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11. @\BVu BVpm, YWmm

(NATURE OF ETHICS AND ITS SCOPE)

1.1. A\CVu YWV\

A\ CVp

URu NVpLs Utm SPjRu RWjRl Tt

Bn Nnm Ko BnfiVp Bm. ERWQUL Au\P

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TY SpX, Su NnR N, NnR RY. AYu

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RuUPVRL CdL Yim.

UR Yrfit dLs CjRp AYVm.

AddLs GuT J YL EVV Yr X Bm.

RURu SPjRLs A]jm AjRLV EVV

Yr XV AlTPVL LiPRL CdL Yim.

URYrfiu dLs GjRLVRL CdL Yim

GuT Ttm, AddLu AlTPp AY]

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U]fiVL, Tt\o 's[L[L H]V TX \Lp

CQk Yru\]o. CqY CQk YZk

NVpTu\YoLs JqY \m 'uTt\ YiV

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A\ CVp Bm.

Np fi[dLm

UX Sh RjYju AlTPp A\ CVX

Ethics ApX Moral Philosophy Gu AZd\oLs. EthicsGuT Ethos Gu\ WdLf Npk T\lThPRm.Ethos - GuTRt YZdLm GuT Ts. (Ethics is the scienceof character, habits, of a activity or conduct of human beings.)

Moral GuT Mores Gu\ CXju NpkT\lThPRm. Mores GuT UW Gu TsTm.G]Y, A\ CVp G]T UdLs Ru Rhj RU

YrdLp TVuTj Yt LiP X YrfiVp

S\L[l TtV BWnf GuT X]u\.

A\ CVu YWm't EhThP NVpLs

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RPoPV TX NVpL[ BWn\. ERWQUL,

Rp, U AkRp (V NVpLs) RoUm NnRp,

R]m NnRp, (StNVpLs) Tu\YLs Bm.

URu JYu LhX ApX J TXY]jX

Rj Cd\u. AYu AeL Nnm NVpLs

Bnd EV] ApX. AYPV NVpLs NLjRl

TlT CpX. TXm CQk Ym NLjp Ru

RURu NVpLs Bnd EV]YL Uu\].

JYu RTp jWL[f NLd\u. CjRLV

NVpLs SWVL BndV] ApX. Bm

CfNVpLs U\LUL NRVjRj Rdm G]d

LRlThPp CYLm BndVRL A\ CVp Gjd

Lsm.

R URu Au\P NVpL[V jRp, EQ

EiRp eLRp Tu\Y A\ CVp Bnd

EhThPY ApX.

Um U]SXm uVYoLu NVpLs, ZkRLu

NVpLs, fiXe]eLu NVpLs, CVtLu t\eLs

Tu\Yt\ Bnd Gjd Ls[XL. A

Uhu RufNu GZR NVpL[V

(non- Voluntary action) YjRp, WjRp, L],Tu\YLm A\ CVu YWm'ts APeL.

A\ CVX] V AY TjRnu\ \u LiP

URoLu SPjRVl Tt UhU BWn\. Um,

URu fim'Vtd LiP RufN NVpLm

(Voluntary action) Bnd EhThPYV.

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Sm l'hP SpX, V, N, RY Tu\

NVpLu Ts, UR SPjR, AkR SPjRVj

oUdL ERu\ Lpfi, UQm, NUVm, NhPm,

Tu\ NL LhTLm A\ CVu YWmd

EhThPYVm.

A\ CVp Gu Sm Yk C@ A\m TtV

BWnf Gu GRLj Ru\. A\m Gu\ Np

TpY YLV] TsL[ Es[PdV Bm.

RnYl XYo YsYo RU d\p Rp CVXL

A\jlTX AUjd LiPo. A\m Gm NpXj

R]RUm NnRp, Sp CpYrdL, U]jdLi UX

CjRp, T\U, TWN, Lm NtLs, Tu\Yt\

dRp, Cu] '\ TsLp LVi Es[o.

Um YsYo UR Yrfiu ElTsLs

Gu \jRdL A\m, Ts, CuTm,

BVYL[m L BZUL CQj RU d\[

AUjs[o. Rp A\Yflp tL YiUum,

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ThP Yim Gum \o.

A\Yflp DhV Tu XUL UhU

CuTjR ATfidL Yim Gum, Yrfiu

Cd dL[V Tt] APV CY

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Lu\ YkRu, Bjf Tu\ A\pLm

A\dLjdL[ SWVLY Yju\].

ERWQUL A\m NV fim, BY ]m,

Tu\Ytu XUL A\d LjdLs GjWdLl

Ths[].

Ck NUVju R X] TLYj Rm TVu

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GjR[lThs[. G]Y, A\ CVX] NRVjRl

TdLdV R URu SPjR] Bn Nnu\

BWnf CVXm.

A\CVm, RjY CVm : (Ethics & Philosophy)A\ CVdm, RjY CVdm CPp Es[

RPoTl Tt UThP LjdLs Es[]. aLp (Hegal)Utm u (green) Tu\YoLs RjY CVXAlTPVLd LiP A\CVp AUYRL

Lu\]o. B]p WvPp (Rashdall) Tu\YoLsA\CVX AlTPVLd LiP RjY CVp

AUYRLd u\]o. fiYRm J \m CdL, A\

CVm, RjY CVm L SdLU] RPoPVY

GuTR EQW u\. rLiP LjLu

AlTPp CR EQW m.

1. NRVju SuSPjRu Yfl\p Ru

A\dLjdLs EYdLThs[].

2. A\CVu olLs UV]m, RY]m

SPV]m Bm. CY A]jm CVtLl

Tu RuUL[d LiP AUm. CRt

A\CVp RjY CVdf NpX Yid\.

3. A\ CVu YWV\L[ RjY CVp \lT

Gjd \. A\ CVp YWV\Lu u NV

APV[eL[] LPs, RkWU] odLRN]m,

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Utm BuUfiu C\Yj RuU BVYL[

BWnYm, Gj CVpYm RjY CVu

TPUm.

4. A\CVp GuT AfiVp UlhPd Lis[.

RjY CVp AkR AfiVp UlhP \l

Tj\.

5. RjY CVp EXLjtm, URdm Es[ RPoT

fi[dd \. A\ CVX UR] J U]fNh

Es[]YLd Lh\. G]Y, LPdm,

URdm Es[ RPoTl Ttm, EXLm Utm

NRVm Ttm Ak Ls[ RjY CVXV

AL Yi Es[.

6. \V RjY CVu 'Wf]Ls A\CVd

EhThPYL[LY Es[].

AYVY]

BuUfiu C\YjRuU, Luu U'\fid LhT,

NRVjtm, R URds[ RPo, BuUfitm,

EXts[ RPo, LPs TtV LjdLs

BV]Ym.

A\CVm, NUVm (Ethics & Religion)NUVm GuT UR] TdYl TjYRVm.

Um NUVm GuT CWi AlTP AmNeL[d

Lis[. Ju, LPs YflTh\, CWiPY

JdLm, RoU kR]Ls, Ut\m SuSPRRL[

LPl'dL YiVRu AYVjR Yjd \.

JhUjRU] UR Sm'dL Es[YoLs YRVpXm

Rjl Todm T rdLiP LjdL[j Ru

AYoLs Yj\oLs GuT RYm.

1. LPs GuTYo Cdu\o.

2. LPs RoU kR]Lu LXULm, JdL

XWLm, SuSPjR LiPYWLm Cd\o.

3. Ld \kR LXU YZdV URu, LPPjp

LQd V V TiLp XYt\VY APV

VtdL Yim. GuTRm.

4. O]m, ApX UnQo Tu\ Yflp Sm

RPL[j RLojRV A\f NVpLs Qu\].

Bu`Ld LiQu ` Tkdm V ALt\

A\CVp ERu\.

5. A\CVX] UR] SpYfllTjm, BuUY

nUl Tjm, 'WmUm Rus Cdm BuU

G] EQW YlTRt A\ CVp Qu\.

G]Y, NUVjp LPs YflTh \Vj Rfiojd

\d V H]V LjdLs A]jU A\CVp

\lTm LjdL[m.

CRu Xm NUVm, A\CVm L SdLU]

RPo'] Lis[] GuT EV\.

A\CVp, UPfiVp Utm NLfiVm :

(Ethics, Anthropology & Sociology)R URu SPjR GuTRl TYL Gjd

LiPp NL CVp AOm UR CVp AOm P

ARl Tt BWVY Nnu\]o, NL CVm UP

8 9

CVm Nnm BnLdm A\ CVp UtLsm

Bndm AlTP YT Gu] GuTR ARp

Yim.

URPV SPjRVl Tt BnNnm A\ CVp,

AR SPjRVlTt Bn Nnm NL CVp UP

CVp BnLk GqY YTu\ GuTR

YWV\ Nn Rk LsRp Yim. NL CVm

(Sociology) UP CVm (Anthropology) SoX ApXfi[dL X AfiVXf NokRY. A\ CVp EVoX

AfiVp Bm. Ko GjdLhu Xm CR]

AVXm.

UQm Nn LsRp RURu SPjRLp

Ju. UQm Tt NL CVm, UP CVm, A\CVm

Bn Nn RjRm \Vf NokR fi[dLeL[d

Ldu\]. uPV Bn Tu TdL[l

TojRp A\ CVp RuPV Bnfiu Xm GqY

YT\ GuTR AVXm.

NL CVp AOo UQm GuTRu

T[ fi[dYo. NPeLu AUl, Rp

UQf NPe AUkR \, LXkRm A Y[ok

YkR \ BVYt\ fiYlTo. Rp Ko BPYu

J TiQ UhU UQm Nn Lsm

\Pu JYu CWi TiL[m UQm Nn

Ls[Xm. Gu\ \ UdLs Ujp SpX G]

LRlThP. AR NUVjp J TiQ UhU

UQm NnLsm \ RY Gu Xo Lijl

TNj RPe]o. Cp CRWUQm UdL[p

HtLs[l Tt\ G] UQ YWXt \V

GYo. CeL JRW UQm RY Gu AYo G]m

A AYo, Y, ApX AYo UlP Au. JRW

UQm RY GuT J LXjp J T UdLu LjRL

CkR GuT YWXt EiUL[m, LrfL[m

AlTV GYdL YiV LPUVRp YWXt

EiUV AlTV G]o GuTRLY

Ls[Yim. AqY\ Ru UP CVp AOo

NVm fi[dLm Cdm.

Es[R Es[Y Gj GY YWXt \

Es[R Ul Nn GY EVoX AfiVp \.

J RW UQm Su Gum CRW UQm Cu] Cu]

LWQeL[p RY Gum GjdLh, CRW

UQ\VfiP JRW UQ \V SpX G] fi[dLm

AUj GY Ulh \. NL CVp AOm

UP CVp AOm YWXt \V Uhm

UtLi GYo. fi[dL X figO] \V

UtLiP AYoLs GYoLs. Ulh \p

GY C N, C RY G] GjdTh, C SpX

G] Ul Nn GY A\ CVp AOo

UtLsm \. AqY fi[dYR EVoX

AfiVp.

G]Y, A\CVp Gu\ EVoX AfiVX]

Ulh \X] URu SPjR TtV BnfiVp

G]dLs[ Yim, NL CVm UP CVm UR

SPjRVV Gjd ]m, AY UR SPjR

Cu] Cu] LXeLp ClTClT CkR Cu]Cu]

LWQeL[p Cu]Cu] Ut\jRl Tt\ Gu\ A[fip

10 11

YWXt \V Jh fi[dL Tm EiUL[L (facts)Cdm.

1.2. A\CVp Ko AfiVp

(Ethics as a Science)AfiVp

SoX AfiVp EVoX AfiVp

(Positive Science ) (Normative Science)CVt'Vp A\CVp

YVp, AZVp

EVp A[YVp

AfiVp

J l'hP T[V ApX l'hP

LrfVV GjdLh, fi[dLm LhL tThPp,

AR] CQkR GpXf NnL[m, JYL

JeLUl's Ru\ AY AfiVp A. (Scienceis organized or systematized knowledge).AfiVp \

JYL AlTP JeLUl's YiPR

NnL[ d, YiV NnLs GpXYt\m

\VL CQjl Tu\ \Vm. J YL

CXVd LjRp RYW CVp NRWQ APVYu

CXVl TtV X NnL[ UhU \ YpXY]L

ClTu. B]p AfiVp AY] AkR Ko

CXV AlTPVLd Li UV]

NnL[ Ko JeLUl's AUjj Rkfim.

AqY\ A\ CVm URPV GkR J NVXm

fi[dL tTm T, AfNVp TtV UV]

NnL[m N, RY, SuU, U, Gu AlTP

JeLUl's AUjd Lh fi[dm. G]Y, A\

CVm AfiVp YLVf NokR Bm.

GkR Ko AfiVm ARtV GpXd Lhts

u, fiLh EhThPRu fi[dLj]j R\.

CjRLV GpXdL A\fiVp \dm Ei, GuTRp

A\ CVm, AfiVp YLVf NokR.

A\ CVp Ko EVoX AfiVp

A\ CVp NRVjp Ym UR SPjRVl

Tt BWm JYL AfiVp Gu LiPm.

AfiVp GuT l'hP LrfVl TtV

ApX T[l TtV AR] CQkR

UV] NnL[ JeQjj Rm JeLUl

Bm.

AfiVX C YLL[Ll 'dLXm. AY

EVoX AfiVp (Normative Science) Gum SoXAfiVp (Positive Science) Gum AZdLlTm.

J Ts J l'hP CVpL[d Lis[

Gum, l'hP YLp NVpT\ Gum, X]

XUL BWnk fi[dLj]j RY SoX AfiVp

Bm. fiXeVp (Zoology) RYWfiVp (Botany) CVt'Vp(Physics) YVp (Chemistry) Tu\Y SoXAfiVd GjdLhLs Bm.

12 13

X NVpLs Hu ClT NnVlTP YiUu\

ApX GlT NVpThPL Yim. Gu\, Tu\

LsfiL[ GlmT AYtt fiPL[d LQ

tTm Ko CVp, EVoX AfiVp ApX Up

YWm'hP AfiVp Bm. UR] EshP BnfiVp,

A[YVp (Logic) AZVp (Aesthetics) A\ CVp (Ethics)Gu\ Cmum EVoX AfiVp 'Yf NokRY.

SpX kR] GlT CdL Yim G] A[YVp

fi[dL tTY TXY, SpX AZ GlT CdL

Yim G] AZVp fi[dL tTY TXY, SpX

SPjR GlT CdL Yim G] fi[dL tTY A\

CVu LPUVm.

R URu NVp ApX SPjR GuTRl

TYL Gjd LiPp, NLfiVp AOoLm

(Sociology) UP CVp AOoLm (Anthropology) E[fiVpAOoLm P AYL[l Tt BWnu\]o.

AZVp A[YfiVp, UP CVp, NL CVp, BV

CkSu CVpLU UR]l TtV fi[d]m,

A\ CVX] CkSu CVpLkm YTu\.

GlTVp, NL CVm, UP CVm YWXtd LX

LrL[m, AR]l TtV EiUL[l Tt UhU

Tu\.

B]p A\ CVX] Hu? GlT? G] AdLX

LrL[ Bn NnYRp C@ Ko EVoX AfiVp

G]lT\.

1.3. A\ CVm H]V AfiVpLm

A\ CVp Ko AfiVp Gu kRV TPjp

LiPm. B]p A\ CVp Ko EVoX AfiVp Gum

Ak LiPm. A\ CVm Ko AfiVp Gu\ YLp

A GqY H]V AfiVpLPu RPo Li

Es[ GuTR ClTp LiTm.

A\CVm EVm : (Ethics & Biology)AlTPp URu Ym E]ju YLVf

NokR]p, fiXeLd EV fi\Ls AYdm

TkYRL AUks[]. CdLj] Pofiu Tu\

AOoLs YrYRtL] TWhPm (Struggle for existence)Utm XjlTRtL] TjRm (Survival of the fittest)Gu\ fiXeVp fiLu T fi[d Es[]o.

CkRd Ljp EPuT LiP aoToh vTu^o

(Herbert Sepncer) R] A\ CVu LhTLs (Principle ofEthics) Gu\ LsL Xm fiXeVX AlTPVLdLi A\ CVX fi[dL tTu\o.

AYo SpX G? LhP G? GuT fiXetm

URdm Ju\ Gu u\o ARY AYo

GYVpXm Yrfiu u]t\jt ERu\]Y

AYVpXm SpX] Gu\o Ut\T GYVpXm

AjRLV u]t\jtj RPL[L Cdu\]Y

AYVpXm LhP] Gu\o. CRu Xm NkRLjt

CPu fiXeVp fi\Ls UR] SPYdLLs

` TlL[ HtTju\] GuT RY\.

14 15

A\ CVp EVX AlTPVLd LiPRpX :

YrfitL] TLlm u]t\m URdj

RYV]Rm. B]p A UhU UR] dLs?

URu fiXek GqY[Y u] Cd\u.

fiXeLs tl\f Zd HtT ReL[ Ut AUjd

Lsm. B]p UR], Ru YrYRtL]

tl\fZX EYdu\u.

AfiVp Li'lL[ TVuTju\u.

SLLU] NRVjR EYdu\u. Cp fiXeLu

fi\Ls ujRlTPfipX. ERWQUL

fiXeLu fi\lT YUV] Ym.

YUVt\ AfljRfldLlTm. B]p UR

NRVjp ARt U\LY SPd\. ARY

YUVt\YoL[] TiLs, ZkRLs Utm

VYoLs Tl TLdLlTu\]o. AvPhp

V Tu UR] \lT] NVpL[

fiXeLPjp LQ VfipX. YL UR]

NVpTLs TjRk, AfiLu LhTLuT

Ru SPT\R RfiW fiXeLu fiLuT ApX

GuTR EVLd \Xm.

A\ CVm, CVt'Vm : (Ethics & Physics)CVt'Vp AfiVXl TX ApX J SoX

AfiVp ApX fi[dL YL AfiVp Gu \lT\.

