her sucessors

Views of tourist Scholars

bull Tourist scholars regard these travels as the first rdquopre-tourist travelsrdquo A Group travels=Caravans Sabean Immigration 1000Bc -400Bc Their settlements amp interactions the devt of ancient states tourist heritages and places of worship Hawelti Yeha Azbi-Dera B Elite travels of Queen Sheba(1stc BC) Vs Solomon Menelik Judaism vs Ark of Covenant Sheba amp her entourage as Pioneers of outbound travels (bussiness amp pleasure toursim)C Sporadic travels The Eunuch of Candace d Apostles(34AD) Vs Philip deacon

-Regular travels of Ethiopian merchants amp Pilgrims to Israel via Red Sea amp land routes(via Nubia-Egypt) Basic Characteristics Ethiopians for trade pilgrimage amp diplomacyDestinations Egypt Arabia amp Greeco-Roman World (incl Middle East)

i Aksumite period 1st c -10thc AD

bull Evolution of Aksumite civilization amp heritages Raw materials of historical Tbull Ethiopia was a target of travel during Ancient world for three reasons

1 mystery of tide of the Nile 2precious trading products 3elephant huntingbull Regular travels Ethiopia Egypt amp South Arabia trade military amp pilgrimagebull Ethiopiarsquos cultural political and economic links with the Greco-Roman Worldbull Hellenistic world sustained Ethio-Egyptian ties Ptolemies replaced Pharaohs bull Greek literatureEpics of Homer depict rdquoEth Land of rest for Greek godsrdquobull Philosphers Explorers geographerrsquos curiosity on Ethiopia rdquomystery of the tide

of the Nilerdquobull Mostly composed their accounts from Egypt without traveling to Ethbull Series of unsuccessful attempts of Greco-Roman expeditions to explore sources

of Blue Nile bull Replicated the myth of Ethiopia-all lands south of Egyptbull 3rd CAD Ethiopiarsquos expansion to South Arabia monopoly of Eastern Trade bull 4thc AD-Advent of Christianity- est of Church of Axum domestic pilgrimagebull Frumentius- the first bishop- originally traveler intercepted at Adulis enroute to

Far Eastbull Assignment Evolution of heritage sites in southern Ethiopia

Cases of Ancient Foreign travelers

bull Immigrants than travelers guests than tourists-a Nine Saintsexiled missionaries helped cultivation of religious

literature expansion of Christianity and foundations of churches-b Quraysh Muslims=107 exiles ( 7th century)

By-products of trade ties bn Mecca amp Aksum Ahmad Najashi shrine ( Tigray) pilgrimage amp cultural toursit centre-c Alexandrian bishops(4th c to 20th century) periodic suspensions-d Byzantine imperial delegation Ezana(4thc) amp Kaleb ( 6th C)-e merchants Greeks Egyptians Arabs (espYemenites) Indians

bull Greek language langof diplomacy amp commerce 1-4thc AD- Ancient travelers never fulfilled pre-requistes of tourism from points

of supply of money free time duration of stay and destination- Their singificance to history of Ethtravels wrote books reports

articles inspired successive generationsrsquo interests on Ethiopia

Major features of Ancient Ethtravels

bull Similar to the trends of ancient world travelsbull People travelled for trade commerce religious purposes festivals

medical treatment or education bull Judaic and later Orthodox Christian Ethiopians travelled to visit the

sites of Holy land Egypt and other places for trade and pilgrimagebull After 7th CMuslims did similar business and religious trips to Mecca bull Most of the travelers travelled by land amp water seaports prospered bull The lands of the Mediterranean Sea produced a remarkable

evolution in travel with their services extended to Ethiopian travelers bull Foreigners were trickling into some parts of ancient Ethiopia bull Greek poets and Alexandrian merchants wrote Guidebooks on Eth amp

Africa such as The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea available as early as the first century AD covering a vast area of ports from Red Sea upto Ports of Sofala port of Mozambique

bull CosmasrsquoThe Christian Topography (6th CAD) military expedition to SArabia

