Establishment and evaluation of garlic collection

from Central Asia

for fertility potential and organo-S compounds

EU project “Garlic and Health” - Work Package 1Israel: Rina Kamenetsky and Haim D. Rabinowitch

Idit London, Marina Baizerman, Ada Harazy and Amit Shiftan

The Netherlands: Chris Kik, A.W. van Heusden, R. Vrielink-van

Ginkel and K. Burger-Meijer

Uzbekistan: Furkat Khassanov and Habibullo Shomuradov

France: Jacques Auger and Ingrid Arnault

Workpackage1: Genetic Resources

Objectives• Construct a large collection of garlic landraces and of

close wild relatives, in order to expand the available diversity;

• Construction and maintenance of a core collection; • Screening for fertility;

Workpackage1: Genetic Resources

Objective 1Construct a large collection of garlic landraces and of close wild relatives, in order to expand the available diversity. Israel: Rina Kamenetsky and Haim D. Rabinowitch

Idit London, Marina Baizerman, Ada Harazy and Amit ShiftanUzbekistan: Furkat Khassanov

Rationale

Biochemical and molecular studies suggest that the highest level of heterogeneity prevails within the Central Asian cultivar group (Hong, 1999; Maaβ & Klaas, 1993; Pooler &

Simon, 1995), which could serve as the most important source for garlic genetic variation and improvement (Etoh & Simon, 2002; Kamenetsky

et al., 2003a; 2003b).

Collection periods and number of accessions

Garlic entries in the Israeli collection

Sources Year No. accessions

Previous collections 1996-1999 ~100

1st G&H collection 2000 120

2nd G&H collection 2001 121

Garlic living collection in Israel

Sharing and distribution of genetic material for further use in the project

• 2000: Bulbs of 115 accessions sent from Israel to C. Kik (P1; The Netherlands) for phenological evaluation and DNA typing.

• 2000: Bulbs of 10 accessions were sent from Israel to J. Auger (P5; France) for CSO analysis

• 2000: Bulbs sent from Israel to Veronique Chovelon (P9 France) for generation of virus free propagules.

• 2002: Bulbs of 32 accessions sent from Israel to J. Auger (P5; France) for CSO analysis.

• 2002: Seed of two garlic accessions sent from Israel to Meriel Jones (P3, UK), for biochemical analysis of seedlings.

• 2002: Phytotron raised seedlings sent from Israel to Meriel Jones (P3, UK), for biochemical analysis.

• 2002: Bulbs of 53 accessions sent from The Netherlands to J. Auger (P5; France), for CSO analysis.

• 2003: Samples sent from Israel to Rolf Gebhardt (P11, Germany) for experimentation.

Constructio

n of a la

rge collection

Mission co

mpleted

Workpackage1: Genetic Resources

Objective 2

Construction and maintenance of a core collection;

Evaluation of garlic collections from Central Asia

for fertility potential and other economic traits

EU project “Garlic and Health”

Israel: Rina Kamenetsky and Haim D. Rabinowitch

Idit London, Marina Baizerman, Ada Harazy and Amit Shiftan

The Netherlands: Chris Kik, A.W. van Heusden, R. Vrielink-van

Ginkel and K. Burger-Meijer

Uzbekistan: Furkat Khassanov and Habibullo Shomuradov

France: Jacques Auger and Ingrid Arnault

Recent studies indicate that garlic species complex consists of five groups (Fritsch and Friesen, 2002):

•Sativum

•Longicuspis

•Ophioscorodon

•Subtropical

•Pekinense

subtropical subgroup

Ophioscordongroup

subgroup Pekinense

Sativum group

Intraspecific classification of garlic, three major groups and two

subgroups were proposed (Fritsch and Friesen, 2002)

Longicuspis group

Evaluation

Geography Phenology

DW andPA Content Morphology

Fertility & Fertility Restoration

Collecting in Central Asia

Israel The Netherlands

Evaluation

DNA Phenology

Biochemical analyses - France

Missions to Central Asia in 2000 and 2001, collected 241 accessions, including wild populations and land-races.

