2-4 JULY 2019 /// ADDIS ABABA ETHIOPIA

THESOLARFUTUREDESERTS OF AFRICA

,africa.thesolarfuture.com

ETHIOPIASolar Report

Written by:Marco Dorothal

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ETHIOPIA SOLAR REPORTTHE SOLAR FUTURE: DESERTS OF AFRICA

Index

Contact details - Solarplaza team

1. Introduction to event and white paper

2. Current situation

3. Energy sector

3.1 Regulatory framework

3.2 Power generation

4. Solar energy

4.1 On-grid ventures

4.2 Microgrid/mini-grid initiatives

4.3 Off-grid projects

5. General summary

6. Sources

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Contact details - Solarplaza team

Disclaimer: This overview is provided by Solarplaza International BV (“Solarplaza”) as a service to its customers on an “as-is, as-available” basis for informational purposes only. Solarplaza assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions in these materials. Solarplaza makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. This overview is protected by copyright laws, and may only be reproduced, republished, distributed, transmitted, displayed, broadcast or otherwise exploited in any manner only by accrediting Solarplaza as the source of it and providing a full hyperlink to https://africa.thesolarfuture.com where it was originally published.

Lydia van OsProject Managerlydia@solarplaza.com+31 10 3027907

Edoardo PulvirentiSales Manageredoardo@solarplaza.com+31 68 3297 865/+31 10 3027 906

Design and layout: Charl Visser

Copyright 2018-2019 © Solarplaza International BV. All rights reserved.

Irene Rodríguez MartínPartnerships Managerirene@solarplaza.com+31 10 302 7912

Marco DorothalResearch Analystmarco@solarplaza.com +31 10 3027912

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ETHIOPIA SOLAR REPORTTHE SOLAR FUTURE: DESERTS OF AFRICA

1. Introduction to event and white paper

The aim of this Solar Report is to provide a comprehensive overview of the solar energy market in Ethiopia, along with key insights into its regulatory framework, energy sector, and photovoltaic (PV) solar industry segments. This report is part of the preparation for The Solar Future: Deserts of Africa, hosted by Solarplaza on 2-4 July 2019 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Solar Future: Deserts of Africa consists of a two-day trade mission focused entirely on the Ethiopian market, followed by a one-day conference that will take a deep dive into the specifics surrounding solar project development in Africa’s desert regions, including the countries that comprise the Sahara and Sahel deserts.

The goal of the two-day trade-mission is to mobilize a diverse group of governmental officials, international developers, investors and other stakeholders; and together explore the opportunities in the utility-scale and commercial & industrial (C&I) sectors of the Ethiopian PV market, with the government tender program being one of the main focus points of the mission. Afterwards, during the one-day conference, participants will be given the opportunity to engage in high-level discussions with over 200 developers, financiers, financial institutions and other key players, and gain the latest insights into overcoming hurdles in the space of finance, legislation and technological needs in Africa’s deserts.

The deserts of Africa boast some of the world’s highest solar irradiation levels and offer ample availability of land. With a dispersed, but rapidly growing, population, desert countries will need to tap into a combination of solar solutions like utility-scale power plants, mini-grids and off-grid applications to create impact in regions that are disproportionately affected by climate change. Fully realizing the true solar potential of the deserts of Africa, will require a vast effort, one that will need to align visionary governments, courageous development finance institutions, pioneering investors and experienced developers. One of the countries in that region which has been making significant efforts to bring its solar energy situation to the next level is Ethiopia. The following sections will take a dive into Ethiopia’s energy sector in order to explore its solar potential and future ambitions.

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2. Current situation

Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is among one of the fastest developing nations on the continent. The country boasts an impressive average GDP growth rate between 7 and 10% over the past 3 years, making it the fastest growing economy in the region with one of the highest GDP growth rates in Africa. In terms of population, the country is home to over 100 million people, which makes it the second most populous country in Africa (behind Nigeria and just ahead of Egypt). As a result of Ethiopia’s rapid GDP growth over the past decade, electricity demand has also been increasing steadily. Despite Ethiopia’s abundant natural resources and huge energy potential, the country is experiencing energy shortages as it struggles to meet the growing electricity demand, which is forecasted to grow by approximately 30% annually. The development of Ethiopia’s power sectors is led by the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), which aims to reshape the country into a middle-income state by 2025. The GTP I was established in 2010 and included a goal of quadrupling the country’s energy generation capacity from 2 GW to 8 GW. Although the execution fell short of this target, ambitions remained high. This led the government to launch GTP II in 2016, setting an overall target of 17.3 GW by 2020. All of these ambitions combined resulted in the construction of several massive hydro, wind and solar power projects.

