Estonian forest site types II - MI.0533 Forest Ecology...Ground vegetation species rich Dryopteris...
Transcript of Estonian forest site types II - MI.0533 Forest Ecology...Ground vegetation species rich Dryopteris...
Estonian forest site types II
Kalev Jõgiste
Complex of
characteristics
• Vegetation
• Soil
• Stand
• Forest site type class (FC)
• Forest site type group (FG)
• Forest site type (FS)
• Forest type (FT)
Units
Forest site type
• The areas with the same reaction of vegetation
to management operations of forestry (similar
natural conditions: climate, soil, hydrology)
• Forest site type can be the same while forest
type is changing
• Change of forest types: succession
Stand dynamics• No change in forest site type
• Change can happen in forest type in old multi aged phase
Uuenemine Konku-
rentsJärelkasvu
tekeVanamets
Fresh boreo-nemoral forests (FG)
Tüübirühm: salumetsad
Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar
Calamagrostis alvarCalluna
Myrtillus Aegopodium
Hepatica
OxalisVaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium
Alder
swamp
PolytrichumDryopteris
Bog
Filipendula
Transitional
bog
Myrtillus-
drained
Birch
swamp
Carex
Equisetum
Drained
transitional
bog
Drained
bogDrained
birch
swamp
Drained alder
swamp
Oxalis-
drained
• Aegopodium forest site type (Naadi kasvukohatüüp)
• Soil: Fertile
• Gleyc cambisol (K0g – gleistunud leostunud muld)
• Gleyc luvisol (KIg – gleistunud leostunud muld)
• Soil parent material contains limestone
• Ground water reaches soil profile
• Humus (15…30 cm)
• Topsoil pHKCl: 4,7…6,5
• Tree stand: mostly dominated by birch (> 50%), all other species
• Max standing stock (spruce): 700 m3/ha
• Undergrowth:
– Sorbus aucuparia
– Corylus avellana etc.
• Ground vegetation: high richness and diversity
– Aegopodium podagraria L. ground elder (harlik naat)
– Pulmonaria officinalis lungwort (harilik kopsurohi)
– Mercurialis perennis, dog's mercury (püsik-seljarohi)
– Few bryophytes
– No shrubs
Dryopteris forest site type (Sõnajala kasvukohatüüp)
• Soil:
• Gley - cambisol (G0 – leostunud gleimuld)
• Gley - luvisol (G(0) – küllastunud gleimuld)
• High water table: nutrient rich
Humus (poorly decomposed) – 10…30 cm
Topsoil pHKCl: 5,0…7,0
Tree stand: dominantly birch
Site class : Ia…III
Undergrowth various
Ground vegetation species rich
Dryopteris carthusiana Narrow buckler fern (ohtene sõnajalg)
Matteuccia struthiopteris, ostrich fern (laanesõnajalg)
– No shrubs
Boreal heath forests (FG)
Tüübirühm: Nõmmemetsad
Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar
Calamagrostis alvarCalluna
Myrtillus Aegopodium
Hepatica
OxalisVaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium
Alder
swamp
PolytrichumDryopteris
Bog
Filipendula
Transitional
bog
Myrtillus-
drained
Birch
swamp
Carex
Equisetum
Drained
transitional
bog
Drained
bogDrained
birch
swamp
Drained alder
swamp
Oxalis-
drained
Cladonia forest site type (Sambliku kasvukohatüüp)
Soil: Haplic podzol (LI, LII õhukesed kuni keskmise sügavusega
leedemullad)
Litter (O): 2…6 cm
Almost no humus
Eluvial horizon (E): 15…20 cm
Illuvial horizon: clear
Litter pHKCl 3,0…4,5
Sand: ground water deeper that 3 m
Stand: doniant pine (sparse)
Site class: IV…Va
Standing stock: 165 m3 (average height 16 m)
No undergrowth
Ground vegetation poor by species:
Vaccinium vitis-idaea, cowberry (harilik pohl)
Cladonia
Calluna forest site type (Kanarbiku kasvukohatüüp)
Soil: Haplic podzol (LII…LIII õhukeselt kuni mõõdukalt
leetunud leedemuld)
Gleyc (LIIg…LIIIg)
Litter, 3…10 cm
Eluvial horizon: 10…30 cm
Illuvial horizon: clear
Tree stand: Dominated by pine
Standing stock: 190 m3/ha (height 18 m)
No undergrowth (few junipers)
Ground vegetation poor by species:
Calluna vulgaris common heather (kanarbik)
Bryophytes: continuous cover
Boreal heath forests
Alvar forests (FG)
Tüübirühm: Loometsad
Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar
Calamagrostis alvarCalluna
Myrtillus Aegopodium
Hepatica
OxalisVaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium
Alder
swamp
PolytrichumDryopteris
Bog
Filipendula
Transitional
bog
Myrtillus-
