Siti Aisah Muhammad SES100108Nusaibah Roslan SES100104Easha Ramlee SES100085Maryam Jamilah Md Yusof SES100089

By: One Direction

The importance of honesty in recording and reporting data

CONTENT1. Question2. Study questions3. Background4. Central problem5. Preliminary decision6. Analysis7. Final decision

QUESTION:

A postdoctoral fellow conducting 90-minute

experiments

Found that the data points tended to plateau after the

first 30 minutes.

The postdoc started fabricating those data points because he

conclude that nothing will happen in the last hour.

The postdoc quickly generated data, which his professor incorporated it

in a manuscript that was then submitted for publication.

Publi

catio

n

Professor

STUDY QUESTIONS: What is the responsibility of the

postdoctoral student towards his supervisor and research institute?

What is the responsibility of the supervisor towards his student and research institute?

What are the codes of conduct of reporting and recording data?

What does religion say about being honest?

What are the consequences of publishing a false scientific discovery to the scientific community?

BACKGROUNDDefinition of fabrication

Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them. (University of Miami, 2013)

University of Miami, (2013). Research misconduct. Retrieved April 4, 2013, from http://uresearch.miami.edu/?p=175

Adding fictitious data to a real data set collected during an actual experiment for the purpose of providing additional statistical validity

Inserting a clinical note into the research required to indicate compliance with an element of the protocol.

University of Miami, (2013). Research misconduct. Retrieved April 4, 2013, from http://uresearch.miami.edu/?p=175

According to Assessing Research Misconduct Allegations Involving Clinical Research, fabrication would be alleged in the following scenarios:

Cases In 1974, William Summerlin,

working with immunologist Robert Good at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, reported that he could transplant tissue from genetically unrelated animals without rejection.

+

However, after Summerlin made a presentation in Good’s office, a technician noticed that these “transplanted patches” were actually drawn on the skin of the mice with a marker.

The patches could be removed with alcohol.

When confronted, Summerlin admitted the fraud.

CENTRAL ETHICAL PROBLEM

The postdoctoral student had violated the code of conduct of recording and

reporting data in the experiment

PRELIMINARY DECISION

The professor should not submit manuscripts for the publication before

checking and reviewing truthfulness of the data

given by his student

ANALYSISHarm test

Professional test

Mother test

Publicity test

Look at 4 different aspects:1)Harm test2)Professional test3)Mother test4)Publicity test

Harm testProfes

sorHis

reputation will be

harmed/ ruin

He may be expelled from the

University

University

The image of the university

may be affected

Scientific Communit

yFalse data

will be accumulated

in new scientific

knowledge

In October 2002, the physics community was shaken when it became known that some ground breaking electronics research from Bell Labs was based on fraudulent data.

An independent committee found that Jan Hendrik Schön, a Bell Labs researcher, had made up or altered data at least 16 times between 1998 and 2001

Thirteen of Schön's disputed findings had been published in Science and Nature, the New Scientist reported.

The experiments in question were in the areas of superconductivity, molecular crystals, and molecular electronics

The result already being cited among the scientific community

Research misconduct. Retrieved on 1 may 2013 from http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/rcr/rcr_misconduct/foundation/

Professional test

ARTICLE III – Expectations of ConductAll students will act in a manner that reflects personal and intellectual honesty.

Lehigh University, Conduct System. (2013). Retrieved 1 May 2013 from http://www.lehigh.edu/~indost/conduct/handbook/sect6.shtml

Student’s responsibilities towards research institute

ARTICLE III: Proscribed ConductAny student found to have committed or have attempted to commit the misconduct or act of dishonesty is subject to the disciplinary sanctionsWest Virginia University, Student Conduct Code. (2013). Retrieved 1 May 2013 from http://studentlife.wvu.edu/office_of_student_conduct/student_conduct_code

Responsibilities of research supervisor

• Serve as a role model and provide a rich research environment.

• Monitor and guide the trainee’s progress closely .

• Give timely feedback regarding research finding and progress.

Gottesman, M. M. (2007). Guidelines for the conduct of research. Retrieved 6 March 2013 from Jstor database

Responsibilities of trainee

Adherence to the applicable rules and programmatic constrains related to the needs of the research institution.

Responsibilities of a professor toward academic institution

• Follow the University policy and rules.• Protect and encourage the faculty in its

teaching.• Demonstrate respect for students as

individuals and adhere to their roles as intellectual guides and counselors.