The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea amp The Christian

Topography Two famous ancient guide booksbull The Periplus explains ports travels items and trading orientations-Ethiopians traded with Rome Greece Persia Syria amp India via Egypt-Merchants had been travelling to and fro Ethiopia for bussiness- Frequency of Greek merchant community Greek gods and Roman

coins- Ancient trade rules place amp roles of Greek language in EthcourtsThe Christian Topography -Authentic product of a tourist- like traveler rdquocultural touristrdquo in present

sense of his trip-wider account of socio-economic and cultural diamensions-Eye witness of King Kalebrsquos military expedition to South Arabia-organization of huge sea fleets maritime trade ships and commands

over the Red Sea trade

Travels of late Antiquity 1150-1270

bull Dthe Prophet Ethiopian Christians made routine trading travels to Meccabull Expansion of Muslim Arabs in SArabia Egypt and Dahlac Islands- bull Burnt Aduliscontrolling Red Sea Trade traffic affected travels to and fro Ethbull Blocked Ethiopians from external worldesp Europeansbull Largely suspended travels for centuries (trade pilgrimage diplomatic)bull rdquoEncompassed by the enemies of their religion on all sides the Ethiopians

slept nearly thousand years forgetful of the world by whom they were forgottenrdquo Edward Gibbon (Persians Muslim Arabs Ottoman Turks)

bull Refering to lose Ethio-European contacts d Late Antiquity amp Middle ages bull Some historians referred to the period as rdquo Dark age rdquo of Ethiopiabull Internal Devts Tumultous power transitions Aksumite-Zagwe-Solomonidsbull Extensive domestic travels and mass movts of ethnic groups EgBeja Bilenbull Seat of Zagwe state Roha or Lalibela rock hewn churches as attractive

tourist destinations wonders of the world ( heritage)bull Great architectural devts occured albiet unknown to External world

Zagwe Dynasty

bull 11th-13th c Sporadic Arab travelers traders explorers and ulamas-bull Arab geographers and historians left impressions of Ethiopia under powerful

kings controlling Red Sea Coast links to Yemen ndash Eg Abu Salih described Lalibelarsquos Christian Kingdom

bull Zagwes Era of Crusades had amicable relations with the Muslim world espEgypt amp Yemen helped them secure Ethiopian monasteries in Holyland

bull Three major travels Pilgrims diplomatic envoys and business travels bull Business Travels Ethiopian traders exported and imported goods to and

from Alexandria conducted to the rest of the world via Egyptiansbull Camels employed as best means of transport by Ethiopian traders to Egypt bull Coptic Christians often suppressed were allowed to travel into Ethiopiabull Cases of foreigners travels by Coptic artisans merchants and metropolitans

visited Ethiopia work related trips Still canrsquot be regarded as tourismbull Ethiopian diplomatic representatives traveling to Egypt to solicit for bishops bull Frequency of Alexandrian bishops for EthOrthodox Churchesbull Roharsquos bid at replacing Jerusalem as an Ethiopian Holyland to ease

problems of Ethiopian pilgrims crossing Muslim territories and the hardships

ii Medieval Travels1270-1632

bull 13th -14thc a double process Revival of the Christian kingdom and rise of Muslim states Ifat Dawro Hadiya and Adal

bull Their respective communities made extensive bussiness religious and military travels within the nation and outside esp Commercial contacts

bull Extensive interactions bn Muslims Christians and of traditional faithbull Territorial expansion of the Christian kingdom to southern eastern and

western Ethiopian directionsbull Europeans knew little about Ethiopia until 15th centurybull The extensive conflicts partly impeded foreignersrsquo travels to Ethiopiabull Ethiopian traders or pilgrims and Egyptians dominated Ethrsquos travel historybull Eg 1441 Ethiopian pilgrims Jerusalem to Italy= informed Europeans on Ethbull A dozen of Italians visited Ethiopia lived permanently not tourist travelersbull Arabs made sporadic travels to different Muslim statesbull They disseminated reports on hostilities Solomonic vs Muslim Statesbull Peak of hostilities b n Muslim states and Christian Kingdombull 16thc shifts in domestic power balance favouring Muslim states

15th and 16th Centurybull 15thamp 16thC Ethiopian context Pastoralist movts quest for resources

mobilizations by radicals excerbating rivalries bn Muslim-Christian statesbull Quest for external allies Ottoman Turkish (Yemenite Arabs) Vs Portuguese bull 15th c sporadic travels by European envoys (Italians Spaniards) to Ethbull Ethio-pilgrims or envoys to Europe quest for technical or miltary aidbull 15-18thc European context era of humanismrenaissanceGrand tours-travels of

romanticism elitesrsquopeaceful travels in Europe for cultural scientific religious education

bull European travels Explorers merchants missionaries and armies to Africa Vasco da Gamarsquos travels in Africavia Cape of Good hope

bull 16thc Portugese era-sought to dominate intrernational trade led to firece war of hegemony with Ottoman Turks

bull Portuguese sent envoys armies and missionaries in proper order to Ethbull In 1520-26 Portuguese diplomatic mission travelled through Eth bull Compiled detailed accounts eg FAlvarezrsquos The Prester John of the Indiesbull 1527-1543 Warsdefeats of Christian kingdomAdalrsquos Victory amp rule of Ahmad al-