drained
Birch
swamp
Carex
Equisetum
Drained
transitional
bog
Drained
bogDrained
birch
swamp
Drained alder
swamp
Oxalis-
drained
Arctostaphylos alvar forest site type (Leesikaloo kasvukohatüüp)
• Soil: Rendzina (Kh´ väga õhukesed paepealsed rendziinad)
• Litter (O): < 3 cm
• Humus (A): <10 cm (humus content) 6…20%
• Parent rock (D):
• Topsoil pHKCl: 6,0…7,3
• Water table low
• Tree stand: dominated by pine
• Site class: (IV) V…Va
• Undergrowth sparse
– Juniperus communis
• Ground vegetation
– Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
• Few bryophytes
• Calamagrostis alvar (Kastikuloo kasvukohatüüp)
•
• Soil: Rendzina Kh´´, K´´, K´´´
• Litter: <3 cm
• pHKCl: 6,0…7,5
• Low water table
• Tree stand dominated by pine
• Bon: III…IV m3/ha
• Undergrowth
– Corylus avellana
– Rhamnus cathartica
• Ground vegetation very varying
– Calamagrostis arundiacea
– Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv. – tor-grass sulg-aruluste
• Bryophytes with various coverage
• Sesleria-alvar forest site type (Lubikaloo kasvukohatüüp)
•
Alvar forests
Fresh boreal forests (FG)
Tüübirühm: Laanemetsad
• Oxalis forest site type (Jänesekapsa kasvukohatüüp)
• Soil: Umbric Podzol (LkI…LkIII, LP leetunud ja näivleetunud mullad)
• Water table lower than 2 m
•
• Litter: 0 – 3 cm
• Humus: 5…20 cm
• Eluvial horizon
•
• Site class: Ia…I (II)
• Tree stand: dominated by spruce
• Standing stock max - 800 m3/ha
•
• Ground vegetation species rich
– Oxalis acteosella, wood sorrel (harilik jänesekapsas)
• Bryophytes:
– Hylocomium splendens glittering wood-moss (laanik)
– Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus shaggy moss (metsakäharik)
• Hepatica forest site type (Sinilille kasvukohatüüp)
• Soil:
• Cambisol (K0 leostunud muld)
• Luvisol (KI leetjas muld)
• Rendzina (K′′′ - rähkne rendziina)
• Humus: 15…25 cm (humus content: 3…10%)
• pHKCl: 5,5…7,0
• Carbonate rock parent material for soil
• Tree stand: 2/3 dominated by spruce
• Site class: Ia…II
• Standing stock: 600 m3/ha
• Root rot
•
• Undergrowth: Sorbus
• Ground vegetation species rich:
– Hepatica nobilis liverwort (harlik sinilill)
• Bryophytes:
– Hylocomium splendens glittering wood-moss (laanik)
– Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus shaggy moss (metsakäharik)
Hepatica forest site type
Oxalis forest site type
Type group: Dry boreal forests
Tüübirühm: Palumetsad
• Vaccinium forest site type (pohla kasvukohatüüp)
• Soil: Haplic podzol (LI, LII, leedemuld peenliiv liival, liiv liivsavil)
• Litter: 3…7 cm
• Eluvial horizon < 20 cm
• Illuvial horizon (Bhf) clear
• Topsoil: pHKCl 3,5…5,0 (litter)
• Ground water deeper that 2 m
• Tree stand pine dominated
• Site class: II…III
• Standing stock: 250…350 m3/ha
• Undergrowth: Sorbus
• Ground vegetation poor by species:
– Vaccinium vitis-idaea, cowberry (harilik pohl)
– Melampyrum pratense, common cow-wheat (palu härghein)
Bryophytes create continuous coverage:
– Pleurozium schreberi red-stemmed feather-moss (palusammal)
– Ptilium crista-castrensis ostrich-plume feather-moss (lehviksammal)
Myrtillus forest site type (mustika kasvukohatüüp)
Soil: Gleyc haplic podzol (LIIg, LIIIg, L(k)IIg, L(k)IIIg, gleistunud
leedemullad)
Litter: 5…12 cm (peat formation)
Eluvial horizon 20 (30) cm
Illuvial horizon Bhf(g) or Bhg clear
Topsoil pHKCl 2,6…3,7 (kõdus)
Tree stand: pine dominance
Site class: II…III
Standing stock: 220…350 m3/ha (stand age100y, height – 24 m)
Undergrowth sparse
Ground vegetation species poor
Vaccinium myrtillus, bilberry (harilik mustikas)
Vaccinium vitis-idaea, cowberry (harilik pohl)
Bryophytes create continuous coverage:
– Pleurozium schreberi (harlik laanik)
– Dicranum undulatum (lainjas kaksikhammas)
Myrtillus forest site type
Vaccinium forest site type
Poor paludified forests
Tüübirühm: Rabastuvad metsad
Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar
Calamagrostis alvarCalluna
Myrtillus Aegopodium
Hepatica
OxalisVaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium
Alder
swamp
PolytrichumDryopteris
Bog
Filipendula
Transitional
bog
Myrtillus-
drained
Birch
swamp
Carex
Equisetum