H]p CVt'Vp Sm \ EXLl TsL[l

XuL[p Uhm BWnk AYtu CVpL[m,

AYttPV NVpTm CVtL fiL[U

fi[d\m. \ EX GlT CdL YiUu\

CVt'Vp BWnYpX. U\L AfiVp UR SPjR

NV ApX RY\ GuTRl TtV RWjR oQVm

Nn olL[ YZeu\. G]Y CR Ko EVoX

AfiVp Gu \m. CqY[fip LmT

CVt'Vdm A\ CVdm SWjRPo CdL

NjVm CpX.

CVt'Vm A\ CVm UThP AfiVp YLVf

NokRY Gu\m AYttPV J YL U\Lj

RPo Cd\ Gu\ \ Yim. LWQmVRp

URu SPjRLs AY] Es[jp

oUdLlThPm \ EXX\ SPTt\L Yim.

URu NVpLs VU EXu CVtL fiLd

EhThP W Yim. dVU] LWQfi (Law ofcausuality). CVt'Vdm A\ CVdm TY] Ju\mA\CVp \lT Frfi] fiV] CVt'Vu

LWQLV fiV JhV AUks[. Um URu

J NVXf NnVj RPem u]o AfNVp \

EXp RtfidLd V fi[L[l Ttj Rk

LiPVL Yim. CkR A[fip AYd CVt'Vp

A Q Nnm.

A\CVm, E[fiVm : (Ethics and Psycology)E[fiVp GuT UR U]jRl TtV BWnfVm.

UR U]p Lm URpL[l Ttm, URf

NVpLdl 'u]VL AUm EQofLs,

U]XLs Utm AY] AYt\p Ttm E[fiVp

BWnu\. UR NVpLs VU RPdLjp J

GiQUL Gk 'u]W NVp YYjt YYRp

A\ CVp E[fiVPu J LdVU] YLp RPo

16 17

Lis[. UR SPjRVm TpY U]XLu

YlTL[. URu U]p AUkR EsSd,

EhP, Utm ALX A\lTi CYVU

AYPV NVpL[j oUdu\].

Um UR EQofL[V LUm, WRm, BN,

AfNm, T, CWdLm CYVm URPV NVpL[

HRY J fiRjp Tdu\]. G]Y E[fiVp A

A\ CVp BWnfd Lj RYV] Ju\m.

AiUd LXeLp E[fiVp NL E[fiVp (SocialPhychology). SPjR NokR E[fiVp (Behavioral Phychology)Gu\ 'Ls dVjYm YnkRYVL Y[oks[].

NL E[fiVp, J NLm R URu U]XV

GqfiRjp Tdu\ GuTRl Ttm, J R

URu Es[jp Gm EQofLs NRVjp

GjRLV fi[L[j Rtfidu\] GuTR Ttm

BWnu\]. E[fiVu Cqfi 'LU A\ CVp

BWnfp J dVl Te TVt\ m.

3. UV] SdLmGuT YWV\dEhThP.

4. L r L uAlTPp oLQlT\.

5. Um U]XVAlTPVLd LiPUR]l TtVTl Bm. G]YhPYhPULj ol\ CVX.

UV] SdLm GuTL fik TWk Cdm.

BWnfu AlTPpo LQlT\.

_PlThLu, U\jRuU LiP \lThLu TlGuTRp ol U\jRuUPV.

EVoX AfiVp

1. Hu? GRt? GlT?Gu\ fi]dL[GlYRGlYRAlTPVLdLiP.

2. UlLs Tt TdLdV.

SoX AfiVp

Gu] CdL Yim, CClTjRu NVpThPLYim Gu\ fi[dLeL[AlTPVLd LiP.

EiUL[l Tt AVdV.

1.4. A\ CVu CuVUVUm TVuLm

A\ CVu CuVUVU

WdL AOW] AvPhp UR]l Ttd m

T AYu J NL fiXe (Man is a social animal)Gum TjRs[ fiXe (rational animal) Gum YWV\Nns[o. LUm, T, AfNm Tu\ EPp NokR EQoLs

URdm, fiXeLdm TY]Y.

CqQofLu AlTPp Uhm URu

NVXtY]p AYdm fiXetm AL YT

GRm Sm LQ CVX. B]p, TjRm

RuiUVm Cdu\ JW LWQj]p AYu

fiXeum YTh Ko EVV Xp

YdLlT\u.

ClTjRY AYu GqYLp TVuTjRp

Yim GuTR AYd EQojY A\fiVp

18 19

LhTL[. YrdLl TRp URu RPm U\Up

ClTRt A\fiVp LhTLs \kR YflLhL[L

AUu\].

RjY YWXtp TiPV LX WdL AOoL[]

NdW, '[hP, Tu\YoLs ReL[ RjYd

LhTLp, YnU, SoU, nU, Wm Tu\

A\lTiL[l Tt BZUL BWnk AYt\

EVoXj RLL[Ld f Nus[]o. RjY

BWnfp A\ CVp J dV CPjR GdLXjU

Yj Yks[. TmTX] EXL NUVeLs A\ CVp

LhTLd dVjYm Lj Yks[]. LP[

Htd Ls[R NUVeL[] T[jRNUVm, NUQ NUVm

BV] A\fiVp LhTLd Ko EVokR CPjR

Ajs[].

RZLjp d\s, \S, SXVo, Bjf

Tu\ EVV TZUV] pLs Vm Lf \kR

A\pL[m. Ck NUVju J dVf NUV X]

TLYj R TVu SdLf NVp Gu\ AV A\

CVpLhThP EXt GdLXjtm Tkm

YLp Ajs[. jYm, CvXm, R NUVm,

BV] A\Sd LhTL[ AlTPPVLd

LiP AUks[].

G]Y, A\ CVp AY] JY] Y[oXLp

EVoju\.

1. fiXePk Ru] YTjd Ls[m.

2. A\Sp Ru] X j, UR]L YZm.

3. '\Wm A\Yrfip j, AR]p Nu\]L

YZm, BV u XLp UR] EVoj\.

RUR Yrfim, NL Yrfim A\fiVt

LhTLs J dV AeLm Ydu\].

A\Sum YfiV NRVeLs VU

SYPkR] GuTR UR YWX SUd

GjWdu\. NmUV] A\SL[ J NLju

JtU Utm XV] RuUVl TdLdLd

VRL Cd\. J R URu EVo P AYu

Htd LiP A\SL[l TjR AUm.

A\ CVu TVuLs

A\ CVp Gu\ Tp AUdLlTt\ GpXU A\

CVp Afiu TVuL[. UnVY Sm Vtu

J TVL Sm A\fiVXd Ls[ Yim. UR

SPjRp Lm SpXRm VRm Tt BWnk

EiUVd LiPm VtXV A\fiVp DT\.

i) UdLPjR RY\] Tdp AUkfihP XA\Ut\ TZdL YZdLeL[ dLm, ApX A\jR

CQdm YLp UtVUdLm A\ CVp A

Qu\.

ii) NL AUlL[] mTm, LpfiXVm, NLlTt XVm, RfltPm, S, NUV AUlLs,

AWNY, Tu\YLd, EiU J PdLf

NnVm. Je\ T\m A\ CVp A

ERu\.

20 21

iii) UYm NRV Ut\eLd HtT A\YfldLsLL[] EXL JUlT UR SVm

Tu\Ytu \lT Gjd NVpTPf NnY

A\ CVp A Bm.

iv) Cu EXu TpY TLm, TpY 'UdLPjRm LQlTm, AU CuU Utm

A\UpXf NVpLu TdLm Tu\Yt\

JeTjYm A\ CVp A Bm.

v) A\ CVX] UR SPjRu EVoXdLhTL[l (Norms) Tt BWnk u\.CjRLV LhTLs R URu RuPV

YrdLVf \lT] Yflp AUjd Ls[

ERu\.

vi) J l'hP rXp C Ru Tkm GufiWk NnVm, NnRRf

NVtTjRm A\ CVp A ERu\.

vii) UR YrfiVp AUkR TpY \L[m,RjRVL j SlTjRm, AlTpY

\L[m CQk BUl Ti']l T\

ERfiVL ClTm A\ CVp A Ru.

TiPd LXjkR A\ CVu dLm,

UdLu TZdL YZdLeL]p Bn NnVlTh

HtPj RuUPVY G]d LRlThP].

CdLsLL[ Sm 'uTtm T LilTL A\Yflp

Ru Sm NpYUVu Utl TRp NpX

YnlLs Ld \Y.

A\ CVp LsLLs NLjp Ym URu,

AfNLjRp YWV\ NnVlThP SPjR \L[f

V \p 'uTt\ ERu\]. A\fiVp LsLLs

R URu SPjRVf NmU NnYRu XUL

AYu Ym NLm Xj, CQk CdLm ERfi

u\.

Tt fi]dLs

I. KYLp fiPV (2 UlTiLs)

1. A\ CVp Gu\p Gu]?

2. Ethos GuTRu Ts V?

3. Moral GuTRu Ts V?

4. UR Yrfiu Su El TsLs VY?

5. AfiVp Gu\p Gu]?

6. A\d LjdLs Tt m TZkRr pL[d

l'.

7. Yrfiu Cd dLs V?

8. AfiVp \ GuT Gu]?

9. AfiVu CYLLs VY?

10. SoX AfiVp Gu\p Gu]?

11. EVoX AfiVp Gu\p Gu]?

12. SoX AfiVd ERWQm L.

13. EVoX AfiVpLs VY?

14. aoToh vTuNo GV u TVo G?

15. AiUd LXeLp dVjYm YnkR E[fiVpLs

VY?

16. URu J NL fiXe Gu VYo Vo?

22

II. J Tj A[fip ApX Tj YLd LUpfiPV. (5 UlTiLs)

1. A\ CVp EQojm EiULs VY?

2. A\ CVp Ko AfiVp - fi[d?

3. A\ CVm, CVt'Vm Tt fiY.

4. A\ CVm E[fiVm GqY JuPu Ju

RPoPV GuTR fiY.

5. A\ CVm, NUVm GqY RPo Lis[]

GuTR] fiY.

III. J TdL A[fip ApX CT YLdLUpfiPV (10 UlTiLs)

1. A\ CVu YWm't EhThP NnL[ fiY.

2. A\ CVp Ko EVoX AfiVp? fi[d .

3. A\ CVm, RjY CVm Tt fi[d .

4. A\ CVm, UP CVm, NL CVm Ju\Pu

GqYLp RPo Lis[]?

5. A\ CVu CuVUVU Tt GL.

6. A\ CVu TVuLs VY?

IV. Su TdLeLd LUp ApX StTYLdLUp fiPV (20 UlTiLs)

1. A\ CVdm, AfiVdm Es[ RPo'] fiY.

2. A\ CVdm, '\ CVdm Es[ RPo'] fi[d

YWL.

23

II. @\fNVpLm @\gNWf NVpLm(MORAL AND NON-MORAL ACTIONS)

2.1. A\f NVp Utm A\gNWf NVpLuYWV\

Es[jVp : (Psychology)URPV NVd SPjR Gu J YZdl

TVo Ei. URPV NVp ApX SPjR LrYRt

u]p AYPV U]jp Cu] Cu] XLs

EiPu\] GuTR fi[dL tTm AfiVp \V

Es[jVp.

URu SPjRd u]o Lm U]XL[d

LWQULm, EPm'p Lm TXYLf NVpL[d

LVULm Ls[Xm. CqYLp UR SPjRV

AYRtV AfiXL Es[jVp Lr\.

R URu SPjRV Su Gu HtTR,

Gu fiXdYR Es[jVu T Au. Bm,

Es[jVp YWV\ Nn LhV U]XL[

AlTV A\ CVp Htd Ls\.

A\fNVp

URu TX NVpLp DT\u. NRVjR

CQk Ym URu NVpLs NV]R, RY\]R,

SpXR, LhPR, HtPVR, HtTt\R, NRVjR

SoLULY, U\LULY Tdm CVpPVR

Gu\pXm BnLs NnVlTh, NRVjtj

e fi[fidLR NVpLs StNVpL[L Htd

24 25

Ls[lTu\]. A\l Ti'] EshP GpXf

NVpL[m JdLm Gu\ A\gNokR NVpLs Gu\

Sm Ls[Xm CR]V

A\j e BdLm CpX AR]

U\jRu FepX L

Gu \o YsYo.

JYPV YrdLd A\jRfiP SuUV]m

CpX. A\jRl Tt\Up U\lTRfiPd LV]m

CpX GuT T[m.

A\ CVp LhThu AlTPp URu

NVpLs, A\f NVpLs Gum A\gNWf NVpLs Gum

CYLVLl 'dLlTu\].

A, BWnf \u Li, TjRfiu

AlTPp JYu fim'Vt Nnu\ NVX],

CPfiPl Ttu LWQUL TZdLf NVXL Ut\m

Tu\. CY A\fNVp G] AZdLlT\.

YsYl TkRLm, CR]V

Jpm YLVu A\fi] JYR

NpmY VpXg NVp.

Gu NpPUpXm A\fNVX NVpTjRf

Np\o.

A\gNWf NVp

CVtLu t\jRp EYm \Y, XSdLm,

], Ys[m, Y\h RVY A\gNWf NVpLs

Bm. H]p CVtLV] Bnk, Rok, Rk,

AYp UtLs[l Tt\ NVpLs Au. Um,

LeLu NVpLs, ZkRLu NVpLs,

U]l'\rft\ URu NVpLs Tu\Y A\gNWf

NVpLu ThVp CPm Tts[YVm. '\PV

YtjRu LWQUL RkWUt\ Xp, NnVlTm

NVpLm A\gNWf NVpL[m.

SmUp LhlTjRl T\ VR CWjR KhPm,

CVtL EsdVp fi[m NVpLs, AY

EPuTPR EPt tf NVpLs, EQofLu EkRXp

NnVlTm NVpLs, GoTWR NVpLs, BVYLm

A\Yfl olf NVpLs BL.

A\ CVp BWm NVpLs

J ZkR Ru LV Yp Yj Yjd

Lid\. C AY CQkR NVX? ApX

fim' Ht\ NVX? Gu\ Lsfid , Bnk fiP LQ

tTY A\fNVu LPUVm.

ZkR Ru LV Yp Yj Ydm T

A AYTPR NVX. B]p 'u]o Afi]p

BWnk Tojj RY Gu RkRT, AfNVp

AdZkRVp RfiodLd V NVXVm. BLVp

BWnk, RY\]d LiP '\m RfiodL CVXR NVXL

AUUV]p AfNVp A\gNWf NVXm. Cf

NVX AYu kjkRp RfiojdL m Gu\

Lj GU]p, AlT RfiojR NVX StNVXm.

fim' Ht\ NVp : (Voluntary Action)TjRs[, NVXt\ YpX JYu, Ru dL[

NV] G] BWnk Cu] G] YWV\

NnLi AR APV fim', ARtLtT Ru

26 27

NVpL[f RkWU] RuUPu NVXtYR

fim'Vt\ NVp G]lTm.

CqYLV] fim' Ht\ NVp rLiP u

XL[d Lis[.

A) U]X

B) EPp NmTkRlThP NnLLs

C) Yl\ fi[YVhV X

A) U]X

fim' Ht\ NVu u XLp Rp

XVV U]XV] B YLLp NVpT\.

i) RYQof (Feelings of wants)

RYQofVl Tt CYLd LjdLs Ei.

1. RYQof GlTm u'VX]RLY Cd\.

2. RYV] \ NnVlTm T CuT

EQoPu LXkRRLY Cd\. EldLdf

X RYLs Ei. EPd EQ RY AqY\,

o, Lt BVYLm RYV. CYLs

Elj RYLs (Organic needs or wants) GuTo.JYu R]d CY CY RY Gu AY

Y, R]d EQ RY G] AY Y. ClT

EQ RY Gu\ EQoYl TYLf Y Lo

EQo GuTo (appetite). B]p, CkR EQo UpXAjRm Tm. Sm, '\ YXL[ Jd Yjfi,

EQY EhLsU i\. CqY Gm

ALXj iRp (Impulse) Y Lo EQoY fiPYThP. AL XjiRp JYL uT

EQoY Ldm. LWQm SU kR] Y YX

GRm LYdLfiPUp SmU YYL Y Lo

EQo EkYRp A uTVpT]RLm EQ

EhLiPp J \ HtT\ G]Y,

RYQofV] uTjp RPe CuTjp

YP\.

ii) RYQof BNVL URp

RYQof BNVL Ut\m T\.

URPjp fi[em CVtL A GuT RuiU

A (Self-consciousness) G]lTm. CY RYQofV BNVL (desire) Ut\. BNVL Ut\e LiPT AeL LQlTm Ls.

RYV \ NnVd V Ts G? GuT

TtV Lj. AlT[ APYRtV Yfl YLLs

TtV Lj. G]Y RYQofV] J hPUl

NVXL AUk fi\.

iii) U u\m BNLu URp : (Conflict ofdesire)

TXYLj RYQofLs JW NUVjp, TXfiR

BNL[ Rtfidm. JW NUVjp, GpX

BNL[m \Yt\ CVX. G]Y, JW J

RYV uhP BNV UhU uj,

H]VYL[l 'udj Rs[ Yim Gu\ X

28 29

HtTP, U]jp ThQo, UThP EQo,

EsdLp URp, BNLu URp RV] Lm.

BLVp, EW] HRm KWNV Uhm uj,

Ut\YL[l 'udj Rsfim.

iv) RuUj Ro X : (Delibration)

RuUj Ro X GuT JYLf NVXt\p.

CRf NVtTjY RuiU ARu.

TX BNLs UmT, EW] AfiPV

Bt\Xp, BNL[m BWV tT\. BNLu

YuU UuULs BWVl Tu\]. Cp, TX

BNLp Ju\ Uhm Rok Lsm Bt\X

EW] Ttfi\. CY Ro X.

v) kRR AkRl Ttm X : (Intensification)

EW] RuUj Ro Xu Xm TX

YLV] BNLp J l'hP BNVj Ro

Nn\. Ro NnR'u AkR BNVf NVtTjYRt

dL] EsSdLm AUkfi\. G]Y, AkR

EsSdLU], BNV Sd SmUf NVpTj\.