Ghazi ( Gragn) domestic movts shaping Ethiopiarsquos ethnic map bull 1541-43Portugese miltary assistance Christopher da Gamarsquos expeditionbull 1540s Arrival of Jesuits to Ethiopia and Congo

Jesuit Travels and Cultural Encounters

bull FAlvarezrsquos The Prester John of the Indies (comprehnsive account on Eth)bull Pedro Paez Historia da Ethiopia history laws customs and religion

ndash Both travelled widley esp Paezrsquos Lake Tana claimed to have discovered source of Blue Nile

bull Manoel de Almeida(1624) 1st European to explore Lake Zuway and SEthbull Anotnio Fernandez traveled to remotest areas of Southern Ethiopiabull Manoel Brada(Tegray) amp Jerome Lobo many places of Ethiopiabull Discussion Their impacts to travel history Europe Vs Ethiopiabull Jesuits Extensive travels in Ethiopia and won some elite class

ndash Studied languages cultures and histories of Ethiopiandash Described socio-economic and cultural devts of Medieval Ethiopiandash Launched Ethiopian version of cultural renaissancendash Generated religious and political movts ndash Some Impacts on Ethiopian arhcitecture eg the Castles of Gonder

bull Inspired Ethiopian scholars into questioning previous values and even wrote philosophical inquiries eg Zera Yaeqob Ethiopian Philosophy

bull Jesuits incited religious war by promoting Catholicism into state religion

Gonderine Era 1632-1855

bull 1607-1632 Jesuit encounters Catholicsim and religious warsbull Expulsion of Jesuits Fasiladas (1632-1655)bull Diplomatic Revolution Ethiopia largely closed to foreigners Europeams) bull Legacy Jesuits incited theological and sectarian conflicts EOCbull Exceptions Poncet and another Jesuit traveler King Eyasursquos physicianbull Ethiopans travelers Traders and pilgrims frequented Yemen and Jerusalembull 1769 Arrival of Jemes Bruce prominent Scotish Industrialist travel for

leisure() claims to discover source of the Blue Nile Paez certainly did itbull Orthodox theologians suspected his mission was rather to trace and possibly

take away the Ark of the Covenant bull Wrote 4 volume Books Travels to Discover The Source of the Blue Nile bull Probably the most detailed and massive account by a European traveler on

Ethiopia widely travel in Tegray Gonder and Lake Tana regionbull 19th C Fresh Revival of Ethio-European diplomatic relationspost-Jesuits bull Diplomatic envoys and Travelers frequented Tegray Gonder and Shawa bull Euorpeans launched Diplomatic Missionary and scientific Travels bull Ethiopians reponded positively but with caution due to Jesuit encounters and

its impacts on Eth political and religious stability

Travels in Northern EthiopiaampShawa1800-55

bull 1805-1850s British French Italian and German explorers missionariesmerchants

i British Explorations of Ethiopiabull Lord Valentinarsquos mission (Voyages and Travels) Henry Salt Voyage to

Abyssinia bull Salt made two business travels twice(1805 1809) Ras Walde-Selassie

of Tegraybull Nathaniel Pearce (lived in NEthiopia1805-1818) The Life ampTimes of

N Pearcebull 1830 Samuel Gobat amp his CMS Journal of Three Years Residence in

Abyssiniabull WC Harris Mission Treaty of Friendship amp Commerce King Sahle

Selassie bull Its memberCT Beke Accounts of Geography of Blue Nile amp

SEthiopiabull 1854 Sir Richard Burton= first European to visit the mysterious city of

Harar

iiFrench Explorers

- Rochet drsquo Harricourtrsquos dipmission Shawa topography and geology of SEthiopia

1841 Ferret amp Galinerrsquos Scientific mission Adwa amp Gonder- 1839-1843 Theodre Lefebvre historical archaelogical amp

ethnological obervations- Antoine drsquoAbaddie and Arnauld drsquoAbaddie Bothers-spent many

years visited most important histrorical and cultural sites and ancient cities language history amp peoples

- Other adventurers WMunzinger Lazarist amp Capuccin missionaries - Assignment Discuss Ethiopians (diplomatic trading and

pilgrimage) travels to Europe amp Midleast - Characteristics of Domestic travels in Ethiopia 1800-1855 - Compare amp Contrast in relation to devt of toruism in Europe

first half of 19thc

iii Modern travels 1855-1896

bull modern period- 1855 to the presentbull Second half of 19th c less eventful in terms of strict tourism devrsquotbull Yet growing domestic and international travels bull Foreign Commercial andor colonial agents Esp British French amp