• Foster honest academic conduct.General University Policy Regarding Academic Appointees (1971). Retrieved 1 May 2013 from www.ucop.edu/academic-personnel/_files/apm/apm-015.pdf

Data collection, analysis and publication• Procedures are in place to ensure collection of

high quality, accurate data and the integrity and confidentiality of data during processing and storage.

• The investigator plays a key role in detecting and preventing scientific misconduct by adopting the role of guarantor on published output. Gottesman, M. M. (2007). Guidelines for the conduct

of research. Retrieved 6 March 2013 from Jstor database

Mother test“Truly Allah guides not one who transgresses and lies”.

(Surah Ghafir : 28)

Islam

Abdullah Al Araby. (n.d.). Lying in Islam. Islam Review. Retrieved April 4, 2013, from http://www.islamreview.com/articles/lying.shtml

From Abdullah bin Mas’ud, Rasulullah S.A.W said:

“Be honest because honesty leads to goodness, and goodness leads to Paradise. Beware of falsehood because it leads to immortality, and immortality leads to Hell”. (Hadith Bukhari & Muslim)

Abdullah Al Araby.(n.d.). Lying in Islam. Islam Review. Retrieved April 4, 2013, from http://www.islamreview.com/articles/lying.shtml

In Islam religion, honesty is praised as a virtue and in general, lying is forbidden.

But, there are three situations where Muslims are permitted to lie;

i. In battleii. For bringing reconciliation among

peopleiii. The narration of the words of the

husband to his wife, and the narration of the words of a wife to her husband

They who falsely declare: "That happened" about what did not happen, or: "I did not do that" about what they actually did, they earn themselves a ticket to grilling in Hell.

(Dhammapada 306)

Buddhism

In Dhammapada 306, the word ‘they’ refers to two kinds of people who will go to hell because of their bad attitude. The one who tells lies about others and another one who has done evils and says, “I did not do it”.

Lying in any form will lead to hell or miserable rebirth.

"Honesty guides good people; dishonesty destroys treacherous people”

(Proverbs 11:3)

Christian:

Mahoney, K.(n.d.). What the Bible Says about Honesty and Truth. Christian Teens. Retrieved April 4, 2013, from http://christianteens.about.com/od/whatthebiblesaysabout/f/HonestyTrust.htm

In Christians, being honest is not always easy. They know how easy it is to fall into sin. Therefore, their followers need to work at being truthful.

Loyalty makes a person attractive. It is better to be poor than dishonest.

Publicity testSituation in this caseFabricated data of an experiment by postdoctoral without notifying his professor The professor do not check and review the data before submit it for publication

Effects of this actionThe university image will be tarnishedKnowledge in scientific discoveries has been seriously affected.

Therefore, the professor should

reviewing the data given by his

student before submit it forpublication purposes.

FINAL DECISION

The professor should check and review

truthfulness of the data before submitting it for

publication purpose because it will affect our new scientific discoveries

REFERENCES Abdullah Al Araby. (n.d.). Lying in Islam. Islam Review.

Retrieved April 4,2013, from http://www.islamreview.com/articles/lying.shtml

Mahoney, K.(n.d.). What the Bible Says about Honesty and Truth. Christian Teens. Retrieved April 4, 2013, from http://christianteens.about.com/od/whatthebiblesaysabout/f/HonestyTrust.htm

University of Miami, (2013). Research misconduct. Retrieved April 4, 2013, from http://uresearch.miami.edu/?p=175

Research misconduct. Retrieved on 1 may 2013 from http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/rcr/rcr_misconduct/foundation/

Lehigh University ,Conduct System. (2013). Retrieved 1 May 2013 from http://www.lehigh.edu/~indost/conduct/handbook/sect6.shtml

West Virginia University, Student Conduct Code. (2013). Retrieved 1 May 2013 from http://studentlife.wvu.edu/office_of_student_conduct/student_conduct_code

Gottesman, M. M. (2007). Guidelines for the conduct of research. Retrieved 6 March 2013 from Jstor database

General University Policy Regarding Academic Appointees (1971). Retrieved 1 May 2013 from www.ucop.edu/academic-personnel/_files/apm/apm-015.pdf

Thank you

Corrections

Grammar mistakes Harm test – should include how the

actor will be harmed Background cases – effects of

publishing false data Publicity test – should include the

decision of ethics experts about this situation

The explanation given verbally must be included in the slide.