CY, BNV CLlTtm XVm.

vi) AjRl TtV XV oU] XVdLp

\ NnVl T\ YiV BN C G]j Ro

NnR'u, BN NVtTh Xd Ykfim. tX

NUVeLp RPLs SWXm. RPLu YUVp AkR

BN YfiZk TnfiPRY, RokR Y, kR

YL Bdm.

(Decision becomes determination) GiVTV NVpBtYp EPVWL CdLl Tt\p, AYo

GiVYt\ GiVY\ APYo.

B) EPp NmTkRlThP NnLLs : (Bodily Stage)BYL Es U]Xp U]m NVpTh EPp

ElLp Tk AYt\f NVpTjm. SPjRp, KRp,

TojRp TRp Tu\ NVpLs CqYLVf NokRY.

C) Yl\ fi[Y JhV X

EPp NVpTYRp AfNVp Yl\ EXp TX

YLV] Ut\eL[ EiPd\. RokRjR BN,

ARu EsSdLm BVYtu YuU, UuUL[m

Yl\ fi[Ls EQoju\].

UX l'hPY, RYQof, RYQof

BNVL URp, BNLu URp, BNLp Ju\j

Ro NnRp.

Ro NnR BN] \ NnV Gjd LiP

NVp, SdLm, NVtTm \, 'ufi[Ls Gu\

GpXd L[m CQj J URu NVXtm

T AYu NVp, fim' Ht\ NVp Gu\ TVWl

T\.

CqY fim'Vt UtLiP NVpLs

A\gNokR NVpLs Gu NpXlTm. CYVpXR

NVpLs A\gNWf NVpLs Gu AZdLlTm.

30 31

'uYm YWTPju XUL CfNVpLs TtV

fi[dLj] Ak Ls[Xm.

NVp

A\fNVp A\gNWf NVp

(Moral action) (Non-moral action)fim'Vt\ SpX NVpL[] ZkRLu NVpLs,

JdLm, Tu\Y CVtLu NVpLs,

U]l'\rft\

URu NVpLs

2.2. EsSd, EhP (Motive & Intention)

E[fiVp AOoLu tlT, Sm J NVXf

NnmT AfNVdd LWQULl TX NdLs Sm

Es[jp CVeu\]. J NVp RPe YRtl

TX LWLs Cdu\].

AYLs EsSdm, EhPm CWi RuUd

LWLs. AY GjRLV CVpPV], GqY

NVpTu\] GuTR fiYL Rk LsRp

AYVm.

EsSd : (Motive)

GkR J Bt\p ApX GkR Ju SmU,

SmPV NVX Sd l'hP Yflp

NnU Fdfidu\R AY EsSd Gu TVo

T\. (The word motive literally means what moves us to act in aparticular way).

J NVXj RtfidLm, j YdLm EV

LWQUL EsSd AUks[. C, RYQofV

J NVXj RtfilT Gum, A JYL uT

EQof Gum, uT EQofVm A CuT

EQofVm EsPLd LiP Gum Bnfi]p

YlThP].

CuT uT EQofL[ NVXu Es SdLeLs

Gu LiPp, uT EQofV NVXj Yd

YlTRLm, CuT EQofV NVX j

YlTRLm AUm. U\L uT EQoY

RPdLULm, YLm AUYi. ERWQUL,

VLm Sh SXdLLj Ru EWd LjRp Tu\Y

Bm.

J NVX RPeY Jum lT Jum

G] Y Y\L AUY TkYRL CpX. Um,

EQof Gu\ Ju\u AlTPp UhU NVpTY

fiXe]jdm Aj \u Y[Wl T\R

ZkRLdm TkYRLXm. UR] NVtTP

YlT AY.

G]Y, URu AYt NVtTTYu. TjRfiu

QLi EQofL[d LhlTjj Rm fim'V

Yflp NVpTm Bt\p EPVYu. G]Y CuT, uT

EQofLPu A NokR dLsL[m

EsSdLUL (motive) HtdLsRp AYVU\.ERWQUL, J 'fNdLWd EQYj ERm T

32 33

CWdLm Gu\ EQofV, AY] TVd L[k

AYd UrhP Yim Gu\ AloYU]

dLm EhPVL AU\.

NVpL[ RuU, NVpLs Lm CPm, Utm LXm,

NVXtYu CVp Tu\Yttj RdLY

EsSd TX YLLp AUm GuTR Sm Ljp

Ls[ Yim.

EhP : (Intension)EsSdLjRfiP EhPV] Nt fikR

TPV. J NVXf NnTYW dLs, Utm

dL[ APYRtL] YflYLLs hPeLs

BVYt\d dm. ERWQUL J UQYu Su

Td\u Gu\p ARtl TX LWQeLs Ei. \V

UlTiLs Tt, Rp Yl'p R\ Yim,

Tt\oLPjm, BVoLPjm SpX TVo T\

Yim. SpX YXp AUW Yim. \V TQm

NmTdL Yim. SpX YrdL YZ Yim Tu\

TX YLV] dLsLs AY] L] EZl'td

LWQUL AUu\]. CYVU AY] NVu

EhPL[m.

TYLd Pj, EhP GuTRd dLs

G]Xm J NVu d LWQm (final cause) GumCRd \Xm A NokR Sm NVu Xm \ EXp

Sm HtTjR fimm URX EhP. C TpY

AmNeL[j Rus APds[.

EsSd Tu\ EhPLm, CPm LXm, NVp

Lm rX, NVp NnTYW U]X Tu\Yttj

RdLY TX YLLp AUu\]. CqYLLp

XYt\l Tt C TolTm.

EP] EhP GuT J NVu Xm

APVdV EP]d dL[m. Lpp NW

fiiQlTlTYm YeRp Gu\ NVu EP]d

dLs Lpp NWYim GuT. YWjRV

ApX iP LXjRV EhP GuT iP

LXjt'u APVdVd L[m.

SU ERWQjp; SpX Y[U] GoLXjR

AUjd Ls[ Yim Gu\ dLs

fiiQlTlTYm YeYRu iP LXjRn EhP

Bm.

EhPL[ Es[okRY ApX YlTP

V]Y Gum YLlTjRXm. ERWQUL JYo

Ts[Rp fik fihP J TuVd LlTtV T

AYW YTPV] EhPVL AUkR, TuVd

LlTt\ Yim GuT. B]p Es[okR EhPVL

AYW Es[jp Tuu uTm Li GkR YjR

EQofi]dL[V Yim Gu\ dLs Bm.

SW EhP, U\L EhPVl 'uYm

GjLhhPp AVXm. TsLp NVpTjRlTm

NjQ hPju SW EhP UV EQ AjRp,

EPpSXm TQp.

B]p CRu U\L EhP GpXdm LhPVd

Lpfi, TslTlT CPp jRU GuTR

NVpTjRp Bm.

CLm fiYjRYum Sm AY VRu

JqY NVdm TXYLV] EhPLs Ei

34 35

GuTm JqY EhPdm TX Ls Ei

GuTUVm.

EsSddm EhPdm CPV Es[ YtULs

EsSd , EhP Gu\ CWiU J NVdd

LWQUL AUkRm AYtu CVp UT\.

EsSdL] CVpdL EkRp Utm APV

YiVddLs BV CWiPm Es[PdV.

B]p EhP GuT APVYiV dL[

Uhm du\.

EsSd GuT J NVdd LWQUL CdL

U]jR[fiX] Es[okR iRXLY TmTm

AUu\. BRXp CRl '\o AV Ynl'pX.

B]p EhPV] TmTm Y EXLjp J

URp HtTj ARu Xm APVdV dL[d

lTRp A YlTPVL GpXWm Ak

Ls[d VRm.

EsSd TmTm J filTULY AUu\.

EhP GuT filTeL[l oj Nn Ls[

Yim Gu\ dLPu Ut\ dLsL[m

Nn\j hPeL[m Rus APdV J fikR

NpXm.

2.3. TZdLm, SPjR, SPjRu ALX A\lTi

(Habit, conduct and character)A\fiVX YWV\ NnR T, A NLjp

Ym URu SPjRVl TtV Ko EVoX

AfiVp Gu LiPm. URu SPjR Gu m

T A TX AmNeL[j Rus APes[.

E[fiVp VLd LmT URu TZdL YZdLeLs

Utm ALX A\lTi BVVYm AY]

SPjR]j oU]m Nnu\] Gu R\.

BLY, ClTPjp Sm TZdLm, SPjR, Utm ALX

A\lTi BVYt\l Ttf Nt fiYLd LiTm.

A) TZdLm : (Habit)WdLj RjY OV] NdWv SpXdL

StTi (Virute) GuT J YLV] EVoXAPU Gu ]o AYdl 'u YkR

AvPhp, SpXdL StTi GuT SpX TZdLeL[

SU Yrfip XVLd LPl'j JYR Gu

]o. Cqfi WdL OLu tm Ju\Pu

WiTYRLj Ru]m EiUp CYW

tdLu AlTPp Ko JtU Es[.

Gu]Yu\p, SpX TZdLeL[d LiPk XVLd

LP'j JRp GuTRVm.

Sm HtdLiP NVpL[l TX\j mTj

mTf NnmT AY TZdLUL Ufiu\].

ERWQUL, J YVR Wm'V ZkR SPdLj

YemT Rp WUlT\. X \ Zm

P fi\. B]p TX \ SPdL Vt NnR'u

A TZdLUL U CVpT fi\. GkR J NVm

TZdLm Gu BV 'u AloYUL SU U]jR

AfNVp NjY GuT RYVt\R fi\.

Um Ko ERWQju XUL Sm Su k Ls[Xm.

RLl Tt NnV Yim G] ]jRYu, Rp

36 37

BN]jRl TtV NnL[j Rk Ls\u. 'u]o

Nnm \L[j Rk Ls\u. Rp WNN]m,

TjUN]m Tu\Y L]UL Ru]m, S[Pfip

A GR] TtVL Ufi\. iRuj R]

NVpTU[d , Tt AUk fi\. CY TZdLf

NVp G]lT\. CVpTLY StNVpL[f Nnm

RuU] Sm Tt fi\m. CRV AvPhp

SpXdL StTi Gu \o.

SU RRVo P ClTZdLeL[ TZUflVL

s[]o. jWm LlTZdLm NkRm

SlTZdLm YjRR Lpfi U]lTZdLm GuT

AlTZUfl.

JYu Yrfip HRm X \Ls Uhm

StNVpL[f NnY]u AY] A\YQu Gu

\V. StNVpL[f NnYRuT TZdLUL U

AYu kR] Ym StjR]VL Um TRu

AYu EiUXV, Ko A\YQ]L Bu\u. Um,

StNVpL[f NnYp J fiRU] Urm, DTm

AYd Yu\]. AvPhp, J URu SpX

NVpL[f Nnm TZdLm JYPj Yum

T AlTZdLm Ko CVpT] Ju\L AUk fi\.

B) SPjR : (Conduct)fim'Vt\ A\Yflf NVpLm, TZdLf NVpLU

SPjR Gu TsTm. SPjR GuT TZdLm Gu\

XVd Lhm EVokR. H]p SPjR Xp

U]m, EPm JeQk A\jRuUV YUL

APk CVpTLf NVpTu\].

CkXp J URu ALX A\lTiLs

VU AYu SPjRp YlTYRp X U]RjY

AOoLs SPjRV AlTPVL Yjd Li J

URu EsSd Utm EhPVj oUd\oLs.

SU UflV] ALju AZ Ljp (The face is theindex of the mind) GuTU CRV dm.

A\ CVp Sm J NLjp Ym URu

SPjRVl TtV BWnu\m. RURu JYu

SPRR NLjRl TlTRl TXY NLf

rXLm R URu SPjRVl Tdu\].

ERWQUL, C[Ou JYu rX RdLm

LWQUL fiWYVL UY. J URu SPjR

GuT AY] ALX A\lTiT AlTPVLd

Li, TlTVL UdLiP Yk, AY] CT

ApX CTjRkRY YVts ofPk J

XV] RuUVl Tt fi\. CR]V J

Wl TPp ThdLhP LpVQ kRWm Bm

Y[Wm, Am Y[Wm, A RiP Y[of, E]

BNV Du\Yd AY Rm Urf GuTo.

G]Y, CRtl'u Ym Ut\eLs Lf XY. Ikp

Y[VR ImTp Y[V Gu\ TZUflm

CR]V d\. Gm, J URu mT Utm

38 39

NLf ZpLs AY] SPjRu CVpTl TU[fip

Tdu\] GuTp Lj YT CdL V.

Um, SPjR GuT J URu HRY K

NVpL[ Uhm lTpX. AYu YZdLULf Nnm

GpX YLf NVpL[m Ljp LiP SPRR

GuT oUdLlT\.

C) ALX A\lTi : (Character)ALX A\lTi GuTRl TtV Bn A\fiVp

J dV CPjR Ydu\. BeX Nt\Po P

ALX A\lTi'u dVjYjR CqY\L

GjWdu\.

If wealth is lost nothing is lost.If Health is lost something is lost - ButIf Character is lost everything is lost.

G]Y ClTiT] UR YrdLp GkR A[d

dV CPm Ttd\. GuT Sm AkR Ju\m.

G]Y, A\lTi GuT J URu SPjRdl

'u]k CVtXV CVdu\, JeQkR,

JhUjRU] AUlTd LiP AY]

U]lTuUVd dm.

XYLf NVpL[l TZdLULf Nnm T

AfNVpLdl 'u] CdLd V U]lTeL]

J XlT\. CkXp, SpYflp Npm

JY] U]m YUL A\l Ti'] EPVR

fiu\. CkXp ClTiT] AY] JqY

NVm YlT\. SPjR]l TXY ALX

A\lTim '\l'XV J URd AUklTRLd

Ls[ V. mT Utm NLf rXLs, Y[okR

fiRm, RV TXm ALX A\lTiT EYdu\].

SpX ALX A\lTiL[d LiP J URu

NVpLs Vm SpXRLY AUm. CR]V, SU

Rr AOo TUdLs.

GiQm AZL]p;

GpXm AZLm Gu EWdu\]o. J URu

SPjRdm, AY] ALX A\l Tidm L

SeV RPo Es[.

Sm JqY NVm SU Es U]p Ko BZU]

TlT EiPdYRp SU SPjRm, Sm ALX

A\lTiT EYdYp TeLt\. SU GiQm,

NVp, SPjR Cmuu JeQlT ALX A\l

TiTm. CR]V YsYm TiPVo Thi

EXLm Gu\o. Um AYW JdLju GnYo

UuU Gu\o.

G]Y, YV RtLiP ZkRLd SpX

LjdL[m, SpX TZdL YZdLeL[m Ltj RY

SU RXVV LPUVm. Rp Yl TPjp, A\m

NV fim, BY ]m Tu\ A\d LjdL[

Lt'lTm CRu AlTPXV Bm.

Af\oLd AkR YVp ARu Ts V.

B]p TPp Tkfim. Nt TVYoL[m T

AYoLs SPjR, Ti RV] AkR A\d Lju

AlTPp AUkfim. G]Y TiThP NRVm

EYLm, UR SVm Y[Wm, ClTZdLm SPjR SUd

40 41

AYVU\. CYLs CVpTL AUm T

JYu A\YQ]L Ufi\u.

UX SLp R UR JdLm YjRlT\.

AUdL Tu\ SLp BsYu JdLjt , L

dVjYm LdLlT\. CkV Tu\ Z

SLp R UR JdLm TmTm UdLPV

'uTt\lTh Y\.

CR Tu Tsd PeLp CRu AlTP

XV SPjRf NuRr YZeLlT\.

2.4. CVtXu LhPt\ RuU (Freedom of will)CVtX (will) GuT A\ CVu Eo XVL

fi[eYR Bm. CVtX GuT J YL

AYt\p. GpX ElLm \k fi[em

CVeLt\X (energy) RjRm TdLp NpXRY Rj,j, A\f NVX UtLs[p Gu\ JW Yflp

Njm Bt\p. G]Y, CVtX GuT CVe

Bt\X SlTjm CVd Bt\p G]lTm.

CVtX fi[dLm

A\ CVp fiYReLX CVtX dVl Te

Ydu\. URPV CVtX LhPtf

RkWUL CVe]pRu AYu NVd AY]l

TlT[]dLXm. H]p URdl TjR

Ei. CRu LWQUL GkR J NVXf Nnm

u]m AfNVXl Tt BrkRXj NV]

YflVj RokRdu\ Bt\p URd Ei. J

NVXf NnYRtl TX YflLs CkRTm, AYts

HRY Ju\V AYu RokRjf NVpTj

u\u. CkR A[fit NVXtm RkWm AYd

ClTRV C du\.

CR]V Cum Nt fi[dLUL \

YiUu\p, ARY JYu EPu Cd\u

GuTRt BRWU AYu NVpTYRu.

NVpTPfihPp AYu EW CpX GuT

AojRUfim. JqYYdm NVXtm EU

Ei. ARt AYd RkWm LdLlThs[. Af

RkWjRl TVuTj AYu NVXtm TR AfNVp

'\PV RkWjRl TdLR YLp AUV

Yim.

TjRPu AYu NVXt\ Yim. AfNVX]

NLjtm, R]dm SuU TVdLd V Ju\L AUV

Yim. AlT CpXVp AfNVdm, ARu

fi[Ldm AY] TlPVY]\u.

CqfiYReLp TYL u fiRd LsLLs CPm

Tu\]. AYVY] :

A) oU]d LsL (Determinism)B) oUdLlTPRd LsL (Indeterminism)C) V oU]d LsL (Self - determinism)

u LsLL[l Tt Nt fiYL C LiTm.