Italians bull Diplomats explorers Missionaries travels for quasi-political missions

agents of their nationrsquos quest for coloniesbull European-Ethiopian encounters Tewodrosrsquo impatience for modernization

and Europersquos cool response ended up in taking European Hostagesbull British Expeditionary force(1868) military travels end of Tewodrosbull Ethiopian captives and some guides went to Europe bull Tewodrosrsquo incidence didnot led to the end of European travels in Ethiopiabull Arrival of pre-tourist British French and Italians quest for coloniesbull Eg Italian Priest Sapeto purchased Assab British Naval officerHewetbull 1855-96Various European explorers diplomats historians geographersbull Means of travels foot amp Pack animals

Modern Tourism devt 20th century

Four Phases of modern travels ndash First Phase 1896- 1941 Battle of Adwa- Italian Occupation Periodndash Second Phase 1941-1960ndash Third Phase 1960-1991 Institutionlization of tourism1960-74 1974-91ndash Fourth Phase 1991-2012 Revival and Boom of tourism

bull First Phase Adwarsquos International implications generated world interest in Eth flow of Europeans and Ethiopians international tourismndash 1910s-1930sModernization Franco-Ethiopian Railway Hotels amp State

visits Pre-WWI- Growing foreign travelers esp Europeans natural cultural amp historical tourism

ndash Ethiopian Reformist movts Princes and intellectuals also visted Euorope Japanizers saw first seeds of for modern tourism

ndash Ethiopiarsquos entry into League of Nations( pre-cursor of UN which defined tourism)

ndash Problems institutionalization and neglect or inadequacy of infrustructure bull Impacts on tourism curiositycommercial politicalbull Ethiopians First generation of intellectuals travelled to Europe

ndash Assgn Socio-economic amp political impacts of First gen intellectuals

Evolution of Accomodation and Hotels

bull Ethiopians used to free hospitality for centuriesbull 1907 Taitu Hotel in AA Empress Taitubull 1917 Hotel de France MTerras catered to foreignersbull Both hotels organized sight seeing hunting dancing and billiards bull Railway and concomitant changes in catering industry Retaurants

in Diredawa Harar Mojjo amp AAbull 1909 First Ethiopian Restaurant Ato Ayelebull 1913-1920 Greek Coffee houses and Restaurants(eg Bar drsquoEurope

Splendind Bar)bull Same period about 50 drinking houses developed

Tourism Devt1941-2008

bull Tourism as a modern concept and practicepost-Italian phenomenonbull Even in the wider globe the popularization of travel came with

industrialization and the growth of increasingly leisured middle classes

Three phases of Modern mass tourism in Ethiopiandash First phase 1941-1960 Sporadic flow of foreignersndash Second Phase 1960-1991ndash Third Phase 1991-2012 ndash Tourism sector launched in 1960 the establishment and

institutionalization of Ethiopian Tourism organizationndash 1962-Modern organized tourist industry became operationalndash First Ethiopian Tourist office inagurated in Addis Ababandash Neglected during the first phases of Five year Devt Plans

Tourism devt1960-1991

bull First five year devt plan 1957-1962bull In principle foundation of tourism organization is the major eventbull Yet in practice tourism is scarcely cited in the devt plan as an economic

sectorbull Little real attention given to tourism bull Second Five Year Det plan( 1962-1967) tourism had a very promising

startbull Govt participation in hotel bussiness and by borrowing to PVt sectorbull Govt agencies bought shares in Hotel Devt eg Devt Bank Investment Co

Natural Resources Devt Share Co Ethiopian Airlines underhellipbull Ethiopian Hotels and Tourism Investment Corporation (ETHIC)bull Three major Hotels developed By ETHIC Hilton Ras amp Ethiopia bull Place of tourism fourth as currency earnerbull 1969 foundation of 1st Catering amp Tourism Institute (to train professionals)bull Trained 83 graduates from 1969-1973 bull Darg EraMass Domestic tourism Agerhen Eweq

Table 1International Tourist Arrivals 1961-67Ayalew Sisay (2009)

1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967

Europe - - 7346 9537 11482 13564 10666

America - - 4426 4371 8209 8872 5222

Africa - - 3953 2856 2643 4653 1517

Others - - 3490 2722 3278 6607 3116

Total 11000 17374 19215 19836 25412 33696 20521(8months)