Drained
transitional
bog
Drained
bogDrained
birch
swamp
Drained alder
swamp
Oxalis-
drained
• Vaccinium uliginosum forest site type (Sinika kasvukohatüüp)
• Soil: Gleysols, poor, sandy (LGl eede-glei, LG1- leede-
turvastunud)
• Weakly decomposed 7…30 cm
• Eluvial horizon well developed ,thick <30cm
• pHKCl 2,4…3,6
• Changing water table
• Iluvial horizon clear and hard
• Tree stand pine dominated
• Site class: IV…Va
• Standing stock: 130 m3/ha (100 years old stand
• Undergrowth sparse
• Ground vegetation species poor
– Molinia caerulea purple moor grass (sinihelmikas)
– Vaccinium uliginosum bog bilberry or northern bilberry (sinikas)
• BRYOPHYTES CREATE FULL COVER CARPET
• Polytrichum forest site type (Karusambla kasvukohatüüp)
• Soil: Poor gleysols (LkG - leetunud gleimuld, LG - leede-glei, LG1 -
leede-turvastunud)
• Ground water 30…80 cm deep
• Litter peat formation
• pHKCl 2,6…3,6 (litter)
• Tree stand: pine dominance
• Site class: III…IV
• Standing stock: 190…200 m3/ha100y
• Undergrowth sparse
• Poor ground vegetation
– Vaccinium uliginosum bog bilberry or northern bilberry
Bryophytes
Sphagnum sp
Polytrichum sp
(
Rich paludified forests
Tüübirühm: Soovikumetsad
Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar
Calamagrostis alvarCalluna
Myrtillus Aegopodium
Hepatica
OxalisVaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium
Alder
swamp
PolytrichumDryopteris
Bog
Filipendula
Transitional
bog
Myrtillus-
drained
Birch
swamp
Carex
Equisetum
Drained
transitional
bog
Drained
bogDrained
birch
swamp
Drained alder
swamp
Oxalis-
drained
• Equisetum forest site type (Osja kasvukohatüüp)
• Sediments deposited by glacial meltwater
• Soil: Gleysols (G0 – leostunud gleimuld, G(0) – küllastunud gleimuld, G01 –
küllastumata turvastunud muld ja G(0)1 – küllastunud turvastunud muld)
• Topsoil pHKCl 4,0…6,0
• Raw humus – 10…30 cm
• Tree stand: mixed stands with birh dominance
• Site class: IV...Va
• Standing stock of coniferous species: 150…180 m3
• Undergrowth sparse
• High variation of ground vegetation:
– Vaccinium myrtillus, bilberry (harilik mustikas)
– Vaccinium vitis-idaea, cowberry (harilik pohl)
• Pits (lower microtopography)
– Aegopodium podagraria
• Bryophytes fragmented
• Carex forest site type (Tarna kasvukohatüüp)
• Poor sand: Sediments deposited by glacial meltwater• High water table
• Soil: Gleysol (G(0) küllastunud või turvastunud gleimuld G01)
• pHKCl 5,6
• Tree stand mixed dominated by birch (~1/2), or pine (~1/2)
• Site class: IV…Va bon
• Standing stock: 110…160 m3 100 years old conifers
• Undergrowth has various density
• Ground vegetation has great variation:
– Carex
Bryophytes:
– Pleurozium schreberi (harlik laanik)
– Dicranum undulatum (lainjas kaksikhammas)
• Filipendula forest site type (Angervaksa kasvukohatüüp)
• Soil: fertile soils with high water table
• Gleysol (G0 – leostunud gleimuld, GI – leetjas gleimuld, LPG –
näivleetunud gleimuld)
• Humus (raw humus) kuni 30 cm
• pHKCl 5,3…6,0
• Tree stand: dominanated by birch (2/3), spruce (1/5), black alder
(1/20). Tree mixture
• Standing stock: 170…200 m3/ha (60 years old)
• Highly varying undergrowth
• Ground vegetation rich:
– Filipendula ulmaria
• Few bryophytes:
– Climacium dendroides
Ombrotrophic bog forests (FG)
Tüübirühm: Samblasoometsad
Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar
Calamagrostis alvarCalluna
Myrtillus Aegopodium
Hepatica
OxalisVaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium
Alder
swamp
PolytrichumDryopteris
Bog
Filipendula
Transitional
bog
Myrtillus-
drained
Birch
swamp
Carex
Equisetum
Drained
transitional
bog
Drained
bogDrained
birch
swamp
Drained alder
swamp
Oxalis-
drained
• Transitional bog forest site type (siirdesoo kasvukohatüüp)
• Soil: peat soils – weakly and well decomposed peat layers (S´,
S´´, S´´´ - siirdesoomullad; M´´, M´´´ - halvasti kuni keskmiselt
lagunenud madalsoomullad)
• pHKCl: 3,5…5,0
• High water talbe: 10 – 30 cm deep
• Tree stand dominated by pine
• Site class: (IV) V…Va
• Standing stock: 130 m3/ha (100 years)
• Undergrowth: Salix
• Ground vegetation:
– Carex sp.
