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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

Introduction

Observation Systems

Lecture 1

Docents: Herman Russchenberg, Christine Unal

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

Satellite observationsof tsunami, 2004

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

Sar image

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Observation technology et!"

Observation Systems: introduction

Remote sensing

Measurement of properties of objects without cominginto physical contactwith the object

Objects are at a large distance

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

Objects under study

Sur#ace o# the $arth

Oceans

%tmos&here $nvironment

Sub'sur#ace

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

Oceans

+arine ecology

+arine economy, trans&ort

$nvironmental monitoring

Climatic change

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

!tmosphere

)eather &rediction

)ater management

Climatic change

*elecommunications

%viation sa#ety

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

Rain#all ' clouds -ind turbulence aerosols gases -ind -ater currents '-ater .uality vegetation minerals ' oil #ields subsidence trans&ort o# &ollution ' #ishing grounds '

chloro&hyl in oceans ' sand storms rain #orest ' archaeologicalob/ects ' earth crusts ' earth .ua0es ' -ater va&our #ields 'illegal dum&ing radiation shi&s cars ' aircra#ts etc etc 'etc

What to measure?

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

sensors

Radar

Radiometer

Lidar

Principles, signal processing, retrieval

techniques, data analysis

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

"undaments of remote sensing

+easurement o# electromagnetic2 radiationcoming #rom the ob/ect under study

3assive techni.ues

%ctive techni.ues

Inverse &roblem

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

%ample of inverse problem &

*he satellite measures

an em'-ave

-ith intensity I6

What is the temperatureof the Earth?

Earth

satellite

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

%ample of inverse problem 2

*he sensor measures a signal -ith &o-er P.How much water is in the ground?

Water reservoir

sensor

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

%ample of inverse problem '

Ice cloud

The sensor observes apolarization change.

What is the shape of ice

crystals?

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

$o solve the inverse problem

% &riori 0no-ledge o# the mediumneeded

% good understanding o# the scattering&rocess

Is required

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

!ctive remote sensing &

*ransmitter

Receiver

Object changes properties of transmitted ave

Object under

study

scattering

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

ctive remote sensing !

Transmitter Receiver

Object changes properties of transmitted ave

Object under

study

absorption

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Observation technology et!"

Observation Systems: introduction

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

&'()W radar

"ulse radar

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International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

"article ** wavelength

Rayleigh scattering

!cattered poer " particle volume squared

"article scattering

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

"rinciple o# lidar$ light detection and ranging

transmission

reception

Wavelength % m

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

In#ra(red lidar,round based

+pace borne

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

+pace(based cloud

observation with lidar

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Observation Systems: introduction

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! blac) body absorbs allradiation

%nd emits again766

ccording to "lanck/s law

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

I

Radiation source$ 4 5absorption constant6d+

65 )I*

d!

dI=

+= *d!)eeII

-

= *d!Optical path length

4ackground radiation

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Observation Systems: introduction

International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar

'icrowave appro7imation$ ($h

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Observation Systems: introduction

#bser$ations!stems

%ignal generation %ignal processing

Inter&retation

$nd user

8ature9ob/ect

$+'theory

Scattering &rocess

In&ut users

3hysical descri&tion

Signal theory

Radar technolog