Table 2 Ethiopiarsquos Revenue from Tourism Taye Berihun(1967) Economic Journal 1(3)30

Year Receipts (in Birr)

1962 6680640

1963 12 386 640

1964 14 474 418

1965 18 479110

International Tourist Arrivals and Receipts

1974-1991 ETC Statistics

Year Arrivals Receipts in Birr(millions)

1974 50220 222

1975 30640 151

1976 36927 111

1977 28984 43

1978 30817 33

1979 36400 112

1980 39500 147

1981 45930 218

1982 60629 148

1983 64240 171


1974-1991 Contd1984 59552 131

1985 61459 181

1986 58529 104

1987 73144 296

1988 76450 396

1989 76844 429

1990 79346 523

1991 81581 390

Trends

bull International Arrivals after the revolutionbull 1973 Western European tourists= 32000

ndash Northern American t= gt 18000 diminsihed to 9000 and 3000 respectively

ndash Ethiopian Tourism badly affected during the years 1977-1981ndash It was worsely affected in 1984ndash Why such declining trends

bull 1983 35 000 Arrivals (from Africa- 33 Europe gt32)bull 1974-1984 Annual decline of 21bull Tourism contributed 53 of foregn exchange rate earningsbull 1974-1991= about US $380 millionbull From 1985 Inbound Tourists grew speedilybull Stronger emphasis on domestic Tourism( long neglected)bull Domestic Tourism dept setup and played leading promotional role

Assignment

bull Compare tourist earnings trends with other chief export item commodites 1960-1974

ndash 1974-1991ndash 1991-1998ndash 1998-2011ndash Anlayse its implications to domestic economyndash Its Social impactsndash Impacts 0n Employmentndash Devt of Accomodation Facilities

Tourism Devt 1991-2008

bull As 2005 the Ethrsquogovt attention to the sector and aims to put the country among the top 10 African tourist destinations by the year 2020

bull Ethiopias main tourist destination historic routeesp Lalibela and Axum

bull Addis Ababa the chief gateway to the country also a major destination and a leading conference venue in sub-Saharan Africa

bull Several emerging destinations in southern western and eastern Ethiopia offer a wide range of historic cultural and natural attractions

bull Rising trends of International tourist arrivals to Ethiopia from 148000 in 2001 to around 303000 in 2007

bull This figure by no means commensurate with the potential of the countrys attractions

bull Ethiopian tourism sector accounts for about 15 percent of foreign currency earnings

bull World bank stressesTourism represents the third largest export earner to Ethiopia and has significant growth potentials

Ethiopian Tourism Devt opportunities amp challenges

bull Ethiopiarsquos travel and tourism market has enormous potential bull Tourist numbers are rising growth in arrivals and tourism expenditurebull Yet Ethiopia still remains a lsquodifficultrsquo destination for travellers bull The country not only offers the usual African game and cultural experiences

to visitors but also a rich array of historical and ecological sites that set it apart from most of its neighbours

bull The travel and tourism market has yet to develop to a point where it can make a significant contribution to Ethiopiarsquos economic development

bull Despite the rising tourist flows growth in arrivals and tourism expenditure are by no means commensurate with the potential of the countryrsquos attractions

bull A major constraint to the development of travel and tourism is the continuing negative perception of Ethiopia in the global community

bull Limited promotion and inadequate tourism infrastructure also present major challenges to development However the Ethiopian government is becoming increasingly active in its efforts to develop the untapped resource of travel and tourism in the country

Gvt Policy on Tourism Devrsquot

bull Gvrsquot prioritized the sector on its dvrsquot agendabull Vision Making Ethiopia one of Africarsquos top ten

international tourist destination by 2020bull Focus countryrsquos image marketing cultural amp environ

opportunitiesbull Creation of Tourism Beneficial Industrial Structure-

(linkages btwn tourism and local econ amp broad based participation)

bull bullStep-change in the PASDEP-commitment to integrate tourism into other national policies-thru the National Tourism Council

bull 1048633Focus eliminating Supply side barriers in tourism support services

The strategies arebull (a) To create employment and stimulate foreign investmentbull (b) To develop culture-based productsbull (c) To achieve sustainable tourism developmentbull (d) To strengthen partnerships between the public and pvt

sectorsbull (e) Building of strong supply-production-distribution value

chainsbull (f )Acquisition updating and dissemination of knowledge and

technologybull g) Internal cooperation and coordinationbull h) Vertical amp horizontal linkages with training institutions

(demand-driven curriculum amp skills development)

