Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It...
-
Upload
amice-york -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It...
![Page 1: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ethanol As Fuel
Jon Konen
February 18, 2008
![Page 2: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OverviewOverview
General InformationGeneral Information How It Is MadeHow It Is Made BenefitsBenefits Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact Possible Negative EffectsPossible Negative Effects Other AlternativesOther Alternatives QuestionsQuestions
![Page 3: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
General InformationGeneral Information
Ethanol made from fermentation of Ethanol made from fermentation of sugarsugar
CC66HH1212OO66 -> 3C -> 3C22HH55OH + 3HOH + 3H22OO Corn and soybeans are 2 common Corn and soybeans are 2 common
sourcessources Consumption Reaction:Consumption Reaction: CC22HH55OH + 3OOH + 3O22 -> 2CO -> 2CO22 + 3H + 3H22OO
![Page 4: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Current ProductionCurrent Production
Largely from corn and soy bean Largely from corn and soy bean feedstockfeedstock
Uses only the starch in corn kernel Uses only the starch in corn kernel ~50% of dry mass~50% of dry mass
Uses distillation and dehydration to Uses distillation and dehydration to remove water and get pure ethanolremove water and get pure ethanol
Needs to have <1% water to be used Needs to have <1% water to be used as fuelas fuel
![Page 5: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Distillation and DehydrationDistillation and Dehydration
After fermentation, ethanol distilled After fermentation, ethanol distilled to ~ 95% pure ethanolto ~ 95% pure ethanol
Dehydration process must remove Dehydration process must remove excess water (absorption process or excess water (absorption process or azeotropic boiling)azeotropic boiling)
Dehydration not necessary if not Dehydration not necessary if not mixing ethanol with gasoline to use mixing ethanol with gasoline to use as fuelas fuel
![Page 6: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
TransportationTransportation
Currently transported by train and Currently transported by train and trucktruck
Can’t be transported in pipelines long Can’t be transported in pipelines long distances because it mixes with distances because it mixes with waterwater
Corrodes iron partsCorrodes iron parts Extra wear on electrical pumpsExtra wear on electrical pumps
![Page 7: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
BenefitsBenefits
Decreased reliance on fossil fuelsDecreased reliance on fossil fuels High government subsidy (51 High government subsidy (51
cents/gallon)cents/gallon) Lower greenhouse gas emissions Lower greenhouse gas emissions
versus gasolineversus gasoline Room for improvements in Room for improvements in
processingprocessing Job creationJob creation
![Page 8: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact
Lowers greenhouse gas emissions Lowers greenhouse gas emissions when burned in vehiclewhen burned in vehicle
Using left over corn kernels for corn Using left over corn kernels for corn mash releases VOC’smash releases VOC’s
Increased use of farm land for corn – Increased use of farm land for corn – greater soil erosion into riversgreater soil erosion into rivers
Clearing of rainforest for farm land in Clearing of rainforest for farm land in some countries (Brazil)some countries (Brazil)
![Page 9: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Possible Negative EffectsPossible Negative Effects
E100 versus gasoline consumes 34% E100 versus gasoline consumes 34% more fuel to travel same distance more fuel to travel same distance (Lower mpg than gas)(Lower mpg than gas)
Cold starting (T < 52 F) need Cold starting (T < 52 F) need gasolinegasoline
Lower energy returnLower energy return Increased cost of corn for feedstock Increased cost of corn for feedstock
and human consumptionand human consumption
![Page 10: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Energy Balances for FuelEnergy Balances for Fuel
Energy balance Energy balance Country Country Type Type Energy balance Energy balance US US Corn ethanol Corn ethanol 1.3 1.3 Brazil Brazil Cane ethanol Cane ethanol 8 8 Germany Biodiesel Germany Biodiesel 2.5 2.5 NoneNone Cellulosic ethanol Cellulosic ethanol †2–36 †2–36 AllAll GasolineGasoline 55 † † depending on production methoddepending on production method