The development of Ethiopia’s renewable energy sector has been one of the leading new drivers of economic growth in the country. Its ample resources and ambitious electrification targets, together with its relatively high-level of industrialisation (compared to other African nations), make it a prime location for investors in renewables. The country’s massive industrial complexes and agricultural farms create a big opportunity for C&I solar systems. The government of Ethiopia considers private investment in its renewable energy sector as critical to the success of its ambitious GTP II. This has encouraged foreign direct investments and is also especially directed towards the development of the country’s young solar photovoltaic (PV) energy sector.

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Economical figures

GDP (2018) $83.84 billion USD

GDP per capita (2018, USD) $890.57 USD

GDP Growth (‘16, ‘17, ‘18) +7.6%, +10.2%, + 7.5%

Population (2018) 110 million

Inflation Rate - Consumer Prices (2018) 12.7%

Credit Rating (S&P/Moody’s) B / B1

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI 2018) 34 (0 highly corrupt - 100 very clean)

Ease of doing business index (2018) 159 (1 best - 189 worst)

Access to electricity (2017) 45%

Power consumption per capita in kWh (2017) 77

Total PV capacity (2017) 14 MW

Renewable electricity as % of total output (2015) 99.96%

Renewable consumption (% of total consumption, 2015) 92.16%

Key Stakeholders

Energy regulator• Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE)• Ethiopia Energy Agency (EEA)

Utilities• Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP)• Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU)

Top Banks

• Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE)• Dashen Bank• Cooperative Bank of Oromia• Bank of Abyssinia

Table 1: Economical figures and key stakeholders in Ethiopia

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3. Energy sector

The Ethiopian government’s GTP II outlines very ambitious targets, such as increasing the energy generation capacity from 4.5 GW in 2017 to 17.3 GW by 2020, and getting the country’s electrification rate to 100% by 2025. The government acknowledges that private investment will be pivotal to the achievement of these goals, and they’ve made significant progress to encourage foreign direct investment (FDI) in Ethiopia’s renewable energy sector.

3.1 Regulatory framework

In 2012, the government amended its investment proclamation to include provisions for the establishment of development zones with tax, investment, and infrastructure incentives. In 2014, the government passed ‘Energy Proclamation 810/2013’, a law focusing extensively on the proliferation of independent power purchase agreements (PPAs), the development of off-grid systems, and the enactment of more efficient on-grid management policies. In 2018, the government passed ‘Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Proclamation 1076/2018’, which aims to facilitate private investment into major infrastructure works, including the power sector, through a bidding process. It is important to note that successful bidders for PPP projects are obliged to establish an Ethiopian company as the project vehicle, which may include a public entity as a minority stakeholder. The African Development Bank (AfDB) has recently

provided $1.7 million USD of support for the PPP program, including the hiring of international consultants for the six large-scale solar projects that are set to be constructed.

One of the most influential legislations in the Ethiopian regulatory framework is the ‘Climate Resilient Green Economy’ (CRGE) initiative. This initiative is compliments the GTP II and is aimed at transforming Ethiopia into a middle-income country by 2025, while building an economy that is sustainable and environmentally friendly. The CRGE foresees a development of up to 25 GW in generation potential, mainly through the increase in hydro, geothermal, wind and solar energy capacity.

The most significant foreign energy partner in Ethiopia is the Power Africa initiative. It was launched by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in 2013 with the goal of establishing 30,000 MW of energy generation capacity across Africa. The initiative aims to add 2,880 MW by 2020, and 4,640 MW by 2030, throughout the continent. Furthermore, Power Africa aims to add 4 million on-grid and 660,000 off-grid connections by 2020. Another significant international initiative is the Eastern Africa Power Pool (EAPP). Based in Ethiopia, the EAPP facilitates cross-border grid connections and mandates the establishment of common codes and standards.