Garlic clones vary in most vegetative characteristics (leaf number, bulb size and structure), as well as in floral scape elongation and inflorescence development.

Garlic clones are classified according to their ability to bolt:

1. Complete bolting: long stalk with many flowers and topsets

2. Incomplete bolting: thin short stalk with a few large topsets

3. Nonbolting: producing only cloves inside incomplete scape

(Takagi, 1990)

Incomplete-bolting accession

Bolting accession

Missions to Central Asia in 200 and 2001, resulted in a collection of 241 accessions, including wild populations and land-races.

Garlic clones vary in most vegetative characteristics (leaf number, bulb size and structure), as well as in floral scape elongation and inflorescence development.

Genetic fingerprinting by means of AFLP markers revealed three distinct groups within this collection, differing in flowering ability and organo-S content (Chris Kik and co-workers)

AFLP fingerprinting of garlic

collections

in Wageningen and Gatersleben,

Germany

9707697078

99005

9900699007

99008

9906699067

99068

99069

97015

9707697078

99005

9900699007

99008

9906699067

99068

99069

97015

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

Part of AFLP-fingerprint pattern for 13 garlic accessions

(Chris Kik et al., G&H annual report, 2000)

Based on AFLP fingerprinting and one enzyme primer combination, the collection was subdivided into three distinct groups: Sativum, Longicuspis A and B.

The groups differed considerably in AFLP variation: The variation within the Sativum group was significantly low compared to that in the Longicuspis groups.

76%

15%

9%

AFLP fingerprinting assisted classification and separation of garlic accessions collected in Central Asia in 2000 (n=120).Chris Kik, A.W van Heusden, R Vrielink-van Ginkel and K. Burger-Meijer

Recent studies indicate that garlic species complex consists of five groups (Fritsch and Friesen, 2002):

•Sativum

•Longicuspis

•Ophioscorodon

•Subtropical

•Pekinense

Missions to Central Asia in 200 and 2001, resulted in a collection of 241 accessions, including wild populations and land-races.

Garlic clones vary in most vegetative characteristics (leaf number, bulb size and structure), as well as in floral scape elongation and inflorescence development.

Genetic fingerprinting by means of AFLP markers revealed three distinct groups within this collection, differing in flowering ability and organo-S content.

Field evaluation for flowering and other plant traits revealed distinct differences between populations of incomplete- and bolting plants.

Leaf Scape Flower/topset Pollen

number length, cm index* germination, %

Early (15/5 - 5/6) 10.6±0.17 61.2±1.8 T 0

Mid (5/6 - 25/6) 13.4±0.46 80.7±2.7 F 94.70

Late (25/6 - 5/7) 15.7±1.02 78.4±6.8 F 100

Date of spathe breaking

Physiological parameters of bolting garlic (42 accessions) under

Israeli environmental conditions

*T = mostly topsets; F = mostly flowers

Phenotypic variability

• Garlic clones vary in most vegetative characteristics (leaf number, bulb size and structure), as well as in floral scape elongation and inflorescence development. Clear distinction was made between semi-bolting and bolting accessions. Most of the latter accessions produced flowers with fertile pollen and receptive stigma.

Missions to Central Asia in 200 and 2001, resulted in a collection of 241 accessions, including wild populations and land-races.

Garlic clones vary in most vegetative characteristics (leaf number, bulb size and structure), as well as in floral scape elongation and inflorescence development.

Genetic fingerprinting by means of AFLP markers revealed three distinct groups within this collection, differing in flowering ability and organo-S content.

A clear distinction was made between incomplete bolting and bolting populations;

Wide variations were recorded with regard to differentiation of topsets, their size, number and rapidity of development.

Inflorescence performance

mainly topset development mainly flower development

Missions to Central Asia in 200 and 2001, resulted in a collection of 241 accessions, including wild populations and land-races.

