Ethics in Writing-selesai1
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Transcript of Ethics in Writing-selesai1
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ETHICS IN
WRITING AND PUBLISHINGSCIENTIFIC PAPER
Teguh Wahju Sardjono
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General Objectives Understanding the integrity of researcher
Understanding the rules of writing and publishing
scientific reports
Specific objectives What plagiarism is and how to avoid plagiarizing
What the conflict of interest is Publishing scientific report and data owner
Basic and common rules in publication
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INTEGRITY ?
MORAL VALUE
IMAGE OF SOLID MORAL PRINCIPLES
RESEARCHERS INTEGRITY* MORALLY UPRIGHT
* HONEST* FAIR
* SINCERE( Franc is L . Macri na, 1995 ; ICMJE, 1997 )
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END OF RESEARCH PROCESS- Reporting Research Result
- Publishing Result of the Research
. Seminar
. Conference
. Congress
*Scientific Journals
( Francis L. Macrina, 1995; ICMJE, 1994, 1997)
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PlagiarismThe most frequent ethical violence in writing scientific paper
Why?
Does not understand what plagiarism is unconsciousplagiarisms
Moraltrue ethical violence
Individualtaking the easiest way Un-respect to others
Students
Junior researchers Senior researchers
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Ilmuwan Indonesia Lakukan Plagiarisme
(Kompas, Rabu, 18 Desember 2002)
dalam dua tahun terakhir Universitas Indonesia (UI) telah
menindak tiga orang pengajar tetapnya karena kasus plagiat.
di Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta. Pernah
ditemukan tesis master jiplakan. Tesis itu dinyatakan lulus
dengan sangat memuaskan dari skripsi mahasiswa yang hanya
memperoleh nilai C.
Rapat Senat UGM pernah memutuskan untuk membatalkan gelar
"doktor" Drs SS MS karena kasus plagiat, Februari 2000.
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What is Plagiarism? PLAGIARIUS (Greek)
stealing paperan idea in scientific writing
Deliberate or reckless representation of anothers
words, thoughts, or ideas as ones own withoutattribution in connection with submission of
academic work, whether graded or otherwise
(Instrument of Student Judicial Governance, Section II.B.1)
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What is plagiarism
Many people think of plagiarism as copying another's work, or borrowingsomeone else's original ideas. But terms like "copying" and"borrowing" can disguise the seriousness of the offense:
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to "plagiarize"
means:1) to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own
2) to use (another's production) without crediting the source
3) to commit literary theft
4) to present as new and original an idea or product derived from anexisting source.
In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealingsomeone else's work and lying about it afterward
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What are included Plagiarisms?
Taking idea or data from another without mentioning the source
Data, picture, table : a part or whole Idea : (a part or whole sentence)
research proposal using another persons idea
duplication of research that has been already done
Re-publication of paper without un-valuable changes
Falsification
- changing or making report with non real data- repeat doing research until getting the wanted data or result
(Francis L. Macrina, 1995 ; leonardo de Castro, 2001 )
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Conflict of interest
Some interests that may influence research process
Financial support/sponsor
Scientific
Academic
Institutional
Reviewer
Researcher
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Data owner
Intelectual property
Problems :
Who is the Principal Investigator? Who has the idea? Funding/financial support
Related Institution
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AUTHOR
Author = Principal Investigator
Person who has substantial contribution in planning,conducting the research and reporting the result
Sequencing of authors
Author/Principal Investigator : who has substantialcontribution from the beginning until the interpretation of
data and writing the draft of paper
Co-authors (second, third etc) : depend on their contribution Do not list other persons name without his/her permission
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Aknowledgement
To whom that gave substantial support in the research
Experts or consultants who gave valuable advice in doing the
research or even writing the result
Sponsor or financial supporter Do not be overacting!!
.. this research is impossible to be finished without his veryimportant role and advice, .
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Basic and common rules in
publication
Originality
Main idea Conclusion is made from several others idea or his own
Citation Source should be mentioned Follow instruction to authors of the journal Not mentioning the source of citation un-ethical
(Aryatmo Tjokronegoro, 1996, Atmadja S Djaja, 2000)
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Kasus 1
Dr X, seorang dokter praktek umum di sebuah kota kecil, didatangi
oleh suatu lembaga penelitian dan meminta keikut sertaannya
dalam sebuah penelitian tentang penggunaan obat AINS pada
kasus-kasus osteoporosis. Lembaga tersebut menjajikan sejumlahuang untuk setiap pasien yang ikut serta dalam penelitian tersebut.
Mereka juga telah meyakinkan kepada dokter tersebut bahwa
semua persyaratan penelitian sudah dipenuhi, ethical clearance dari
Komisi Etik Penelitian. Dokter tersebut belum pernah melakukan
atau terlibat dalam suatu penelitian sama sekali, dan ia mersasenang atas kesempatan ini, terutama sejumlah uang yang akan dia
peroleh. Akhirnya ia menerima tawaran tersebut.