A) oU]d LsL : (Determinism)URu CVtX \XLl ThL[ Tu

CVtL fiLd EhThP Gum, lTLd LWQ

fidd (Law of casuality) LhlThP Gum, AR]p

42 43

ARtf RkWm CpX Gum Xo u\]o. CYoLu

LjlT SU CVtX GqYflp NVXt\ Yi

UuT ARt AlTtThP NdL[p oUdLlTu\.

CR Lj] SU LVu eu\]u \St

TPX].

oYfl Tm ]Tp Bo

\Yfl Tm - G] fi[eu\. ARY Bo

fiu YNU Gu\.

G]Y, NVpL[f Nnm YflVj RokRlTp

URu Te Hm CpX Gum CdLsLV[oLs

Lu\]o. LPs ApX fi Gu\ Nd SU CVt

Xu TdLj oUlTRLl TmTX] oU]d

LsL]o Giu\]o.

oU]d LsL]u Lj HtPVRu.

CdLsLd GWLl TXYReLs Ei.

i) Sm NVpYflL[ RokRdm T fRkWjP]V Ro Nn\UVu GkR J

Ndm SmUd LhlTjYRL EQoYpX.

ii) Sm Nnm NVp GoTojR fi[Yj RWfipXGu\p Sm YYflp NVpThdLXm Gu

Yk\m. Y YflLp NVXtYRt EiP]

RkWm ClTRV C du\.

iii) UR NRV YWXtp TpY hPeL[ YjfNVpTj Yt Lis[R Sm LiPLd

Li\m. UR NRVj]p u]t\m LQ

\ Gu\p, ARtd LWQm UR] CVtX

LhPt Cd\ GuTR. G]Y fiV UVp

YpX m GuT EV\.

B) CVtX LhPt\ ApX oUdLlTPR

Gu\ LsL : (Indeterminism)AUdLj RjY AOW] fipVm _mv Utm

'Wgj RjY AOW] au Tod^u

Tu\YoLs UR] CVtX LhPt, oUdLl

TP Cd\Ru iQUL Sm']o. CqfiYU

AfiVp AOoL[m CkR]o.

RYWfiVk EV UtLsLL[d Lh

CVtLu u]t\m oUdLlTPR Gum JW

LWQjtl TXYLV] LVeLs EiPum,

BdLloYU] YflLp UV] fi[Ls

Ru\dm GuTRm fi[d]oLs.

CqYlTPXV UR] NVpLm

UVLj oUdLlTPfipX Gum CdLsL

]o L\oLs. CVt XV] tm LhPt

RkWUL CVe\ Gu\ LhTm HtLs[

VRRm. H]p, Sm Au\P YrdLp TX

rXLp SmPV NVd Sm fim'V YLp

fi[Ls EiPLUp ClTR Sm Tod\m. Um

URu CVtXd fRkWm EiPu\

CdLsLVj V CVpPVYoLs RY\L k

Li Rm fim'V YflLp RYZdL Ynli.

AYt\X SpYfld TVuTjYR CRu SdLm

GjdLhPL A Bt\X BdL Ndd UhU

TVuTjRp.

44 45

C) VoU]d LsL : (Self - determination)UX fiYdLlThP CLsLLU Go

RjYjR fi[du\]. Cqfi LsLLU Ht

Ls[ VR]YL AUks[Rt Sm LWQeLs

]m. G]Y, Cqfi LsLLdm S XVL

J LsL RYlTu\. AqYLp AUkRR

VoU]d LsL.

VoU]d LsLu LjlT URu CVt

XV] \Xp Es[ GYt\m oUdLl

TPfipX. U\L UR] RuPV NVpL[j

oUd\u NVXj RokRjR 'u]o AfNVu

GpX fi[Ldm AYu TlTtL

Yid\. GjdLhPL, J UQYu UpXl

Tsp GkR TPeL[j RokRdL Yi GuTp

AYdf RkWm CkRm HRY J TPjRj

RokRj 'u]o AY] ThP TlT] GkRj

\p CdL Yim GuTm oUdLlTh fi\.

Tsp EVp TPjRj RokRjRYu. 'u]o

YLfiVp ThPlTl TlT GuT CVX. G]Y,

URu CVtXd J l'hP GpX YW

RkWm Ei GuTm ARt AlTp A Ru LhPt\

RuUV Cj fi\ GuTm RY\. Ckm,

R]ds[ TjRfiu QLi HRY J YLf

NVXj RokRdL RkWm ClTRp URu

fiXeLu UTh EVokR Xp YdLl

T\u. UX fiYdLlThP u LsLLm

u\Y LsLV] VoU]d LsLV Htd

Ls[d V YLp AUks[.

Tt fi]dLs

I. K YLp fiPV (2 UlTiLs)

1. Es[jVp Gu\p Gu]?

2. A\f NVp Gu\p Gu]?

3. A\gNWf NVpLs VY?

4. fim'Vt\ NVp Gu\p Gu]?

5. RuiU A Gu\p Gu]?

6. Elj RYLs VY?

7. Y Lo EQo Gu\p Gu]?

8. fim'Vt\ NVpLu u XLs VY?

9. EsSd Gu\p Gu]?

10. EhP Gu\p Gu]?

11. EP] EhP Gu\p Gu]?

12. iP LXjRV EhP V?

13. Es[okR EhP GuT Gu]?

14. YlTPV] EhP GuT Gu]?

15. SW EhP GuT Gu]?

16. U\L EhP GuT Gu]?

17. TZdLm Gu\p Gu]?

18. SPjR Gu\p Gu]?

19. CVt X Gu\p Gu]?

20. CVtXu u LsLLs VY?

46

II. J Tj A[fip ApX Tj YLd LUpfiPV (5 UlTiLs)

1. A\f NVpLs Tt G.

2. A\gNWf NVpL[ fi[d .

3. A\ CVp BWm NVpLs VY?

4. oUdLl TPR LsL] fiY?

III. J TdL A[fip ApX CT YLd LUpfiPV (10 UlTiLs)

1. EsSd fiY.

2. EhP Tt fiYj G.

3. oU]d LsL] fiYj G.

4. V oU]d LsL] fiY.

IV. Su TdLeLd LUp ApX StT YLdLUp fiPV (20 UlTiLs)

1. A\f NVp, A\gNWf NVpLs Tt J LhW

YWL.

2. EsSdm, EhPm GqY UR Yrfiu

dL[ APVj Q u\]? fi[d .

3. TZdLm, SPjR, SPjRu ALX A\lTi']

fiY.

4. CVtXu LhPt\ RuU j fiYL G.

47

III. @\S Yr(MORAL LIFE)

3.1. RURm NRVm (Individual and Society)RURu :

URu JY]p Rj YZ CVX. T\YLm

fiXeLm , f C]eLm P hP hPUL

YrYRd Li\m. TZeLX URu SLLm,

TiTm At\ LXjp P hPm hPUL LLp

YrkRR YWXtu Xm Ak Cd\m.

R URu JYu NRVjR Nok YZUp

Rj LhX ApX J fiX YrkRp AYPV

NVpLs Bnd EV] ApX. B]p NRVjPu

Nok Ym T, AYu RuPV NVpL[

YlTjm T AfNVpLs BWnfd EV]YL

AUu\].

'\kR ZkR Rp RuPV RYL[l oj

Nn Ls[ RVf Nok Yr\. '\ RuPV

Y[ofdLtT RuPV t\m, C]m, tl\f

NRVjPu RPo Li AYm \UL[m

Y[ojd Ls\.

'u]o Ts, NRV Y]eLs, S Utm

EXL[fiV A, \U, StTiLs Utm A\Sd

LhTL[m Ltj R Tt RuPV \lT]

YrdLV XSh\. G]Y, URu '\kR Rp

Ru C\dm YW JYW JYo NokR Yr\u.

48 49

R UWm RlTU? Gu\ UfldLtT TX

UWeLs Ju Nok ClTRd Li Sm AR Rl

G] AZd\m. ARl TX, RURoLs Nok

ClTR NRVm Gu\m.

NRVm

URu YYu, YrYu, U\Yu. B]p NRVm

Gum AflVR. RURu NRVju J El.

RURu CpXVp NRVm CpX. G]Y,

RURu NRVjPu JuPu Ju\L 'u

'QdLlThs[u.

Lku LjlT NLm J mTm Tu\.

R URdm NLjtm SeV RPo Es[.

URu J NoYRV NRVjR EYdL Yim;

JYdLYo Au NjR Yim. JqY R

URm '\dLLm NRVjtLLm YZ Yim ;

\kR A\SL[m \kR TiThPm Tts[

URu,

i) AiP Lp YlTYoLu UrfmVWjm Te Ls[ Yim.

ii) '\PV 'WfN]L[l k Li AYoLsAYtk `[ ERY Yim.

iii) '\PV u]t\jRd Li T\Ud Ls[dP.

iv) Ut\YoLPu GlTm UR SVjPuRPo'[ Y[ojd Ls[ Yim.

1. NRVm - A\Yrfiu 'u]

R URu JYu A\d LsLLs AYu

NRVjp Es[ Ut\ URoLPu RPo Lsm

T Ru Y[of T\. A R UR]l

TiPVY]L Ut\. URjRuU EPVY]L

Ym \L[d Ltd Ls[ \. URPV

A\dLsLL[ NnVm, AYt\ \lTLd

LPl'dLm RYlTm J L[U NRVm. G]Y,

NRV YrRu Lf \kR A\Yr Gu \Xm.

\fiVo NRV LhlTL[m LPUL[m

\k YrYR Sm Li\m. B]p NRWQ

URoLdf NRVm Ru A\dLhPUL fi[e\.

NRVjp UdLs TpY AUlL[ fi NRV

SXYrl TL[f Nn Yu\]o. RUdL] Je

LhlT fiL[m A\dLhTL[m Yjd

Li JqY R URu Spjp LY]m

Nju\]o. RURu Ysfdm AYPV

mT SXYrdm Q tu\]o.

NRVjk fiX Rj YrTYu AjRLV

SXYr SuUL[ APV V; G]Y, NRVm

GuT Ap Ym RURd NL SXu Rm (SocialWelfare) J AUlTm.NRV SXu

NRV Y]eL[L fi[em Lpfid Pm, NRV

Pm, RfltPm, NUV Y]m, UlTt

Y]m Tu\ AUlLs Xm RURu SXu T\NRVm GuT JqYYu SuUdLL Ju

Ym URoL[d LiP Ko AUlTm.

50 51

m. G]Y, NRV SXu GuT GpX UdLu SX]

Es[PdV GuT RY\.

AvPu t T URu J NL fiXe

URPjp TpY QeLs APes[]. AYtp

TiTPR fiXe QeLs UXe t\. CfNLjp

TpY UdLPV Nok Ym T SpX URu

P Ru]XYVL Ufiu\u.

TYm, T\U, BN, TWN, VSXm, BdLm

NjRp, LoYm (A) UUR, RtTU, TfldlTfl,

LTm, NmTp, LTPm, YhLm, Yl Tu\ QeLm

Shp TWfid Pdu\]. CYVm RURu

SXjtm Y[ofdm L fi[filT]Ym.

RURm Sm

TYL S GuT TpY NLj]WPV

RokRdLlThP AWl 'W L[d Li, RUdL]

NhP YWL[ YjLi, Clfip J l'hP

GpXds Ym JqY R URu RYL[

oj Nn Ldm AWVp TWUlTV S

G]Xm.

S GuTRt TX AOoLs fi[dLm Rks[]o. Ce

lXuh GuTYo, J l'hP Xl TV EPV

UdL[p HtTjd LiP AWVp AUlTV S

Gu\o.

Um, EhWfipNu GuTYo, J l'hP

XlTds Ym UdLs NhP fiL[ Yjd

Li BsY S Gu \o. S GuT JeL]

UdLs \kR NRVd hPUl']p CVem Ko

AWNeLjRd d\.

R URu, NRVm Utm S Cmum

Ju\Pu CQk NVpT\. G]Y, UdLs

JqY Ym Rm X Ak RjRm NRV Yrfip

TeLtTYoL[Lj LZ Yim UdLu SdLU Shu

SdLULj LZ Yim. mTm, Ts, AYXLm, NUVm

G]l TpY AUlLs NVpTu\]. CkR

AUlLs GpXm Shu SXd YflYdm LfiL[L

fi[eL Yim. G]YRu ShP AUlLs

VYttm TWUlTnd LsYo.

NRVjp Ym JqY R URdm SXu

Rm LWQjRp J ShP Su] G]d \m.

J Shu SXu Utm Y[of GuT TYL GpX

UdLu SXuL[m dm. S NVp\p

CVem T HtTm SuU ULd AR CVdL

tTm UdL[ l Tl BYo.

Shu LPULs CYLlThP] Ju, S SmU

YZ YdL Yim. CWiPY, Sm Shu SpYrfit

TTP Yim. ARY CkRd LPUL[ \Yt\

S SUd Q V Yim. N NUVUt\, NRVl

T[RWjp Ht\j RrL[ dL Yim, Lpfiu

AlTPp \Ud LtT YX YnlL[l TdL

Yim.

J rXp J Xo Su Yru\]o. TXo

rfu\]o. RlThP UdLu Y[ofd Ht\

52 53

YLp rXV EYdL S VX Yim.

CR]p UdLs Su TV]PYo. TmTuUV] UdLs

SpYflp NpmT TYL VYm SuUVjRu

LR YflVtTm. G]Y, BsYm, B[lTYm

Su EQok, SmUV Vm Ak SpXR

A\frXV EYdY. T SXd UPULd

Lm GuTp Lj YT AUV. T SXu

rdLm TXYt\ Rus APdVRL Cd\.

Bu`Lf NpYm, dVUL Yrl ThL[

VYodm TokRjR Tm \Yt \Pu

fi[eL Yim.

UdLd SXu Rm EXLl ThL[ VYdm

Aj AYoL[ TV]PVf NnRp Yim. Shu

NpYm CmUip '\kR A]YdLm EVRm. CR

J Xo Uhm TV]PVf NnY VYWm Htd

Ls[lTPR Ju\m. G]Y, JqY R URm

Shu Y[ofdm, Shu SXjtm TTP Yim.

Sm UdLu SX YrYV SdLULd Li

NVpTP Yim. G]Y RURm Sm CQkR

NVpTP Yim.

u SXd LsLLs

RURdm, Ut\YoLdm HtTm RPoT

AlTPVLd LiP A\X SdLeL[

YLlTjRXm. AY,

1. Ru]Xd LsL

2. '\o SXd LsL

3. T SXd LsL ApX EXL[fiVd LsL.

1. Ru]Xd LsL

URu TPl'XV Ru]XYVL Cd\u.

Ut\Yo SXjRl TYp Pj Ru]XXjRV URu

SP fiZ\u. Gu Ru]Xd LsL Yj\.

Ru]Xd LsLuT, URu RuUuUV UhU

LR Yim. AYu m '\oSXm LR YiV

RY CpX. AqY L]m A Ru]Xm

TYRLY AUm. CkRd LsL ALkRV

UhU EYdm Gu Xo NpXd m. Cl'm

Ru]Xm Lf NVpTm URu ALkRV[]L

CkR BL Yim Gu GqfiR LhPVm CpX

Gu CdLsLV[oLs Yo.

jRo, H, LkULu Utm CqXp RuV TX

TWOoLs VSXYVL fi[e CkRp, Cu Lm

SpXR EXL NRVjR EYdL k CdU?

Ru]Xd LsL AlTPp AUkR RjYm

NVp \p ALkRp Li Nu fiPXm.

AR]p, A SU A\X EsQod WQL

Cd\ Gu L L YuUV] Gol GZdm.

Ru]XjR fih GkR YLm '\o SX]j RPY

U]fNu SmU AZd\. URu CVtL YrY

NRV YrYL fi[em T, Ru]XjRV

LjtLi, '\o SXjR fiZVUp, '\o ERfiVm

SPR J URu GlT EiUp UR]L fi[eL

m? AvPhp AqY Ru]Xm LiP UR]

fiXe Gu\o. RuSXm Sm LsL RY Gu\

Tm A EQojm Ko EiUV UdL V.

54 55

R URu GuTY] Y]Yu, NRVm Au

GuTR AdLsL GjdLh\.

'\o SXdLsL, EXL[fiV LsL RV

LsLL[ Sm HtTRL CkRm RkWjPu

fi[em RURoLu SXjRV A\Yrfiu dLs

Gu Xo u\]o. H]p JqY RURu

SXm EVom Shu EVoY X Sh\.

Ru]Xd LsL GuT J YL A\fiVt LsL

G]d Ls[ Yim. GkR J URm Ru SXjRj

\k '\oSXjRV dL[Ld Li NVpTRp

L]m. UR Yrfiu C X dL[

AlTPVLd LiP A\dLsLLs YdLl

Tu\].

E[fiVt LjlT Ru]Xm RURu CVtL

A\UL fi[eY TXY, '\o SXm TRm

RURu CVtL A\UL fi[e\. URj

RuUV UVL BWnkRp '\o` Lhm Au,

CWdLm, '\o SXm Ttm Ti BV TiLm

AYPm Cdu\]. CkR AlTPp Sd]p

RURu CVtLVLY Ru]Xm Tm, '\o SXm

Ljm Ym CVtL Qm EPVYu GuT

RY\.

2. '\o SXd LsL

R URu RuSXjRd LR '\o SXjRV Ru

dL[Ld Ls[ Yim GuTR CdLsL

Yj\. '\o SXd LsL Ru]V VLm NnV

Yfl YlTRm. Ru GuTRj Rm G]dLi Ut\

RURoLu SX]m Sm TQ Yim GuTm,

AqY Nnm T U\km U\LULd P

Ru]X] APYR GiQXL GuTm '\oSXd

LsLVu LjRm.

jRu]Xm TXY l '\o SXm Lm

RuUm T SXu \jRd \TjR CVm

GuT vTuNu Lj.

'\d Ri Nnm BoYjp Ru EPp SXm

TQUm, Ru NnV ]jR A[dl T SXu

TQ VUm JY] EPpSXm Lh R]dL '\o

Ri NnV YiV Xd B[fiPXm. ApX

Ru EWV VLm Nn fiPXm.