Garlic clones vary in most vegetative characteristics (leaf number, bulb size and structure), as well as in floral scape elongation and inflorescence development.

Genetic fingerprinting by means of AFLP markers revealed three distinct groups within this collection, differing in flowering ability and organo-S content.

A clear distinction was made between incomplete bolting and bolting populations;

Wide variations were recorded with regard to differentiation of topsets, their size, number and rapidity of development.

Significant variation in organo-S compounds (alliin, isoalliin, allicin and related dipeptides) was found within garlic collections and between plants grown under differing environmental conditions.

Raw material: Samples raised in the Netherlands and

Israel.

Procedure: HPLC-UV analyses.

Jacques Auger and Ingrid Arnault

Individuals (axes F1 and F2 : 84 %)

L/B

-2,5

-2,0

-1,5

-1,0

-0,5

0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-- axis F1 (59 %) -->

-- a

xis

F2

(24

%)

-->

L/B

L/B

L/B

L/B

L/A

L/A

L/A

L/A

S

S

S

S

SS

Principal Component Analysis based on the variation of five organo-S compounds for 15 garlic accessions. Bulbs were collected in Central Asia in 2000 and grown in Holland in 2001/2002. Measurements were made in September, on mature, freshly harvested bulbs of the Sativum (S), and Longicuspis A (L/A) and Longicuspis B (L/B) subgoups.

Effect of origin on organo-S compounds in six garlic accessions grown in parallel in Holland and Israel

Acc. numberalliinGLUALCSIso

GLUALCSallicinisoalliin

Isr. 250533.3125.8521.9016.240.24

Dutch 7309535.667.65 16.9611.640.66

Isr 250746.3023.3224.9616.520.29

Dutch 7309750.866.7313.029.363.23

Isr 251043.9610.6318.5319.201.54

Dutch 7310028.987.3716.4712.160.76

Isr 251742.6821.6424.3924.500.51

Dutch 7310746.956.8716.178.180.68

Isr 243945.2321.7120.9819.951.01

Dutch 7302939.885.3812.447.302.97

Results:

1) Within the collection, a large quantitative variation in organo-sulphur compounds: alliin, isoalliin, allicin, and related dipeptides was found.

2) Environmental effects were evident.

Jacques Auger and Ingrid Arnault

Main Goal :

Evaluation of the collected accessions

and construction of the representative

core collection

Evaluatio

n and constructio

n of t

he data

Evaluatio

n and constructio

n of t

he data

base necessary

for c

ore colle

ction

base necessary

for c

ore colle

ction

Mission co

mpleted

Workpackage1: Genetic Resources

Objective 3

Screening for fertility;

Flowering performance of the garlic collection-2000 in the 2001 and 2002 seasons

27

34

56

4

25

37

49

10

0

20

40

60

80

100

2001 2002

Dead*

Non bolters

Semi bolters

Bolters T>F

Bolters F>T

*Under Israeli conditions plants did not bulb and died at the end of the season T = mostly topsets; F = mostly flowers

%

Growing season

Publications:

• Kamenetsky R, London Shafir I., Baizerman M, Khassanov F, Kik C. and H.D. Rabinowitch Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and its wild relatives from Central Asia: evaluation for fertility potential . XXVIth International Horticultural Congress, Toronto, Canada (In press).

• Kamenetsky R, London Shafir I., Khassanov F, Kik C, J. Auger and H.D. Rabinowitch

Garlic from Central Asia: genetic resources and fertility potential. 4th International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae (to be presented in China)

• Kamenetsky, R., London Shafir, I., Khassanov, F., Kik, C., van Heusden, A.W., Vrielink-van Ginkel, M., Burger-Meijer, K., Auger, J., Arnault, I. and H.D. RabinowitchDiversity in fertility potential and organo-sulphur compounds among garlics from Central Asia. J. Biodiversity Conservation (In press).