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Ethiopia is also part of the World Bank Group’s ‘Scaling Solar’ program, which aims to further develop renewable energy sources, mainly solar energy. The Scaling Solar program is part of the newly instituted PPP structure that has been put in place by Ethiopia’s government. Not only does this program seek to diversify the country’s energy mix, but it will also aid Ethiopia in better managing the local water resources in order to minimize the harm caused by recurring droughts. The Scaling Solar program has already resulted in several large-scale tenders, and has contributed to the government’s plans to prioritize 500 MW of new solar capacity by 2020.

3.2 Power generation

Ethiopia’s power generation mix consists almost entirely out of renewable energy sources. In 2018, the bulk of Ethiopia’s 4.5 GW of power generating capacity came from 14 hydropower plants, which account for 85% (3.8 GW) of the country’s total capacity, making it the main energy source. Several more large hydro plants are currently under development, such as the massive 6.5 GW Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), the 2.16 GW Koysha Hydropower project and the 254 MW Genale Dawa III project. Other than hydropower, the country also has three wind farms, collectively generating 324 MW, and a few diesel plants, generating 143 MW, with the rest being generated by solar power (14 MW), geothermal power (7.5 MW) and other renewables.

Although Ethiopia is doing very well with regards to generating electricity through hydropower, there is an urgency for the

Figure 1: Ethiopia’s power generation mix

government to diversify its power mix. The country is currently overly dependent on hydropower, which is becoming less reliable as droughts intensify. Its hydropower plants will remain the main source of baseload power, however they will need to be supported by intermittent sources such as wind and solar to be able to deal with peak demand.

Around 45% of Ethiopia’s population currently has access to the electricity grid, which has improved greatly compared to 42% in 2016 and - more impressively - just 5% in 2000. However, only 24% of primary schools and 30% of health clinics having access to electricity. In order to bridge the gap between plentiful resources and unmet needs, the Ethiopian government partnered up with the World Bank in 2017 to launch the country’s National Electrification Program (NEP), which outlines a plan to reach universal access of electricity by 2025, aiming to reach 35% of the unconnected population with off-grid solutions. To do so, it will require an estimated $1.5 billion USD for the first five years of implementation.

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In March 2018, the Ethiopia Electrification Program (ELEAP) was launched by the country’s government, together with the World Bank, to directly support the NEP. The ELEAP consists of a $375 million loan issued by the World Bank to directly finance new electricity connections for over one million households and strengthen the planning and implementation capacity of the country’s energy utility as well as the policy and regulatory capacity of its government.

A few months later in July 2018, GE Power, a subsidiary of General Electric (GE), announced its partnership with EEP for $40 million USD to provide 11 HV substations that will aid the transmission of additional bulk power to the southern and southwestern parts of the country. According to Lazarus Angbazo, Regional Leader for GE’s Grid Solutions Business in Sub-Saharan Africa, the project will significantly reduce high transmission losses while improving system efficiency, stability and reliability.

It is clear that Ethiopia is making massive efforts to expand its national grid and provide power for all its inhabitants. This can be seen through its different initiatives, such as the GTP II, NEP, ELEAP, Power Africa, and partnerships with the World Bank, AfDB and GE. Additionally, the country has also been issuing solar energy tenders for large-scale solar part of its ‘Scaling Solar’ program. However, progress remains slow, as the country continues to be plagued by challenges to its development. The current capacity of 4.5 GW is extremely small for a country with such a vast and ever-increasing population. Over the coming years, planning and procurements for electricity generation capacity has to be carefully synchronized with energy demand to keep up with the country’s rapidly growing energy needs.

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4. Solar energy

Considering the high degree of solar PV potential in Ethiopia (Figure 3.1.2), the development of solar PV projects presents an extremely lucrative opportunity for investors. The country’s irradiation levels average around 5.2 kWh/m2/day, which provide the perfect conditions for the development of utility-scale PV plants. Since the Ethiopian government wants to have at least 500 MW of installed solar capacity by 2020, it will have to ramp up the development of solar projects if it wants to meet its ambitious target.