– Phragmites australis - common reed (pilliroog)
– Eriophorum vaginatum - hare's-tail cottongrass (tupp-villpea)
• Bryphytes abundant:
– Pleurozium schreberi red-stemmed feather-moss (palusammal)
– Sphagnum sp
• Bog forest site type Raba kasvukohatüüp
• Soil: Sphagnum peat (R´, R´´, R´´´ - rabamuld, S´´, S´´´ -
siirdesoomuld
• pHKCl: 2,3…3,6
• Low mineral nutrient content
• Tree stand: pure pine stand
• Standing stock: 105..120 m3/ha
• No undergrowth
• Ground vegetation:
– Ledum palustre), marsh Labrador tea (sookail)
• Bryophutes: Sphagnum
Minerotrophic swamp forests (FG)
Tüübirühm: Rohusoometsad
• Alder swamp forest site type (lodu kasvukohatüüp)
• Soil: Peat solis (M´ - väga õhuke madalsoomuld, M´´ - õhuke madalsoomuld)
• Well decomposed, high content of mineral component (ash >10%)
• pHKCl: 5,0…6,5
• Water table very high, often on the ground level
• Tree stand: dominantly birch
• Site class: II…III,
• Standing stock:
– Downy birch 145 m3/ha (60 years old)
– Norway spruce 179 m3/ha (60 years old)
– Black alder 192 m3/ha(60 years old)
• No need for drainage
• Undergrowth: Padus avium
• Ground vegetation in pits:
– Lysimachia thyrsiflora ussilill,
– Mounds: Mercurialis perennis, dog's mercury (püsik-seljarohi)
– Filipendula ulmaria
• Bryophytes: Mnium species
• Birch swamp forest site type (madalsoo kasvukohatüüp)
• Soil: Peat soils – well decomposed (M´, M´´, M´´´ - erineva
sügavusega madalsoomullad) high ash content (6…13%)
• pHKCl: 4,8…6,5
• Tree stand dominated by downy birch
• Site class: IV…Va
• Standing stock: 70…90 m3/ha
• Drainage results in better forest growth
• Undergrowth: Frangula alnus
• Ground vegetation:
– Carex cespitosa - turfy sedge (mätastarn)
– Carex lasiocarpa - slender sedge (niitjas tarn)
– Calamagrostis canescens - purple small-reed (sookastik)
– Potentilla palustris - purple marshlocks (soopihl)
Drained peatland forests (FG)
Tüübirühm: Kõdusoometsad
Cladonia Arctostaphylos alvar
Calamagrostis alvarCalluna
Myrtillus Aegopodium
Hepatica
OxalisVaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium
Alder
swamp
PolytrichumDryopteris
Bog
Filipendula
Transitional
bog
Myrtillus-
drained
Birch
swamp
Carex
Equisetum
Drained
transitional
bog
Drained
bogDrained
birch
swamp
Drained alder
swamp
Oxalis-
drained
• Myrtillus-drained forest site type Mustika-kõdusoo kasvukohatüüp
• Soil: drained Sphagnum peat soil
• Litter4…12 (15) cm.
• Decomposing peat 2…10 (15) cm.
• Sphagnum peat
• Rizosphere: topp 30 cm of the sol
• Peat pHKCl 2,6…3,8
• Ground water 30…100 cm
• First generation after drainage spruce
• Site class: II…III (IV)
• Undergrowth: Frangula alnus, Salix sp.
• Ground vegetation similar to Myrtillus forest site type
• Oxalis- drained forest site type Jänesekapsa-kõdusoo kasvukohatüüp
• Soil: Drained nutrient rich peat(M´…M´´´) ja siirdesoomullad (S´…S´´´)
• Litter: 2…10 (12) cm
• Well decomposed peat 20 cm
• pHKCl 4,0…6,5
• Ground water30…80 cm deep
• Stan: spruce dominance
• Highly productive
• Site class: I…III NB!
• Windfall
• Undergrovth varying
• Ground vegetation similar to Oxalis forest site type
Drained peat-land
forests (FG)
TÄNAN !