Strategies of Ethiopian Tourism Devrsquot

Government priorities

The Govt governmentrsquos aims to establish annual and long-term plans for tourism promotion including

bull (a) The attraction of foreign visitorsbull (b) The improvement of tourist infrsuctructure and

facilitiesbull (c) Mapping and preservation of tourism resourcesbull (d) The direction and supervision of tourism industry

businessesbull (e) Capacity building of tourism professionalsbull (f) Designation development and promotion of

tourist sites

Current Trends

bull Tourists are drawn to Ethiopiarsquos rich cultural and historical heritage bull Tourist arrivals to Ethiopia grew by a total of 50 over 2003-2008 This

impressive increase can be attributed to the socio-economic development and relative stability of the country over the past decade or so

bull The most important reason cited by tourists for visiting the country is still its rich cultural and historical heritage Ethiopia has a long and proud history that extends back to the known beginnings of humankind

bull For leisure tourists the main attractions are Ethiopiarsquos unique culture and history its magnificent scenery and archaeological sites and the countryrsquos diverse and exotic flora and fauna

bull Growing appreciation for these attributes continued to fuel demand for the lsquoEthiopian experiencersquo among overseas visitors in 2008

bull The government has officially recognised the value of these national resources and taken steps to preserve them such as with the setting up of the Ethiopian Cultural Heritage Project

bull Infrustructure Luxury Hotels travel agencies and tour operators car rentals suvenir shops are booming in Addis Ababa and capitals of historical routes

bull Local Awareness about domestic toruism is growing

Current Trends contd

bull Tourism-one of fastest growing sectors in the 21st Century (over 2000 btwn 1960s and 2020)bull Role in poverty alleviation and economic developmentbull Tourism-an underexploited market niche (2 of GDP)bull Comprise of two broad segmentsbull 1048633Local segment

ndash Ethiopian nationals and institutions (locally resident or diasporans)-majority of tourist arrivals ndashover 70

bull 1048633International segmentbull non Ethiopian persons and institutions-vacations

conferences etc)-currently very limited lt30

Tourist Segments Modal Share

Tourist Segments Modal Share(contd)

bull Skewed distribution due to 1048633 Negative international image (wars drought etc)

1048633Limited number amp capacity of tourist support facilities (hotels transport etc)

1048633High cost of destination facilities (air fares car hire costs entrance fees etc)

Eco-Tourism scenario

bull Eco-tourism holds massive development potential in EthiopiaEcotourism is still in its infancy in Ethiopia but it holds significant potential for

growth bull The countryrsquos biodiversity is quite unique compared to neighbouring

countries some of which are famous safari destinations bull Ethiopiarsquos Protected Area (PA) which includes national parks game

reserves wildlife sanctuaries and controlled hunting grounds covers about 14 of the country

bull The protected areas offer eco-tourism and leisure activities such as wildlife viewing trekking mountaineering and bird watching

bull Ethiopiarsquos rich biodiversity is however under threat from communities who have access to these protected areas and who through settlement agriculture or livestock grazing have damaged the natural habitats

bull In recognition of the deteriorating state of the PAs and the consequences of this trend the government formed new policies and introduced legislation that is more supportive to the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of Ethiopiarsquos natural resources

Transport and tourism

bull Air travel continues to dominate the transportation sectorbull Tourism requires massive investment in affordable comfortable and well

integrated multi-modal transport systems to promote mobility and accessiblitybull Transportation remained the largest sector in Ethiopiarsquos travel and tourism

market in current value sales terms throughout the review period bull Transportation current value sales continued to grow strongly in 2008 thanks to

the positive performance of air travel which dominates the sector and is the means by which the vast majority of tourists arrive in Ethiopia

bull Among the major airlines which serve the country are Ethiopian Airlines Lufthansa Emirates Airline South African Airways and Kenya Airways Ethiopian Airlines is the national flag carrier and also market leader in value terms

bull In 2005 the Ethiopian airline initiated its Vision 2020 programme aims to increase annual passenger traffic to 3million and annual revenues to US$1 billion by 2010

bull Ethiopian Airlines appears to be within reach of this goal having transported 25 million passengers and generated revenues of US$900 million with a net profit of US$56 million for the 2007-2008 fiscal year