Figure 2: Solar PV power potential Ethiopia

Figure 3: Ethiopia’s PV capacity 2013-2017

Over the past five years, Ethiopia’s solar PV capacity has almost tripled. However, despite the abundant solar resources in the country, as of now, only 14 MW has been installed, representing 0.3% of the country’s total energy capacity. Still, it was the only growing category of renewables year-on-year from 2016-2017, when compared to the stagnated

4.1 On-grid ventures

Currently, there are no utility-scale solar PV projects up and running in Ethiopia. Since an overwhelming part of the country’s power is generated through hydropower plants, the solar energy sector in Ethiopia is still in its earliest stages of development. This status, however, may not last long thanks to the country’s participation in the Scaling Solar program.

In May 2016, the state-owned power company Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP) launched the country’s first solar tender for the 100 MW Metahara project located in Oromia, central Ethiopia, which was won by Italian energy company Enel. The solar plant is scheduled to come online in 2019 and will sell power to EEP under a 20-year PPA.

The second tender was launched in October 2017 and was intended for the construction of two 125 MW solar facilities, the Scaling Solar Gad Phase I in the Somali region and

growth of wind and hydro energy applications. Solar capacity in Ethiopia is expected to soar in the near future with several large scale projects under development.

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the Scaling Solar Dicheto Phase I in the Afar region. In March 2018, the Ethiopian government announced that 12 companies had been pre-qualified for the tender. Among the pre-qualified parties were prolific companies like Access Power, Enel Green Power, Acciona, Scatec Solar and EDF.

The newest solar tender was launched earlier this year and will tender 750 MW of solar capacity across four states, representing a significant expansion of Ethiopia’s Scaling Solar program. According to Teshome Tafesse, State Minister of Finance, the tender will focus on the construction of six large-scale solar projects under 20-year PPAs in the regions of Afar, Somali, Oromia and Tigray, and will attract around $795 million of investments. Four of them are being procured under the Scaling Solar program, while the other two separate solar PV projects are expected to be initiated later this year. He noted that the six solar projects will be constructed on a PPP basis, together with seven hydropower projects. For the four solar projects, the request for proposals (RFPs) are scheduled to be released in late April or early May 2019.

The Scaling Solar program has resulted in an extensive pipeline of large-scale solar projects, in so much that market players are facing some challenges. Key challenges

include acquisition of land processes; payment guarantees from EEP for defaults under the PPA; and a lack of know-how in key government stakeholder departments. Investors have also had trouble securing competitive financing and acquiring licensing/approvals for their projects.

In order to assist project developers with some of these challenges, the government has decided to provide some aid. For the acquisition of land rights, the government will facilitate this on behalf of the projects. An example of this is the fact that the land sites for the Scaling Solar projects have been identified and the process for the transfer of land use rights has already begun. For PPP investors, the government has implemented some incentives, subject to negotiation and agreement with EEP (and other government departments). These incentives include compensation for change of laws specifically applicable to the infrastructure being developed or the service it provides; assignability of the project agreements; certain tax incentives; and a free choice of dispute resolution mechanism. The government also wants to provide economic support and guarantee for the sustainability, implementation, and financial viability of projects including the provision of minimum off-take, availability payments, and cash subsidies.

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Table 2: Announced solar PV projects in Ethiopia

4.2 Microgrid/mini-grid initiatives

Following the guidelines of Climate Resilient Green Economy initiative, the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE) has stressed the importance of micro- and mini-grids for rural communities and has been focusing on expanding the use of these applications. Thanks to investments in the NEP, the feasibility of micro- and mini-grids is extensively being studied, and thus the uncertainty surrounding their development is greatly being reduced.

As the foundation for these types of systems has already been laid down, the MoWIE is planning to commission 350 decentralized grid systems in the upcoming 4-5 years. Simultaneously, the EEP aims to contribute to the electrification of rural Ethiopia by adding another 200 microgrids.

Another interesting microgrid initiative came online last year in July when GE teamed up with a local entity, Solar Tech, to commission

a scalable microgrid system powered by a hybrid distributed power unit for Digo Village in the Oromia region. The microgrid operates by combining solar PV panels, batteries and a diesel generator to provide cheap and reliable power to the 1,500 inhabitants of the village. So far, this microgrid is GE’s third installation in Ethiopia, following the commissioning of two similar units at health centers in Guba and Ashoka in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region region.