VLm GuT '\dLL Ru EUV fihd

Lj, '\oSXm SpYR Bm.

ERWQUL J fip UdLs '[d SVp

uu\]o. LQ Es[m LiP UjYo JYo

Ae UdL[d LlTt\o. UdLPu CQk

NVpThPRp Rm AkR Sd TV\o. Ru]V

EojVLm Nn fi\o. '\o SXd LsLPVYo,

VLm GuT A\Yr m TX YflLp Ju\Vu

A Ru JW Yfl GuTpX GuTR, '\oSXd

LsL]o EQoYpX. '\o SXd LsL VLju

Es[okR SX]j Rfid\. AR Tu '\Ytm

Es[okR TVu Ei. GuTR AdLsL]o Htd

Ls[ YiV Ju\m.

56 57

Ru] UVL Afljd Li '\oSXm

TY GuT CVtLl TsLdjRu Ht\.

B]p A UR C]jdl TkY Au. J

RVm Ru] Afljd Li TX RV UL[

fi[fid\. B]p URu CZkR EW `im T\

V. C Ru]Xd LsL]o Lj.

3 . T SXdLsL ApX EXL[fiV

SXdLsL

CdLsLl T JqY RURm RuPV

NRVju SX] APYRV LPUVLd Ls[

Yim. Ru SX] Sm LsLm, '\oSXd

LsLm CRs APdLm GuT T SXd

LsL]u t.

NRV SXd LsL Brk A\ EQo LWQUL

Su fiYPm YnlTl Tts[. R URu

RuPu Nok ClTYoLu mT SX]d LR

fiZVXm. 'u]o Ru Cdm NRV SXu, Ru Sh]o

SXu, 'u]o A]jXL UR C]ju SXu Utm

GpX EV]eLu SXu G] fikd LiP Tm.

A\Yflp GjRLV V YWV\Vm

CdLsL]o fimYpX. Bm CdLsLd

Gol CdLY Nn\.

1. T SXUuT C Ru Gu GRm l'hd

LhP CVXfipX. BLVp TU SXu GuT

J LtT]V.

2. VLm GuT TU SXjR Y[olT Gu\p

AR Y[odm RUR SXm GuT G G]

Ahf NpX CVXfipX.

3. T SXdLL EZdm T AL A[fip

RuPV SX]m AYu TYu GuT SmT

VRRL Cd\. TU SXu L

TkVLeLs kR TXPV YrdL TVp

Y YkVRd LiPLd Lid\m,

YWXtu Xm Ak Cd\m. G]Y, TU

SXu Y[ofdl TTm RURPV SXu Y[W

Ynl Ei GuTR AqY[YL Jjd Ls[

CVXfipX.

URu m VL U]lTuUV CdLsL]o

TTjYpX. T SXdLL EZdm T

AL A[fip RuPV SX]m TYu GuT SmTd

V Au. Bu`L SXu TtV LjLp C

EiUVL CdLXm.

B]p NRWQ YrdLd CuVUVR EQ

Tu\ ThL[d Ljp Lsm T NLj

RiPV SdLULd LiP JYd CjRLV

SXu TU] A[ hYpX. G]Y Ru TSXd

LsLp R URu SXm Y[Wl TU] CPm

CpX. Cmu LsLLs[ \ \L[j

RURu Ak Li, RUdL] CdLsLLu

\L[ UhU J V LsLV Yjd Li,

R]dm Ru NRVjtm TVu Rm YLp YZ

Yim. R URu NRVpX. NRVu R

URm CpX.

58 59

Tt fi]dLs

I. K YLp fiPV

1. NRVm Gu\p Gu]?

2. S YWV.

3. NRV SXu Gu\p Gu]?

4. J S GlT Su] G] AZdLlT\?

5. YL SXd LsLLs VY?

6. VLm Gu\p Gu]?

7. '\oSXd LsL Tt vTuNu Lj V?

II. Tj YLd LUp fiPV

1. J URu GlT BWnfdhTu\u?

2. NRVm j Lku Lj V?

3. RUR Y[ofdm, SXjtm L fi[filT]

VY?

4. Ru]Xd LsL GuT V?

5. '\oSXd LsL]u Lj V?

6. TSXd LsL]u t V?

III. J TdL A[fip fiPV

1. NRVm A\Yrfiu 'u] - GqY?

2. Ru]Xd LsLu \ \Ls VY?

IV. Su TdL A[fip fiPV

1. YL SXdLsLLs Tt J Ul NnL.

2. RURm NRVm j J LhW YWL.

3.2. mTm F]V NL Y]eLm(FAMILY AND OTHER SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS)

NRVjp Y]m GuTRtl TY]

fi[dLeL[ BWnYm URu Yrfip A\lTt

XVeL[L GY fi[eu\] GuTR AYm Sm

LPUVm. TYL Y]m GuT J

RjRuUV] TiT V Gum, NLju

XV] RuUVd Lj UdL[ Yfl SPjf Npu\

Ko AUl Gum \Xm.

UW YflLs, NhPfiLs Gu\ AlTPp NVp

TjYm, U]m, Yd , NVp BV u XLm

U\R TiTh] XjYm, NRVju

AlTPj RYL[l TY] Je fiLuT

SlTjYm, GpXYttm UXL TWmTV

QSXuLu AlTPp JqY UR]m

Tls[Y]L BdYU] AUlT Y]m Bm.

CqYLp URu Ju Nok J YLY,

RVLY YmT TX Y]eLs AYd

EQVL ClTRf NLCVp AOoLs u\]o.

NRV Y]eLs

NRVjp mTm, Lpfi Y]m, RfltPm,

UlTt Y]m, NUV Y]m, LRW XVm,

NLd Pm, UShd Pm Tu\ TpY TV

Y]eLm Utm V AUlLm NRV

SXjtm NRV A\jR X jYRtm TTh

Yu\]. AYLu \l'VpL[m TVt

TL[m CeL fiYLd LQXm.

60 61

1. mTm

UR EoLPV CVpTL AUkR Au Gu\

EVokR EQofiu AlTPp AUk NRVju

XdLYL, RpXd YL AUYR mTm

Bm. TX mTeLu CQlT NRVm GuT

AvPu fi[dLm. Ll TZeLXm Rp Cu YWp

NRVju dVjYm YnkR RuUl Tt

XVUL fi[eY mTU.

mTm Ko AlTPf NRV AUl'Vp XVm

Bm A TuULd SY JUVm

YTLd Ujp CQlTm EiPdm

EXVt Ti'Qd Li fi[em NRVm Y]m

Bm. SpXR mTm TpLXdLZLm, EXLm J

mTm Gu\ UflLs CqiUV fi[dm.

mTm GuT J AlTPV]m

EXL[fiVU] J Y]m Bm. JqY NLm

ARf NokR AU\ Gu \o. Tn^uw

RXYu, RXfi, ZkRLs BV u

El']oL[d LiPR mTm, Au'u

AlTPp ZkRLu EPp, Es[m, A, A\m,

Bu`Lm BVYtu RYL[ \ Nnm

Y]m.

UR YWXtp mTU Rp Y]UL

fi[e\. hPULf Nok YrkRRm

A\m. AY]p Rj YZ CVX. Ru mTjPu

CQkRu YZ m. G]Y UR NRVjt

AlTP AXLL fi[eY mTm G]Xm.

mTju NVtTLs

EPp RY, AjRY, Bu`Lj RY Gu\

u\m, mTm Gu\ AUl'u XULjRu \

Nn Ls[ m. G]Y, mTm Au'u

AlTPp ZkRLu EPp, Es[m, A, A\m

BVYtu RYL[ \ Nnm Y]m Gu

NpXXm.

CY GpXYttm UXL St\p Gu\ TW\ju

YXL NVtTh \L[ EQok Rk ARtLt\

TtV SpY mTm.

A\dLsLL[l TtY, SpXdL

StTiL[ AUjdLsY Su]PjRVl TY,

VYt\ AfllT, NUR] XV SY, BV

IkRm mT ATY dL TVoLs Xm Ak

Ls\m.

RURu RuVpTLY RVL, RkRVL VR

Aflj SpXR XShTY]L, A\jRd Ldm

SpXY]L YiV AlTP TtL[ mTju

Xm T\u.

's[Ldm Tt\dPV Es[ EULm

LPULm

JYu mTjp Ru Rn RkRVWm Ru

's[L[m Yru\u. AYu Ru Rn RkRVdm

R]dm E\ Xp EULs LPULs NVtTjRl

ThPR EQW \. RuPV Rn RkRVoLu

A\dLsLf NVtTh \Vj Ru ATYjRp

A[k Tod\u. AR NUVjp Ru RkRVL u

62 63

Ru 's[Ld Btm EULs LPULs

BVYL[ Ul Nnu\u. G]Y mTju

\ \L[j Ru ATYm LiP EQm

Ynl'] JYd SpY mTU.

mTju EVoSX AUlj RuUV J

NeLLXlTPp XUL AVXm.

Du\k RRp GuRXd LP]

Nu\]dRp RkRds LP]

YpYjd LjRp LpXtd LP]

Su]P SXLp YkRtd LP]

JYs AgNm dd

L Gk TVoRp L[dd LP]

\S

Tt\j A\dLsLL[l Lh Y[olT Ru

LPU, Ru UL] Nu\]L SpXdL StTiPV

A dLY]L Y[ojRp RkRu LPU, UdLd

SpX NVpL[ NnY YkRu LPU, A\jt U\]

LsLL[ AfldL ToL[jp ToV QVm

Yp Tu\ LfiV Yjd LdL YiV

LpXPV LPU, Tp So u U\jR Aflj

A\jR X ShY Bi ULu LPUVm.

RkR Ru ULd Bt\ YiV LPU Gu]

GuTR YsYo YXL AVXm.

RkR ULt Btm Su AYVj

k ClTf NVp.

Gu\o.

Nu\o TXo s[ AYp Ru UL]j

RXUf \ld EVY]L EYdYR RkRu

NRVd LPUVm.

Um ULu RkRd Bt\ YiV LPU Gu]

GuTR YsYo TUu.

ULu RkRd Btm ERfi CYu RkR

Gu St\u Lp Gm Np. Gu\o.

CYu RkR CY]lT\ Gu] RYm NnR]?

G]l '\o Urk TWhm A[fitf \lTPYR ULu

RkRd Nnm SudLPu Gu\o.

mTju \lLs

mTU]

1. UQm

2. UdLhT

3. Sh Gu\ u YrfiVp Rf \lL[d

LiPRm.

1. UQm

Es[ A]j EW]eLm Ru C]jRl

Tdu\]. KW Eo Rp IkR TPjR

E]eLs YWdm UQm Gu\ J JlTkRm

RYpX. B]p B\ TPjR UR C]jp

Bi, Ti CYm CQk YrYRt NLju

JlRp T\Yis[.

G]Y, Bm, Tim EPXm Es[jRm

CVtLVL CQYRj UQm G] NLm

AeLd\. TZeLX Rp Cu YW UQ YrdL

J RU] A\S YrdLVLd LRlTh Y\.

64 65

UQm ApXR Bi, Ti Nok Ym YrdL

NLj]p HtdLs[R Xp J \kR A\S

YrdLVL LRlTYpX. G]Y Ru YsYm,

A\u G]l ThPR CpYrdL A@m

'\u TfllT CpXu Su

CpX\YrdLV Ko A\YrdL GuTo. YsYu

tlT A\m Gu\X A mT YrdLRu. AkR

YrdLm VWm TfldLlTPUp ClT Su

Gu\o.

Um, URu GqY YZ Yim GuTR,

YVjs YrYe YrTYu YuE\m

RnYjs YdLlTm.

UiXp YZYiV \lT YrTYu fiiXLj

RnYUL UdLlTYu Gu\o YsYo. Um

Aum A\m EPj Bu CpYrdL

Tim TVm A.

mT Yrfiu Aum A\m \k CdU]p

AYV AqYrdLVV Tim TVm Bm

Gu\o.

G]Y, Au'u AlTPp YrYe Yrk

RnYjRuU Tt, YrdLp HtTm Ht\jRr

UTL[ SXV Bnk GuTR Htd

Ls[dV Ju\m.

2. UdLhT

mTju \lLp Ju\L UdLhT GuT

'\du\ ZkRu Up Rn RkRVdL] EU

GkR A[fip A\YrfiVd EhThPRL CdL Yim

GuTR YlTjYRm. ZkRLd A\ Yrfiu

RV EYdj Ru]Xm LR ZkRu SX]l

TtY UdLh T\m.

UdLhT] fi[dL tTYU]p, JqY

mTm ReLu NkRVf \lT] \p EYdL

Yim Gu EQoY CVp. CY J UR]f

\lT] Xp Y[W Yj A\Yflp DTj\.

RmuRm UdLs APU UXj

Uu Eod GpXm C.

Gu\o YsYo.

RmUfiPj Ru ZkRLs APVoL[L AUkRp,

A EXLj EoLd GpXm CuTm Rm. Um

Du\ Tu T EYdm RuUL]f

Nu\u G]d LhP Rn

Ru ZkRVf Nu\u G]l '\oNpXd LhP

Rn, AdZkRVl Tt\jR LXjRfiPl Tm

UrYs.

RkR, Rn Gu\ CYdm EVY] ULu.

CYdm RU Au, TU Ru Gu\m

AY] EXLjtL T NjRd fiY Tt\u

LPUVL CdL Yim. Ce Tf Nj GuT

ULu A Bt\p CkR EXdL TVuTm YLp

AUV Yim GuTRm.

CRV YsYo,

UeLXm GuT U]Uh Ut ARu

SuLXm SuUdLs T.

66 67

\lPV U]fi RU]Ys, ARt AZ NolT

SpX UdL[l Tm \lTm. SuUdLs T GuT

SpX UdL[l TY Gu\o YsYo. Su UdL[

Du\lTRp , S Utm CkR EXLU Ttm

A[d \lT APYo.

3. Sh

mTm GuTu [L[] UQm, UdLhT Gu\

CWim SXUVL Ym TtV Aj, Au,

TU, '\o SXm Tu\ EVo QeL[ Y[ojd

Ls[ ERu\] G]d LiPm. u\m XV]

Sh GuT mT Yrfip TiU, BiU Gu\

YT CpXUp JtU XV ALm Utm \m

Yrfip Rtfid\. Um mTjp LQYu

U]fiVL AuPVYoL[L u\YoLs \kR

SiToL[Lm tTR Nu\iUd AlTPVL

AUm ALlTiT] Sh \kR YrYL AUm. C

ZkRLdm Tkm G]Xm.

mTjp LQYu U]fiVL u\YoLs

LRXoL[L u\YoLs, APVYoL[L u\YoLs, Lf

\kR SiToL[Lm t\oLs. CY Nu\iUd

XUL u\ ALlTi. CRu EXLju GlTm

Ym GkR EWm RuPV EUPV EWL

Bdm RuU YnkR. CRt GjdLhPL,

LlTgNZu 'WkRVo Sh Sp

JYWVYo LQ Shd Li LlTgNZu

YPdk EofihPlT 'WkRVm EPk

EoVLm NnRo.

2. Lpfi Y]m

mTjd AjRXp, RUR] SpX\l

Ttp DTjm NL A\l Tt XVUL

fi[eY Lpfi XVm.

EXp UR YrdL Gu] GuTR EQok

ARtLtT RuPV AYl Tdd Ls[ Yim.

AY Y[olTR CWi YLVLd Ls[Xm.

1. ATY A

2. LpfiV

1. ATY A

Ru Nnm NVu AlTPp ATYYXL

SpX] V] Tu\Yt\d Lt AVlT\. Lt\kR

Nu\oLu ATYd L[ LhPYRu Xm

RuPV AY UuUm Tdd Ls[ \.

2. LpfiV

LpfiV TYR CYLl TjRXm. 1.

\NokR Lpfi 2. \NWd Lpfi. \NokR Lpfi

GuT Lpfi XVeLp Nok BVoLs Xm

LpfiVYl TY. Ut\u \NW Lpfi Xm

AYl TY. \NWd Lpfi GuT Ts Utm

LpLdf NpXUp hp CkR TV Ltm

\Vm.

Y], RXdLh RtLXjp J Utm J

SPlT \kR Y TpLXLZLd Lpfi, RXXd

Lpfi Tu\ \Lp RtLXjp Lpfi A T\

Ynl AdLlTh Y\.

68 69

RURu, '\lU Gu\ AlTPp X

EUL[l Ttdu\u. AYdV EUV

AYu Tt AqYULu Xm AYu Ru]

EVojd Ls[ Yim. AqULp RXYRL

tT LpfiU.

RURu JYu Lpfi TYRt EUPVYu

GuTRf NLm Ht\dLsm T, AYu ARl

TYRtV Ynl'] EiPdjRY NLju

LPUV\. G]Y, NLm LpfiXVeL[ AUj

AYtu Xm URu LpfiUV \ Nn\.

Lpfi AlTRu SdLm

Lpfiu dLs, Cu] G] YWV\ NnVl

Tts[.

1. R]d Afl YWUp Ru]d Ljd Ls[m,

AfldL tTTYoL[m AfldL VR AWQLm

AUVd V AYl TRp.

2. LeL[l Tp BNu YflV NpX fiP

Rj j, UV d, SuUVf NnV

Yim. Bt\Xj Rm NVp\ AYl

TRp.

3. NL CQlTm, EXL JUlThPm Adm

Bt\p YnkR AYl T\Rp.

4. uTjp Y[Um CuTjp SZUm

CWiPm Jl Sdm NUSd]m, EXL

SPV Ak NVpTm Bt\m, 'u fi[L[

u]RLY Akd Lsm U hTm m

RWdV AYl TRp.

5. Lf \kR JdLm, A\Sl TiLs Utm

UnQo Tu\Yt\l TYRtj Q tm

AYl TRp.

6. UR] LjPk YTjd Lhm

AYl TRp.