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Kasus 2
Seorang peneliti akan melakukan penelitian apakah sejenisvaksin influensa, dapat menurunkan angka kejadian penyakityang sejenis flu (flue like syndrome) di kalangan jamaah hajiIndonesia. Dia akan mengambil 1350 jamaah sebagai subyek,yang akan dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok. Subyek dari kelompok
studi akan diberi satu dosis vaksin influensa dan kelompok lainakan menerima satu dosis vaksin tifoid. Di samping itu semuasebyek juga menerima satu dosis vaksin meningococcus, yangsudah merupakan vaksin standart yang harus diberikan kepadaseluruh jamaah haji. Variabel/outcome yang akan dinilai padapenelitian ini adalah adanya demam (>38C), nyeri tenggorok
atau batuk. Dalam penelitian ini tidak dilakukan pemeriksaanlaboratorium, dan bila ada efek samping dari pemberian vaksin,subyek tidak mendapat ganti rugi, karena vaksin tersebutsudah diijinkan beredar di Indonesia.
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Case 3
Seorang dosen di sebuah perguruan tinggi melakukan penelitiantentang hubungan antara infeksi Toxoplasmosis dengankegagalan kehamilan. Dia menggunakan 100 ekor mencitsebagai hewan coba, yang setelah dikawinkan lalu diinfeksidengan parasit Toxoplasma gondii, dan setelah beberapa haridibedah dan diambil uterusnya untuk diteliti. Karena ia merasa
tidak mampu melakukan perlakuan pada 100 mencit secarabersamaan, ia mengajak 5 orang mahasiswa untuk membantu.Dia juga mengijinkan ke lima mahasiswa tersebut untukmengambil organ-organ yang lain dari mencit yang dibedah, yaituotak, hati, limpa, jantung dan otot bergaris, untuk diteliti dandijadikan topik penelitian untuk skripsi mereka. Semua beaya
penelitian ditanggung oleh dosen tersebut, termasuk hewan coba,bahan inokulan dan sekuruh kebutuhan laboratorium, kecualibeaya analisis data dan penulisan skripsi mahasiswa. Terangkanbagaimana cara mereka mempublikasi hasil penelitian ini
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Case 1
Dr X, a general practitioner in a small city, was approached by a
committee of research and asked for his participation in a clinical
trial of NSAID in osteoporosis cases. The research team or
committee promised to give some money for each patient who arewilling to be the subject of this research. They trusted him that all of
the requirements of the research had been approved, including
ethical clearance from IRB. So far the doctor has no experience and
never done or even contributed in any research. He felt happy to get
this opportunity, especially about some money that he will receivefrom the committee. So that, then he accept this opportunity.
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Case 2
A researcher wants to know whether a kind of influenza vaccincan reduce the morbidity of influenza like syndrome inIndonesian pilgrims. He will recruit 1350 pilgrims, and they willbe divided into two groups. Subjects of study group will receive
one dose of influenza vaccin and the other will receive onedose of typhoid vaccin. All subjects will also receive a dose ofmeningococcal vaccin, which is already a standard vaccin thatshould be given to all pilgrims. The variables that he wants toknow are the occurrence of fever (>38C), throat sore or cough.There is no laboratory examination in this study, and in case of
adverse reaction during the study, the subjects will not receiveanything, as this vaccin was already approved and licensed tobe distributed in Indonesia.
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Case 3
A lecturer from an university did a research about therelationship between Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy failure.He used 100 mice to be his animal models, where were matedand then inoculated with Toxoplasma gondiiparasites, andsectioned to be examined their pregnancy results byexamining their uterus. He felt not able to handle all of the
mice simultaneously, so that he ask for five students to helphim. He also give them some other organ such as brain, liver,spleen, heart and skeletal muscles to be examined, to be thetopics of the students thesis. All of the funding in this study,including animal models, agent for inoculation and laboratoryfacilities were supported by the researcher, except for data
analysis and thesis manuscripts of each students.Define how they will publish the research!
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References
Arjatmo H. Tjokronegoro. Pengantar dasar-dasar penulisan
makalah ilmiah. Disampaikan pada The second annual Jakarta
international epidemiology course for clinicians, Jakarta,
November 25 -December 6, 1996.
Atmadja S. Djaja. Penulisan nama pengarang cara sitasi dan
daftar pustaka. Disampaikan pada simposium dan pelatihan
penulisan makalah ilmiah kedokteran, Jakarta, 2122 Maret,
2000
Francis L. Macrina, editor. Scientific integrity. Washington, D.C.
ASM Press, 1995
Agtini MD. 2005. Integritas peneliti. Modul Pelatihan Etik Penelitian
Kesehatan. Depkes RI. 26-29 September 2005
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International committee of medical journal editors. Uniformrequirments for manuscripts submitted to biomedical
journals, and suplemental statements from the internationalcommittee medical journal editors. N Engl J Med 1994 : 1-21, 25-42
International committee of medical journal editors. Uniform
requirments for manuscripts submitted to biomedicaljournals. N Engl J Med 1997; 336(4): 309-15.
Leonardo de Castro. Relationship between advisor/student.Authorship and publications. Research integrity. Plagiarism.Presented at the International course on research ethics,Bangkok, July 30August 3, 2001
Wiradi G. Etika penulisan karya ilmiah: Beberapa prinsip dasar.
Bandung: Yayasan Akatiga; 1996.