The system was implemented in partnership with Ethiopia’s MoWIE, the Oromia Region Energy bureau and Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU) as part of the country’s NEP, which seeks to accelerate the scaling up of mini-grid solutions in extremely remote areas. The country’s government targets to provide access for the remaining 7 million rural households without grid connectivity, which is equivalent to about 35% of the population, by 2025. According to Dr. Sileshi Bekele, Ethiopia’s Minister of Water, Irrigation and Electricity, “Electricity access is an essential pillar of economic and social development.

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Localised solutions such as the hybrid distributed power unit provided by GE will be part of the solution to electrify Ethiopia going forward.”

4.3 Off-grid projects

Off-grid solar applications are instrumental to the development of rural areas in Ethiopia. However, the relatively large upfront costs associated with it constitute a hurdle that’s hindering progress. In an attempt to overcome this, the Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE), in partnership with the International Development Association (IDA), is providing working capital loans to private sector household solar providers, as well as micro-finance to households for the purchase of solar lanterns and solar home systems. The funding for this initiative includes a $20 million USD credit line under the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project (ENREP); and another $20 million USD by the World Bank Board of Directors as part of $200 million USD in additional financing to ENREP.

As of 2017, 3.7% of total renewable energy capacity in Ethiopia was off-grid. This included 14 MW of solar PV capacity, essentially comprising all solar capacity in the country. Most of this capacity is used to power telecom systems, both landline and mobile network stations. This percentage is expected to increase further, due to the Ethiopian government’s pursuit of universal mobile access throughout the country.

Recently, the Somali region got a big boost in off-grid solar thanks to the HelloSolar project, which installed eighty solar home system kits in several towns including Berket, Kebri Dahar, Degehabur and Shilappo. The HelloSolar project is a Pay-As-You-Go pilot project with the main goal of addressing the power demands of the off-grid population while allowing them the possibility of daily, weekly or monthly payments installments from a mobile phone through HelloCash, a mobile & agent banking service. Thanks to a joint effort by HelloSolar, BelCash,

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Shell Foundation, USAID, the Department for International Development and Power Africa, these towns are now able to use renewable electricity to power their homes. This project not only provides clean energy to these residents but also technical and informative support for users.

Since most of the solar technologies used in Ethiopia are reported to be imported from Asian countries, the government wants to prevent that the market is flooded with poor quality or sub-standard products, which some say is already the case. This led the government to approve a regulation last December that empowers the Ethiopia Energy Agency to set minimum and maximum energy efficiency performance standards for equipment and appliances, such as electric motors, and provides certificates of efficiency to any manufacturer, importer, wholesaler or retailer. The new regulation also gives priority to off-grid companies, which generate and sell power in areas that are not connected to the electricity grid.

The new regulation has stirred up some debate among market players. Yeneneh Dawit, managing director of General Power - a 13-year-old company that supplies, installs and tests electro-mechanical equipment - stated that the regulation will be beneficial in minimizing energy waste. He also notes that the energy sector advances quickly, and the EEA has to take this into consideration. Others, such as Tigabu Atalo, a power and energy consultant with over a decade of experience in the power industry, believes that this could end up being a hurdle. “In the past, regulatory efforts by the state mainly approached problems just by imposing restrictions and limitations,” said Tigabu. Nonetheless, he believes that the new regulation is a step ahead from past experiences. Ultimately, the government issued this new standard to increase the use of renewable energy in the country and expects to encourage the private sector to get more involved in the off-grid sector.

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5. General summary

All in all, when it comes to renewables, Ethiopia is well ahead of its regional neighbors and is currently one of the most promising upcoming solar markets in Africa, with a power mix consisting mostly of clean energy sources. However, the country’s dependence on hydropower could pose a serious challenge in the future, as increasingly heavy droughts challenge the region. The Ethiopian government has foreseen this issue and has started to focus their resources on other renewables, such as solar.

As solar currently only takes up a small part of Ethiopia’s power mix, the government had to put in place a regulatory framework that would be beneficial for both investors and project developers. In 2018, the government passed ‘Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Proclamation 1076/2018’, facilitating private investment for major infrastructure works, including the power sector.

This proclamation has made it possible for the Scaling Solar program to take off and become the main driver for solar installations in the country. The government’s plans to use this program to add 500 MW of solar PV capacity by 2020 has already resulted in several large-scale solar tenders. So far, the program has led to a pipeline of more than

1 GW of large-scale solar projects, set to advance in the near future. Not only does this program diversify the country’s energy mix, but it will aid Ethiopia in better managing the local water resources in order to minimize the harm caused by the recurring droughts.