UX \lTt\ AlTPL[ Yj SdmT,

URu NLjR CQk YZd Ltd LsY

Lpfi]p AU\ G]Xm. eLd u, EXL UdLs

A]Yu Es[eLm Xj Ym Tt\ JYu

APU NnY LpfiV ApX Lpfi XVU

G]Xm. R URu RuU EVojd Ls[ ERm

A\lTt XVUL fi[eYR Lpfi XVUm.

LpfiV A]Ym TYRt EUl'm

RURu filTm, \U, R, TuYt\

AlTPVLd Li Lpfiu RY UT\.

RURu Rd Ht\ LpfiV AW LdL Yim

CdLXjp RPdLd Lpfi, EVoXd Lpfi, Lpd Lpfi,

TpLXdLZLd Lpfi, BWnfd Lpfi G]

YNlTjRTh Y[ofl T\ Xp UQYoLs

Lpfi ATm X AUdL Tts[.

RtT Rflt Lpfi Utm UjY Lpfim EXLm

Ym Tt\jRdL YLp T Y[ofTt

Yu\]. Shu HZ GVoLm CdLpfiVl

70 71

Tu\]o. G]Y, NLm YTPt\, NUSd

AlTPp GpXdm Lpfi XVeL[ AUj

AYtu Xm RURu LpfiU \

NnVlTh Y\.

G]Y JqY UQYm Ru fimY]Yt\

Su Ltj Rk '\ ARtLtTf NVp SPk

Ls[ Yim Rm NRVjtm, EXL UdLs

A]Ydm TVs[ YLp AUU Yrk LhP

Yim, CR]V YsY]o l'Lp,

LtL LNP\d LtTY Lt\'u

tL ARtj RL. Gu\o.

LtL YiVYt\ t\U\d Ltd Ls[ Yim.

AqY Lt\ '\ , Ru Lt\T SPk Ls[ Yim,

GuTRm.

Lpfi LpXR PWlTt Xo l'Lp,

LpXR PWd LQm BL

LpXR PoNp LhLd LP]u

LpXR Podd LpXRo SpXWm

LpXR Po LjRVW. Gu\o.

Lpfi Y]ju TVuLs

1. u]oLu ATYd Ljd LXeL[

Gjd Lh Ru]d Ljd Ls[m, YrdLp

\l APVf NnYm Lpfi Y]U Tt

Ad\.

2. RjRuUV Y[ojd Ls[m JtU,

TU, R]m, Au, Ti Tu\ StTiL[

Y[odLm Lpfi Y]m ER\.

3. TXu LR LPUVf NnV Yim Gu\ EQo,

Nlj RuU, Cu] NnVU, YnU

BVYt\l 'u Tt Ym YflL[l TtfilT

Lpfi Y]U Bm.

4. U]mT] Tdp YZUp KW kR]pXV] A\YrY Adm XVm, NUSd ,

Tu\ SpXdL, StTiL[m Tt

UnQoYl TYRt EQVL ClT Lpfi

Y]U.

5. GpXYtdm UXL A\m, Ts CuTm, T

Gu Su El ThL[l TtfilTm,

ARuT, NRVjp Al oYUL kj

A\Yflp NVtTYRtL] TtV AlTm

Lpfi Y]ju \lTm.

3. U Tt Y]m

RURu J NRVju El']]L, JShu

StUL]L AUV Yim Gu\p AYu Ul

Ttm, LpfiXVl Ttm Tt\p Uhm TR.

AYu SpX UL]L fi[em RuU TRp Yim.

Shp l Es[Yo A]Ym U T\

RPVYWYo U Tt\Yo Ul Ti

TY AYo Rm RXVV LPUVm. Ul Ti

TYRtL]jRVL Tt XVm GmPV.

NRVju A\S LhlTh fiLm AWNeLju

72 73

AWVp AUlf NhP fiLm AYd YflLhVL

fi[eu\].

AWVp EULs Utm LPULs Tt AVm

VYPjm GUV TZRp, AuPVY]L

CjRp, AR NUVjp Stl'\l Gu\ TUdd

\ SWRY SPjRp, Afim EVokR UdLh Ti

BV TiL[l Tt Adm XVm Ul

Tt Y]Um.

ERW]UL, AdLXjp WdL Shp AkShu

ULu R] Ti'k U\Up J \kR UL]L

X jd Ls[ Yim GuT Ko CuVUVR

LPUVLd LRlThP.

EPp nU, Es[j nU, Eoj nU

(BuU) Gu\ u\m GkR Xm nU

LPRY Tojd LsYR U G]lTm.

Au, APdLm, A, A\m, KdLm Ti, S

XU, YnU, Y[U LpXU, SQm, SL,

DL, CuNp '\W CLZU, T\PU

AdL\U Tu\Ytu JuThP XV Ul

TiTm.

StUdLu StTiLs

J Shu SpX UdL[L fi[eL rLm

TiL[l TtjRpYim.

1. Shl Tt LijRp Yim.

2. \kR LpfiV T\ VtjRp Yim.

3. L] EZl'] Nnm \u TtjRp Yim.

4. Nlj RuU LijRp Yim.

5. Ut\YoLd ERm U]lTuU LiPYoL[n

CjRp Yim.

6. AVXW SjRp Yim.

7. tl\jRf jRUL YjjRp Yim.

8. Sh XUV AqYlT Ak Ls[

Yim.

9. AW fidm YL[ \VLf NjRp Yim.

10. YdUVf NVLl TVuTjRp

Tu\ StTiL[ TtdL Yim.

Um, VW]fiZ, RkRW ]fiZ, GpX

UReLu fiZdLm N, UR, YTLu Te

TYRp Shu RV EQoYm TiThPm

Y[odL m.

4. Rflp Y]m

mTm, Lpfi Y]m, Ul Tt Y]m

BV um CVpT] Au'u 'Ql']p

NVpTu\]. B]p RfltPeLs JlTkR

AlTPp HtTu\], YX RYo, YX

HtTo Gu\ Ht\jRrLs RfiodL VRY.

G]Y RURu Rj\ULs YlTYRtV

YnlL[j Rflt Pm AUjj RRp

Yim. GkR J RURm RuPV

Rj\UV YlTjd Lsm Ynl']l

74 75

TYRt EUPVY]L fi[eL Yim;

\UL[ YlTYRtV Ynl'] A]Ydm

TTu YZeYRtj Rflp Pm BYQ NnV

Yim AlTRu JYu Rflp YThPm

\U YThPm CQk AUjd Ls[

Yim Gu\ A\lTtV Rflp PeLp T\

m.

5. NUV Y]m

URu RuV LXm Rp NUVm CVtLVLY

RuV G]Xm. URu CVtLVd Li Ag]u

RuPV Ndd AlTtThP J TiU Ei

GuTR AkRu. A Y[of T\RXp

RuWd Ljd Ls[ fim' Tk YQeL

tThPu P Sm'dLPu NVp ThPu.

NUVm G]TRu Ts

NU Gu\p U]R APd GuT Ts

NUjRp GuTRu Ts TdYlTjRp GuTRm.

UdLu U]R SuS YrdLd Je

TjY ApX TdYlTjm AUlT NUV

Y]m G]Xm.

CVtLd AlTtThP J TiUVL

fi[em C\ ApX LPs Gu\Ju\ SmY

Ru URm ApX NUVUm.

GpX NUVeLm CVtLd AlTtThP Nd Ju

Ei GuTR Yju\] ARl 'uTtm \

ApX YflTm \Ls YqY\]YL[L CdLXm.

B]p, ARu TiU LPs Ju\ GuTR

Yju\].

6. S

NL A\ CVpTt Y]eLs GpXYt\m SpX

\p NVtTPf Nnm Bt\p Tt\ Y]m S.

H]V Y]eL[m APdVm YU EPV

S.

mTm RXL AUkR GpX Y]eLm NL

A\lTt XVUL AUkRY. B]p, S

JuUhm AWVp AUlPV TV Y]UL

fi[e\.

UdLPNRVju AlTP A\d LhTL[

AflVUp NhPUdYm RURu RuiU

X] AV EV TLlT AlTm, GpX

YnlL[m GpXm Tu\ EUV

AjfNRVjp URu GpX Xm

Y[ofVPVf NnYm Shu AlTPl TiTm.

ETm KYl 'm NTLm

NW CVpY S.

kR T, WR Sn, Afldm TL, BV um

NWUp YrYR \kR SPm Gu\o YsYo. Um

SPuT SP Y[jR] SPpX

SP Y[kR S.

76 77

'\W SPUp Y[kRm SL[ SpX SL[m.

S Y[m Rm SLs SpX SLs BL GuT CRu

Ts.

mTm H]V NL Y]eLm Gu\ RXl'p

NL CVp A\l Tt Y]eLs A]jm R

UR] A\YQ]L Ut AYu LXjRm CPjRm

LPkR GpXVt\ EXL[fiV A\ CVp Yrfi] Ak

Ru] UmTjd Ls[m, U]fNu X]

Ak ndLm EVY STjm NRV A\ CVp

Tt Y]eL[L fi[em GuTp m IVm CpX.

Tt fi]dLs

I. K YLp fiPV

1. NRV Y]eLs VY?

2. mTm GuT V?

3. mTm Tt Tn^uw m Lj V?

4. mTju El']oLs VYo?

5. mTju \lLs VY?

6. mTm TtV TZ UflL[ VY?

7. ATY A Gu\p Gu]?

8. U G]lTY V?

9. NUVm Gk\p Gu]?

10. NUV Y]m GuT V?

II. Tj YLd LUp fiPV

1. Y]m GuT V?

2. mTjp Tt fidLlTm TiLs VY?

3. ATYm kR TVoLs Xm AY] VY?

4. BiULu LPUL[] \Stl TPu Lj

V?

5. RkR ULdm, ULu RkRdm Btm LPUL[]

YsYo Y] VY?

6. CpYrdLl Tt YsYo Y] VY?

7. UdLh T Tt YsYo Y] VY?

8. LpfiV Tm Yfl\Ls VY?

9. LpXR PWl Tt Xo Y] VY?

III. J TdL A[fip fiPV1. 's[Ldm Tt\oLdm CPV Es[

EULm LPULm VY?

2. UdLhT jR \l AmNeLs VY?

3. Sh TtV \lL[ fi[d GL?

4. Lpfi TYRu dLsLs VY?

5. StL ULu StTiLs VY?

IV. Su TdL A[fip fiPV1. mTm TtV AfiVp LhTLs j J

LhW YWL.

3.3 EULs LPULs Utm SpXdLm (Rights, Duties& Virtues)EULs (Rights)

EULm LPULm CLiLs Tu\Y,

Ju\Vu Nok ClTY, J SQVju C

TdLeLs Tu\Y; CQ'VRY, JYu

\VL LPUL[f NnY]u AY]

78 79

JdLPVYu G]d Yo. AY] Su]PjRV

SpXdLUL Ufi\.

G]Y, EU, LPU, SpXdLm Tu\Y

RUR YrdLp Ju\ Ju Nok NVpTYRp

AYPV YrdL Y[m Tm RuU AP\.

1. EULu CVp (The Nature of Rights)EU GuT Ttd m T A A\YLX,

NhPYLXX Ju\l TY ApX NVpL[

SPjm \Vd dm.

EU GuT A\CVp AWVp NhPULY ApX

A\Vf NhPULY AUVXm. CWim

YqY\]Y.

ERWQUL Gj AfijRYu C\Y]m GuT

W m A\m. CkVVp BVo UQdLo Up

EUPVYo BYo. B]p, NhPlT UQdLo `

EU PV.

ZkRL[l Tt\jR Rn Jjdj Ru

ZkRVd LpXY, fitLY ApX ThTh

ujRY EU CpX GuTR Sm AVYim.

2. EUm NLm

URu RuXp Rj LhX (A) fiX

Ym T AYd GjRLV EUm RYpX,

LWQm, RVL YrYRp GpX EULm AYu Tt

Cd\u. H]u\p AYu Yru\ Zp AYdd

PdLjRdLY GYV AYt\ Vm UdLfipX.

LWQm AY]f t URoL[ CpX. CkXp

AYu VPm GkR EUV GRtLL XShP Yim.

AYu NRVjR Nok Ym TRu Ru

EUL[ XSh\u.

EUV GeL YjR Yim ApX RfiodL

Yim Gu NVL AYRu URu \kR

A\Um. RURd EUL[ YZeYRu Xm

NLU] RURu Y[ofd EQVL AU\.

EUVp Ru] Y[ojd Lsm RURu

NLju SuUVV T SuUV Y[odL

]\u, CqYLp RURm NLm LjRp /

Ls[p Gum \p CQYRd LQXm. CqYL

CQlTp EULm LPULm CQu\].

3. URu EULs

AUdLf RkWl 'WLP]ju (Declaration ofIndependence) T URu AlTP EULs Gu\LhThP CqXL Udm Tkm YLp

Ik RkWeLs G] GpXSLm Htm YLp

AUdLj RXYo vYphm 'hx AWVp

AOo Nofm Nok YhP]o, UdLu GuTYo

rLm UR A\S EUl ThVX (Moral Rights)YZe\o.

(A) YrYRtL] EU.

B) RkW UR]dm EU.

C) EPUL[d Lsm EU.

80 81

D) JlTkRm NndLsm EU.

E) Lpfi Ltm EU.

A) YrYRtL] EU

'\l / C\l GuT EXp '\dm A]j

EoLdm TY]. Ym EU GuT GpX

EoLdU AlTP EUVm. CR

EQojYRtLLY JqY Bim (Human Rights Day)UR EU Ss LiPPlT\.

JYu Ru EW GkR A[dl RU] G]

Gi\] AkR A[d '\ Em RU] G]d

LR Yim. JYu Ru YZ Yim Gu ]lT

TXY Ut\Y]m YZ fiP Yim. Ko Eo Ru

YrY SPjm TRu Ru]V Ru EQoRp

Gum ATYjRl T\. G]Y Ym EU

GuT JYL AlTP EUVm. Yr - YZfi

Gu\ Uflm Ym EUV Yj\.

B) RkWUn Ym EU

LhlTPt\ RkWUL Ym EU GuT

JYL LhlThds APeV LhlTPt\ XRu.

NLjp LhlTLs TX fiLs Ei. G]Y, fiLd

APeV Xp, H]V URoLu RkW EUV

`\R YLp JYu RuPV RkWjRl

TVuTjd Ls[ YiVY]u\u. LhlT

Ld CPp JYL LhPt\ Xp Ym EU

Tt R]dm '\odm TVs[ YLp

NVpT\Vp A]YU RkWUL YZ m.

ERWQUL NXp Npm T CPlTdLUL

TLYim GuT NXu fi, CkR fid EhTh

Lp NlTkm TLXm, Nl'um TLXm,

SPkm TLXm, YL]eLm TLXm, C AYPV

LhPt\ RkWUL CVem EU Bm.

C) EPUL[dLsm EU

Ym EUm LpfiUm Tt EZdm

EUVp LhPt\ Xp u T m JYu,

Ru filTl T ThLs (Nj) TXYt\j Ru

EPUVdd Lsm EUV AYd NLm

YZe\. TsL[ EPUVdd LsYRu

SdLm '\d SuU NnYRtjRu GuTR EQok

AkR EUV AYdf NLm AdL u Y\.

D) JlTkRm Nnd Lsm EU

LpfiUm EZlm Tt\ RURu

TsL[j RuPUVdd Lsm Vtp

DTm T '\ URu ERfi RYlT\. JYu

Ut\Y] CQk RiPt\ YiV XU

AUU]p AqfiYm CQk NVp YRt

EV JlTkR EUVf NLm AqfiYdm

YZe\.

E) Lpfi Ltm EU

Ym EUVl TXY, LpfiVl TYRt

NLm GpX YLV] ERfiVm Nn, AYu LpfiV

TYRtV YnlL[ EiPd LdL Yim,

82 83

JYu fimm A[dd Lpfi LtTR]p Ru

RuPjp U\k Pdm TWt\pL[ YlTjR

m.

AqYLp, TiThPYoL[Lf NL El']oL[

Ut AUdL m TiThP El']oL[p Tis[

EVo RjRuU YnkR NLm AUV m. G]Y,

RURu fimm LpfiV YZem YLp NLm

AYdj Q V Yim.

NVU

NVU G]lTm EZlU Ko AlTP

EUVm EZl'u Xm Eo YrRp Yim Gu\

Xp JYu EZdL YnlTdL Yim. EZdm

T Ru AYs U\k Pdm TWt\pLs

YlTPm.

UX \lThP B EULp Ym EU,

LpfiU, NVp EU, RkW EU, EPULsm

EU CY Ikm CVtL EULs G]d \Xm.

T SXdl TVuTYRl Tjj Ru GkR

EUm YlT\. JqY URm T

SXdd LfiVL fi[eYRp UdLu EU J

YWm'ts LhTjRl T\.

LPULs

LPU Gu\ Npdl TpY TsLs Cu\V

EXL YZdp YZeLl Tu\]. CeL dLl Tm

LPU Gu\ Npd A\ CVp EV Ts Gu]

GuTRd LiTm.

1. LPU GuTRu Ts

rXdm NVtThtm TkY]Yt\ SpX

NVpLs GuTo. CWi SpX NVpLp Ju\

RokRj, A TjRULm LhlTLm AUkR

J NVXL CdUu AR]V LPU Gu

\Yim.

LPULu YLLs (Kinds of Duties)1. \t\ ApX RY] LPUm, \Yt\

(ApX) RYt\ LPUm

\t\ LPULs RY]Y, URoL[p 'Z

SWRY NnVd VY. GjdLhPL, Tn

TNR, PR, Eo LX NnVR Tu\]

GoU\jRuU YnSR LPU\Yt\ LPULs

RYt\Y, URoL[p 'Z SWR A[ LP'dL

VRY. GjdLhPL, Au, LQ, DL,

Tu\Ym. CYLs LXm, CPm, rX BVYtu

AlTPp NVpTm LPUL[m.

1. Utm CWdL EQofiu AlTPX] LPULs

u AlTPX] LPULs \t\

LPUL[V dm. CWdL EQofiu AlTPX]

LPULs \Yt\, RYt\ LPUL[V dm. C

AWNeLj]X ApX NLjRX YjRlTm

RPVYL[m.