![Page 11: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Alternatives to CornAlternatives to Corn
Sugar cane – used widely in Brazil, Sugar cane – used widely in Brazil, bigger energy “payback”bigger energy “payback”
Palm oil – worse for environmentPalm oil – worse for environment Butanol – BP pilot projectButanol – BP pilot project Cellulose ethanol created from stalks Cellulose ethanol created from stalks
of corn, not kernelsof corn, not kernels DMF – Professor DumesicDMF – Professor Dumesic
![Page 12: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Challenges to AlternativesChallenges to Alternatives
Destruction of rainforest in Brazil Destruction of rainforest in Brazil (sugar cane production) and (sugar cane production) and Indonesia/Malaysia (palm oil)Indonesia/Malaysia (palm oil)
No efficient processes for cellulose No efficient processes for cellulose ethanol right nowethanol right now
Need organisms that can tolerate Need organisms that can tolerate butanolbutanol
![Page 13: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Conflicting InformationConflicting Information
If pure ethanol can use high If pure ethanol can use high compression ratios to get fuel compression ratios to get fuel mileage close to gasolinemileage close to gasoline
E85 with significantly less MPG (less E85 with significantly less MPG (less cost effective)cost effective)
Actual energy balance of corn Actual energy balance of corn ethanolethanol
COCO22 Production Production
![Page 14: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Existing Fossil FuelsExisting Fossil Fuels
Most sources are being depleted but Most sources are being depleted but several large reservoirs still existseveral large reservoirs still exist
10.4 billion barrels of oil in Alaska10.4 billion barrels of oil in Alaska Low sulfur coal reserve in UtahLow sulfur coal reserve in Utah Natural gas in continental ridgeNatural gas in continental ridge
![Page 15: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
QuestionsQuestions
Why rush to corn ethanol?Why rush to corn ethanol? How long to develop cellulosic How long to develop cellulosic
ethanol?ethanol? Other possible fuel types?Other possible fuel types? Most studies conflict, which is right?Most studies conflict, which is right? Is low dose ethanol (<10%) bad for Is low dose ethanol (<10%) bad for
your car?your car?
![Page 16: Ethanol As Fuel Jon Konen February 18, 2008. Overview General Information General Information How It Is Made How It Is Made Benefits Benefits Environmental.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082712/56649e1b5503460f94b09395/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ReferencesReferences http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel http://www.ecogeek.org/content/view/798http://www.ecogeek.org/content/view/798 http://news.carjunky.com/ethanol-fuel-abc261.shtmlhttp://news.carjunky.com/ethanol-fuel-abc261.shtml http://www.ethanol.org/index.php?id=34&parentid=8http://www.ethanol.org/index.php?id=34&parentid=8 http://www.amlibpub.com/liberty_blog/2007/07/ethanol-http://www.amlibpub.com/liberty_blog/2007/07/ethanol-
poor-test-results-other.htmlpoor-test-results-other.html http://wistechnology.com/article.php?id=3202http://wistechnology.com/article.php?id=3202 http://www1.umn.edu/umnnews/Feature_Stories/http://www1.umn.edu/umnnews/Feature_Stories/
Ethanol_fuel_presents_a_cornundrum.htmlEthanol_fuel_presents_a_cornundrum.html http://www.ntu.org/main/press.php?http://www.ntu.org/main/press.php?
PressID=854&org_name=NTUPressID=854&org_name=NTU Will, George F. Newsweek 2/11/2008, Vol. 151 Issue 6, p64-Will, George F. Newsweek 2/11/2008, Vol. 151 Issue 6, p64-
6464 Popular Science Feb2008, Vol. 272 Issue 2, p31-33Popular Science Feb2008, Vol. 272 Issue 2, p31-33 Smithsonian Nov2007, Vol. 38 Issue 8, p109-116Smithsonian Nov2007, Vol. 38 Issue 8, p109-116 Scientific American Jan2008, Vol. 298 Issue 1, p45-45Scientific American Jan2008, Vol. 298 Issue 1, p45-45 New York Times (1/1/1985 to present) 10/11/2007, p24New York Times (1/1/1985 to present) 10/11/2007, p24 Catherine WatkinsCatherine Watkins. International News on Fats, Oils and . International News on Fats, Oils and
Related Materials : INFORM. Champaign: Nov 2007. Vol. 18, Related Materials : INFORM. Champaign: Nov 2007. Vol. 18, Iss. 11; pg. 714, 4 pgsIss. 11; pg. 714, 4 pgs