The Ethiopian government is also working hard to provide electricity to all its inhabitants, even in remote areas without access to the electricity grid. Through its national growth plan (GTP II) and electrification program (NEP), the country’s government plans to reach universal access of electricity by 2025, aiming to reach 35% of the population with off-grid solutions. This opens up great opportunities for mini-grids and stand-alone solar home systems to help make this ambitious target a reality.

Since off-grid systems have been the main pillar of solar energy in Ethiopia so far, it is expected that these type of systems could bring more immediate solutions for inhabitants without access to the grid. It still needs to be seen how successful the large-scale projects will prove to be, however hopes are high, and with big players interested in the market, such as ENEL and GE, it looks like Ethiopia is well on its way to taking its solar energy sector to the next level.

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6. Sources

Introductionhttps://newbusinessethiopia.com/the-state-of-ongoing-hydropower-projects-in-ethiopia/https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/The-politics-of-renewa-ble-energy-in-East-Africa-EL-29.pdfhttps://www.iea.org/sdg/electricity/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/2018-Annual_Report1015_508.pdf

Economic figureshttps://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/datasets/WEOhttps://tradingeconomics.com/ethiopia/ratinghttps://www.transparency.org/cpi2018https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.BUS.EASE.XQ?locations=EThttps://www.indexmundi.com/map/?v=81000http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/ethiopia-population/

Regulatory frameworkhttps://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/ethiopiahttps://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/01/18/ethiopia-launches-a-tender-for-800-mw-of-solar-across-four-states/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/03/01/world-bank-supports-ethiopi-as-endeavors-to-provide-all-citizens-with-access-to-electricityhttps://allafrica.com/stories/201901180465.html

Energy sectorhttps://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2018/october/population-without-access-to-electrici-ty-falls-below-1-billion.htmlhttps://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/03/08/ethiopias-transformational-ap-proach-to-universal-electrificationhttps://www.iea.org/sdg/electricity/https://newbusinessethiopia.com/ethiopias-fourth-wind-power-project-in-progress/https://newbusinessethiopia.com/ethiopia-launches-7-billion-energy-road-projects/https://www.genewsroom.com/press-releases/ge-partners-ethiopian-electric-power-authori-ty-deliver-11-hv-substations-improvehttp://www.mondaq.com/x/686868/Government+Contracts+Procurement+PPP/Ethiopia+in-troduces+a+Public+Private+Partnership+Law

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Solar energyhttps://www.thereporterethiopia.com/article/ifc-invest-500mw-solar-powerhttps://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/01/18/ethiopia-launches-a-tender-for-800-mw-of-solar-across-four-states/https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/01/ethiopia-launches-tender-for-construction-of-six-solar-plants/https://newbusinessethiopia.com/ethiopia-to-launch-800-million-solar-project-bids/https://www.esi-africa.com/ethiopia-seeks-to-install-four-solar-pv-projects/https://allafrica.com/stories/201901180465.htmlhttps://www.enelgreenpower.com/stories/a/2019/02/ethiopia-renewable-energy-a-sustaina-ble-choicehttps://www.esi-africa.com/ge-commissions-hybrid-distributed-power-unit-for-ethiopian-vil-lage/http://mowie.gov.et/rural-electrification-projecthttps://allafrica.com/stories/201808210521.htmlhttps://www.esi-africa.com/ethiopia-to-introduce-new-standards-for-the-small-scale-solar-home-system/https://allafrica.com/stories/201901020450.htmlhttp://www.mitigationmomentum.org/downloads/NAMA-proposal-for-Off-grid-Rural-electri-fication-in-Ethiopia_April-2016.pdfhttp://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/08/15/off-grid-solar-lighting-up-ethiopiahttps://www.pv-magazine.com/2017/10/05/ethiopia-launches-tender-for-two-125-mw-solar-plants/ https://renewablesnow.com/news/a-dozen-bidders-to-proceed-in-250-mw-ethiopian-solar-tender-606388/ https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/Ethiopia%20Country%20Fact%20Sheet_0.pdf

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2-4 JULY 2019 /// ADDIS ABABA ETHIOPIA

THESOLARFUTUREDESERTS OF AFRICA

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