2. LPUdLL LPU Gum LsL (Duty for Duty sake)'Wh GuTYu LPU TtV LjR],

GuPV Xm Xd JjR LPULm (Duty ForDuty Sake) Gu\ RXl'p EQojRl T\.

84 85

Liu LPUd LsLV], LPU Ju\V

LjtLi fi[Ls TtV Utm ARu

SuU TtV kR]pXUp LPUVtY GuT

Luhu LPUd LsLu UVdLjRm, \

FdL[ ApX AL FdL[ SU CVt

XVj iRp P Gum, A\fiu Tp Gm

UVR ApX LPUdLL LPU (Duty forDuty sake) Gu\ EQof UhU Sm CVt XVCVdm FdVL CjRp Yim Gu Luh

\o.

URu LPUVf Nnm T GkRfiRl TX]m

fim'V YjR NnVUX LPUVV LiQLd

Li NnV Yim GuTR TLYjRp

LoUVLjp \lTm xLmVLoU GuT T[m.

AYWYo R \UdLtT NRV E\Lm

AY] CPm GY] YWV\ NnVlT\.

AqY\, BVo, UjYo, TV[o, BhV[o,

RX, RflXV] A]Ydm LPULs

YWVdLlTu\].

SpXdLm (Virtue)1. SpXdLju Ts (The Meaning of Virtue)

SpXdLm Gu\ NpX VIRTUE Gu\ BeXfNpu RZdLf NpXLd LsY UW. NRWQUL

CfNpX Sm YZem T URPV UmThPd

lTRULd Ls\m.

G]Y, YofN Gum T URUmTL[]

SpXdLjRV dm.

A\ CVp CfNpX CWi YqYYLl

TsLp TVuTj\m.

CR JdLju J TiTLdLsYo. G

SpXR ARd l'hP J YLp Nnm \ULm

CR]d Ls[Xm ApX TUd LPULs

Ju\f NnYRm C l'PXm.

SpXdLm GuT StkR], StNVp, Su]PjR,

StTi, SpX Ru]PdLm, , SoU, E

BVYtu JeQkR NVp \u.

2. AOoLu fi[dLm

HtdLiP JNVX ApX LPUVf Nnm

T Ru]l TXY Ut\Ym Ym

EUPVYoLs G] ]j AYoLu EUd F

SWYiQm \kR \p AR]f NnYRV

SpXdLm GuTo.

X AOoLs SpXdLm GuTRtf NVpLu

E[ EQoPu AUk Ym Ti G]m

fi[dLUjR]o.

JYu RokRjd Lsm NVp G GuT

TtV Bn RYVt\ Gum, NVp \p AYu

Ru SoUd QjR YlTjR Yim Gum,

AY \kR JdLm Gum AOoLs L]o.

86 87

LPUL[ UtLi NnYR Su]PjR G]d

l'Yi, JdLm (ApX) Su]PjRL[V

YZdLULd Li NVpTm T AYLs StTis[

Su]PjR Gu l'\o XVoh (Laird).SpXdLju UX] StTiT APm YflLs

URu APVYu Gu YR fiP

Afiu Yflp CVeTYu G]d \Xm. APV

URu fim'Vtm NVX CfNf NVp

(Voluntary Actions). BN, CR] Je NnmAYt\p BNu \Yd dL[Ld Li,

A Njm Yflp NVXtm \u BV um

CQk NVXtu\]. G]Y, CfNf NVp GuT

URu Ru AY]p SpX, V GY] Gi, Bnk

RokRjR NVXm.

CfNf NVXf NnV tTmT AR A

STjR Yim. NVp \UV] A YjR

TRp NpX Yim. CfNf NVp J URu

DTmT AYPV A, AfNVp NnV YiV

TR, T\ YiV \, TVu, 'ufi[ BV

GpXYt\m TtV L[d LiPRLY Cdm.

CfNVXl TX\ l' l' Nnm T A

AfNf NVXL (Non- voluntary Actions) AU\. CRVTZdLf NVp (Habitual Action) Gu \Xm.

JYu Su]PjRV CfNf NVXL fim' Ht

NVpTh YYRp AYu U]p Su]PjRl

Tkfim. AkR Su]PjR U]lTYjRu Sm

StTi (Good Character) Gu \m.SpXdL StTim CuTm

SpXdL StTi GlTm CuTjR

CQk YYRLY Ls[lT\. SpXdL

StTi AUkR YrdLV] ARu UXofVV

CuTP]V ATfidLl T\ Gu NnR]o

Nu\o.

B]p SpXdL StTiT] GlTm

CuTjRd LdLm Gu E \V. AR

UtLsTYoLu A\fNVpL[l Tj CuTm

EPVYoL[L AU\oLs.

EVokR CuTm GuT URu RuPV

NVtTL[ t\L jR AkXXV

LQlT\ NRWQ CuTm GuT UV]

NVtThdV TtV UtLsm A[fiXV

PdLl T\ Gu \o AvPp.

G]Y, Nn\ Afiu \V] TtV

UtLsm XXV CuTm Rt\m Tt fi\

GuT Lj.

SpXdL StTiL]p \ Tt\

YrY GYu JYu NVp \Tj\]

AY] EVokR dL[ CQkR EVokR

CuTm ndm UR]u\u GuT A\fiVt

LsL.

88 89

SpXdL StTiLm YrfiVt dLs TVm

SpXdL StTiLm YrfiVt dLs TVm

UR Yrdm URY[ UmThtm Ju\ Ju

Nok Cl'm, CjRLV E\fiu AlTPp

CqfiWim CYY G] YWV\ NnVlTPfipX,

AqY YWV\ NnV tTmT YqY

AlTPL[d LiP YWV\ Nn\oLs.

SpXdL StTiLs R URu Ti SXjRf

NokRY, BRXp AY ALXf NoPVYL[,

B]p YrfiVp dLs TVuLs GpXYLVm

kR SuUVLm, Eu \Xp u

APVdV SuUVLm ClTRp AYLs ALX,

\X BV CYLf NoL[m LiPYL[L

AUu\].

SpXdL StTiLs R URoLu SuU

TVuL[m NLju SuUVm APYRt

LfiL[L AUu\]. GkR J YrfiVt dLs

TVm AR] CQkR J SpXdL StTi']l

Ttd\ GuTRd LQXm, GjdLhPL,

A\CVX AlTPVLd LiP SpXdL

StTiT] A\CVp NokR YrfiVp dLs TV]d

Li fi[em.

SpXdL StTiLs rdLm u YLL[Ll

'dLlTu\], AY,

1. Ru]l TtVY.

2. '\Wl TtVY

3. dL[l TtVY

1. Ru]l TtVY

LPUL[ UtLsm T JYu RuPV

SuUV AlTPVLd Li ARtl TkYRL

AUm SpXdL StTiLs CqYLVf Nm. S

XU, Ru]PdLm, NpYXp dL]m, A\fiVp

BVY Ru]l TtV SpXdL

StTiL[m.

2. '\Yt\l TtVY

JYu Ut\YPV ApX Ut\ EPV

SuUd TkYRV LPUL[ UtLsm T

AYttLtT SpXdL StTiL[ UtLs[p

'\Wl TtVY G]Xm, , CWdLQoPu V A\f

NVp, ShlTt RV] '\Yt\l TtV SpXdL

StTiLs Bm.

3. dL[l TtVY

EiUu Up Au, SuUu Up Tt, AZL

Su UjRp Tu\Y dL[ SdV SpXdL

StTiLs G]Xm.

SpXdL StTim TiTm

TiT GuT U]l TL[V SpXdLj]l

TiTjYRu Xm SpXdLju AlTPd

LXUL u \k fi[eYRm. C AfiVX],

EQofVX], NVVX] Ls A]jm CQk

EiPm JYL u]t\jRp AUY. BRu,

SpXdL StTi EiUl TiThu \LXL

AU\.

90 91

RURlTi BUl TiTL AUU Tm

Y[ofV EiUV] RuX Y[of. R URu

BU SdV YrRu EiUV] A\Xl

TiTh Yr. G]Y, RURl Ti'kR BUl

TiTL Y[of Tt, 'u]o, Ru]V dV NRV

YrY EshP NRV SuUV SdV TiTL

Y[oYR TiT.

BUlTi Y[of

BU G]lTY (Personality) JYu Tts[EPtTiLs, E[lTiLs, NL A\SlTiLs

BV]Vm JeQkR NVXV dm,

BUu EPpRt\m, ATYeLs, ]Ls,

LtT]Ls, TZdL YZdLeLs, TtLs, BV] Vm

APes[].

Tt fi]dLs

I. K YLp fiPV

1. EU GuTRu Ts V?

2. LPU Gu\p Gu]?

3. SpXdLm - YWV?

II. Tj YLd LUp fiPV

1. URu AlTP EUL[L UdLu Y]

VY?

2. YrYRts[ EU GuT V?

3. BU G]lTY VY?

III. J TdL A[fip fiPV

1. EULu CVpLs VY?

2. URu AlTP EUL[L UdLu

Y]t\ fi[d GL?

3. SpXdL UX] StTiL[ APm YflLs

VY?

IV. Su TdL A[fip fiPV1. EU, LPU Utm SpXdLm TtV A\S

LjdL[ fiY.

3.4 RiP]l TtV LsLLs

BWmT LXjp UuRu Rj Yrk YkRu.

AlT AYd LPULm, EULm CpX.

EULm LPULm CpXR T SpXdL

StTiLs Gu Tt\lTm YrfiVp A\eLm CpX.

RVL YrkR URu NRVUL YZjRPe]u.

Au Rp NRV Yrfip 'uTt YZ YiV

YrfiVp A\eLs Ru]. TWTo CQk Ym T

A]YWm CQjf NVtTP Ydm A\ CVp

fiLd A]Ym CQe SPdL YiV LPU

EiP\.

R URu RuPV U]fNuu AlTPp

HtdLidm A\fiYVp fiLs, NL AUl

EY]T NLm AUjR fiLs, AWNfijR fiL[]

fiLs TmT, tX NUVeLp R URu

A\ YrYm Tdm \p fiLs AUk

fiYi. CqfiLd EhTh SPdL YiV URu

AqfiLd EhTh SPdL YiV URu

AqfiL[j R] `\jRPem T A\ Yrfip

'WfN]Lm Ru]. 'WfN]LdLt\

RiP]Lm YZeLlTu\].

92 93

StNVpLs GqY TWhtVYV ARlTp

t\eLm RiP]dVY. fi GuT J YWV\f

Np. GkR J fiVm `u\ GfNVU t\U

G]m A RiP] TYRtV G]m LY

CVp. t\eLu YLL[ rdLiPY

YLlTjRXm. AY, TYfNVp, 'Z, JdLfiVp

U, A\jt U\] NVp ApX Tfl, t\m Tu\Y.

1. TYfNVp (Sin) V ]Ls U]p TkfihPpAY Es[okR SpXdLjRd Lj, ARtLtT

Yl\f NVpL[m, U Tjfim. Su

U\jRp J TYfNVp, TYfNVp GuT J

TYfNVp, TYfNVp GuT JWYL V A\Sf

NVp ARY V Ti EPV. AW]p RidL

VR. NLjRp YdLlTYRu Gm

AW]p AdLlTm RiP] ARt CpX.

2. 'Z (Mistake) URu Rk BWnk NnRRYdl 'Z Gu TVo. Ju\ Bnk

RokRdm Xp RY Sok fi\. X

RY\] NVpL[ StNVpL[] RokRj

fi\.

3. JdLfiVp U (Evils of Virtue) JYu JdLfiVpfiL[ AYm, NVp \]m CQk u\

`Rp JdLfiVp U G]lTm. JdLm GuT

J A\fNVp, A\Yflj U GuT JYu AkR,

A\dLsLV `\u. BLVp A\fiV

`Rp UV.

4. TflfNVp (Vice) SpXdLju UuU GqYSpXdL StTiTLd LRlTR AqY\

SpXdLju UV] TflfNVp GumLRlTm. SpXdLju U GuTSpXdLjk N URp ApX JYLfNdLp G]Xm. NL A\S NhPeLd U\LJYu NVpTY]u, AY]f NLm TfldmNLju TflfNpd B[YRp AY] NVpTflf NVXL AUVl Tt fi[em.

5. t\m (Crime) uTpXm LPd GWLf NnmNVp TYm Gum NLjt GWLf Nnm NVpGpXm t\m Gu NpY UW. G]Y, AW]pHtdLs[lThP, NLjt GWLf Nnm NVpt\m. A RiP]dV.

6. RiP] (Punishment) t\m NnRYu RidLlThPBLYim. GqY StNVpLdl TAdLlTu\R, ARl Tu\ t\eLdjRiP] AdLlT\. t\Y NLj]pAUdLl Tt\ AWVp NhPeL[ `\uAR] YiUu\ RLojR\u. AY]RY\] NVu RuUd Ht\Y RiP]AlTRu XU] Je NnVlT\u. G]Y,RiP] G]lTY A\YflX], J SoUV]SlTjm NVXm. RiP]l TtVLsLL[ uYLVL AUdLl Tts[].

AY \V

A) GfNlj RiP]dLsL (Deterrent Theory ofPunishment)

B) TfldlTfl Yem RiP]dLsL (RetributiveTheory of Punishment)

94 95

C) ojjRj RiP]d LsL (Reformative theory ofPunishment)

A) GfNlj RiP]dLsL (Deterrent Theory ofPunishment)

t\m NnR JY]j Ridm \p

Ut\YoLm AR t\m VUp CdLf NnY Ru

CdLsLu SdLm, t\m NnR JY] Ridm

\p AYd AdLlTm RiPQV]

Ut\YoLd GfNdLVL CdL Yim GuTR CRu

SdLm Bm.

B VRtLL RidLlTPfipX. GoLXjp

BLs TLUp CdLjRu CjRiP] G]

olTjR J Tu tk CdLsLu

SdLm Su fi[em.

CdLsLp X \TLs Es[].

CdLsLuT R URu Ut\Yo SXdLL

YeLfiVLl TVuTjR Tu\u, JY]

Ut\YoLd u UVL LhY Ru CdLsLu

AlTP Gu\p A RY\m.

X SWeLp t\m CZjR JY] J T

RidL tTmT, Ut\YoLd CjRiP]

GfNdLVL CdLYim. Gu\i Ld

LUVLm RidLXm ApX Ld \YLm

RidLXm. C RY\m.

Um J t\Y Rp \VL J t\jR

CZdm T Adt\jR AYu ` im NnVUhPu

Gu\ Xp T AY] GfNdL NnVXm, Ld

\kR RiP] YZeLXm ApX RidLUXV

fihfiPXm. G]Y, Ut\YoL[ GfNdm YLp

RiP] fidm T XUd Ht\T Nt

R]ULm LUVLm T RiP] fidL

tTY VVkRu. J t\Y ` im Adt\jRf

NnVUhPu Gu\ Xp T t\YVj

RidLUp ClT SpX Ru. B]p, AR t\jRj

mj mTf NnV SokRp t\YVf NnR

t\jdV YLp LUVL RilT NLjt

SuU TVdm CdLsLuT dj RiP]m

SoUPV Gu fi[dd LhPlT\.

B) TfldlTfl Yem RiP]dLsL (RetributiveTheory of Punishment)

uTjtj uTm ApX TfldlTfl Yem

RiP]dLsL GuT, Ut\Yd CZjR

uTR AR CZjRY] ATfidm T NnYR

CjRiP]u SdLm Lidd Li, Tpdl Tp

GuTR TYL SdmT, C TflYem

RuUVf NokRR]dLs[ CPm EiP\.

GjLhPL, NZo YWXtp RoLp J Lu]d

Lu\ UL]

1. Uu]o Rm RodLXV Chd LpX YjRR

Ce ] \Xm.

2. JYu NnR UdLt\ RiP]VLj uTjR

AYd AdL YiU] SU U]fNu\

oQdu\ Gu\o ThXo

96 97

CjRiP]d LsL EQof AlTPp

GkR UhUu URu NRV Yrfim C dV

CPm Tt Cd\. Cu\p, A@ Aflkfim, UR

Yrdf NRVm 'u]VL fi[e\.

G]Y, NRVm AflkfiYR Sm fimT V.

UR NRVm AflV SmT URu fiXeLfiPm

rXV APV Sm.

CdLsLm X \TLs LQlTu\].

TfldTfl YeRp GuT EQofu AlTPp

Lm NVp Bm. C J Afip okR Nu\oLs

Ym NRVjtl TkR.

t\Y JYu Cdt\jR GRtLLf NnRu?

AY] RilT SuU TVdU? AlTVu\p GkR

A[YW RiP] YZeY? TdLlThPYu NnR

t\m Gu]? Tu\YL[ W fiNj BWVUp

TfldlTfl Yem SdLjp RiP] AlT

ASLLf NVXm.

C) ojRj RiP]d LsL (Reformative Theoryof Punishment)

t\m NnRYu Su\p jm SdLjp

RiP] AUV Yim GuT CdLsLu

SdLm. SpXiQju AlTPp AmT

CdLsL CdLXjR UdL[p TU[fip YWYtLl

Tu\.

t\m kR JY] UR]L Uj AYu

SuUVV U]p Li RiP] AdLlTP

Yim Gu\ LjRm LiP. ARY t\m

NnRYd SpX LpfiV Lh, ` im Gdt\jRm

AYu NnVfiPUp Rj AY] YZ YlTR

AYdj RiP] LlTu SdLm Gu Y

CdLsLu dVjYm Bm.

t\fiVp BnY] JYu Hu t\m Nn\u

GuTRtL] LWQeL[ fiYdmT, EPVp NokR

\Lm, U]Y[jp HtThP L[LU t\m

V HYs\] Gu l'u\. Um NRV

Ht\jRrm UR]d t\Y Bdu\.