Accomodations

bull Ethiopia has a big under-utilized tourist potential formed by a mix of historic cultural archaeological anthropological and natural attractions It creates possibilities for cultural and educational tourism bird and wildlife watching water sports and recreation and trekking

bull Since 1999 tourism is growing at an average rate of 15 percent per year reaching 227000 foreign tourists in 2005

bull One of the problems that become visible as a result of the increasing tourism arrivals is the shortage of quality tourist accommodations

bull Ethiopian tour operators face big difficulties in getting accommodation for their clients let alone modern accommodation The so-called ldquoHistoric Routerdquo between the ancient cities of Bahir Dar Gondar Lalibela and Axum comprises the most important tourists sites in the country attracting 45000 international and 120000 local tourists in 2005

bull It is important that the growth of tourism will happen on a sustainable way based on the protection of the natural socio-economic and cultural environment

bull Discuss the state of Tourism devt in Axum Lalibella Gonder Bahir Dar Awassa The Rift Valley Northern Afarland Western Ethiopia

The Future

bull Future looks bright for Cultural historical and religious tourism in Ethiopia

bull Cultural or heritage tourism looks set to become an increasingly important revenue generator in Ethiopia over the forecast period

bull Since end of 2008 the devrsquot of cultural tourism products and attractions was ongoing in several destinations across the country

bull Cultural tourismbecoming increasingly diverse with the devrsquot of niche areas such as religious tourism architecture tourism literary tourism and creative tourism

bull Though not a new concept religious tourism is now being recognised as having a major overlaps with cultural tourism

bull This is particularly pertinent to Ethiopia where people travelling for religious motives including pilgrims also have a strong interest in the countryrsquos culture and heritage

bull While Ethiopia will always have a strong religious appeal new products such as spiritual amp lsquoretreatrsquo holidays should help to strengthen amp accelerate the devrsquot of cultural tourism towards 2015

3 Ethiopian Tourism-Development Travel as old as human being Tourism is a component of travel All travels are not identical to tourism The tourist industry constantly reinvents itself in the world Debate on the origin of tourism in the world Group 1 Tourism as a modern phenomena- by product of industrializrsquon Group 2 Tourism came into existence since ancient times Group 3 compromising position on the advent of tourism -Pre-tourism Travels(tourism-like activities) but tourism as modern(19thc) rdquoPre-tourism periodrdquo travels in Europe lasted mid-19th century In other parts of the globe it varies lingered upto 20th century Implications to Ethiopian Context Concept of rdquoPre-Tourism travelsrdquo

Tourism travels







The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea amp The Christian Topography


Zagwe Dynasty


15th and 16th Century




iiFrench Explorers






Table 1International Tourist Arrivals 1961-67 Ayalew Sisay (2009)


International Tourist Arrivals and Receipts 1974-1991 ETC Statistics

International Tourist Arrivals and Receipts 1974-1991 Contd

Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future

Tourism travels

Basic Factors Characteristic of tourismbull Motivations or agitiating factors Free timemoney popn

growth ndash Urbanization Industrialization amp Irrational factors

bull Impacts of supply factorsAttractionscommunications bull Intermediating factors tour operations travel agencies

other facilities to entertain tourists bull Taking these basic criterias travels by Ethiopians and

foreigners from antiquity to the mid 20th c envisaged as rdquopre-tourism travelsrdquo













































Zagwe Dynasty










































Harar

iiFrench Explorers







first half of 19thc





























1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967

Europe - - 7346 9537 11482 13564 10666

America - - 4426 4371 8209 8872 5222

Africa - - 3953 2856 2643 4653 1517

Others - - 3490 2722 3278 6607 3116

Total 11000 17374 19215 19836 25412 33696 20521(8months)



1962 6680640

1963 12 386 640

1964 14 474 418

1965 18 479110




1974 50220 222

1975 30640 151

1976 36927 111

1977 28984 43

1978 30817 33

1979 36400 112

1980 39500 147

1981 45930 218

1982 60629 148

1983 64240 171


1974-1991 Contd1984 59552 131

1985 61459 181

1986 58529 104

1987 73144 296

1988 76450 396

1989 76844 429

1990 79346 523

1991 81581 390

Trends





Assignment





































tourist sites

Current Trends



































Accomodations







The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future













































Zagwe Dynasty










































Harar

iiFrench Explorers







first half of 19thc





























1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967

Europe - - 7346 9537 11482 13564 10666

America - - 4426 4371 8209 8872 5222

Africa - - 3953 2856 2643 4653 1517

Others - - 3490 2722 3278 6607 3116

Total 11000 17374 19215 19836 25412 33696 20521(8months)



