Essential QuestionEssential Question:–How did new inventions &

improvements in transportation help facilitate a national market economy in the 1840s?

Warm-Up QuestionWarm-Up Question:–What factors allowed for the

ascendancy of the Whigs & the rise of a permanent American 2-party system?

The Market Revolution: 1815-1860

American Industry & the Railroad

American Domestic GrowthIn the 1830s & 1840s, Americans

realized the link between territorial & technological growth:– Improved transportation – Rapid technological innovation– A growing nationalnational economy– Mass European immigration– Desire for transcontinental

expansion (esp after the gold rush in California in 1849)

The Transportation Revolution

Henry Clay’s American SystemIn 1816, Congress initiated a

series of economic & internal improvements:

–2nd Bank of the USA

–Protective Tariff of 1816

–Federal & state transportation construction (roads & canals)

Advances in Transportation: 1815-1840

Transportation Revolution

by 1840

Henry Clay’s American System

Jackson’s assault on the BUS, effectively killed Clay’s American System but it did not stop transportation improvements

From 1840 to 1860, the greatest new transportation advance was the expansion of railroads

The Triumph of the RailroadRailroads changed the economy:

–In 1840s, railroads began to challenge canals’ dominance

–Stimulated the growth of a new American iron industry

–Stimulated new forms of finance: sold stock to general public, “preferred stock”, bonds, & subsidies through state & local governments

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

The Railroad Revolution,

1850sImmigrant

labor built railroads in the North

Slave labor built railroads in the South

The Expansion of Railroads by Region

Railroad Expansion by 1860

The American Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution BoomsIndustrial production became

more efficient:

–Growth of factories, mass production, division of labor, interchangeable parts, & industrial innovations

Agriculture became mechanized:

–steel plow, mechanical reaper, seed drills, threshers, cultivators

Attributed to “Yankee Ingenuity”

sewing machine iron production

textile factories

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793

Actually invented by a slave!

Actually invented by a slave!

Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840sSewing Machine

1840sSewing Machine

Early Textile Loom

Early Textile Loom

John Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel Plow

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

The Industrial Revolution BoomsThe impact of new innovations:

–Made work easier & freed laborers to do new types of work

–Bolstered industry & agricultureHowever, the US was not an

“industrial society” in the 1840s –60% of the population were still

involved in farming–Most production was still done

traditionally in small workshops

The Market Revolution

The Market RevolutionBy 1840, improved transportation

& innovation reduced time & cost to make & ship goods & allowed for a nationalnational market economy:

–US developed a self-sustaining domestic economy of farm products & manufactured goods

–The US economy was driven by regionalregional specialization

Northern industry Southern cotton production

Western commercial farming

America in 1840The NorthThe NorthShift from yeoman to

small commercial farming

From 1820-1870 Northern cities grew rapidly due to:–Marketing goods for

commercial farmers–Factory towns that

produced goods for rural consumers

New England

Dominance in

Textiles

New England

Dominance in

Textiles

Lowell Mill

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

American Population Centers in 1860

US Urban

Centers

America in 1840The SouthThe SouthThe booming

demand for cotton stratified the South:–Large plantations

with slaves (only 25% of whites owned slaves)

–Yeoman with few or no slaves with mixed commercial & subsistence farming

Slave Population, 1820Slave Population, 1840Slave Population, 1860

America in 1840The WestThe WestLand was cheapSettlers transformed

the West from wilderness to cash-producing farms:–Wheat & corn–Hogs & cattle

Better transportation made it easier for farmers to get their goods to market

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860