BLVp RiP] GuT t\YLu EPpY[m,

U]Y[m BVYL[ J SVd UjYo GqY

fN Adu\W AR Tp t\m kR JY]

JSVVL Tfij, Adt\jR `im AYu

NnVUp Rj jR Yim.

ojRj RiP]d LsLm X \TLs

Es[]. GpXd t\YLU EPVp Utm U]fiVp

\TL]p t\m NnRYoLs ApXo. Um GpXd

t\eLU NRV Ht\jRrfi]p HtThPY

GuTRm UVL HtdLs[ V.

RiP]V] t\YV SpXY]L Ut

AUdUV]p CdLsL SpX LsLRu. tX

NUVeLp RiP] LlTR fiP Uuj fiY

JY] SpXY]dYm Ei.

98 99

dUih 'Wn tlT, TQo filTeL[

t\m VYRtd LWQUu\]. AjRLVYoL[

UjY U]p Noj fN Xm RT\f

NnVXm. B]p GpX t\YLm CqYLVf

NokRYoLs ApXo.

Tt fi]dLs

I. K YLp fiPV

1. TYf NVp GuT G?

2. 'Z GuT V?

3. Tflf NVp GqY EiP\?

4. t\m YWV?

5. RiP]l Tt l GL?

6. YLj RiP]d LsLLs VY?

II. Tj YLd LUp fiPV

1. Gfl RiP]d LsLu SdLeLs VY?

2. ojjR RiP]d LsLu SdLeLs VY?

III. J TdL A[fip fiPV

1. TfldlTfl Yem RiP]d LsL TtV

LjdL[j Rj G?

2. YLj RiP]d LsLLp \kR G? Hu?

IV. Su TdL A[fip fiPV

YL RiP]d LsLL[ j J LhW

YWL?

3.5 NL A\fiVp Es[ oLLs

R URm NLm

RURo TXo CQk Ym AUlT NLm

G]lTm. NLm Gu\ TVp TXo CQk Ym

Yrfip X fiLd EhTh SPdm TiTl Tt

YZYiV JqY URu LPUVm.

NLYrfitj RYV] fiL[ RURoL[

AUdLXm. B]p, AY A]Ydm

TjY]YL AUV Yim.

RURu NLjp CQk YrYu dV

dLs AUV] CuT Yr YZ Yim GuTR.

Cd dL[ APm YLp A]Ydm

TY] fiLs AUV Yim.

NL A\jp LQlTm X odLL[d LiPk

AYt\d L[V A\CVp Tm Q\. NLjp

LQlTm oLLs \V,

1. CWjRp 'fNVjRp (Begging)2. fiYLWj UQ (Divorce)3. YWRhNQ (Dowry)4. RtLX (Suicide)5. NL Ht\jRrLs (Social Inequalities)6. TRl ThLd AUVRp (Durg Addiction)7. TVeLWYRm (Terrorism)

GuT]Ym. CYt\ fiYLd LiTm.

CWjRp - 'fNVjRp

'fNVjRp GuT CflY], TfllTRtV

Lm YdLj RdL J NVp. Gm, A

100 101

NLjp CuYW tm dLl T\Up Ck

Y\.

CWjRdL] LWQeLs

CWjRdd LWQm Ts CpXU YU,

LYXuU, Yk EZdLU, mTjp BRWfiuU,

fiWd U]lTuU Utm EPp F]m LWQULm

'fNdLWoL[L U CdLXm. Gm, 'fNVjj

Ru YZ Yim Gu\ GiQm NVm NVu.

CR]V YsYo,

CWkm Eo YrRp Yiu TWk

LL EXVtVu.

G]d l'\o.

JYu 'fN GjjRu Eo YrRp Yim

GukRp, AlTlThP EXL CVtVYu YrdL

S\L[, YjRYu GY] AYu AXk k

LhPflY]L G] YsYo l'\o. Um

CWjRd YU LWQULd \lT\.

CuU CmT CWko Ym Gum

YuUu YuThP Cp.

Gu\o YsYo.

YU uTU], AR] TdLl 'fN GjR

oYu Gu\ 'YRm Ld LUV]Rm Gu

l'\o YsYo. YU CVtLf t\eLu

LWQULm HtTYi, URu R]LY Rd

LsYm Ei. CVtLf t\eL]p HtTm YU

RfiodL VRRu\m. B]p R] Rd Lsm

YU GuT URu EPX Yk EZdLUV.

CR]V YsYo,

CXo TXWV LWQm StTo

XoTXo SY RYo,

G]d l'\o.

CpXRYoL[L YVYoL[L TXo ClTRtd

LWQm, Rm LPUVf NnTYoLs XWLm

NnVRYoLs TXWLm ClTR Bm Gu\

YsYm. CqXp Rdm \Udm Ht\ Rflp

Gem TWfi Pd\. HRY Ju\j RokRj

EPZlTp YZ LtdLs[ Yim.

J URu YrdLu Ytm Rpfim

AY]V NokR. JURu HrUp CdL AY]

LWQU\u Gu\ RURd LhT. URPV

NmTjR]m, UkRU] Td , BoYUt\ NnLLs

AYPV YUd LWQU\.

UdvYTu tT, J URu Ytd LWQm

AYPV L]U], VVU] EZlTm. J

URu Rpfidd LWQm AYPV NmTj

R]U] V TZdLeL[m.

CWjRX dm Yfl\Ls

CWjRp GuT GkR YLm CWdLlTYRtV

NVp Au. l, ', EPp F]m CYt\p EZjf

Nl'P CVXR Xs[YoL[d LlTtm T

A]Yu, AW EPp F]t\YoLd Ht\Y

YX YnlT YZe AYoRm Yrd Yfl Nn

Y\.

102 103

'fN GjRXV CkR NLd t\jRl TdP

AW BRWYt\ Vo CpXm, UYr CpXm,

AUjd Lj ]o YrY HtTj Y\. C

Lm TtYRtV.

CR]j Ru]oYj Ri Y]eLm Utm

NY Y]eLm Ht SPjR u YWYim.

JqY CkV ULm Cl'WfN]dj oLQ

VtLs UtLs[ Yim.

'fN GlTRV RflXLd LiPYoLs NLju

tSn Tu\YoLs. 'fN GlTYoL[ NLjp

AUlT GkR YLm A\d LsLVL.

'fN GlTYoLm, AR FdfilTYoLm NLd

t\YL[ GuTR AV Yim.

3.5.2 fiYLWj

fiYLWj Gu\ YPUflf Npu RZdLm UQ

GuTRm.

UQ YV YkR Ko Bm J Tim CQk

YZ Nm'WRVj UQU ApX Tj UQU

Nn Ls\oLs. AlTf NnLiP UQjR

HR J LWQjtLL NhPju Q Li

UQjR jd LsYR fiYLWj GuTRm.

AVpSLp fiYLWj NoYNRWQUL

SPTt\m, Sm ShPl TjRYW L

AiUdLXjp, Ck UQf NhPm 1955p Ru

AXdLlThP. CkRf NhPjt EhThP GpX

UQeLm \lT fiiQl'jd LsYRu Xm

fiYLWj T\Xm. RkRLWQm C NWPm

AUkdLU]p fiYLWjR AUdLXm GuT

NhPVL Jld Ls[l Tt\.

fiYLWj T\d LWQeLs

fiYLWj TYRtd rLiP LWQeLs CdL

Yim. AY,

1. UQU] J BQ, TiQ, CpYrdL

Sk RYRp.

2. LQY], U]fiV Ru URjR fih Y URjR

RRp.

3. RPok u BiLXm QY] ApX

QfiV U] SVp ApX '\ SnL[p

TdLlThjRp (RSn, Tpfi]Sn) Tu\

Ut V LWQeLdLL fiYLWj LWXm.

fiYLWj TtV LjdLs

fiYLWj GuT mTjRm NLjRm

Tdm GuTRp CRtL] fiL[ GRdLd P

GuT NhPm CVtVYoLu Lj. ERWQUL

TV LX A[ Ynl LjRp Ylt\

RmTVo U]m JjlTm Ynl Cd\.

AlTkm fiYLWj L]p ol'u AlTPp

WkRW TWUl (Permanent Maintenance) YZeLd LlT\Xm.

NUVf NPeL[m NRVjRm Ht\dLs[lThP

UQ E\Y NhPju Q Li Ut\ V

GuT TZUYLu Lj.

104 105

B]p, UYm NRV AUldLtT, 'kR

mTm, NiPm mTjR fiP UX] Gu

TZU YLu Ljd Go fi[dLm Ad\.

EXL A\CVp kR]V[oLu tlT, UQm

GuT '\o SXjRm, '\o SXjR CQkR T

SXjRm Y[odm YLp A\ CVp LhTL[f

NVtTjR AUjd Ls[l Tt\ J YL JlTkRm

GuTo,

CR]V YsYo,

RtLjj RtLiPt Tj RL Nu\

NtLjf NofiXs Ti.

Gu \o.

Ru]m, Ru LQY]m TdLj,

Nu\o TLu\ NtL[m 'uTt Nofiu

YrTY[ Ti Gu\o. A\CVt kR]V]oLu

tT Ce RtLjRp GuT Ru]Xm LjRp,

RtLiPo TRp GuT '\o SXm LjRp, RL Nu\

NtLjRp GuT TU SXm LjRXL AUVl

Tts[R AVXm.

LQYu, U]fi CYU fiYLWjR fimm

T AR] YZeP Yim. UQm LQYu

U]fi CYu AlTPj RYL[ \

NnVj RYfihPp ARt fiYLWjR RfiW Y

YflpX.

\ T\ VR UQm AdmTjp

Es[ A]Yu JdLd LLdm LWQUL

AUYRp CYu NmURjuTp fiYLWj

AlTR jRuU EPV, GuT NL

u]t\d LsL]u t Bm.

fiYLWju V fi[Ls

1. fiYLWj Tt\ TiQ Cu\V NRVm V

LiQhPjP]V Tod\. Um,

AYoLd CkR NRVjp TV TLlm,

Ulm CpX.

2. fiYLWj Tt\YoLu ZkRLs T[RW Y[m

uV LWQjRp NLjm Ru mTjm TX

EUL[ CZdL S\. CR]p, J TYm

AVR ZkRLs Tm YR] A[fiPtLV.

3. fiYLWj Tt\ RkR ApX Rn UfiYLm

Nn Lsm T AYoLPm Y[m ZkR

AuTm, BRWYm YUL CZk

fiPdm. RuPV UrfVV, YjRjRV

TokLs[ VUp, Esds U SpX

U]lTuULm, BUl TiLm EdXk

Tm Xd AdZkRLs Rs[lT\oLs.

fiYLWjR Rfiodm Yfl\Ls

1. UQjRp mTm Gu\ J NL A\dLhPm

AUdLl T\. UQm GuT HR CuTjd

UhU AUdLl Tt\Ru.

106 107

2. mTjp '[, U]d \ Tu\Yt\l '\WVR

YLp Es[Ujd Li YZ Yim GuTR

mT A\d LhPju BYo.

3. LQYu U]fi CYdPV Es[

U]l'[Y U\j, U]m JjR CQlT

UtLi, R]dm '\odm, mTjtm Utm

NLjtm L[WYU] \p SXm Y[m

EiPdm YLp YZ Yim.

4. RmUp kR A[df NhPju ToYdf NpX

fiPUp mT 'WfN]L[ ZkRLu SXu

LVY fiYLWj LhTR fij TUV

CkRp, XUVd LXm Ut\Xm. AqY

NnYRp fiYLWj NdL CVXRRd P LXm

Njd Lhm GuT EiU.

5. Rr Shp JqY UYhPjm NhPm Utm

mT BXN] Uu\eLs ULo Uu\eLs SpX

\p NVpTh Yu\]. LQYu U]fidm

CPV Lj YT Es[YoLs, CmUVeLp

CXYNUL BXN] T\Xm. TYL,

CmUVeLs fiYLWj]j RdLY Vtdm.

G]Y, LQYu U]fi CYoL[j RjRV

E[fiVp Sdp AWLs YZe AYoLPV

'WfN]Ld o Liu\]. CmVtLp X

NUVeLp Ytm Tts[]o.

3.5.3. YWRhNQ

mTm Gu\ RuU A\d LhPjR AUdL

Bm, Tim CQYR UQm, C CVpT]

Ju. AjUQju T TihPo YWdl

(UQULd ) Tum Tm AlTR YWRhNQ

Bm.

YWRhNQ TtV fi[dLm

YWRhNQ L TZeLXjR RufihP.

UQju T Tum Tm LjRRtL]

NjVd Ls NjRWl oYUL Es[]. BWmTLXjp

Rh] GuT UVR jRm RWlTm J AuTl.

fit Ldm AuTl RhNQ,

ARlTp TiQ UQULd Ldm T

Tum Tm AuTlTL Lj Ru

YWRhNQ. C S[Pfip Ti hPo UQULu

hPdd LhPVULd LdL YiVRL UfihP.

Ck NvWjp \lTY TX J TiQ

LuVR]m Nn Ldm T, TiQ Ttd

LsTYd (YWd) RhNQ LdL Yim.

CpXVp UQm \\. CkR RhNQ S[Pfip

YWRhNQVL UV B]p Au U]Yk

A]TlTL, T[RWl TLlTd L LdLlThP

Tu, TsLs Cu LhPVju Tp T\lTYRp

CkRl TZdLm J NLd LUVLd LRlT\.

TiLs AdLXjp ALm Lpfi T\fipX

ARtLtT YN YnlLm RkR rXm

CpXUkRoLs. T[RWl TLlTd L

UQju T Tum, Tm R]UL

AdLlThP.

108 109

B]p, TiLs Tjl T[RWf RkWm,

YXYnlPu V SpX YNV] rX APk

fihP CkSm, UQULu hPo TkRLV]

T[ YWRhNQVL Go Tod\oLs.

YWRhNQ YeY Gu\ LU YYLULl

TWfiYu\. CfNLd LU Cu GpXWm

LidLl T\. YWRhNQ YeYm, LlTm

t\m Gu NhPm V Tm, Cdt\U] TjRYo,

TUWo, HZ, TQdLWo Gu\ TT Cu Lrk

LiRu Cd\.

YV YkR TXTiLs UQULUp LXm

LfllTRt YWRhNQ LdL VUV LWQm. Htd

LiP A[fit YWRhNQ LdL CVXR LWQjRp

UQm kR '\m, TiLs LU

TjRlTu\]o. CdLU ReLR TiLs

RtLXdd Pj RVeYpX.

YWRhNQV RlTRtL] Yfl\Ls

1. J TiQ Tu TPu Noj R]UL

HtTR Bi R]d J AYU]ULd LRYim.

Tim Ru J fiVTWl T[L

CflTjRlTYR AYU]m G]dLR Yim.

2. UQULR Bi YWRhNQ YeL UhPu Gum

UQULR Ti YWRhNQ LdLUhPu

Gum EVn tL Yim.

3. TihPo YWRhNQ Lhm UQULu hPWj

Pu NhPju ToYdd Li YWYim.

4. LYp \]o YWRhNQ t\m TtV Nn

PjRP]V, t\m CZjRYW 1961m YPm

AWYeLm LiYkR YWRhNQ Rlf

NhPjuT SPYdL GdL Yim.

5. JqY UYhP BhV[o AYXLjm

YWRhNQ Rll ' (Dowry Prevention Cell)AUdLlTh CVeY\. Ap \ Nn

PdL T\Xm.

6. Ru]oYd dLs YWRPNQ UVl Tt

'WfNWm NnYPu BeLe Lm YWRhNQ

LUL[ AWdj Rfij t\eL[d

\dLXm.

7. NhPj]p UhU Ut\eL[d Li YWV.

JqY RURm YWRhNQd LUV

EQok ARl Tdm Vtp DThPpRu

YWRhNQd LUV tUL ALt\ m.

3.5.4 RtLX

Ym EU

EXp '\kR UdLs A]Ym Rm '\l']

AlTPVLd Li CVtLVLl Tm

Rp EUV. Sm CqXp '\lT YrYRt

LLY UdL[nl '\kRYo A]Ym

YrYRtUPVYoL[. GkR J URdm

AYPV EPm, Em NkRU]YVVm

110 111

AYt\ Y[odLl T TPYiUVpX AfldLl

TTRp P.

Ym EUVl Tt\ JYu ARtV LPUVf

NLjtf NnVYim. RuPV Ym EUV

AfllT Ru RtLX. RtLX Nn LsYu

LWQm CkRf NLm AYPV Ym EUV AYu

ATfilTRtj Q NnVfipX Gu\ t\m

UjRlT\. RtLXdd LWQU] Xu NokR

Tm iRXL AU\.

URPV Ep XuNoSR T, A NokR

T Utm TUl T G] u TLs Es[].

XuNokR TVp CuTm Gu\ SuUVl T\u

Cp, HtTm YrfiVp dLp Ru UR]j RtLX

Nn Ls[j i\.

Ut\ CTL[] AlT, TUl T

SuUL[l Tt kjf NVpTPUp RtLX Nn

LsY NhPlT t\Um. 'WfN]L[ Gojf

NUdm CpXRYoLs RtLX Nnm

U]XXV ClToLs.

RtLX GiQm 90 fidL UdLd HRY

J rXp Ru U\\. B]p Cp Ik

Rp H fidL Td CkR GiQm YWYL U]R

fih ALYpX. H]p, AYoLd 'WfN]

WkRWUL Ck Li Cdm. T]k YV Rp

TjRuT YV YW Es[YoLPm LQlTm 'WfN]

RtLX GiQm Ru.

RtLX Nn LsTYoLp TiL[ fiP

BiL[ LWU] \Vj RokRd\oLs. ClT

LWU] RkLX Lrfp ALU] EZlT

NklTYoLs BiLs Ru.

RtLX GiQm ClTR Am \

1. RtLX GiQjp ClTYoLPm U] E[fNp

ALdm.

2. AYoLu SPYdLLm, YlTLm o

Tu Cdm.

3. TRhPm, LYXm ALm LQlTm.

4. EPp SdLm YlTm.

5. GRtm Gp EQofYNl TYoLs.

6. R]df NkRU] EPUL[ Y