1962 6680640

1963 12 386 640

1964 14 474 418

1965 18 479110




1974 50220 222

1975 30640 151

1976 36927 111

1977 28984 43

1978 30817 33

1979 36400 112

1980 39500 147

1981 45930 218

1982 60629 148

1983 64240 171


1974-1991 Contd1984 59552 131

1985 61459 181

1986 58529 104

1987 73144 296

1988 76450 396

1989 76844 429

1990 79346 523

1991 81581 390

Trends





Assignment





































tourist sites

Current Trends



































Accomodations







The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future



































Harar

iiFrench Explorers







first half of 19thc





























1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967

Europe - - 7346 9537 11482 13564 10666

America - - 4426 4371 8209 8872 5222

Africa - - 3953 2856 2643 4653 1517

Others - - 3490 2722 3278 6607 3116

Total 11000 17374 19215 19836 25412 33696 20521(8months)



1962 6680640

1963 12 386 640

1964 14 474 418

1965 18 479110




1974 50220 222

1975 30640 151

1976 36927 111

1977 28984 43

1978 30817 33

1979 36400 112

1980 39500 147

1981 45930 218

1982 60629 148

1983 64240 171


1974-1991 Contd1984 59552 131

1985 61459 181

1986 58529 104

1987 73144 296

1988 76450 396

1989 76844 429

1990 79346 523

1991 81581 390

Trends





Assignment





































tourist sites

Current Trends



































Accomodations







The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future

iiFrench Explorers







first half of 19thc





























1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967

Europe - - 7346 9537 11482 13564 10666

America - - 4426 4371 8209 8872 5222

Africa - - 3953 2856 2643 4653 1517

Others - - 3490 2722 3278 6607 3116

Total 11000 17374 19215 19836 25412 33696 20521(8months)



1962 6680640

1963 12 386 640

1964 14 474 418

1965 18 479110




1974 50220 222

1975 30640 151

1976 36927 111

1977 28984 43

1978 30817 33

1979 36400 112

1980 39500 147

1981 45930 218

1982 60629 148

1983 64240 171


1974-1991 Contd1984 59552 131

1985 61459 181

1986 58529 104

1987 73144 296

1988 76450 396

1989 76844 429

1990 79346 523

1991 81581 390

Trends





Assignment





































tourist sites

Current Trends



































Accomodations







The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future





























1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967

Europe - - 7346 9537 11482 13564 10666

America - - 4426 4371 8209 8872 5222

Africa - - 3953 2856 2643 4653 1517

Others - - 3490 2722 3278 6607 3116

Total 11000 17374 19215 19836 25412 33696 20521(8months)



1962 6680640

1963 12 386 640

1964 14 474 418

1965 18 479110




1974 50220 222

1975 30640 151

1976 36927 111

1977 28984 43

1978 30817 33

1979 36400 112

1980 39500 147

1981 45930 218

1982 60629 148

1983 64240 171


1974-1991 Contd1984 59552 131

1985 61459 181

1986 58529 104

1987 73144 296

1988 76450 396

1989 76844 429

1990 79346 523

1991 81581 390

Trends





Assignment





































tourist sites

Current Trends



































Accomodations







The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future



1962 6680640

1963 12 386 640

1964 14 474 418

1965 18 479110




1974 50220 222

1975 30640 151

1976 36927 111

1977 28984 43

1978 30817 33

1979 36400 112

1980 39500 147

1981 45930 218

1982 60629 148

1983 64240 171


1974-1991 Contd1984 59552 131

1985 61459 181

1986 58529 104

1987 73144 296

1988 76450 396

1989 76844 429

1990 79346 523

1991 81581 390

Trends





Assignment





































tourist sites

Current Trends



































Accomodations







The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future




1974 50220 222

1975 30640 151

1976 36927 111

1977 28984 43

1978 30817 33

1979 36400 112

1980 39500 147

1981 45930 218

1982 60629 148

1983 64240 171


1974-1991 Contd1984 59552 131

1985 61459 181

1986 58529 104

1987 73144 296

1988 76450 396

1989 76844 429

1990 79346 523

1991 81581 390

Trends





Assignment





































tourist sites

Current Trends



































Accomodations







The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future


1974-1991 Contd1984 59552 131

1985 61459 181

1986 58529 104

1987 73144 296

1988 76450 396

1989 76844 429

1990 79346 523

1991 81581 390

Trends





Assignment





































tourist sites

Current Trends



































Accomodations







The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future

Trends





Assignment





































tourist sites

Current Trends



































Accomodations







The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future

Assignment





































tourist sites

Current Trends



































Accomodations







The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future



































tourist sites

Current Trends



































Accomodations







The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future

Current Trends



































Accomodations







The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future



























Accomodations







The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future

The Future









Tourism travels









Zagwe Dynasty






iiFrench Explorers










Trends

Assignment






Current Trends






Accomodations

The Future

Ethiopian TourismDevt

Documents

Transcript of Ethiopian TourismDevt